Australian Desert Region Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy 2019 – 2022 ILSC: by the Numbers 2020 LAND MANAGEMENT

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$ By the ILSC in the 1.2 Indigenous Estate BILLION 774 INVESTED since 1996 PROJECTS FUNDED 6.1 260 MILLION HECTARES ACQUIRED Message from the ILSC Chairperson PROPERTIES $660 Returned to the MILLION Welcome to the Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (RILSS) for the Australian Indigenous Estate invested Desert region. For the This RILSS represents an additional, more focused layer to the Indigenous Land and Sea Indigenous Estate Corporation (ILSC) Group’s strategic direction as laid out in the National Indigenous SINCE Land and Sea Strategy (NILSS) for the period 2019 to 2022. These are the first national and regional land and sea strategies that include water-based activities, following from PROPERTIES DIVESTED 2012 legislative changes to the ILSC and its role. This RILSS reaffirms the ILSC’s commitment to being the trusted partner in developing OVER this Indigenous Estate and introduces our impact driven vision of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people enjoying opportunities and benefits that the return of country and 76% 7206 * its management brings. We will deliver against this in the Australian Desert region by: OF PROPERTIES TOTAL JOBS > Acquiring, granting and divesting land and water interests to Indigenous corporations; ACQUIRED 714 > Supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to strengthen culture INDIGENOUS through reconnection with country; For JOBS > Building the capacity and capability of Indigenous corporations to sustainably Indigenous manage and protect country; and people > Partnering with Indigenous corporations to drive and influence opportunities on Land divested to 3.8+ country. Indigenous Corporations MILLION HECTARES Created every year This RILSS has been developed with your input. On behalf of the ILSC Board, I thank all through ILSC projects of you who made the time to participate in consultation sessions – your insights have informed the detail of this strategy. We will continue the conversation around the ILSC’s role nationally and in the Australian Desert region by refreshing both the NILSS and RILSS in 2020. * Indigenous Business Please take the time to read through this regional strategy and the national strategy that benefit from * it accompanies. Also check the ILSC website and follow us on social media. Most 55.5 importantly, contact your local ILSC office with any ideas you have for projects that fit ILSC assistance INCREASED 50% with this strategy and would benefit from ILSC partnership. INCOME PARTNER PROJECTS We look forward to working with you. * Percentage of Eddie Fry, ILSC Chair 43 collaborative EXPANDED ILSC projects

*Average, per year since 2012

2 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 3 We buy and divest land and water-related rights to Indigenous people We support Indigenous people to preserve and OUR protect culture through connection to country We build the capacity and capability of Indigenous people to sustainably manage and protect country INTRODUCTION ROLE We partner with Indigenous people to drive and The Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation influence opportunities for their country (ILSC) is an independent statutory authority established under the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 (the ATSI Act) to assist Indigenous people to acquire and manage interests in land and waters to achieve economic, environmental, social or cultural benefits. The ILSC has two purposes, as set out in the ATSI Act: > to assist Indigenous Australians to acquire land and water-related rights We invest in projects: providing funding associated > to assist in the management of with buying, divesting, managing and/or developing Indigenous-held land and waters, land/water interests and/or foundation projects (such however it was acquired. OUR as infrastructure, plant and equipment, feasibility assessment planning activities) This gives the ILSC an important role in We provide advice and capability support: working with Indigenous people to define, OPERATIONS Supporting Indigenous land holders with access to enhance, and grow the Indigenous Estate. information, training, knowledge and systems to The Indigenous Estate is a central concept in support sustainable management of country the strategy of the ILSC that encompasses and delivery of benefits both tangible and intangible assets and attributes relating to Aboriginal and Torres We connect Indigenous landowners: build and broker Strait Islander people. It includes interests relationships with markets, opportunities, partnerships in land, waters and economic development, through facilitation, advocacy and negotiation and also complex human capital elements, including people, society, knowledge and intellectual property flowing from Indigenous Australians’ unique culture.

