Herbal Healing: an Old Practice for Healthy Living Among Khumi, Marma and Tripura Communities of Thanchi Upazila, Bangladesh

European Journal of Medicinal Plants 5(1): 23-52, 2015, Article no.EJMP.2015.003 ISSN: 2231-0894

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Herbal Healing: An Old Practice for Healthy Living among Khumi, Marma and Tripura Communities of Thanchi Upazila, Bangladesh

Mohammad Abdul Motaleb 1, M. M. Abdullah-Al-Mamun 2*, M. K. Hossain 2, M. Khairul Alam 3 and Marufa Sultana 1

1IUCN Bangladesh Country Office, House 16, Road 2/3, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh. 2Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. 3Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Sholosahar, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Field work was conducted by all authors. Author MAM designed the study and authors MAM and MMAAM wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed during the analyses. Authors MAM and MMAAM managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2015/10244 Editor(s): (1) Marcello Iriti, Plant Biology and Pathology Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Milan State University, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Bangladesh Resource Centre, Bangladesh. (2) Sunday Johnson Ameh, Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria. (3) Pawan Kumar Rana, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India. (4) Anonymous, University of Dschang, Cameroon. (5) Anonymous, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=648&id=13&aid=6163

Received 20 th March 2014 th Original Research Article Accepted 17 June 2014 Published 20 th September 2014

ABSTRACT

Background: At present, only a limited amount of documentation exists that shed light on aspects of plants used by Traditional Healers (THs) in Bangladesh for treating general ailments. The current study is concerned with information on medicinal plants (MPs) used in Traditional Medicine (TM) by the Khumi, Marma and Tripura communities of Bangladesh. Aims: The study attempted to collect, analyze and evaluate Traditional Knowledge (TK) of the healing powers of plants used in TM in Thanchi upazila during August 2011 to January 2013; and to classify as far as possible the plants encountered in the study. Methodology: Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information through Focused Group Discussions (FGD) and one to one discussions with the selected indigenous ______

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

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community people. Results: A total of 91 different diseases (faced by the above three communities of the study area) were recognized that were treated by the THs using 116 herbs and shrubs belonging to 50 different families. Scientific name of different plant species, parts used, preparation process including doses, and names of user communities are also mentioned. Conclusion: This documentation will encourage the relevant stakeholders, authorities and conservationists in emphasizing the proper management of TK, including the conservation initiatives.

Keywords: Medicinal plants (MPs); Traditional Knowledge (TK); Traditional Healers (THs); Indigenous community (IC); Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT); Khumi; Marma; Tripura.

1. INTRODUCTION important raw materials for many modern medicinal ingredients [3]. Unfortunately, these Plants, plant parts and plant products of all valuable assets have been depleting rapidly descriptions, particularly those with medicinal because of unsustainable exploitation and land properties, have been used since time use changes [5]. immemorial as principle ingredients of various traditional medicines [1]. The history of use of Until now, few communities of Bangladesh, MPs for alleviating illnesses had its origin in the especially the indigenous people of CHT, have activities of early humans. Selection of MPs by been traditionally using TMs. It has been such humans, without any prior knowledge, was unequivocally established that medicinal plants largely based on intuition, guesswork or trial and and related knowledge, that represent a part of error. The healing powers (HPs) of some plants rich local heritage, play a significant role in the were often discovered by accident. Thus, by a general welfare of the upland communities of combination of these processes there emerged a CHT [6, 7]. The ICs of this area traditionally rely considerable body of knowledge of MPs that was on TM due to their belief, culture and availability transmitted from one generation to another. At of the plant resources. On top of that, due to the first, orally; and later, in written form as papyri, absence of modern treatment facilities, they fully baked clay tablets, parchments, manuscripts, depend upon nature for their regular treatment. and finally as printed herbals, pharmacopoeias But in recent time, availability of medicinal plants and other works [2]. Our ancestors, through trial- and associated TK fell under threat of extinction and-error, discovered useful natural substance due to depletion of MPs and THs practice that they came across to ease their discomfort respectively. That is why the need for and sufferings caused by various acute and documentation of these priceless resources is chronic illnesses or injuries. Since ancient times, very urgent. Different countries have given plants with therapeutic properties have occupied emphasis on this documentation namely, an important niche in the disease treatment Srivastava and Rout [8], Parkash et al. [9], practices [3]. Srivastava and Adi Community [10], Zheng and Xing [11], Telefo et al. [12], Rehecho et al. [13], Bangladesh a small country, occupying an area Ayanar and Ignacimuthu [14], Sargin et al. [15] and Ullah et al. [16]. of about 147,570 sq. km, is endowed with a very favorable climate for diverse flora. A great variety Documentation process on TK on medicinal of plants grow in her forests, agricultural lands, plants and related issues in Bangladesh is at its barren lands, waste lands, water bodies, initial stage. Preliminary work of Hasan and Khan homesteads, and also along the roadsides. Many [17] in ethnobotanical research is regarded as of these plants are often considered as weeds pioneer endeavour in Bangladesh. Since then, which contain active substances with medicinal Alam [6], Uddin et al. [18, 19, 20], Yusuf et al. properties. It has been recorded that about 450 [21, 22], Partha and Hossain [23], Rahman et al. to 500 plants growing or available in Bangladesh [24], Roy et al. [25], Rahmatullah et al. [26, 27, tend to hold therapeutic values [4]. The rich 28], Motaleb [30], Mohiduddin et al. [31], Malek heritage of indigenous knowledge associated et al. [32], Khisha et al. [33], Sarker et al. [34], with TMs is considered as the basis of all Uddin and Mukul [35], Kadir et al. [36, 37], Ocvirk systems of traditional remedies in Bangladesh. et al. [38] and Rahman [39] have also made Most of the medicinal plants of Bangladesh are significant contribution to our understanding of extensively used in the preparation of Unani and ethnobotany in Bangladesh. Keeping this in Ayurvedic medicines. These plants also serve as mind, the present attempt has been taken to

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document this valuable knowledge and upazila (longitude 21°78’ and latitude 92°42’) of information from the area before its extinction. Bandarban that is situated in the southeastern corner of Bangladesh. Marma is the most 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY dominant IC in this area; other communities included are Khumi , Mro, Bawm, Chak, Tripura A team was formed with plant taxonomist, etc. Jhum (shifting cultivation or slash and burn silviculturist, forester, biologist, and local herbal cultivation) is the traditional method of crop healers. Extensive field surveys were carried out production in this area. Livestock rearing also for the last one and half year years (August 2011 makes up a significant proportion of livelihoods of to January 2013). Three relevant skilled persons the communities. Numerous traditional, religious from a local NGO, Bolipara Nari Kalyan Somity and cultural rituals and norms bind these (BNKS), were also involved in the team who societies together. Compared with the entire interpret the local language of the tribal people. country, Thanchi upazila ICs suffer from a high proportion of extreme poverty, with very low food 2.1 Study Area security, low supplies of safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation facilities, extremely low The study was conducted among the Khumi, literacy rate. Marma and Tripura community of Thanchi

