DOCSLIB.ORG

How Has the Monopoly of the Web Effected the Economy, Society & Industry?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How Has the Monopoly of the Web Effected the Economy, Society & Industry? How has the Monopoly of the Web effected the economy, society & industry? BSc (Honours) Software Engineering by Connor Robert Boyd ST20062729 This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Cardiff Metropolitan University for the degree of BSc (Honours) Software Engineering. Cardiff School of Management April 2017 ii Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “How has the Monopoly of the Web effected the economy, society & industry?” is entirely my own work, and it has never been submitted nor is it currently being submitted for any other degree. Candidate: Connor Robert Boyd Signature: Date: Supervisor: Dr Chaminda Hewage Signature: Date: iii Abstract Since Tim Berners-Lee famously launched the World Wide Web it has been a historical masterpiece. The main protagonist in the rise of Internet Monopolists like Google, Facebook and Amazon, and the fall of Blockbuster, HMV and Walmart. The dissertations focus is on Internet Monopolists like Sergey Brin, Jeff Bezos and Mark Zuckerberg who dominate the Web. An analysis of the development of the Web from Web 1.0 though to the latter stages of Web 2.0 and the future for the Web, Web 3.0, otherwise known as the Semantic Web. Studying at the work of Andrew Keen, James Slevin, Tim Wu and many other professionals, the dissertation justifies how the Web has positively and negatively affected key aspects of everyday life, addressing issues such as Employability, Security, Money, and Competition. I feel that in modern society, money is the motivator, without money there would be no dominance. Monopolist companies like Google, Facebook and Amazon are leaders in the global market, dominating other companies in their respective Web sectors. Through the application of literature and personal research, a conclusion can be justified as to what sort of effect the Web has had on the economy, society and industry. Methods used in gathering data include quantitative questionnaires, and data gathered is used in seeking a clear answer to the question, ‘How has the Monopoly of the Web effected the economy, society & industry?’. It is hoped the dissertation will inform researchers and practitioners about the influence internet monopolists have on the economy, society and industry. iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor, Dr. Chaminda Hewage. Without his assistance and involvement in every step throughout the process, this dissertation would have never been accomplished. I would also like to thank the members of my family for continued support and motivation throughout the entire process, the time spent proof reading my work, their wise counsel and sympathetic ear. Also, I thank my girlfriend for constantly reminding me to not give up and understanding how busy my schedule has been. In addition, I would like to thank all participants of the questionnaire for their valuable opinions and input into the dissertation. v Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Monopoly 1 1.2 Now and the Future 2 1.3 We are the 99% 3 1.4 Expected Outcome 3 2 Literature Review 4 2.1 Aims & Objectives 4 2.2 Literature Analysis 4 2.3 Modern Day Internet 5 2.4 Topics of Discussion 6 2.4 Future Study 6 3 Methods 6 3.1 Sampling 9 4 The Problem 10 5 The Money 11 5.1 Competition 13 5.2 E-Commerce 14 5.3 Entertainment 14 5.4 The Search Engine 16 5.5 The Social Network 18 5.6 Employability 20 5.7 The Selfie 22 5.8 Security 23 5.9 Children 25 5.10 Dark Web 27 5.11 Propaganda 26 6 Results and Findings 28 6.1 What do you enjoy doing most online? 29 6.2 How often do you use the following? 30 6.3 Do you think that some people spend too much time on the Internet and does this top them form socialising? 30 6.4 Do you think that the Internet is safe for children? Why? 31 6.5 What are some security issues you must think about when you access the Internet? 31 6.6 Final Outcome 33 7 Conclusion 34 7.1 Importance of Research 35 8 Bibliography and References 37 9 Appendices 41 vi List of Tables Methods 6 Table 1: Strengths and Weakness of conducting a questionnaire 7 Table 2: Strengths and Weakness of conducting an interview 8 The Money 11 Table 3: Dominant Companies Annual Revenue vs their direct rivals 13 Results and Findings 28 Table 4: The sample of participants 28 vii List of Figures Introduction 1 Figure 1: Evolution of Facebook 2 The Money 11 Figure 2: Poke’s fall from grace 12 Figure 3: How popular personal assistants have become 16 Figure 4: Annual Google Searches 1999-2012 17 Figure 5: 2014 Search Engine Market Share 17 Figure 6: Comparison of Web 1.0 & Web 2.0 sites 19 Figure 7: Amount lost compared to age of scammed users 23 Figure 8: Example of fake Amazon email 24 Figure 9: Most purchased items on the Dark Web 26 Figure 10: Silk Road’s website 27 Results and Findings 28 Figure 11: What do you enjoy doing most online? 