OUR Indigenous people enjoy opportunities and benefits IMPACT that the return of country, and its management brings

4 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 5 About the RILSS The following regions will continue to underpin the RILSS: Also required by the ATSI Act are Regional > Northern Australia—Includes northern Indigenous Land and Sea Strategies (RILSS), Western Australia, the northern areas which provide regions within Australia with of the Northern Territory and North an additional, layered framework for the Queensland. The climate, environment interpretation and implementation of the and general economic development NILSS. opportunities in northern Australia In this iteration of the NILSS and RILSS, the differ significantly from the rest of RILSS will contain more detailed information Australia. For example, savanna burning on what the ILSC’s strategic direction means for emissions reduction is viable in this for Indigenous corporations. They describe broad region and not in others. how the ILSC wants to deliver its mandate to > Desert—Includes the desert regions achieve economic, environmental, social and of Western Australia, northern South cultural benefits for Indigenous Australians Australia, south-west Queensland and over the coming years. north-west New South Wales. As with the Northern Australia region, Australia’s desert regions are unique. There is value RILSS Regions in considering the opportunities arising in these areas in their own right. In developing the previous NILS, the > South-West Australia—Includes southern ILSC changed its approach to ‘regions’. Australia, west from the South Australian Previously the regions were the six states border through to Perth and Geraldton (with NSW incorporating the ACT) and in Western Australia. This region has the Northern Territory. The new regions, diverse opportunities in agriculture, continued in these NILSS and RILSS, reflect resource extraction and urban-based important environmental, demographic and industries. economic differences across the continent > South-East Australia—Includes southern and the ways these are reflected in the Legislative reform About the National Australia, east of Ceduna in South different situations of, and opportunities for Australia and including all of Victoria Indigenous Land and Indigenous people. After receiving independent expert advice and Tasmania, most of New South Wales on options to improve the sustainability and Sea Strategy and The ILSC recognises the opportunities and south-east Queensland including growth of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Regional Indigenous presented through bringing together Brisbane. The mostly temperate regions Islander Land Account (Land Account), Land and Sea Strategies discrete, but aligned, land parcels and water of south-eastern Australia are more significant consultations were undertaken interests within the Indigenous Estate to heavily populated and urbanised than across Australia on two key reforms to the The National Indigenous Land and Sea allow the development of joined-up projects, the other regions, with more intensive ILSC’s legislation, the ATSI Act: Strategy (NILSS) is a requirement under and economies of scale. and diverse agricultural operations and greater employment and training > To help secure the sustainability of the ATSI Act and is the ILSC’s key policy The ILSC also recognises that the new the Land Account by handing its document. The recently developed NILSS is opportunities in professional and service regions do not necessarily align with cultural industries. management to the Future Fund and the ILSC’s first national strategy to include and/or language groups, an issue which was broadening its investment mandate; and fresh and salt water-based activities. raised during recent consultation on these > Extending the remit of the ILSC to This NILSS presents the ILSC’s priority strategies. These new boundaries are ‘soft The strategy for each of these regions include water. focus areas, program delivery mechanisms borders’ and as such are not intended to highlight the alignment between and renewed commitment to building opportunities arising in these regions and Responses to the proposed reforms were preclude any group or project from being enduring stakeholder relationships as a the ILSC’s focus areas. These strategies are overwhelmingly supportive, and a package considered on the basis of their position in framework for achieving the ILSC’s vision of relation to a regional ‘border’. The regions based on recent stakeholder consultation of three Bills relating to the functions Indigenous people enjoying opportunities are a guide to the kind of projects that may and, like the NILSS, will be revisited in 2020. and funding of the ILSC were enacted in and benefits that the return of country and November 2018, and came into effect 1 its management brings. be more desirable and successful in any February 2019. given region – inclusive of land and waters. These changes are the driver for the development of this document.

6 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 7 Indigenous population Landscape This region is one of the least populated areas The Australian Desert region covers of Australia, though as with Northern Australia approximately 7.5 million square kilometres the proportion of Indigenous residents and is the largest desert biome in the is relatively high. Approximately 58,000 world. It crosses over five states and Indigenous people are estimated to live in the territories. As the desert region covers region, with the largest population clusters such a vast area, its landscapes vary quite around Alice Springs. considerably. Topographically the region is low and flat, Indigenous-held land with isolated low mountain ranges such as the Flinders Ranges and the iconic Uluru This region is dominated by three types of and Kata Tjuta in the ‘Red Centre’. It also tenure: land subject to pastoral lease, National encompasses the Simpson and Sandy Reserve land where activity is restricted, and Deserts. Aboriginal land subject to various legislative regimes. Aboriginal land includes: The actual ‘desert’ areas of this region are made up of two types: sandy deserts > large areas in Central Australia granted with significant dune systems; and stony under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern deserts, found more towards the eastern Territory) Act 1976 areas of the region. the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara > The non-desert landscapes also vary quite (APY) and Maralinga Tjarutja lands in significantly—from vast treeless grassy northern and western South Australia plains (or downs country); to hummock > large areas of Western Australia managed grasslands (spinifex), mulga woodlands by the Aboriginal Lands Trust (ALT), under and shrub lands; to saltbush and bluebush the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority shrub lands towards the region’s southern Act 1972 extent. Australian Desert Region > extensive determinations of exclusive possession native title (not subject to other Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy 2019 – 2022 interests) particularly in Western Australia and non-exclusive native title on pastoral lease land across South Australia, the Northern Territory and western Queensland.