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2.2 Data Collection Besides, a short scenario of a number of plants having different pharmacological actions, Species information was collected using a frequently used plants parts to treat diseases and pretested semi-structured questionnaire modes of providing herbal treatment are shown (including who, what, how, when, by whom and in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively. why the plants are used) through FGD, one to one discussions with the local THs. Present study revealed a total of 91 different Simultaneously, more information was gathered diseases that are treated by the THs of three from local knowledgeable persons, Buddhist communities by using 116 different herbs and monks, and elderly men and women. During shrubs belonging to 50 families. The findings FGD, the informants came on mostly used support the similar studies, e.g., [40] listed 60 medicinal herbs and shrubs and then the species from 40 families used by Chakma, information of local name, parts use, herbal use, Marma and Tanchunga; [31] found 70 species preparation process, local status and measures from 36 families common among Bwam, Marma, taken to conserve each species were recorded. Murang and Tanchunga tribes. The current study A particular plant was picked up and queries also found that species under Rubiaceae family were made as to how it emerges to be useful for (9 species) were mostly used by them; followed them. After finishing interview for one particular by Fabaceae (8 species); Asteraceae, plant, a second plant was taken up and so on. Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Zingiberaceae The investigation was very effective and (6 species each); Araceae, Caesalpinaceae and informative because of the fact that the Verbenaceae (5 species each); Apocynaceae (4 information were collected and recorded through species), and Amaranthaceae and consultation with various indigenous Menispermaceae (3 species each). communities such as Marma, Tripura and Khumi, who use these medicinal plants mostly and finally Number of plants having differ pharmacological verified by various informants at different spots. actions are shown in Fig. 1. It illustrates the Once the information on a particular plant was diseases which are cured by 3 and above considered as reliable after repeated number of plants. It was observed that, to treat discussions, then its local name and uses were disease like headache they use maximum recorded. Most of the species were identified by number of plants (12) followed by stomachache the taxonomist of the study team. The and abdominal pain (11) gastritis (9), sore (8) unidentified species were preserved in the fever for all ages (7), asthma and allergy (6); herbarium and identified by the taxonomists of wound, menstrual problem (irregular Bangladesh National Herbarium, Department of menstruation), ear pain, different types of cut, Botany of Dhaka University, Bangladesh Forest conjunctivitis, and burning (5). From the above Research Institute (BFRI), Institute of Forestry results, it could be concluded that indigenous and Environmental Sciences of Chittagong peoples like more options for their regular University. Direct filed visit in the hills, streams treatment purposes. For example, headache, and forests were also conducted to gain stomachache, abdominal pain and gastritis are knowledge in regards to the ecology, habitat and very common diseases in Bangladesh for which other important issues for all the species. The maximum species are used. authenticity of information on each species was Among the plant parts used, leaves (98) were confirmed through repeated interviews. Prior highly utilized followed by root (50); whole plant Informed Consent (PIC) was taken from the (41); rhizome (21); flower (14) and young leaves knowledge providers before collecting (13) (Fig. 2). Modes of providing treatment fall information. Later, the compiled information was into fourteen categories. A maximum of 108 shared with them in their own local language. formulations were reported to be used in the 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION juice or liquid form; whereas, 61 in paste form; 18 in bath with plants or plant parts boiled water; The herbal healing techniques of Khumi, Marma and 10 in powder form. The other categories and Tripura communities of the study area have were reported less frequently (Fig. 3). Commonly been presented in Tabular form in Table 1. prescribed medicine doses (e.g. Pills, powder Diseases are arranged alphabetically by their etc.) are rarely found for treatment due to lack of English names. Then species that are used to well-structured herbal healing. However, the treat different diseases, plant parts used for result clearly depicted that at the primary stage treatment, brief preparation process of the TM these communities are fully dependant on their and IC users have been arranged in Table 1. traditional healing system (e.g. Juice, paste etc).

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Table 1. Description of herbal medical treatment process of different diseases provided by the Khumi, Marma and Tripura community of Thanchi upazila of Bandarban district along with their species used to prepare medicine, parts use, preparation process and users

Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura 1 Abdominal Alpinia conchigera Griff. Padagra Daichikachoy Padagra Rhizome Juice, extracted by Khumi, pain smashing, is taken orally Marma and three times a day for 2-3 Tripura days. Celosia cristata L. Krawmong Pai Saiwang Khongcha Dried Smashed flower is used over Marma flower the belly and swollen area, twice a day for a week. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Rakheibang Chamolai Root Juice, extracted by rubbing Khumi, roots in the stone, is taken Marma and orally two times a day for a Tripura week. Helminthostachys zeylanica Choimakhankre Achakhungpui Singraiakong Rhizome Paste mixed with honey is Khumi and (L.) Hook. and fronds taken orally 2 times a day for Marma 2-3 days. Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. Kyamoachuie Chi Shing Da Root and Pills prepared from leaf and Marma Keu leaf root paste are sun dried, and taken thrice a day for 7-10 days. Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Kyalungpai Tangachupa Malikum Root Red hot iron is dipped in root Marma and juice (extract) and taken Tripura during pain. Premna esculenta Roxb. Kramurauh Ankungna Arai Leaf Leaf decoction (one cup) Tripura mixed with honey (1 table spoon) is taken thrice a day for 5-7 days. Scoparia dulcis L. Dungangja Daesikhlu Samthangso Whole Juice of whole plant is taken Khumi, plant thrice a day for a week. Marma and Tripura Solanum violaceum Ortega Kajoishi Empaithai Khankha Root Root extract obtained by Khumi, rubbing in stone is mixed with Marma and rice water and taken orally Tripura twice a day for 4-5 days. Solena amplexicaulis Kamuu Tho Dupoitha Leaf Leaf boiled with table salt is Tripura

