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Coberturas Naturadas E Qualidade Ambiental: Uma Contribuição Em Clima Tropical Úmido

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Coberturas Naturadas E Qualidade Ambiental: Uma Contribuição Em Clima Tropical Úmido UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO - UFRJ FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO PROARQ - PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA MESTRADO EM CONFORTO AMBIENTAL E EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA COBERTURAS NATURADAS E QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO EM CLIMA TROPICAL ÚMIDO MARCO ANTONIO MILAZZO DE ALMEIDA ORIENTADORA: DRA. CLAUDIA BARROSO KRAUSE Rio de Janeiro, 06 de agosto de 2008 “Coberturas Naturadas e Qualidade Ambiental: Uma Contribuição em Clima Tropical Úmido“ MARCO ANTONIO MILAZZO DE ALMEIDA Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências em Arquitetura, área de concentração em Conforto Ambiental e Eficiência Energética. ORIENTADORA: CLAUDIA BARROSO KRAUSE, DOUTORA Rio de Janeiro, 06 de agosto de 2008 ii “Coberturas Naturadas e Qualidade Ambiental: Uma Contribuição em Clima Tropical Úmido” MARCO ANTONIO MILAZZO DE ALMEIDA Orientador(es) Profa. Claudia Barroso Krause D. Sc. Dissertação de Mestrado submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências em Arquitetura, área de concentração em Conforto Ambiental e Eficiência Energética. Aprovada por: ____________________________________________ Profa. Claudia Barroso Krause D. Sc. (Orientadora) ____________________________________________ Prof. Leopoldo Eurico Gonçalves Bastos D. Sc. ____________________________________________ Profa. Louise Land Bittencourt Lomardo D. Sc. Rio de Janeiro, 06 de agosto de 2008 iii Almeida, Marco Antonio Milazzo Coberturas Naturadas e Qualidade Ambiental: Uma Contribuição em Clima Tropical Úmido / Marco Antonio Milazzo de Almeida - Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ / FAU / PROARQ, 2008. viii, 151 f. il., 20mm; Orientadora: Claudia Barroso Krause Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PROARQ, 2009. Referências Bibliográficas: f. 94-100. 1. Eficiência Energética. 2. Desenvolvimento Sustentável. 3. Coberturas Naturadas I. Barroso-krause, Cláudia. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura. III. Título iv RESUMO “Coberturas Naturadas e Qualidade Ambiental: Uma Contribuição em Clima Tropical Úmido” MARCO ANTONIO MILAZZO DE ALMEIDA Orientadora: Profa. Claudia Barroso Krause D. Sc. Resumo da Dissertação de Mestrado submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências em Arquitetura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a importância potencial das coberturas naturadas no âmbito da sustentabilidade, eficiência energética e conforto ambiental nas edificações, em centros urbanos com clima tropical úmido. Inicialmente, algumas ocorrências históricas das coberturas naturadas são apresentadas através de uma revisão junto a registros obtidos desde a arquitetura vernacular, à arquitetura contemporânea. No segundo capítulo são apresentados dados das características técnicas e construtivas das coberturas, permitindo uma avaliação dos materiais, da vegetação e do sistema que podem ser utilizados. O terceiro capítulo da dissertação procura analisar os atributos das coberturas naturadas, face a princípios de qualidade ambiental, utilizando a visão francesa da Alta Qualidade Ambiental, o HQE®. Definidos os atributos e suas relevâncias dentro de cada alvo do sistema HQE®, foi possível selecionar alguns mais significativos, dentre eles, a qualidade da cobertura naturada como isolamento térmico. A eficiência potencial deste atributo em clima tropical úmido é discutida no capítulo quatro. Foram realizadas simulações em um protótipo modelo, alternando somente o tipo de cobertura utilizada, com as condições climáticas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foi escolhido o software Energy Plus 2.1, por incluir em seus algoritmos, um modelo detalhado para a utilização de coberturas naturadas. v Da análise das respostas obtidas foi observado que enquanto elemento para obtenção de conforto térmico, a cobertura naturada apresenta um excelente desempenho, tratando-se de um excelente isolante térmico, devido principalmente ao seu substrato. Entretanto, outros tipos de cobertura apresentam desempenhos bem próximos ao da cobertura naturada. Devido ao resultado das simulações, levanta-se a hipótese de uma ausência ainda do real papel do elemento vegetal na constituição das equações de balanço térmico dos simuladores atuais, notadamente no Energy Plus 2.1. Palavras-chave: Coberturas Naturadas, Rio de Janeiro, 06 de agosto de 2008 vi ABSTRACT Green