8 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 9 Climate Temperature extremes are a characteristic Water resources Issues of most deserts. The summers in the desert The climate is arid to semi-arid, with mean region are very hot, with mean maximums Given the climatic conditions, surface water Rainfall variability is one of the major drivers annual rainfall varying greatly from 150mm during summer between 32°C and 35°C. is rare across most of the Australian Desert of change in the Desert region. In different to more than 250mm, but generally less Overnight it commonly falls below 0°C region. Skirting the north western edge areas and at different times, other pressures than 300mm. Evaporation exceeds rainfall during winter. Searing daytime heat gives of the Murray-Darling Basin, the Desert contribute to change, including declining across much of the region. Regions with less way to colder nights because no insulation is region includes part of the Lake Eyre Basin, biodiversity, dry/drought years, uncontrolled than 300mm annual rainfall are considered provided by humidity and cloud cover. a surface water basin which reaches as far fires, invasive species (weeds and feral animals) and water extraction and diversion. unsuitable for non-pastoral agriculture. The The diverse climatic conditions across the west as Alice Springs and Hermannsburg in rainfall varies significantly from summer- the Northern Territory and north east as far Notwithstanding these pressures, the region, Desert region support an array of habitats. with its characteristically varied landscapes, dominated rainfall in the north, to winter- Due to the seasonality of available water and as Winton in Queensland. dominated rainfall in the south. The north- still contains relatively intact ecosystems and its general scarcity, many of these habitats It is also part home to the Great Artesian western areas of the region are considered much of Australia’s biodiversity. are ephemeral in nature. High numbers of Basin, a groundwater system that stretches sub-tropical and can be impacted by heavy species local to an area are also a feature of from the tip of Cape York, south to Dubbo Dealing with environmental challenges is rains driving down from the north, especially the region, particularly in the Great Sandy- and well into the Desert region, reaching complicated by the number of jurisdictions after cyclones cross the coast and penetrate Tanami Deserts, which form the habitat for west to include Tarcoola and Coober Pedy in across the region, with their differing inland. Rainfall patterns can also vary quite the most abundant lizard communities in the South Australia. The region also incorporates policies and legislative/regulatory regimes. significantly from year to year and area to world. at least parts of state Groundwater Environmental issues, as well as water use area, with major droughts and wet periods Proclamation Areas in SA and WA, and and allocation issues, are further complicated being quite common in the region. Water Plan Areas in Queensland and the by cross-jurisdictional agreements – NT. NT Water Plan Areas are also subject to namely the Great Artesian Basin Strategic Strategic Aboriginal Water Reserves, wherein Management Plan and the Lake Eyre Basin a percentage of water from the consumptive Intergovernmental Agreement. Case study: The Keeping Place, Western Australia pool in each area is set aside for exclusive Climate-change scenarios for Australia’s Aboriginal use. Easier access to a wealth of cultural heritage information and improved relationships between deserts have predicted that climate Traditional Owners and resource companies are not the only benefits from The Keeping Place variability and unpredictability will increase. project. The ILSC’s support of this innovative project has helped Indigenous people to protect their Individual rainfall events may be larger culture and manage their land. Infrastructure and more frequent with longer drought Stretching across the South-West and parts of the Desert and Northern regions, The Keeping periods between the rain events. There is The Desert region is generally lacking in potential for dryland salinity to increase Place Project in WA has created an online geospatial cultural heritage management system transport and other infrastructure compared providing improved avenues for Indigenous groups to store and access their cultural information. due to the erosion caused by run-off during to other regions, reflecting the sparse The project is a co-funded partnership involving the ILSC; native title groups Karlka Nyiyaparli extreme rainfall events. Both of these issues Aboriginal Corporation (KNAC) and Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation; and resources companies population and relatively low economic will contribute to an increase in woody BHP Billiton, Fortescue Metals Group and Rio Tinto. It also has the support of the National Trust of capacity of the land. The major road and rail vegetation and this, coupled with changes Western Australia. route from Adelaide to Darwin does, in rainfall, will affect the frequency and however, bisect this region. Indigenous groups now have an innovative technology solution for managing native title and related intensity of fire. land management and development issues that also gives them meaningful access to cultural information drawn from more than 40 years of resources companies conducting heritage surveys on Nyiyaparli country. The Keeping Place Project puts the stories of the Nyiyaparli Traditional Owners told during these surveys into the hands of the people to whom they are most meaningful. KNAC had a developmental and guiding role in the technology solution and Nyiyaparli Traditional Owners developed the cultural protocols to be applied in the system. The project has helped in improving relationships between Traditional Owners and resource companies and workshops have been held to determine how the technology solution could be adapted and used for the benefit of other Traditional Owner groups. KNAC now has access to repositories of cultural and heritage information and a management system that supports them to protect significant cultural heritage sites. The innovative geospatial tool can be used to collect, store and appropriately share cultural knowledge, perform desktop assessments of heritage surveys, plan land management projects and maintain compliance with land use agreements. A new Indigenous-owned company has been formed with KNAC as the founding member and is now making the technology available nationally. The ownership model enables other Indigenous groups to join as owner-members of the company.