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura (Lamk.) Gandhi taken directly twice a day for 3-4 days. Zingiber capitatum Roxb. Phalago Pennih Blomoshla Rhizome Hot red iron is dipped in Khumi, rhizome juice and taken Marma and orally twice a day for a week. Tripura 2 Abdominal Clerodendrum viscosum Khumejaie Haronga Khakoh Leaf Leaf juice is taken thrice a Tripura pain of Vent. day for 3-5 days. children Croton bonplandianus Baill. Painujaw Leunke Khubambam Leaf Leaf juice, extracted by Tripura smashing, is taken orally once a day for 2-3 days. 3 Abdominal Equisetum ramosissimum Pinlacha Acala Shachuri Stem Pill prepared by grinding the Marma tumor Desf. stem is taken 3 times a day for 2 weeks. 4 Abscess Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Noemuie Ajungmuie Leaf Leaf powder is used in the Tripura Baker affected area for 3-5 days. Mimosa pudica L. Hrapaing Ange Changlachi Leaf and Leaf or whole plant paste is Khumi, whole plant used over the sore. Marma and Tripura 5 Abscess in Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Khimodoh Cheilanki Whole Juice extract from whole Khumi, ear ex Baker plant plant is mixed with Peristylus Marma and constrictus (Lind.) Lindl. juice Tripura and used in ear once a day for a week. Peristylus constrictus Chemmodoh Nantho Kuthmai Whole Warm plant paste is used. Khumi, (Lindl.) Lindl. plant Marma and Tripura 6 All types of Lantana camara L. var. Achownai Moichiacha Khelakhemows Leaf Warmed leaf paste is spread Khumi pain aculeata (L.) Moldenke & ugnama over the pained area. Moldenke 7 Allergy Clerodendrum wallichii Teratebathoipow Terateba Terateba Young leaf Bath with leaf-boiled water. Khumi, Merr. Marma and Tripura Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Anuwaishoweatha Anwaichi Whole Warm mash of whole plant is Khumi, plant used over the affected area Marma and twice a day for a week. Tripura Mycetia longifolia (Wall.) O. Taow Mykanchi Whole Bath is taken with the whole Marma and

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura Kuntze plant plant boiled water for 5-10 Tripura days. Persicaria hydropiper Mracheai Achakachu Sathaimcho Leaf Leaf is smashed to produce Marma (L.)Spach juice which is taken twice a day for a week. Smilax laurifolia L. Khraikodow Angwaijong Sowgsowgra Root Taking bath by root boiled Khumi, water for a week. Marma and Tripura Tournefortia roxburghii C.B. Kraushow Asaphaiacha Kalasona Leaf Leaf juice is used over the Khumi and Clarke affected area thrice a day for Tripura 5-10 days. 8 Anal tract Celosia cristata L. Krawmong Pai Saiwang Khongcha Flower and Flower and leaf juice is taken Marma problem leaf with honey, twice a day for 2 weeks. Euphorbia hirta L. Choimanore Achakunu Chingokhunjung Whole Pills from plant paste are Khumi and plant taken orally thrice a day for a Marma month. Jatropha gossypifolia L. Krasuni Liabikamchi Lal Verenda Leaf Extracted leaf juice (one Khumi, table spoon) is mixed with Marma and milk and honey at the rate of Tripura I:I:I and take twice a day after meal for 15-20 days. 9 Any Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Tacrimra Paditaiung Chonjaru Rhizome Juice, extracted by rubbing Khumi, disease Beauv. var. latifolia (Hook. rhizome in stone, is taken Marma and that f.) C. E. Hubb. twice a day for a week. Tripura creates thirst and reaction 10 Arthritis Angiopteris evecta (Forst) Chagkathe Angkskepoi Asojaly Rhizome Rhizome paste is taken with Tripura Hoffm. honey twice a day for 2 weeks. Lantana camara L. var. Achownai Moichiacha Khelakhemows Leaf Warmed leaf paste is spread Khumi aculeata (L.) Moldenke & ugnama over the pained area. Moldenke Parabaena sagittata Miers Gaidiaanowai Muipungpou Angkala Leaf Leaf vapor is inhaled 3 times Tripura ex Hook.f. & Thoms. a day for 2 weeks.

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura 11 Asthma Desmodium triquetrum (L.) Pawlogy Chiakiniacha Blongmykongda Root Juice prepared by squeezing Khumi and DC. subsp. auriculatum roots is mixed with cold Marma (DC.) Prain water, which is taken twice a day for a week. Eupatorium ayapana Vent. Painhuni Shitaba Taitong Leaf Leaf juice is taken orally Marma thrice a day for a week or two. Myxopyrum smilacifolium Anuielabera Keuncherayua Root Root extract, obtained by Marma (Wall.) Blume stone grinding, is mixed with rice water and taken two times a day after meal for 2 weeks. Stahlianthus involucratus Kyokhiang Thithiksink Santaokrang Rhizome Extracted juice is mixed with Khumi (King ex Baker) R. M. Smith rice water (1:3) then warmed, which is then taken orally thrice a day till cure. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Tuwangnoae Leaf and Dried leaf and root powder is Marma Miers root taken with honey thrice a day for 1 or 2 weeks. Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin Hankheuw Puikache Muiktoima Root Half cup extracted root juice Khumi and & Barneby is mixed with a table spoon of Tripura honey and taken twice a day for a month. 12 Bleeding Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Mrakhawbow Bainyachu Dukhelaki Young and Leaf paste is applied over the Khumi, due to cut, Robinson fresh wounded area to stop Marma and bullet leaves haemorrhage. Tripura wound 13 Bleeding Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Na Khongbu Nuai Nakhonbu Mukhra Leaf Paste, prepared by smashing Khumi, from nose M. Roem. Khangkkha the leaf, applied in nose Marma and directly. Tripura Sida acuta Burm. f. Woakhipini Chowkhodi Mrang Leaf Inhaling smell of squeezed Marma leaf. 14 Blood Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mrangkhuikhoa Achingkra Sangsota Leaf Juice is extracted by Khumi and dysentery smashing leaf of this plant Tripura and Psidium guajava and then taken orally 3 times a

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura day up to cure. 15 Blood Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin and Painbowa Puikaacha Muitopi Leaf Extracted leaf juice is taken Khumi, purification Barneby orally twice a day for 7-10 Marma and days. Tripura 16 Body pain Aidia pseudospicata Chiesangda Afrue Dikyakaling Leaf One table spoon of extracted Khumi and Ridsdale leaf juice is mixed with same Marma amount of honey and taken twice a day for 3 days. Gouania tiliaefolia Lamk. Lananowngnamya Ayupuwin Duaurai Whole Paste prepared by smashing Khumi, plant the whole plant is used over Marma and the wounded area. Tripura Pedilanthus tithymaloides Murunah Kiokonaoki Leaf Warm leaf poultice over the Marma Poit. painful area. 17 Body Celosia cristata L. Krawmong Pai Saiwang Khongcha Dried Smashed flower is used over Marma swelling flower the belly and swollen area, twice a day for a week. Spatholobus acuminatus Pownowai Atowaaguin Mroie Root Shower with root boiled Khumi and Benth. water. Marma 18 Boils Persicaria hydropiper Mracheai Achakachu Sathaimcho Leaf Leaf is smashed to produce Marma (L.)Spach juice which is taken twice a day for a week. 19 Bronchial Myxopyrum smilacifolium Anuielabera Keuncherayua Root Root extract, obtained by Marma asthma (Wall.) Blume stone grinding, is mixed with rice water and taken two times a day after meal for 2 weeks. 20 Burn Bryophyllum pinnatum Rowkyapanpow Naproking Naproking Leaf Leaf paste applied over the Khumi and (Lamk.) Oken area. Tripura Evolvulus nummularius (L.) Tamonai Kemonai Dkyajuli Saiju Whole Paste prepared by smashing Khumi, L. plant plant is used over the Marma and wounded area. Tripura Hedyotis thomsoni Hook.f. Tasowpangpai Angbow King Mawblaikrwma Leaf, root Paste of leaf, root and stem Khumi and and stem is used over the wounded Marma area. Mycetia longifolia (Wall.) O. Taow Mykanchi Fruit Fruit juice is applied over Khumi Kuntze burned areas 3-5 times a day

