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Brown Planthopper: THREAT to RICE PRODUCTION in ASIA

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Brown Planthopper: THREAT to RICE PRODUCTION in ASIA Brown planthopper: THREAT TO RICE PRODUCTION IN ASIA 1979 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES P.O. BOX 933, MANILA, PHILIPPINES The International Rice Research Institute receives support from a number of donors including the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the European Economic Community, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Asian Development Bank, the International Development Research Centre, the World Bank, and the international aid agencies of the following governments: United States, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia, Federal Republic of Germany, Iran, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. Contents Foreword v PROBLEM The brown planthopper problem 3 V. A. Dyck and B. Thomas TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY Taxonomy and biology of Nilaparvata lugens (Hom., Delphacidae) 21 O. Mochida and T. Okada Ecology of the brown planthopper in temperate regions 45 E. Kuno Ecology of the brown planthopper in the tropics 61 V. A. Dyck, B. C. Misra, S. Alum, C. N. Chen, C. Y. Hsieh, and R. S. Rejesus OUTBREAKS AND MIGRATION Forecasting brown planthopper outbreaks in Japan 101 J. Hirao Brown planthopper migration 113 R. Kisimoto Economic thresholds, nature of damage, and losses caused by the brown planthopper 125 K. Sogawa and C. H. Cheng CHEMICAL CONTROL Chemical control of the brown planthopper 145 E. A. Heinrichs VARIETAL RESISTANCE Screening methods and sources of varietal resistance 171 Seung Yoon Choi Varietal resistance to brown planthopper in India 187 M. B. Kalode and T. S. Khrishna Breeding for resistance to brown planthopper and grassy stunt virus in Indonesia 201 Z. Harahap Status of varietal resistance to the brown planthopper in Japan 209 C. Kaneda and R. Kisimoto Varietal resistance to the brown planthopper in Korea 219 S. Y. Choi, M. M. Heu, and J. O. Lee Varietal resistance to the brown planthopper in the Solomon Islands 233 J. H. Stapley, YinYin May-Jackson, and W. G. Golden Varietal resistance to the brown planthopper in Sri Lanka 241 H. Fernando, D. Senadhera, Y, Elikawela, H. M. de Alwis, and C. Kudagamage Studies on varietal resistance to the brown planthopper in Taiwan 251 C. H. Cheng and W. L. Chang Varietal resistance to the brown planthopper in Thailand 273 S. Pongprasert and P. Weerapat Studies of varietal resistance in rice to the brown planthopper at the International Rice Research Institute 285 M. D. Pathak and G. S. Khush Factors governing susceptibility and resistance of certain rice varieties to the brown planthopper 303 R. C. Saxena and M. D. Pathak GENETICS OF RESISTANCE Genetics of and breeding for resistance to the brown planthopper 321 G. S. Khush BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CONTROL Biological control of the brown planthopper 335 Shui-chen Chiu Cultural control of the brown planthopper 357 Ida Nyoman Oka Foreword The brown planthopper has become a serious threat to rice production through- out Asia. The increase in severity of the insect appears to be associated with the technology used in modern rice culture. On 18-22 May 1977, leading rice scientists met in a symposium at the International Rice Research Institute to discuss research results and to develop plans for brown planthopper control. The objectives of the symposium were to bring together all the known infor- mation on the brown planthopper, to identify research areas that should be given priority, and to strengthen communication and collaboration among scientists involved in research on this pest. Until recently we believed that planting of resistant rice varieties and use of insecticides were satisfactory means of controlling the brown planthopper. Just as IR8 was a simplistic solution to the problems of tungro virus control, the brown planthopper resistant variety IR26 was thought to be a simplistic solution to the brown planthopper problem. We were alarmed, however, when we heard that IR26 was susceptible in India, indicating the presence of a different brown planthopper biotype from that of the Philippines. A few years after IR26 was introduced in Indonesia and the Philippines, a brown plant- hopper biotype capable of destroying IR26 became abundant. To compound the problem, resurgences of the brown planthopper population occurred where insecticides were used. Our experience has indicated that the simplistic approach to the control of this particular insect is not adequate. In rice entomology, the brown planthopper presents the most outstanding example of a need to develop an approach in which varietal resistance, biological and cultural control, and insecticides should be integrated to develop an economically and ecologically suitable means of control. That will require a thorough understanding of the interaction between the rice plant and the pest. It is apparent that the battle against the brown planthopper will not be won without an interdisciplinary approach that includes international collaboration. The