10 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 11 OPPORTUNITIES Tourism Conservation and healthy country Australia’s deserts have extensive areas of Desert Australia has many spectacular Many Indigenous landholders are already Indigenous-held land and present industry landscapes and rich Indigenous cultural involved in ‘caring for country’ ranger opportunities. connections, both a potential basis for activities in this region with groups tourism businesses—either larger scale receiving income from government and resorts or smaller, locally-based ecotourism other organisations for these services. Many or cultural tourism ventures. With Agribusiness national parks in the Desert region are also agribusiness, tourism is a recognised high- co-managed by government and Indigenous In this region Indigenous Australians hold growth area in the Australian economy. owners—for example, Uluru-Kata Tjuta large areas of pastoral land that may be National Park in the Northern Territory, and suitable for broad-scale, low-intensity Ikara-Flinders Ranges in South Australia. grazing of livestock. The goats, donkeys and Renewable energies Ranger-type work presents opportunities camels running wild in many arid areas may for expansion, as increasing value is placed Australia needs to transform its energy be put to productive uses where permissible on rehabilitating environments through sources to meet internationally agreed under state pest species legislation. combating weeds and feral animals and emissions-reduction targets (the UN Paris preserving biodiversity. Agreement) to mitigate the potential impacts of climate change. ‘Carbon farming’ is any change in agricultural Niche Indigenous products or land management practices that can Investing in renewable energy technologies Across Australia Indigenous people are reduce greenhouse gas emissions or store can assist Indigenous communities in this the custodians of traditional cultural and additional carbon in vegetation or soils. region, particularly those who are off the environmental knowledge. Indigenous land Carbon farming is under-developed in arid electricity grid, by reducing costs and holders could develop enterprises based on areas of Australia but could be pursued, if improving reliability of supply. Also, if growing or wild-harvesting native plants for cost-effective, through herd management suitable, Indigenous-held land may be used food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic uses, or and land set aside for revegetation. to generate solar, wind or geothermal energy the harvesting of native (e.g. kangaroo) or for sale to energy retailers. feral animals for the wild or pet meat markets (e.g. goats, camels, state pest species The area around Alice Springs, NT, has a legislation permitting). Investment is needed national and international reputation for to research potential products, build markets solar energy adoption and integration. Solar for them, and establish Indigenous people’s energy has obvious applications in hot, arid participation in niche-product supply chains. areas. Case study: Ngaanyatjarra Camel Company, tri-state region of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory More than a million feral camels are roaming inland Australia. They damage the environment, but at the same time have a long association with the country. The camel population on the remote Ngaanyatjarra Lands is around 200,000, and they are regarded as a resource to be managed. Since the formation of the company in 2012, the Ngaanyatjarra Camel Company has sold for meat export more than 25,000 captured feral camels. Capacity and infrastructure to manage feral camels are rapidly being developed, including with assistance from the ILSC (a grant for infrastructure development). Permanent and mobile yards are used across the lands with access to the best available roads as the main muster points for the feral herd. Good-quality permanent watering points have been developed at these muster points both to attract camels and to ensure they are in the best possible condition for sale or domestication. Feral camels have proven easy to work with in the yards and young camels are easy to domesticate. The company has received many requests for live animals. Holding paddocks have been built in order to develop that market and add value to the feral herd. Young camels can be grown out to a saleable size. Currently the company’s main focus is to source, develop and select premium animals for domestication as milk or meat producers. The continent has vast areas of land suited to camel husbandry. With Australia’s relatively disease-free status and wide access to export markets, these areas have potential for large- scale camel-product production for export.