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura for a week. Ocimum americanum L. Nuwboiw Cheopra Mada Whole Ash mixed with starch (starch Khumi and plant extracted from rice) is used Marma on sore. 21 Chest pain Trevesia palmata (Roxb.) Foba Sabang Tripura Leaf Leaf paste is used externally Marma Vis. during pain. 22 Cold and Alpinia conchigera Griff. Padagra Daichikachoy Padagra Whole Powder, produced from dried Khumi and cough (all plant plant, is inhaled for 3-5 days. Tripura ages) Eupatorium ayapana Vent. Painhuni Shitaba Taitong Leaf Leaf juice is taken orally Marma thrice a day for a week or two. Stahlianthus involucratus Kyokhiang Thithiksink Santaokrang Whole Juice extracted by rubbing in Marma (King ex Baker) R. M. Smith plant stone is mixed with water and taken orally thrice a day up to cure. Ocimum suave Willd. Mromahumbang Leaf Leaf juice, extracted by Marma rubbing in stone, is taken twice a day for 3-5 days. 23 Cold and Acorus calamus L. Langhi Langhi Lanhu Rhizome Rhizome powder is kept on Khumi, cough of head to inhale twice a day for Marma and Children 3-5 days. Tripura 24 Conjunctivi Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mrangkhuikhoa Achingkra Sangsota Leaf Extracted leaf juice is filtered Khumi and tis and then applied (3 drops) in Tripura the eye before sleep. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Pai Thung Sa Whole Juice extracted by boiling Marma and plant with water is applied in the Tripura eye thrice a day up to cure. Thunbergia grandiflora Lawchowanowai Claicloyong Dumangkhong Stem Stem sap drop is given in Khumi, (Roxb. ex Rottler) Roxb. eyes twice a day Marma and Tripura Solena amplexicaulis Kamuu Tho Dupoitha Leaf Leaf juice is used directly. Khumi and (Lamk.) Gandhi Marma Spermacoce latifolia Aublet Rowna Heiupow Shapipra Leaf Affected eye is washed with Tripura the leaf juice for 2-3 times a day. 25 Constipati Musa paradisiaca L. Maldinapiow Kotikiw Thaileenow Spathe Juice, extracted by smashing Marma

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura on the spathe, warmed with table salt is taken orally twice a day for 2-3 days. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Abomaraja Mahaga Khungchak Root and Root: Juice, extracted by Khumi Benth. ex Kurz leaf rubbing in stone is taken directly three times a day for 2 weeks; Leaf: Juice is extracted by smashing and taken directly as above dose. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Abomaraja Mahaga Khungchak Leaf Juice, extracted by smashing Marma Benth. ex Kurz the leaf, is taken directly three times a day for 2 weeks. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Pou Chi Bang Ciklaikinga Khasowa Flower Powdered flower is taken Marma, orally with honey. Khumi and Tripura 26 Cough Bryophyllum pinnatum Rowkyapanpow Naproking Naproking Leaf Warm leaf juice taken twice a Marma (Lamk.) Oken day with honey for 3-5 days. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Taratoba Taratoba Taratoba Leaf and Roots and leaves are pasted Khumi, O. Kuntze root separately and then taken Marma and with honey for 3 days. Tripura Curcuma longa L. Nanhuo Amchi Sotowi Rhizome Extracted juice is mixed with Khumi, salt, and then heated by Marma and dipping heated iron which is Tripura taken once a day up to cure. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Pai Thung Sa Whole Boiled juice mixed with table Marma and plant salt and taken 3-4 times a Tripura day up to cure 27 Any type Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mrangkhuikhoa Achingkra Sangsota Leaf Heated leaf juice is mixed Marma and of cut with salt and applied over the Tripura cut area in every 3-5 minutes. Chromolaena odorata (L.) Pachi Oila Khelaki Young leaf Leaf paste is used over the Khumi, King & Robinson cut area. Marma and Tripura Combretum ternatum (Wall. Kyawnglongbai Tancachupa Mali Leaf Leaf paste is used in the Khumi,

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura ex Clarke) O. Lecompte wounded area. Marma and Tripura Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Yang Khrenua Likuajong Bamphe Leaf and Leaf and shoot paste is Marma shoot applied over cut area. Spermacoce latifolia Aublet Rowna Heiupow Shapipra Leaf Smashed leaf is used in the Marma cut area. 28 Cut in vein Ficus hederacea Roxb . Atrosarchi Leaf Leaf paste is applied over the Marma cut area. 29 Dandruff Equisetum ramosissimum Pinlacha Acala Shachuri Bulb/stem Dried bulb/stem powder Tripura Desf. mixed with coconut oil is used in head. 30 Dehydratio Stahlianthus involucratus Kyokhiang Thithiksink Santaokrang Whole Juice extracted by rubbing in Marma n (King ex Baker) R. M. Smith plant stone is mixed with water and taken orally thrice a day up to cure. 31 Delivery Musa paradisiacal L. Maldinapiow Kotikiw Thaileenow Leaf Nigella sativa paste is Khumi problem applied on the forehead and then blow is given by mouth by the warm leaf blade in case of headache during delivery. Sida acuta Burm. f. Woakhipini Chowkhodi Mrang Leaf and Paste rubbed on belly for Khumi shoot early delivery. Curcuma longa L. Nanhuo Amchi Sotowi Rhizome Rhizome paste is applied Khumi, over the whole body once a Marma and day for a week for early Tripura delivery. 32 Diarrhoea Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. Kyamoachuie Chi Shing Da Root Juice is mixed with water and Marma Keu taken orally twice a day for 3 days. Mussaenda roxburghii Sungphaifla Nakaling Samuimu Root For pain in teeth and mouth, Khumi, Hook. f. root paste is used and/or Marma and chewing the root directly for Tripura 2-3 days. Root juice is taken twice a day for 2-3 days to treat diarrhoea.