Roofs and Ambient Quality: A Humid Tropical Climate Contribution” MARCO ANTONIO MILAZZO DE ALMEIDA Orientadora: Profa. Claudia Barroso Krause D. Sc. The aim of this work is to evaluate the green roofs potential influence in the scope of sustainability, energy consumption, and human comfort in buildings, in urban environments with humid tropical climate. Initially, some green roofs occurrences are presented, from vernacular to contemporary architecture. In the second chapter, the green roofs constructive techniques are presented, allowing an evaluation of the best practices, materials and plants that can be used. In the third chapter, this dissertation intends to analyze the green roofs attributes, facing ambiental quality principles, using the French vision of Ambiental High Quality (HQE®). After defining the green roofs attributes, and their influence in each HQE® target, it was possible to select the most relevant ones, amongst them, the green roofs thermal insulation capacity. This attribute potential efficiency in humid tropical climate is discussed in chapter four. Simulations were made using one model, changing only the roof material, and using the Rio de Janeiro climate conditions. To make the simulation, It was used the software Energy Plus 2.1, because it includes detailed green roof algorithms. The green roof presents an excellent thermal insulation performance, mainly because its substrate, but other roof materials can have almost the same thermal insulation performance. Due to the computer simulations, it could be possible, that current green roof software simulators algorithms don’t considers the plants real function in thermal balance equations, like seen in Energy Plus 2.1. Key-words: Green Roofs, Rio de Janeiro, 06 de agosto de 2008 vii SUMÁRIO RESUMO .........................................................................................................v ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... vii SUMÁRIO ......................................................................................................viii INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................1 1. HABITANDO AS COBERTURAS, UM OLHAR HISTÓRICO ....................................3 2. CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS E CONSTRUTIVAS DAS COBERTURAS NATURADAS 11 2.1. SISTEMAS DE AJARDINAMENTO .......................................................... 12 2.2. COMPONENTES CONSTRUTIVOS ......................................................... 13 2.2.1 Estrutura de Suporte............................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Proteção Contra Água de Chuva................................................................ 16 2.2.3 Drenagem ............................................................................................. 17 2.2.4 Substrato .............................................................................................. 18 2.2.5 Vegetação ............................................................................................. 19 2.3. DETALHES CONSTRUTIVOS ................................................................ 25 2.4. Considerações Gerais......................................................................... 28 3. PRINCIPAIS ATRIBUTOS AMBIENTAIS DAS COBERTURAS NATURADAS: A ABORDAGEM HQE®........................................................................................ 29 3.1 APRESENTAÇÃO DO MÉTODO DE ELEVADO DESEMPENHO AMBIENTAL ..... 30 3.2. Relações Harmoniosas das Edificações com o Entorno Imediato – Alvo 01 . 33 3.2.1. Introdução ............................................................................................ 33 3.2.2. Relações das Coberturas Naturadas e seu Entorno Imediato ......................... 33 3.3. Escolha integrada dos processos construtivos – Alvo 02.......................... 35 3.3.1. Introdução ............................................................................................ 35 3.3.2. O uso das coberturas naturadas na integração dos processos construtivos...... 35 3.4. Gestão de Energia – Alvo 04............................................................... 38 3.4.1. Introdução ............................................................................................ 38 3.4.2. Regulação da Temperatura Externa........................................................... 38 3.4.3. Experiências Em Clima Tropical Úmido....................................................... 40 3.5. Gestão da Água – Alvo 05 .................................................................. 43 3.5.1. Introdução ...........................................................................................
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