12 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 13 Other Aboriginal organisations in this The Indigenous Desert Alliance (IDA) region include: connects desert-based land managers working on Indigenous lands throughout Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Western Australia, South Australia and (Aboriginal Corporation) representing the Northern Territory to improve cultural, communities across the APY Lands in environmental, economic and social northern South Australia. outcomes. www.anangu.com.au www.indigenousdesertalliance.com

Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa (KJ) a Martu Ninti One: Innovation for Remote Australia organisation established to look after the Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Martu culture and help build sustainable Economic Participation, provides services Martu communities—the Martu are the across the region in the areas of research, Traditional Owners of the Martu native participatory evaluation, communications, title determination, including Karlamilyi business planning and governance. National Park, spanning three desert www.nintione.com.au bioregions and 15 million hectares in

remote Western Australia. www.kj.org.au Desert Knowledge Australia (DKA) is a statutory corporation of the Northern Territory, established with the mandate Maralinga Tjarutja representing the Oak ‘to encourage and facilitate learning, Valley community in far western South research and sustainable economic and Australia. social development relating to desert and www.maralingatjarutja.com arid lands...’ DKA manages the Desert Knowledge Precinct in Alice Springs, and RELATIONSHIPS & LINKS The ILSC will work with stakeholders to Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku based at has a mandate to create alliances across provide insights on what has worked in Warburton, WA, responsible for the sectors and state/territory borders that The ILSC always seeks to consult and previous and existing projects, tailored to provision of local government services to will strengthen the people, communities, partner with local and regional organisations local aspirations and expertise. ten communities. businesses and governments of remote in taking advantage of opportunities on Australia. Part of DKA is the Intyalheme The native title representative bodies and https://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov. desert country. Collaboration is a core Centre for Future Energy, established service providers across this region are: au/index.php/our-region/community- principle underpinning ILSC projects. information/warburton as a centre of excellence in renewable Alliances are being pursued at four levels: Central Desert Native Title Services, WA energies. The centre’s core functions include www.centraldesert.org.au knowledge sharing, community education 1. Networks – connecting the ILSC to Ngaanyatjarra Council (Aboriginal and engagement, industry partnerships, and Central Land Council, NT representing around 2000 interests in the wider Indigenous Estate. Corporation) commercialisation. www.clc.org.au Ngaanyatjarra, Pintupi and Pitjantjatjara www.desertknowledge.com.au 2. Communities of practice – connecting Traditional Owners (Yarnangu) who reside Goldfields Land and Sea Council, WA Indigenous groups with shared interests in 12 member communities in remote www.glsc.com.au and experiences within and across Western Australia. The Centre for Appropriate Technology industries. This is particularly relevant in NTSCORP Ltd, NSW https://www.ngaanyatjarraku.wa.gov.au/ Limited (CfAT Ltd), based in Alice Springs, the context of the ILSC’s new role in water, www.ntscorp.com.au facilitates tailored approaches to delivering but is also relevant across the spectrum of technical reliability and building local Queensland South Native Title Services, Qld activities that the ILSC can support. NPY Women’s Council providing services capacity to unlock economic opportunity for www.qsnts.com.au remote Indigenous people and communities. 3. Partnerships – cooperation and across the remote tri-state region. collaboration between the ILSC and South Australia Native Title Services, SA www.npywc.org.au cfat.org.au Indigenous groups on key projects and www.nativetitlesa.org activities. 4. Strategic alliances – formal arrangements involving the ILSC, key Indigenous land and water holding bodies, industry partners and/or government partners.