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura 33 Dizziness Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. Kramafruem Dikyanang Balai Whole After child birth, vapor-bath of Khumi and of mothers DC. Apang plant the whole plant is taken for 2- Marma after child 3 days. birth 34 Dog bite Pedilanthus tithymaloides Murunah Kiokonaoki Leaf Smashed leaf is used over Khumi Poit. the bite area. 35 Clerodendrum wallichii Teratebathoipow Terateba Terateba Root Juice extracted by rubbing Khumi, Dysentery Merr. root in stone is taken thrice a Marma and day until cure. Tripura Homalomena aromatica Sarangkang Nowbang Kamathri Petiole Petiole is burnt with chili and Khumi (Roxb. ex Sim.) Schott eaten with rice for 3-5 days. Homalomena aromatica Sarangkang Nowbang Kamathri Whole Plant decoction is taken Marma (Roxb. ex Sim.) Schott plant orally twice a day for a week. 36 Ear pain Campsis radicans (L.) Egro Achama Achachuloi Leaf Warm leaf juice is given to Khumi, Seem. the ear. Marma and Tripura Costus speciosus (Koenig Kraingtomboi Chitomboi Mynomakotmai Whole Extracted juice is used in the Khumi, ex Retz.) Smith plant ear twice a day for 2-3 days. Marma and Tripura Hoya parasitica (Roxb.) Anuimeba Nangtho Chokible Leaf Leaf juice is used in ear once Khumi, Wall. ex Wight a day during night for 7-10 Marma and days. Tripura Sida rhombifolia L. Owakhipena Leaf Juice extracted from warm Marma leaf is put in ear during pain. Solanum torvum Swartz Kajaswe Empaithai Khankha Leaf Leaf juice is put directly in the Khumi, ear thrice a day for a week. Marma and Tripura 37 Eczema Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Waipoichipang Kiwngkamnoking Khungshuw Leaf Leaf paste is used over the Khumi, Smith affected area three times a Marma and day for a month. Tripura Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Pou Chi Bang Ciklaikinga Khasowa Leaf Leaf paste is applied Khumi, externally on the affected Marma and area. Tripura 38 Fever (all Acacia farnesiana (L.) Waiya Hoiaki Awaia Flower, Bath with leaf, flower and Khumi and ages) Willd. leaf and root boiled water for a week. Marma root

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Taratoba Taratoba Taratoba Leaf and Roots and leaves are pasted Khumi, O. Kuntze root separately and then taken Marma and with honey for 3 days. Tripura Clerodendrum wallichii Teratebathoipow Terateba Terateba Young leaf Bath with leaf-boiled water. Khumi, Merr. Marma and Tripura Curcuma longa L. Nanhuo Amchi Sotowi Rhizome Dried rhizome is powdered Khumi, and mixed with kerosene oil Marma and which is massaged in the Tripura hand and feet. Musa paradisiacal L. Maldinapiow Kotikiw Thaileenow Root Juice of this plant root and Khumi and that of Papaya is mixed and Tripura given with rice- water to children three times a day for 3-5 days. Mussaenda roxburghii Sungphaifla Nakaling Samuimu Whole The Marma people rub the Khumi and Hook. f. plant plant on body during Fever. Marma The Khumi people use the boiled water with the plant for bathing to reduce body temperature. Sansevieria roxburghiana Neingsha Neingsha Pakharesu Whole Affected person should have Khumi, Schult.f. plant a bath with boiled water of Marma and whole plant. Tripura 39 Fever Clausena suffruticosa Sagrauchong Ouichiking Sangtakkhing Root Juice, extracted by rubbing in Khumi and (Child) (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. stone, is sponged by cotton Marma and applied over the forehead. Flemingia stricta Roxb. Krangdunaduepay Tamatamaking Keramkana Whole Bath with whole plant boiled Marma plant water. Flemingia stricta Roxb. Krangdunaduepay Tamatamaking Keramkana Leaf Leaf-boiled water is used for Khumi shower. 40 Fever Premna esculenta Roxb. Kramurauh Ankungna Arai Leaf Leaf paste prepared by Khumi and blister rubbing in stone is given over Marma the sore. 41 Food Blumea balsamifera DC. Sarakodung Predangpul Khunnama Leaf Leaf ash, prepared by Khumi,

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura poisoning burning is mixed with lemon Marma and and table salt, and is taken Tripura orally thrice a day for a week. Diplazium esculentum Graigadow Angskay Moikhondoi Leaf Leaf decoction is taken thrice Khumi, (Retz.) Sw. a day for 2-3 days. Marma and Tripura 42 Foot tumor Angiopteris evecta (Forst) Chagkathe Angkskepoi Asojaly Rhizome Rhizome paste is used over Khumi and Hoffm. the tumor 3 times a day for 3- Marma 5 days. 43 Foot Angiopteris evecta (Forst) Chagkathe Angkskepoi Asojaly Rhizome Rhizome juice, extracted by Khumi and wound Hoffm. stone grinding, is used over Marma the wounded area. 44 Fungal Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Anuwaishoweatha Anwaichi Whole Warm mash of whole plant is Khumi, infection plant used over the affected area Marma and twice a day for a week. Tripura Marsdenia tenacissima Townoy Ayukathui Duabotoi Leaf Sap exude from leaf base is Khumi (Roxb.) Moon applied over affected area. 45 Gastric Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Rownee Aghkamchi Satamsakatoma Whole Juice prepared by rubbing in Tripura Alston plant stone is taken directly. Blumea balsamifera DC. Sarakodung Predangpul Khunnama Leaf Leaf ash, prepared by Khumi, burning is mixed with lemon Marma and and table salt, and is taken Tripura orally thrice a day for a week. Croton bonplandianus Baill. Painujaw Leunke Khubambam Root Root juice, extracted by Khumi and rubbing in stone, is taken Marma once a day for a week. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Chaprang Leongkede Zeipra Young leaf Juice of young leaves and Khumi, shoots is taken directly twice Marma and a day for 3-5 days. Tripura Scoparia dulcis L. Dungangja Daesikhlu Samthangso Whole Juice of whole plant is taken Khumi, plant thrice a day for a week. Marma and Tripura Solanum violaceum Ortega Kajoishi Empaithai Khankha Root Root extract obtained by Khumi, rubbing in stone is mixed with Marma and rice water and taken orally Tripura twice a day for 4-5 days.