IRRI symposium covered the taxonomy, biology, and ecology of the brown planthopper and its control through the use of cultural methods, varietal resistance, insecticides, and natural enemies. A selected group of rice entomo- logists and breeders from most Asian countries participated. This proceedings includes papers prepared for the symposium by entomologists and plant breeders who are the world's leading authorities on brown planthopper. It is the only book dealing exclusively with all the aspects of brown planthopper research for both the tropical and temperate regions. It is hoped that this book will serve as a guide in the setting of research priorities, and as an aid in the writing of proposals for brown planthopper research, and thus serve as a stimulus to accelerate the development of suitable control methods. N. C. Brady Director General PROBLEM The brown planthopper problem V.A. Dyck and B. Thomas The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) recently increased in abundance and caused severe yield losses in several tropical countries of Asia. It is rather widely distributed but is found mainly in South, Southeast, and East Asia. It damages the rice plant by directly feeding on it and by transmitting the grassy stunt disease. Some damage by the brown planthopper has been reported in Bang- ladesh, Brunei, China, Fiji, Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. But according to available data, the most extensive losses from the insect and the disease have occurred in India (estimated at US $ 20 million), Indonesia (US $ 100 million), and the Philippines (US $ 26 million). Losses from the insect alone are US $ 100 million in Japan and US $ 50 million in Taiwan. The estimated losses due to the brown planthopper and the grassy stunt disease total more than US $ 300 million. That is a conservative estimate; it includes only losses from reporting countries and excludes expenditures for control operations. A pest management strategy that is compatible with modern rice technology is urgently needed to solve this serious pest problem. THE BROWN PLANTHOPPER (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) has in recent years caused extensive damage to the rice crop in Asia. Although an important pest in Japan for many years, it was formerly only a minor pest in most tropical countries of Asia. In the past 5 years, however, the BPH populations have greatly increased and caused severe yield losses in several countries. Large- scale damage by the insect has been reported in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka, and infestations of varying degrees are now commonly observed in many countries. Many regard the BPH as the number-one insect pest of rice in Asia today, primarily because of the unpredictability of the infestation and the dramatically severe damage it causes. The pest feeds directly on the growing plant, reducing its yield potential. If the pest density is high, the plant dies and a condition known as hopperburn Associate entomologist, Entomology Department, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines; and assistant entomologist, Rice Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala, India. 4 BROWN PLANTHOPPER: THREAT TO RICE PRODUCTION IN ASIA results. The insect may also transmit the grassy stunt disease, which can further reduce yield. Epidemics of grassy stunt have followed major pest outbreaks in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. This paper summarizes the few scattered reports of crop damage and loss caused by the BPH, primarily in tropical countries. Also, to give perspective to the importance of the insect, an attempt is made to estimate the monetary value of the pest problem. DISTRIBUTION Nilaparvata lugens is widely distributed; it is found in South, Southeast, and East Asia; the South Pacific islands; and Australia (Fig. 1). Earlier reviews have listed specific countries where the pest has been found, but it is now thought that the BPH area extends from Pakistan to Japan, and many islands in South- east Asia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. The insect is found throughout the year, mainly on rice, except in Japan and Korea where adult pests migrate into the country each summer. HISTORICAL RECORD OF INFESTATIONS, DAMAGE, AND YIELD LOSSES Bangladesh The BPH was first officially recorded in Bangladesh in 1969, but there are earlier records using synonyms of N. lugens in 1957 and in 1917. Catches in light traps near Dacca show that the insect population has gradually increased since 1970. The catch in 1976, especially in November, was very large (pers. comm. with S. Alam, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Dacca, Bangladesh). The BPH was only a minor pest until high densities developed on crops in two areas near Dacca in 1976. The total area damaged was about 4 ha, with some patches hopperburned. That is the first confirmed case of hopperburn due to the BPH in Bangladesh (Alam and Karim 1977). Brunei Nilaparvata lugens occurs in Brunei, but it has not been identified as a pest. There is, however, a report of some hopperburn occurring a few months ago (pers.
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