29 Figure 12: How often do you use the following? 30 viii ix Introduction The World Wide Web (WWW) launched in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, inspired by Ted Nelson and his idea of hypertext. In Nelsons hypertext system, there was no concept of deletion. Everything was remembered. Berners-Lee identified that the Internet and Hypertext had ‘come of age’. As he writes in his 1999 book, Weaving the Web, Berners-Lee noticed the gap in the Internet, leading to the birth of the World Wide Web. The Web’s architecture was made up of three elements, a computer language – HTML, a taxonomy for travelling between hypertext files – HTTP, and finally, an address code linked to the hypertext file used to call up any files on the web – URL. By using this architecture for the Web, Berners-Lee could radically simplify the internet. In November 1991, the first website, Info.cern.ch was launched. Over the last 25 years, the Web has been the Internet’s killer application, even more so than email. In his 1999 book John Naughton concludes “The internet is one of the greatest co-operative enterprises in the history of mankind” and with the creation of the Web the Internet has now achieved “liftoff”. Since the book was initially published in 1999, the Web has made waves worldwide, with over 1 billion websites now live. A massive increase since the first ever Website in 1991. Without Berners-Lee’s incredible radicalisation of the Internet by introducing a single application, there would be no Google, Amazon, Facebook or the billions of other websites people use on a daily basis. 1991 represents the birth of a new period of history, the Networked Computer Age. The Internet has created new wealth, new debates, new markets and most importantly a new economy. Without the internet, the “One Percent Economy” and Internet Monopolists like Sergey Brin and Jeff Bezos would be nobodies working regular day-to-day jobs. Monopoly The Web is a competition. A competition on who can provide the best services for their users. It’s a dog eat dog economy. Most sectors of today are controlled by leading companies, like Facebook & Google. There is no better search engine than Google, and there hasn’t been since Yahoo was dethroned by Google as the best search engine in the mid 2000’s. Essentially, Google owns the search engine. Facebook dominates social media, owning WhatsApp, Instagram and Oculus VR. eBay rules online auctions, running live real life auctions out of business. Apple dominates the mobile phone industry and online content delivery, albeit closely followed by Samsung and Android. Amazon controls retail through e-commerce and is the primary reason stores such as HMV, Woolworths and hundreds of bookstores have closed worldwide. All the companies that dominate the new Networked Computer Age, are all part of ‘Web 2.0’ – the internet’s second stage of development, through user generated content and the growth of social media. 1 “Facing decline, they do everything possible to stay in power. And that’s when the rest of us suffer.” - Tim Wu, Wall Street Journal, 2010 Specifically writing about Facebook, Tim Wu notes that even when they are out of favour in the social media market, Facebook will use their social media superpower and reputation to do everything to stay in power. Meaning up and coming social media platforms will suffer because of this. In 2015, Social Media photo sharing app Instagram was making headlines for all the right reasons - Facebook noticed this and bought the company for a tiny $1 Billion in cash and stock. It’s now 2017, and Instagram is estimated to be worth $36 Billion. Internet Monopolists like Facebook are buying the opposition, dominating their field and remaining the most popular platform. The intent of Wu’s article for Wall Street Journal is clear: Every user of these dominant monopolies suffers. Companies like Facebook, Google, and Amazon are controlling the economy, eliminating any threat to their position as most dominant platform, and remaining as the dominant company in its sector. Now and the Future The first generation of internet sites, dubbed Web 1.0 by professionals, primarily gave information, connected by hyperlinks. Web 1.0 is generally believed to refer to static websites that were not yet providing interactive content. Web 1.0 sites were non-profit educational sites that contained information useful to users, without any incentive to revisit the website in the future.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Culture of Wikipedia
    Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented.
    [Show full text]
  • The Broadcast Flag: Compatible with Copyright Law & Incompatible with Digital Media Consumers
    607 THE BROADCAST FLAG: COMPATIBLE WITH COPYRIGHT LAW & INCOMPATIBLE WITH DIGITAL MEDIA CONSUMERS ANDREW W. BAGLEY* & JUSTIN S. BROWN** I. INTRODUCTION Is it illegal to make a high-quality recording of your favorite TV show using your Sony digital video recorder with your Panasonic TV, which you then edit on your Dell computer for use on your Apple iPod? Of course it’s legal, but is it possible to use devices from multiple brands together to accomplish your digital media goal? Yes, well, at least for now. What if the scenario involved high-definition television (“HDTV”) devices? Would the answers be as clear? Not as long as digital-content protection schemes like the Broadcast Flag are implemented. Digital media and Internet connectivity have revolutionized consumer entertainment experiences by offering high-quality portable content.1 Yet these attractive formats also are fueling a copyright infringement onslaught through a proliferation of unauthorized Internet piracy via peer-to-peer (“P2P”) networks.2 As a result, lawmakers,3 administrative agencies,4 and courts5 are confronted * Candidate for J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 2009; M.A. Mass Communication, University of Florida, 2006; B.A. Political Science, University of Florida, 2005; B.S. Public Relations, University of Florida, 2005 ** Assistant Professor of Telecommunication, University of Florida; Ph.D. Mass Communica- tions, The Pennsylvania State University, 2001 1 Andrew Keen, Web 2.0: The Second Generation of the Internet has Arrived. It's Worse Than You Think, WEEKLY STANDARD, Feb. 13, 2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/ Con- tent/Public/Articles/000/000/006/714fjczq.asp (last visited Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Deepfake Bot Submissions to Federal Public Comment Websites Cannot Be Distinguished from Human Submissions
    Weiss M. Deepfake Bot Submissions to Federal Public Comment Websites Cannot Be Distinguished from Human Submissions. Technology Science. 2019121801. December 18, 2019. http://techscience.org/a/2019121801 Deepfake Bot Submissions to Federal Public Comment Websites Cannot Be Distinguished from Human Submissions Max Weiss Highlights • Publicly available artificial intelligence methods can generate an enormous volume of original, human speech-like topical text (“Deepfake Text”) that is not based on conventional search-and-replace patterns • I created a computer program (a bot) that generated and submitted 1,001 deepfake comments regarding a Medicaid reform waiver to a federal public comment website, stopping submission when these comments comprised more than half of all submitted comments. I then formally withdrew the bot comments • When humans were asked to classify a subset of the deepfake comments as human or bot submissions, the results were no better than would have been gotten by random guessing • Federal public comment websites currently are unable to detect Deepfake Text once submitted, but technological reforms (e.g., CAPTCHAs) can be implemented to help prevent massive numbers of submissions by bots Example Deepfake Text generated by the bot that all survey respondents thought was from a human. 1 Weiss M. Deepfake Bot Submissions to Federal Public Comment Websites Cannot Be Distinguished from Human Submissions. Technology Science. 2019121801. December 18, 2019. http://techscience.org/a/2019121801 Abstract The federal comment period is an important way that federal agencies incorporate public input into policy decisions. Now that comments are accepted online, public comment periods are vulnerable to attacks at Internet scale. For example, in 2017, more than 21 million (96% of the 22 million) public comments submitted regarding the FCC’s proposal to repeal net neutrality were discernible as being generated using search-and-replace techniques [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Essay Review
    1 Essay review The future of the work we don’t do Jan Nolin Swedish school of Library and information science University of Borås The story of machines replacing manual labor has been a bittersweet iteration ever since the industrial revolution. On the one hand, people have increasingly been spared ugly, hard, repetitive and dangerous tasks. On the other hand, we have continuously lost traditional skills and high-level craftsmanship developed over several generations. Most importantly, every time new technologies safely and cheaply allow one machine to do the work of 20, we fear that we will run out of jobs. Nonetheless, as we have experienced this same pattern again and again we tend to feel confident that we will land on our feet. History has taught us that when old jobs disappear new ones will appear. This cyclic process has perhaps been most pointedly captured with the concept “creative destruction”, suggested by Austrian/American economy researcher Joseph Schumpeter in his book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942). This refers to the pattern of solid market traditions, the bearers of old wealth, regularly being destroyed while fresh fortunes are created with new inventions. Today we are probably only in the beginning of the new industrial revolution that is sometimes talked about as a shift from manual to digital labor. As always, we fear that innovative technology will disrupt the labor market. Although, history teaches us that we should expect growth of new forms of jobs, this time the creative destruction seems to be one on steroids. A new mobile-based app such as Uber can within a few months wreak havoc on the otherwise robust taxi market, leading to strikes in June 2014 in a range of European cities such as London, Paris and Madrid.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Vertigo Provides a Timely And
    "Andrew Keen has found the off switch for Silicon Valley's reality-distortion field. With a cold eye and a cutting wit, he reveals the grandiose claims of our new digital plutocrats to be little more than self-serving cant. Digital Vertigo provides a timely and welcome reminder that having substance is more important than being transparent." -Nicholas Carr, author of The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains #digitalvertigo how today's online social revolution is dividing, diminishing, and disorienting us ajkeen andrew keen, author of the cult of the amateur $25.99/$2< 'Digital Vertigo provides an articulate, measured, rian voice against a sea of hype about auo.ai nnedia. As an avowed technology optii..._ -Larry Downes, author of ishina the Killer does mark zuckerberg know A/hv are we al details of their lives and Google+ ? In Digital Vertigo, Andrew Keen exposes the atest Silicon Valley mania: today's trillion-dollar cr^r-ia| networking revolution online start-up, he reveals—from commerce to communications to entertainment-is now going 3.0." social in a transformation called "Web ^hat he calls this "cult of the socii individual privacy and i jeopardizing both our liberty. Using one of Alfred Hitchcock's greatest films. Vertigo, as his starting point, he argues that social media, with its generation of massive mounts of personal data, is encouraging us to fall in love with something that is too good to be true-a radically transparent twenty-first-century society in which we can all supposedly realize oi"- luthentic identities on the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of AI: Opportunities and Challenges
    The Future of AI: Opportunities and Challenges Puerto Rico, January 2-5, 2015 ! Ajay Agrawal is the Peter Munk Professor of Entrepreneurship at the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management, Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, MA, Founder of the Creative Destruction Lab, and Co-founder of The Next 36. His research is focused on the economics of science and innovation. He serves on the editorial boards of Management Science, the Journal of Urban Economics, and The Strategic Management Journal. & Anthony Aguirre has worked on a wide variety of topics in theoretical cosmology, ranging from intergalactic dust to galaxy formation to gravity physics to the large-scale structure of inflationary universes and the arrow of time. He also has strong interest in science outreach, and has appeared in numerous science documentaries. He is a co-founder of the Foundational Questions Institute and the Future of Life Institute. & Geoff Anders is the founder of Leverage Research, a research institute that studies psychology, cognitive enhancement, scientific methodology, and the impact of technology on society. He is also a member of the Effective Altruism movement, a movement dedicated to improving the world in the most effective ways. Like many of the members of the Effective Altruism movement, Geoff is deeply interested in the potential impact of new technologies, especially artificial intelligence. & Blaise Agüera y Arcas works on machine learning at Google. Previously a Distinguished Engineer at Microsoft, he has worked on augmented reality, mapping, wearable computing and natural user interfaces. He was the co-creator of Photosynth, software that assembles photos into 3D environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneficial AI 2017
    Beneficial AI 2017 Participants & Attendees 1 Anthony Aguirre is a Professor of Physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He has worked on a wide variety of topics in theoretical cosmology and fundamental physics, including inflation, black holes, quantum theory, and information theory. He also has strong interest in science outreach, and has appeared in numerous science documentaries. He is a co-founder of the Future of Life Institute, the Foundational Questions Institute, and Metaculus (http://www.metaculus.com/). Sam Altman is president of Y Combinator and was the cofounder of Loopt, a location-based social networking app. He also co-founded OpenAI with Elon Musk. Sam has invested in over 1,000 companies. Dario Amodei is the co-author of the recent paper Concrete Problems in AI Safety, which outlines a pragmatic and empirical approach to making AI systems safe. Dario is currently a research scientist at OpenAI, and prior to that worked at Google and Baidu. Dario also helped to lead the project that developed Deep Speech 2, which was named one of 10 “Breakthrough Technologies of 2016” by MIT Technology Review. Dario holds a PhD in physics from Princeton University, where he was awarded the Hertz Foundation doctoral thesis prize. Amara Angelica is Research Director for Ray Kurzweil, responsible for books, charts, and special projects. Amara’s background is in aerospace engineering, in electronic warfare, electronic intelligence, human factors, and computer systems analysis areas. A co-founder and initial Academic Model/Curriculum Lead for Singularity University, she was formerly on the board of directors of the National Space Society, is a member of the Space Development Steering Committee, and is a professional member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Intelligence and the “Barrier” of Meaning Workshop Participants
    Artificial Intelligence and the “Barrier” of Meaning Workshop Participants Alan Mackworth is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of British Columbia. He was educated at Toronto (B.A.Sc.), Harvard (A.M.) and Sussex (D.Phil.). He works on constraint-based artificial intelligence with applications in vision, robotics, situated agents, assistive technology and sustainability. He is known as a pioneer in the areas of constraint satisfaction, robot soccer, hybrid systems and constraint-based agents. He has authored over 130 papers and co-authored two books: Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach (1998) and Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents (2010; 2nd Ed. 2017). He served as the founding Director of the UBC Laboratory for Computational Intelligence and the President of AAAI and CAIAC. He is a Fellow of AAAI, CAIAC, CIFAR and the Royal Society of Canada. ***** Alison Gopnik is a professor of psychology and affiliate professor of philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley. She received her BA from McGill University and her PhD. from Oxford University. She is an internationally recognized leader in the study of children’s learning and development and introduced the idea that probabilistic models and Bayesian inference could be applied to children’s learning. She is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a fellow of the Cognitive Science Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is the author or coauthor of over 100 journal articles and several books including “Words, thoughts and theories” MIT Press, 1997, and the bestselling and critically acclaimed popular books “The Scientist in the Crib” William Morrow, 1999, “The Philosophical Baby; What children’s minds tell us about love, truth and the meaning of life”, and “The Gardener and the Carpenter”, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
    [Show full text]
  • Investiture of Ownership
    Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law Volume 10 Issue 4 Article 3 2008 User-Generated Content and the Future of Copyright: Part One-- Investiture of Ownership Steven Hetcher Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Steven Hetcher, User-Generated Content and the Future of Copyright: Part One--Investiture of Ownership, 10 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 863 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol10/iss4/3 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. User-Generated Content and the Future of Copyright: Part One-Investiture of Ownership Steven Hetcher* ABSTRACT While user-generated content (UGC) has been around for quite some time, the digital age has led to an explosion of new forms of UGC. Current UGC mega-sites, such as YouTube, Facebook, and MySpace, have given UGC a new level of significance, due to their ability to bring together large numbers of users to interact in new ways. The "user" in UGC generally refers to amateurs, but also includes professionals and amateurs aspiringto become professionals. "Generated"is synonymous with created, reflecting the inclusion of some minimal amount of creativity in the user's work. Finally, "content"refers to digital content, or that generated by users online. Because discussion of the legal aspects of UGC is in its infancy, and new UGC is distinguishablefrom old UGC, the initial focus must be on the copyrightability of UGC-whether UGC falls in the core of copyrightable subject matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Web 2.0 & "The Cult of the Amateur"
    Web 2.0 & "The Cult of the Amateur" Subtitle: How today's Internet is killing our culture Andrew Keen web 2.0 & andrew keen's silly book (the cult of the amateur) Page 1 Adapted from ITConversations (a Gigavox Media Channel) @: http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail1845.html Despite the hype of social interaction and community as a result of the emerging internet, otherwise known as Web 2.0, there are those who have a contrarian view of how today's internet is killing our culture. Dr. Moira Gunn speaks with author Andrew Keen, who reflects on this trend and his latest book "The Cult of the Amateur." Download MP3 (click here) * * * * * Adapted from New York Times Book Review @: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/books/29book.html?bl&ex=1183262400&en=ba3fa1ecbe1314f6&ei=5087% 0A The Cult of the Amateur By MICHIKO KAKUTANI Published: June 29, 2007 Digital utopians have heralded the dawn of an era in which Web 2.0 - distinguished by a new generation of participatory sites like web 2.0 & andrew keen's silly book (the cult of the amateur) Page 2 MySpace.com and YouTube.com, which emphasize user-generated content, social networking and interactive sharing - ushers in the democratization of the world: more information, more perspectives, more opinions, more everything, and most of it without filters or fees. Yet as the Silicon Valley entrepreneur Andrew Keen points out in his provocative new book, “The Cult of the Amateur,” Web 2.0 has a dark side as well. Mr. Keen argues that “what the Web 2.0 revolution is really delivering is superficial observations of the world around us rather than deep analysis, shrill opinion rather than considered judgment.” In his view Web 2.0 is changing the cultural landscape and not for the better.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Driving Business on the Horizon? a Look at Enterprise AI
    Technology Research Hardware/Software U.S. Equity Research July 13, 2017 Industry Commentary Self-Driving Business on the Horizon? A Look at Enterprise AI Summary Price Rating Company Symbol (7/12) Prior Curr PT In evaluating recent artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) trends and Apple Inc. AAPL $145.74 – Neutral $150.00 innovation put forth by enterprise vendors, we see incremental benefit for CRM, Hortonworks, Inc. HDP $13.18 – Neutral $14.00 NOW and SPLK. Though HDP is well-positioned, we believe the window of Paycom Software, PAYC $69.80 – Neutral $70.00 Inc. opportunity is narrow. Across the stack, we think the revenue opportunity lies Paylocity Holding PCTY $46.81 – Neutral $45.00 with application vendors that address specific business problems or analytical Corporation salesforce.com, inc. CRM $90.40 – Buy $100.00 tool providers that help enable a solution. The core AI engine layer of the ServiceNow, Inc. NOW $112.26 – Buy $125.00 stack will likely be dominated by large vendors such as Amazon.com, Apple, Splunk Inc. SPLK $60.74 – Neutral $60.00 Facebook, Google and Microsoft; smaller players are likely to either get Tableau Software, DATA $64.47 – Neutral $68.00 acquired or run into significant headwinds, in our view. Inc. Ultimate Software ULTI $215.74 – Neutral $220.00 Group, Inc. KeyPoints Source: Bloomberg and Mizuho Securities USA Persistent trend toward enterprise automation. The current trend of accelerating AI/ML innovation continues the decades-long push to further automate enterprise workloads. We look at the evolution of key technologies over time as well as current leading innovations in the space from the large cloud players and emerging vendors, alike.
    [Show full text]
  • (2018) the Artificial Intelligence Black Box and the Failure of Intent And
    Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Volume 31, Number 2 Spring 2018 THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BLACK BOX AND THE FAILURE OF INTENT AND CAUSATION Yavar Bathaee* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 890 II. AI, MACHINE-LEARNING ALGORITHMS, AND THE CAUSES OF THE BLACK BOX PROBLEM ...................................................... 897 A. What Is Artificial Intelligence? ................................................ 898 B. How Do Machine-Learning Algorithms Work? ....................... 899 C. Two Machine-Learning Algorithms Widely Used in AI and the Black Box Problem ................................................... 901 1. Deep Neural Networks and Complexity................................ 901 2. Support Vector Machines and Dimensionality ...................... 903 D. Weak and Strong Black Boxes ................................................. 905 III. THE BLACK BOX PROBLEM AND THE FAILURE OF INTENT ......... 906 A. Non-AI Algorithms and Early Cracks in Intent ........................ 908 B. AI and Effect Intent .................................................................. 911 C. AI-Assisted Opinions and Basis Intent ..................................... 914 D. AI and Gatekeeping Intent ....................................................... 919 IV. THE FAILURE OF CAUSATION ..................................................... 922 A. Conduct-Regulating Causation ................................................ 923 B. Conduct-Nexus Causation .......................................................
    [Show full text]