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Sikri Ajunkanumbe Sikri Root Pill prepared by smashing Khumi and Hook. f. & Thoms. root is dried and taken orally Marma thrice a day up to cure. Zingiber capitatum Roxb. Phalago Pennih Blomoshla Rhizome Hot red iron is dipped in Khumi, rhizome juice and taken Marma and orally twice a day for a week. Tripura Combretum ternatum (Wall. Kyawnglongbai Tancachupa Mali Leaf Leaf infusion, extracted by Khumi, ex Clarke) O. Lecompte boiling, is taken orally twice a Marma and day for a week. Tripura 46 Gonorrhea Peristylus constrictus Chemmodoh Nantho Kuthmai Whole One cup of whole-plant Khumi, (Lindl.) Lindl. plant boiled water is taken once a Marma and day after dinner for 7-10 Tripura days. 47 Gum Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Rownee Aghkamchi Satamsakatoma Whole Gurgle by the whole- plant Khumi and problem Alston plant boiled water. Marma 48 Headache Musa paradisiacal L. Maldinapiow Kotikiw Thaileenow Leaf Nigella sativa paste is Khumi Headache applied on the forehead and then blow is given by mouth by the warm leaf blade in case of headache during delivery. Ageratum conyzoides L. Achowneshhi Khulaacha Channama Whole Plant paste mixed with zinger Khumi plant is applied over the forehead. Alpinia conchigera Griff. Padagra Daichikachoy Padagra Rhizome Juice, extracted by Marma smashing, is used in eye during headache. Bryophyllum pinnatum Rowkyapanpow Naproking Naproking Leaf Leaf paste applied over Marma (Lamk.) Oken forehead. Campsis radicans (L.) Egro Achama Achachuloi Leaf Leaf paste is applied Marma Seem. externally over forehead. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Nairang Achaprue Chakka Root Root paste is used over Marma Blume forehead. Helminthostachys zeylanica Choimakhankre Achakhungpui Singraiakong Rhizome Paste mixed with honey is Khumi and (L.) Hook. and fronds taken orally 2 times a day for Marma 2-3 days. Lantana camara L. var. Achownai Moichiacha Khelakhemows Leaf Leaf paste is used in the Marma

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura aculeata (L.) Moldenke & ugnama forehead. Moldenke Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Pai Thung Sa Whole Decoction of whole plant is Khumi and plant taken orally thrice a day for Marma three days. Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. Paishumchawg Achasutang Khun Leaf and Leaf and flower boil extract is Khumi, flower used over the forehead. Marma and Drinking green leaf juice is Tripura good for sleep. Lygodium altum (Clarke) Miaumakla Kolomboi Mukhratala Young Frond extract or the raw juice Khumi and v.A.v.R. frond prepared by smashing is Tripura taken orally during headache. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. Kramafruem Dikyanang Balai Whole After child birth, vapor-bath of Khumi and DC. Apang plant the whole plant is taken for 2- Marma 3 days. 49 Increase in Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Mohura Mohura Mukhoithoichoi Root Root smash is taken with Khumi, pancreas schott banana pulp four times a day Marma and for a week. Tripura 50 Indigestion Blumea balsamifera DC. Sarakodung Predangpul Khunnama Leaf Leaf ash, prepared by Khumi, burning is mixed with lemon Marma and and table salt, and is taken Tripura orally thrice a day for a week. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mrangkhuikhoa Achingkra Sangsota Leaf Dried leaf powder is mixed Marma and with honey (1:1) and taken Tripura orally after taking food thrice a day for a month. 51 Insect bite Amorphophallus bulbifer Gongkhanpang Ineki Batyma Bulbil Bulbil slice is used over the Khumi and (Roxb.) Blume affected area. Marma Amorphophallus bulbifer Gongkhanpang Ineki Batyma Bulbil Bulbil paste is applied in the Tripura (Roxb.) Blume affected area. Zephyranthes grandiflora Nambai Rhizome Rhizome paste is used over Marma Lindl. the affected area. 52 Insomnia Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. Paishumchawg Achasutang Khun Leaf and Leaf and flower boil extract is Khumi, flower used over the forehead. Marma and Drinking green leaf juice is Tripura good for sleep.

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Dangyae Amilu Sawakhi Young leaf Leaf should be kept under Khumi and pillow; leaf decoction is taken Marma orally twice a day for 2 weeks. 53 Itching Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Noemuie Ajungmuie Leaf Leaf boiled water is used for Khumi and Baker bathing for a week. Marma Clerodendrum viscosum Khumejaie Haronga Khakoh Whole Bath with plant and root Khumi and Vent. plant and boiled water. Marma root Persicaria hydropiper Mracheai Achakachu Sathaimcho Leaf Leaf is smashed to produce Marma (L.)Spach juice which is taken twice a day for a week. Scoparia dulcis L. Dungangja Daesikhlu Samthangso Whole Paste, prepared by Khumi and plant smashing, is used over the Marma itching area. 54 Jaundice Begonia silhetensis (A. DC.) Kiowkhai Araraipou Mukhoithaichoi Leaf Extracted leaf juice is taken Khumi, C. B. Clarke orally twice a day for a week Marma and or leaf is cooked with hill crab Tripura and then taken. Cissus repens Lamk. Waronkoi Arori Mukhopape Young Young tender shoot is used Khumi, shoot to make soup with hill crab. Marma and Tripura Desmodium triquetrum (L.) Pawlogy Chiakiniacha Blongmykongda Root Juice prepared by squeezing Khumi and DC. subsp. auriculatum roots is mixed with cold Marma (DC.) Prain water, which is taken twice a day for a week. 55 Joint pain Equisetum ramosissimum Pinlacha Acala Shachuri Stem Heated stem is bound over Khumi, Desf. the joint. Marma and Tripura Persicaria hydropiper Mracheai Achakachu Sathaimcho Leaf Leaf is smashed to produce Marma (L.)Spach juice which is taken twice a day for a week. 56 Large Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Fulunobah Chee Fulu Nao Oi Rhizome Pills made from rhizome Khumi and spleen Sm. powder and sugar is taken Marma twice a day for seven days. 57 Less sleep Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mrangkhuikhoa Achingkra Sangsota Leaf Leaf juice, mixed with water Marma and

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura and sugar, is taken once a Tripura day. Scoparia dulcis L. Dungangja Daesikhlu Samthangso Whole Juice of whole plant is taken Khumi, plant thrice a day for a week. Marma and Tripura 58 Lice in hair Clerodendrum viscosum Khumejaie Haronga Khakoh Leaf Hair washes with leaf boiled Khumi Vent. water. 59 Liver Flemingia stricta Roxb. Krangdunaduepay Tamatamaking Keramkana Root Paste prepared by smashing Tripura diseases roots is used over chest for half an hour. This is practiced for 2-3 times a day for a month. 60 Menstrual Gouania tiliaefolia Lamk. Lananowngnamya Ayupuwin Duaurai Whole Plant juice is taken with water Khumi, problem plant (before meal) twice a day for Marma and (Excessive 5-7 days. Tripura menstruati on) 61 Menstrual Bauhinia acuminata L. Thankhrapru Achumiakangli khuntaosa Root and Juice, prepared by smashing Khumi, problem flower root and flower, is taken Marma and (Irregular before menstruation, once a Tripura menstruati day for a week. on) Celosia cristata L. Krawmong Pai Saiwang Khongcha Root Paste or juice, extracted by Tripura rubbing the root in stones, is taken orally thrice a day for a week. Flemingia macrophylla Sangnemro Ceakenae Blong Mikunda Root Root extract obtained by Khumi, (Willd.) O. Kuntze ex Merr. grinding in stone is taken Marma and orally thrice a day for 5-7 Tripura days. Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. Kyamoachuie Chi Shing Da Root Extracted root juice is taken Marma Keu directly twice a day for a week. Pentapetes phoenicea L. Moide khowra Cheota Nania Root Root juice, extracted through Marma rubbing in stone, is taken twice a day for a week. 62 Paralysis Ageratum conyzoides L. Achowneshhi Khulaacha Channama Whole Poultice with warm plant over Khumi

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura plant the area is given once a day for a month. 63 Rheumatic Aidia pseudospicata Chiesangda Afrue Dikyakaling Leaf Heated leaf is used over the Tripura pain Ridsdale pained area during pain. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Taratoba Taratoba Taratoba Leaf and Leaves and root extracts are Khumi, O. Kuntze root taken directly thrice a day for Marma and 5-7 days. Tripura Lantana camara L. var. Achownai Moichiacha Khelakhemows Leaf Warmed leaf paste is spread Khumi aculeata (L.) Moldenke & ugnama over the pained area. Moldenke Merremia umbellate (L.) Thamangnoway Apheajong Bangphenophu Flower Flower is touched in pained Marma Hallier f. area. 64 Ringworm Acacia farnesiana (L.)Willd. Waiya Hoiaki Awaia Flower, Bath with leaf, flower and Khumi and leaf and root boiled water for a week. Marma root Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Anuwaishoweatha Anwaichi Whole Warm mash of whole plant is Khumi, plant used over the affected area Marma and twice a day for a week. Tripura Smilax laurifolia L. Khraikodow Angwaijong Sowgsowgra Root Taking bath by root boiled Khumi, water for a week. Marma and Tripura 65 Scanty Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Fulunobah Chee Fulu Nao Oi Rhizome Peeled rhizome is chewed Marma urination Sm. with sugar three times a day for 3-5 days. 66 Senseless Lygodium altum (Clarke) Miaumakla Kolomboi Mukhratala Root Used as ingredients in Marma v.A.v.R. another composition mixed with turmeric juice @ I:I and spray over the face. 67 Snake bite Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) Chupru Taiokatti Kotoma Leaf Affected area is covered with Khumi, A. DC. leaves that will remove Marma and venom. Tripura Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Chiesaida-anie Chiesaida- Chiesaida-anie Leaf Leaf paste is applied on the Marma kamchi wounded area. 68 Sore Celosia cristata L. Krawmong Pai Saiwang Khongcha Dried Smashed flower is used over Marma flower the belly and swollen area,

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura twice a day for a week. Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb. Nuwhrei Youngyonking Dulela Fruit and Fruit and leaf is used to make Khumi, leaf paste, and that is used over Marma and the affected area. Tripura Geodorum citrinum Jack. Chemro Doamia Khulairu Bulb Extracted juice, by rubbing Khumi, bulb in stone, is applied over Marma and the affected area for a week. Tripura Leea aequata L. Dow Akley Thai Changklenma Root and Root and leaf paste is Khumi, young leaf applied in the affected area Marma and Tripura Parabaena sagittata Gaidiaanowai Muipungpou Angkala Leaf Leaf paste is applied over the Marma Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms. affected area. Sida acuta Burm. f. Woakhipini Chowkhodi Mrang Young Paste applied over the sore. Tripura plant Tournefortia roxburghii C.B. Kraushow Asaphaiacha Kalasona Leaf The dried leaf is thrashed Marma Clarke and used directly. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Nairang Achaprue Chakka Leaf/young Paste of leaf or shoot is Khumi and Blume shoot applied over the sore. Tripura 69 Spermator Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Fulunobah Chee Fulu Nao Oi Rhizome Peeled rhizome is chewed Marma rhea Sm. with sugar three times a day for 3-5 days. 70 Stomacha Aglaonema hookerianum Cshekhow Lykho Hatharikhiethok Spathe Extracted spathe juice (two Khumi, che Schott table spoon) taken orally Marma and twice a day for 2-3 days. Tripura Clausena suffruticosa Sagrauchong Ouichiking Sangtakkhing Root Rice water mixed with root Khumi and (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. juice is taken orally thrice a Marma day up to cure. Curcuma longa L. Nanhuo Amchi Sotowi Rhizome A mixture is prepared with Khumi, the rhizome paste, lime and Marma and ash, which is taken orally Tripura thrice a day during pain. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Pai Thung Sa Whole Decoction of whole plant is Khumi and plant taken orally thrice a day for Marma three days. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Chaprang Leongkede Zeipra Young leaf Juice of young leaves and Khumi, shoots is taken directly twice Marma and

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura a day for 3-5 days. Tripura Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Chiesaida-anie Chiesaida- Chiesaida-anie Root Root paste is taken thrice a Khumi kamchi day for 3 days. Phyllanthus niruri L. Magoinoai Sikangkhlu Satanshah Root Pill, prepared by smashing Marma and the root and garlic, is taken Tripura orally once a day up to cure. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Abomaraja Mahaga Khungchak Root, leaf Root: Juice, extracted by Tripura Benth. ex Kurz and flower rubbing in stone is taken twice a day for 3 days; Leaf and flower: Juice, extracted by smashing, is taken orally after boiling as above dose. Scoparia dulcis L. Dungangja Daesikhlu Samthangso Leaf Leaf juice is taken directly Tripura twice a day for three days. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Sikri Ajunkanumbe Sikri Root Pill prepared by smashing Khumi and Hook. f. & Thoms. root is dired and taken orally Marma thrice a day up to cure. Zingiber montanum (Koen.) Pele Paley Paley Rhizome Rhizome juice mixed with hot Marma and Dietr. water and salt is taken orally Tripura once a day for 2-3 days. 71 Stone in Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Kyalungpai Tangachupa Malikum Root Root juice (1/2 cup) mixed Khumi urinary with honey taken twice a day gland for a month for stone formation. 72 Stone in Evolvulus nummularius (L.) Tamonai Kemonai Dkyajuli Saiju Whole Plant portions boiled with Khumi, gall L. plant water and taken as drink Marma and bladder, twice a day for 1-2 weeks. Tripura kidney, urinary gland 73 Stop Adiantum caudatum L. Jogemuchoi Achaichong Leaf Leaf juice (Half cup) Khumi, excess extracted by smashing is Marma and bleeding given to mother thrice a day Tripura after child for 2-3 days. birth 74 Swelling Spermacoce latifolia Aublet Rowna Heiupow Shapipra Young leaf Smashed leaf is used in the Khumi

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura affected area. 75 Swollen Mimosa pudica L. Hrapaing Ange Changlachi Leaf, root Boiled water with leaf, root Marma legs and and flower and flower is used for bathing ankles for 3-5 days. 76 Swollen Leea aequata L. Dow Akley Thai Changklenma Root and Root and leaf paste is Khumi, vein young leaf applied in the affected area Marma and Tripura 77 Syphilis Peristylus constrictus Chemmodoh Nantho Kuthmai Whole One cup of whole-plant Khumi, (Lindl.) Lindl. plant boiled water is taken once a Marma and day after dinner for 7-10 Tripura days. 78 Taste Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Wakrewakrai Andeochi Moikhnai Young leaf Boiled tender leaves are Khumi, disorder taken asan appetiser. Marma and Tripura 79 Throat Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin Hankheuw Puikache Muiktoima Root Root juice, extracted by Marma pain due & Barneby rubbing in stone, is taken to cold thrice a day for a week. Tabernaemontana Tachhowro Ayungkew Chuantoi Root Root is kept in mouth during Marma divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex pain. Roem. & Schult. Tabernaemontana Tachhowro Ayungkew Chuantoi Leaf Leaf is kept in mouth during Khumi and divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex pain. Tripura Roem. & Schult. Tabernaemontana recurva Tasaru Ambuace Lamacha Root Root is kept in mouth during Khumi, Roxb. pain. Marma and Tripura 80 To avoid Crotalaria pallida Ait. Cholloi Acha Akling Rui Chowly Root Root is tied with the naval of Khumi, pregnancy the female during sex. Marma and Tripura 81 To gain Clausena suffruticosa Sagrauchong Ouichiking Sangtakkhing Whole Powder of the dried whole Khumi and sense (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. plant plant is mixed with water, and Marma that is sprayed over the face to get sense. 82 To Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Suotalangning Katnayong Duabotai Leaf and Chicken soup prepared with Khumi and increase R. Br. shoot leaf and shoot as ingredients Tripura breast milk is taken twice a day for 3-5

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura production days. 83 Tonsillitis Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. Kyamoachuie Chi Shing Da Root Root paste is spread over the Khumi Keu area for 7 days. 84 Tooth and Mussaenda roxburghii Sungphaifla Nakaling Samuimu Root Root paste is used and/or Khumi, mouth Hook. f. chewing the root directly for Marma and pain 2-3 days. Tripura Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Rownee Aghkamchi Satamsakatoma Whole Gurgle by the whole plant Khumi and Alston plant boiled water. Marma 85 Under arm Melastoma malabathricum Sayme Chiplai Taitong Leaf Leaf paste is used over the Khumi and sore L. wound area for 3-4 days. Marma 86 Urine Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Kyalungpai Tangachupa Malikum Root Root paste is used in the Khumi infection urinary organ Maranta arundinacea L. Fawraiou Dotrucho Thalairu Rhizome Rhizome juice extract by Khumi, smashing is taken by mixing Marma and with root extract of mango Tripura and banana tree. 87 Vomiting Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. Kyamoachuie Chi Shing Da Root Root juice is taken orally after Tripura Keu vomiting. Amaranthus spinosus L. Hankhala Apading Moinchu Root Root juice, extracted by Khumi, rubbing in stone, is mixed Marma and with rice water and taken Tripura orally after vomiting. 88 Weakness Desmodium triquetrum (L.) Pawlogy Chiakiniacha Blongmykongda Root Root is used with tea. Tripura DC. subsp. auriculatum (DC.) Prain 89 Wound Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mrangkhuikhoa Achingkra Sangsota Leaf Heated leaf juice is mixed Marma and with salt and applied over the Tripura wound area in every 3-5 minutes. Chromolaena odorata (L.) Pachi Oila Khelaki Young leaf Leaf paste is used over the Khumi, King & Robinson wounded area. Marma and Tripura Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb. Nuwhrei Youngyonking Dulela Fruit and Fruit and leaf is used to make Khumi, leaf paste, and that is used over Marma and the affected area. Tripura Gouania tiliaefolia Lamk. Lananowngnamya Ayupuwin Duaurai Whole Paste prepared by smashing Khumi,

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Sl. Disease Species name Local name Parts Preparation process User group No. name used Marma Khumi Tripura plant the whole plant is used over Marma and the wounded area. Tripura Hedyotis thomsoni Hook.f. Tasowpangpai Angbow King Mawblaikrwma Leaf, root Paste of leaf, root and stem Khumi and and stem is used over the wounded Marma area. 90 Wound on Hedyotis thomsoni Hook.f. Tasowpangpai Angbow King Mawblaikrwma Leaf Leaf juice is used to wash Tripura eye eyes. 91 Wounds Staurogyne argentea Wall. Rowmbong Pawmoui Towmaorai Leaf Leaf juice is taken orally Khumi, in hands thrice a day for a week. Marma and and legs Tripura

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Wound 5 4 Stomachache 11 8 Ringworm 3 4 Menstrual problem (Irregular … 5 3 Itching 4 3 Headache 12 9 Fever (Child) 3 7 Ear pain 5 3 Delivery problem 3 5 Cough 4 Name of the the diseases of Name 4 Conjunctivitis 5 4 Burn 5 3 Asthma 6 3 Anal tract problem 3 6 Abdominal pain 11

Number of plants used to treat differnt diseases

Fig. 1. Number of plants having different pharmacological actions (Diseases that used 3 and above number of plants are shown here)

Young plant

Whole plant

Spathe

Root

Petiole

Plant parts parts used Plant Fruit

Flower

Bulb

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95100

Frequency

Fig. 2. Frequently used plant parts to treat different diseases

It was exposed that out of 116 species, Marma also revealed that the above mentioned three community used the highest number of species communities commonly used 52 species (Fig. 4). (98), followed by Khumi (84) and Tripura (67) to treat different diseases, though some species were used by more than one community. It was

Motaleb et al.; EJMP, 5(1): 23-52, 2015; Article no.EJMP.2015.003

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 Frequency 40 30 20 10 0

Mode of treatment

Fig. 3. Modes of providing herbal treatment

120

100

40 Nmuber of species Nmuber

0 Marma Khumi Tripura Common Indigenous communities

Fig. 4. Individually and collectively used species numbers

4. CONCLUSION might be the best mode of protection. Organized motivational and awareness raising campaign for It is very unfortunate that limited work has been local people should be conducted. On the other done so far by the natural scientists to document hand, training should be provided to the local the TK of the THs about their healing practices of farmers about nursery and plantation techniques Bangladesh and hence we need to take some on medicinal plants to get good results. measures for protection of this knowledge. Formation of a social-knowledge-service-network Conservation of rare and important medicinal between the THs and other stakeholders will help plants through ex-situ and in-situ conservation to protect the TK related to medicinal plants.

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