14 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 15 APPENDIX: RELEVANT Western Australia Queensland New South Wales LEGISLATION • Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land • Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 1972 (WA) Holding Act 2013 • Heritage Act 1977 • Aboriginal Communities Act 1979 (WA) • Aboriginal Land Act 1991 and Torres Strait • National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 Commonwealth • Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA) Islander Land Act 1991 • Native Title Act 1993 (Commonwealth) • Native Title Act 1994 • Aboriginal Heritage (Marandoo) Act 1992 • Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander • Threatened Species Conservation Act (WA) • Coastal Protection and Management Act Heritage Protection Act 1984 1995 1995 (Commonwealth) • Land Administration Act 1997 (WA) • Water (NSW) Act 2014 • Land Act 1994 (Queensland) • Environment Protection and Biodiversity • Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect • Water Management Act 2000 Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA) • Local Government (Aboriginal Lands) Act • Water Act 1912 1978 • Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern • Water Services Act 2012 • Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 • Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 Territory) Act 1976 (Commonwealth) • Country Areas Water Supply Act 1947 • Dams Safety Act 1978 • Nature Conservation Act 1992 • Water Act 2007 • Land Drainage Act 1925 • Environmental Planning and Assessment • National Water Initiative - agreed in 2004 • Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 • Wild Rivers Act 2005 Act 1979 by the Council of Australian Governments • Waterways Conservation Act 1976 • Environmental Protection (Water) Policy • Local Government Act 1993 2009 (COAG), is the national blueprint for • Land Drainage (Validation) Act 1996 • Natural Resources Commission Act 2003 • Environmental Protection Act 1994 water reform • National Environment Protection Council • Pipelines Act 1967 • Queensland Water Quality Guidelines • Lake Eyre Basin Intergovernmental (WA) Act 1996 • Public Works Act 1912 Agreement Act 2001 • Water Agencies (Powers) Act 1984 • Healthy Waters Management Plans • Great Artesian Basin Strategic • Water Corporation Act 1995 • Water Act 2000 Management Plan 2018-2033 • Water Regulation 2016 South Australia Northern Territory • Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA) • Aboriginal Land Act 1978 (Northern • Aboriginal Lands Parliamentary Standing Territory) Committee Act 2003 (SA) • Heritage Act 2011 (Northern Territory) • Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA) • Mineral Titles Act 2010 (Northern • Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Territory) Land Rights Act 1981 (SA) • Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred • Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984 Sites Act 1989 (Northern Territory) (SA) • Parks and Reserves (Framework for the • Native Title (South Australia) Act 1994 Future) Act 2004 and Territory Parks and and Native Title (South Australia) Wildlife Conservation Act 2005 (Northern (Validation and Confirmation) Territory) Amendment Act 2000 (SA) • Pastoral Land Act 1992 (Northern • Pastoral Land Management and Territory) Conservation Act 1989 (SA) • Petroleum Act and Petroleum • Natural Resource Management Act 2004 (Submerged Lands) Act (Northern • Natural Resource Management (General) Territory) Regulations 2005 - SA • Validation (Native Title) Act 1994 • South Australian Water Corporation Act and Validation of Titles and Actions 1994 Amendment Act 1998 (Northern Territory) • Water Resources Act 1997 • NT of Australia Water Act 1992 • Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act • Waterways Conservation Act 1976 • Water Agencies (Powers) Act 1984

16 | Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) Regional Indigenous Land and Sea Strategy (Australian Desert) | 17 The Indigenous Estate The Indigenous Estate holds the key to successful economic development for all Indigenous Australians. Its significant tangible and intangible assets—not just land and waters, but people and the knowledge and intellectual property flowing from the heritage of Indigenous Australians—must be used for the benefit of all Indigenous Australians. The Indigenous Estate is the focus of the ILSC’s efforts. Western Division Central Division Eastern Division (WA) (SA, VIC, TAS, NT) (QLD, NSW, ACT) Level 20, 140 St Georges Terrace Level 7, 70 Franklin Street, Level 18, 100 Creek Street Perth WA 6000 Adelaide SA 5000 Brisbane QLD 4000 PO Box 7502 Cloisters Square GPO Box 652 GPO Box 5212 Perth WA 6850 Adelaide SA 5001 Brisbane QLD 4001 T (08) 9420 6300 T (08) 8100 7102 T (07) 3854 4600 F (08) 9467 2800 F (08) 8100 7150 F (07) 3056 3394 E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected]