DOCSLIB.ORG

An Update About Artificial Mastication Marie-Agnès Peyron, Alain Woda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Update About Artificial Mastication Marie-Agnès Peyron, Alain Woda An update about artificial mastication Marie-Agnès Peyron, Alain Woda To cite this version: Marie-Agnès Peyron, Alain Woda. An update about artificial mastication. Current Opinion in Food Science, Elsevier, 2016, 9, pp.21-28. <10.1016/j.cofs.2016.03.006>. <hal-01594489> HAL Id: hal-01594489 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01594489 Submitted on 26 Sep 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect An update about artificial mastication 1,2 3,4 Marie-Agne` s Peyron and Alain Woda Developing masticatory apparatus, chewing robots or an for biomechanical studies. Secondly, in very different artificial mouth is an old but ever more important goal in food approaches, simulators can be used to study either food science, nutrition or dental research fields, as reflected by the bolus characteristics or to produce boluses for subsequent number of existing digital or biomechanical systems. Whatever analyses (Figure 1). the objective of the approach, basic knowledge of the physiology of mastication, adaptation and neurophysiological Despite the important understanding gathered in sev- control is absolutely needed before conceiving an apparatus. eral aspects of the masticatory process, simulation of Obviously, the final step in the development of a mastication mastication in the area of food science has, too often, simulator is its validation before performing food or food bolus been over-simplified and reduced to grinding, probably characterization. This validation step is imperative to avoid due to the lack of knowledge of physiology. This biased interpretation and can be performed through in vivo–in review resumes the main physiological key points of vitro comparison of particle size distributions in food boluses masticatory process, and describes the different existing obtained after normal mastication. This kind of validated simulations with biomechanical and modalities of func- machine offers the chance to produce boluses for other related tioning. uses such as nutrient bioaccessibility or digestion studies, for example. Such an apparatus can also be employed to simulate Mastication must be understood before being different dental states or ageing conditions. simulated Through a complex and well-coordinated sensory-mo- Addresses 1 tor and visceral activities, mastication of a solid mouth- National Institute of Agronomic Research, Joint Research Unit 1019 for Human Nutrition, Saint Gene` s Champanelle, France ful results in a bolus made of particles reduced in size, 2 Clermont University, University of Auvergne, Joint Research Unit moistened enough to be cohesive, plastic to avoid 1019 for Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France 3 particle aspiration, and to permit passage through the Clermont University, University of Auvergne, CROC EA 4847, throat without discomfort or pain. The sensory-motor Clermont-Ferrand, France 4 CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Odontology Service, Clermont-Ferrand, and visceral program is continually commanded by the France central nervous system. The food properties are sensed as early as the first bite and, through sensory-motor Corresponding author: Peyron, Marie-Agne` s feedback, the masticatory program is adjusted to ([email protected]) the changes in bolus features occurring along the masticatory process. This highly complex and feed- Current Opinion in Food Science 2016, 9:21–28 back-dependent dynamic complicates any attempt to This review comes from a themed issue on Sensory science and reproduce instrumentally mastication. Therefore, ad- consumer perception vanced knowledge about how food structure influences Edited by Susana Fiszman the pattern of oral processing is required. Food is a complex stimulus, but the physical dimensions modu- lating the oral processing are limited to its hardness, its rough rheological dimensions (plasticity, elasticity or http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2016.03.006 brittle nature for example), and size of the mouthful. 2214-7993/# 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Briefly, an increase in food hardness as well as in mouthful size leads to an increase in the number of masticatory cycles (tooth strokes) and applied muscle forces, whatever the rheological nature of the food. On the other hand, the rheological properties of food seem mostly to impact the kinematics of mandibular move- Introduction ments due to a need to adjust the combination of Two main driving-objectives can be identified while compression and shear stresses [1 ]. Furthermore, frac- simulating mastication: firstly, when the goal is to ture propagation during mastication inside the food improve knowledge, to reproduce the biomechanical matrix strongly depends on its structure [2]. The num- aspects of the masticatory system or to analyze the effect ber of fractures and consequently of food fragments of forces, movements or constraints, for example. It seems mainly to depend on food toughness [3] with generally results in the development and the use of resistant food often favouring fracture propagation, mathematical models alone in an in silico approach or resulting in greater comminution. In parallel, the many associated with mechatronic techniques to develop robots and well-documented individual chewing strategies www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Food Science 2016, 9:21–28 22 Sensory science and consumer perception Figure 1 FOOD controll ed prog ramming parameters deficient programming downg raded masti cation simulator adjustement mastication simulator param eters mastication/ volunteers mastication /in vitro defi cient masti cation /in vitro in vi vo in vitro incorrect in vitro foo d bolus food bolus foodbolus analyses analysis / granulometry analysis / granulometry in vivo in vitro in vitro / deficient mastication compliant ? no yes calib rated mastication simulator validat ed food bolus (gold standard) Various analyses: dat a analysis Various analyses: bolus characterisation bolus characterisation kinetics of formation kinetic sof formation rheology, granulometry rheology, granulometry gold standard saliva action, deficiency saliva action, oral nutrient bioaccessibility oral nutrien t bioaccessibility oral digestion deficiencies oral digest ion gold standard bolus for GI digestion bolus for Gi digestion … … data analysis current opinion in food science Flowchart displaying the key steps in development through sequential in vivo–in vitro actions, and validation stage of a mastication simulator before operating it to produce boluses for multiple purposes. 1) Mastication of solid food ends with a bolus swallow- help to accomplish the mechanical food disruption. The able without risk of mucosal injury and aspiration. For end point of the masticatory sequence is determined by each food, a correct and specific granulometry, the intrinsic properties of the bolus. Thus, swallowing rheology and saliva impregnation characterize a is initiated when the bolus has been perceived by the swallowable bolus. In normal mastication, bolus oral receptors to be ready for safe-swallowing. Thus the particle size distribution is specific to food structure swallowing threshold is a combination of numerous and similar between boluses from different subjects. physical dimensions including particle size, cohesive- 2) If such a bolus cannot be produced, mastication must ness, elasticity, plasticity, moistening, intrinsic action of be considered as impaired. At the individual level, two mucines and enzymes, among other factors. In particu- indicators sign for an impaired mastication: increased lar, particles must be bound together by viscous forces bolus granulometry above a certain threshold level and rendering the bolus sufficiently cohesive [4,5]. This variation in frequency of the strokes while masticating swallowing threshold is specific to each food. a given food compared with normal mastication. 3) In subjects with perfectly healthy mastication, In summary, the basic points to be considered, before increasing either the force or the number of tooth simulation and according to the research strategy, are [1,2,5]: strokes or the combination of compressing versus Current Opinion in Food Science 2016, 9:21–28 www.sciencedirect.com An updating about artificial mastication Peyron and Woda 23 shearing constraints allow adapting to different food establishment of links between food fragmentation and structures or to harder or more difficult food stuffs to initial food structure [13]. chew. 4) Subjects with moderate impairment of the anatomical Several mastication robots or mechatronic devices have or physiological conditions of the masticatory appara- been conceived and designed to study biomechanics of the tus can also succeed in making a viable bolus through a masticatory process. Development of a series of mastica- more demanding adaptation. Again, the adaptation tion robots was carried out for quantitative and dynamic relies on increasing the force, the number of tooth assessment of mechanical stress applied to oral elements strokes or the constraint modes. during
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microbial Biogeography and Ecology of the Mouth and Implications for Periodontal
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/541052; this version posted February 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license. Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases Authors: Diana M. Proctor1,2,10, Katie M. Shelef3,10, Antonio Gonzalez4, Clara L. Davis Long5, Les Dethlefsen1, Adam Burns1, Peter M. Loomer6, Gary C. Armitage7, Mark I. Ryder7, Meredith E. Millman7, Rob Knight4, Susan P. Holmes8, David A. Relman1,5,9 Affiliations 1Division of Infectious Disease & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA 2National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA 3Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA 4Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA 5Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA 6Ashman Department of Periodontology & Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010 USA 7Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA 8Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA 9Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA 10These authors contributed equally Corresponding author: David A. Relman: [email protected]; Address: Encina E209, 616 Serra Street, Stanford, California 94305-6165; Phone: 650-736-6822; Fax: 650-852-3291 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/541052; this version posted February 8, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Evaluation of Forces During Mastication
    Project Number: ME-SYS-0787 Dynamic Evaluation of Forces During Mastication A Major Qualifying Project Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Justin McGarry Anthony Spangenberger Date: Approval: Professor Satya Shivkumar, Advisor Abstract A reproduction of the human masticatory system is presented here to evaluate mechanical properties of foods, relevant design elements of the simulator, and the overall practicality of the system. The model incorporates a cam-driven linkage system providing realistic motion of the mandible, with reaction forces measured by strain gages on two axes to record real time changes in food structure. The experiment demonstrates that the construction of a mastication simulator is feasible and allows texture profiling and discrimination between similar foods. i Acknowledgements Our MQP was completed with the help of several individuals who offered professional advice and technical guidance. We would like to thank Prof. Satya Shivkumar, our project advisor, for guiding us with his extensive knowledge of materials and testing procedures, Prof. John Hall for his help with the sensors used in this project and his willingness to lend some of the necessary equipment, Prof. Robert Norton for his advice on the fixture design, Fred Hutson for lending equipment from the physics department for use in calibration of the fixture, Randy Robinson for the computer used for recording data, Neil Whitehouse, Toby Bergstrom, and Adam
    [Show full text]
  • UCDH Dental Hygiene Glossary Editorial Compilation/Consultant Special Thanks
    UCDH Dental Hygiene Glossary A Faculty/Student Venture Editorial Compilation/Consultant Brent Molen RDH, Med College President/Chief Operations Officer Assistant Professor, The Utah College of Dental Hygiene at Careers Unlimited Special Thanks A special thanks goes out to all the dental hygiene students of the classes of 2009, 2010, and 2011 who have helped make this venture possible and who have contributed their efforts to it. The information contained in this glossary is to be used by the dental hygiene professional only and for dental education purposes only. It is not intended for the general public. Any sale, distribution, copying, dissemination, or duplication of this glossary without written permission is strictly prohibited. If you have received this glossary electronically in error, please call (801) 426-8234 (USA) or notify by return email [email protected] immediately & delete or destroy the digital file. Copyright 2010 Careers Unlimited L.L.C. UCDH is a division of Careers Unlimited L.L.C. Abducens Nerve: the sixth cranial nerve, which controls movement of one single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle, of the eye. Abrasive: to scratch a surface or have rough texture being able to remove a layer. Abscess: the destruction of tissue due to activity of bacteria producing pus, pain and swelling as result of microscopic cellular activity. Abuse: to do harm or wrong doing to others or yourself; by physical or chemical means. Abutment: a tooth, root or implant that serves as the support or anchor to a denture or a fixed or removable bridge. See pontics. Abutment: a tooth, root, or implant that supports and maintains position of a fixed or removable prosthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Archaeology & Forensic Anthropology
    Forensic Archaeology & Forensic Anthropology ADJ14 Advanced Criminal Investigations Anthropology & Archaeology ´ Anthropology is the study of the biological and cultural aspects of all humans in all places in all times. ´ Archaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. Introduction to Forensic Archaeology & Forensic Anthropology ´ Forensic Anthropology is the field of study that deals with the analysis of human skeletal remains resulting from unexplained deaths. Experts in the discipline, because of their understanding of skeletal biology, examine human bones with the goal of extracting information about persons represented by skeletal remains and circumstances surrounding death (Byers, 2011). ´ Forensic Archaeology is a subfield of forensic anthropology, and forensic archaeology is the forensic application of archaeological techniques. Archaeology is the study of humans, both modern and ancient. Specifically, forensic archeologists perform the controlled recovery of human remains and other evidence at forensic scenes. Proper archeological procedures generally require significant time and attention to detail, and so the process may seem rather slow to investigators. However, the end result of this effort is the ability to exactly reconstruct the entire scene as it appeared before excavation (Nawracki, 1996). Forensic Anthropology ´ Forensic anthropologists attempt to accomplish 5 main objectives in their work: ① When soft tissue has deteriorated to the point that demographic characteristics of a body cannot be determined by visual inspection, they attempt to determine ancestry, sex, age, and living height from the skeleton. ② When there is evidence of traumatic injury (bullet holes, stab wounds, fractures) to human bone, forensic anthropologists attempt to identify the nature of the traumas and their causative agent pertaining to cause and manner of death.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-D Surface Anthropometry: Review of Technologies (L'hthropodtrie De Surface-En Trois Dimensions: Examen Des Technologies)
    I 1 n A L 1 W ADVISORY QROUP FOR AEROSPACE RE(KARCH & DEVELOPMENT 7 RUE ANCEUE, 92200 NEUIUY-SUR-SEINE, FRANCE 3-D Surface Anthropometry: Review of Technologies (l'hthropodtrie de surface-en trois dimensions: examen des technologies) . \ AGARD-AR-329 I I ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 7 RUE ANCELLE, 92200 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE, FRANCE AGARD ADVISORY REPORT 329 I- I. 3-D Surface Anthropometry: Review of Technologies (1'AnthropomCtrie de surface en trois dimensions: examen des technologies) Editors: K.M. Robinette (US), M.W. Vannier (US), M. Rioux (CA), P.R.M. Jones (UK) This Advisory Report was prepared by Working Group 20 of the Aerospace Medical Panel of AGARD. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organisation du Traite de I'Atlantique Nord I The Mission of AGARD According to its Charter, the mission of AGARD is to bring together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in the fields of science and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes: - Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabilities for the common benefit of the NATO community; - Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the Military Committee in the field of aerospace research and development (with particular regard to its military application); - Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence posture; - Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development;, - Exchange of scientific and technical information; - Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential; - Rendering scientific and technical assistance, as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member nations in connection with research and development problems in the aerospace field.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS 45BC KEMAR Head & Torso with Mouth Simulator, Non-Configured
    GRAS 45BC KEMAR Head & Torso with Mouth Simulator, Non-configured Connection: 0 V/CCP or 200 V/LEMO The 45BC KEMAR head & torso with mouth simulator is Channel(s): 2 an acoustic research tool with built-in ear and mouth ANSI: S3.36, S3.25 simulators that simulates the changes that occur to IEC: 60318-7 soundwaves as they pass a human head and torso. Its Special feature: Built-in mouth simulator and equivalent without mouth is GRAS 45BB KEMAR Head & power amplifier Torso, non-configured. GRAS Sound & Vibration Skovlytoften 33, 2840 Holte, Denmark www.grasacoustics.com GRAS 45BC KEMAR Head & Torso with Page: 2 Technology Mouth Simulator, Non-configured Introduction and in the far-field. Because of its anthropometric shape, it does so more realistically than any other The KEMAR head and torso simulator was manikin. KEMAR is the only manikin with a introduced by Knowles in 1972 and quickly became changeable ear-to-shoulder ratio simulating both the industry standard for hearing-aid manufacturers male and female median values. and research audiologists (visit KEMAR.us to read the full story). The GRAS KEMAR has the same Mouth Simulator dimensions and acoustical properties as the original The built-in mouth simulator simulates the sound KEMAR from 1972 and is 100% backward compatible. field around the human head at close quarters and When fitted with pinna simulators, ear canal the far-field. It is based on ITU-T Rec. P.58. At the extension, and Ear Simulator, according to IEC mouth reference point (MRP) – 25 mm from the lip 60318-4 or low-noise, KEMAR closely mimics the plane – the mouth simulator can be equalized to acoustic properties of the human ear.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heterogeneity Ofsmall Sculptures on Easter Island Before 1886
    The Heterogeneity ofSmall Sculptures on Easter Island before 1886 Received 4 October 1979 THOR HEYERDAHL ASTER ISLAND ART has a unique reputation for its sophisticated originality but also for its repetitious monotony. An ethnologist, art student, or dealer is expected to E recognize any sculpture in stone or wood from Easter Island and identify it by its proper Rapanui name as a moai kavakava, moai papa, rei miro, tahonga, ua, and so on. It therefore came as a great surprise to the scientific world when Lavachery (1939), during the Franco-Belgian Expedition to Easter Island in 1934, discovered such a quantity ofhet­ erogeneous petroglyphs all over the barren landscape that he, as the only archaeologist of the expedition, devoted all his fieldwork to the study and registration ofthis so far totally overlooked aspect ofEaster Island art. It follows that Lavachery would be among the first to come to Oslo to inspect the nearly 1000 stone carvings obtained from various families on the island by the Norwegian Ar­ chaeological Expedition shortly before departure in 1956. How many of them were an­ cient, and, if new, what did they reflect oflocal motifs and old traditions? Perhaps Lava­ chery was better prepared than anyone else for this new explosion ofEaster Island art. His findings two decades earlier of an exuberance of art motifs nonexistent on the island ex­ cept where they were carved on immovable rock was to him a forewarning that the secretive and superstitious population might have carried into security all such portable objects as would have been stolen or destroyed ifleft about.
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive System (Part-I)
    NPTEL – Basic Courses – Basic Biology Lecture 11: Digestive System (Part-I) Introduction: The collective processes by which a living organism takes food which are necessary for their growth, maintenance and energy needs is called nutrition. The chemical substances present in the food are called nutrients. DIFFERENT MODE OF NUTRITION IN ORGANISMS: It is important to know the different modes of nutrition in all living organisms in order to understand energy flow within the ecosystem. Plant produces high energy organic food from inorganic raw materials. They are called autotroph and the mode of nutrition is known as autotrophic nutrition. Animals feed on those high energy organic food, are called as heterotrophs and their mode of nutrition is known as heterotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition further sub-categorise in holozoic, parasitic, and saprophytic mode of nutrition based on the pattern and class of food that is taken inside. Holozoic Nutrition: It involves taking entire organic food and this can be in the form of whole part of plant or animal. Most of the free living protozoans, humans and other animals fall under this category. Saprophytic Nutrition: The organism fulfils the requirement of food from the rotten parts of dead organisms and decaying matter. The organisms secrete digestive enzymes outside the body on their food and then take in digested food. It is a kind of extra-cellular digestion. Examples: Housefly, Spiders etc. Parasitic Nutrition: The organism fulfils the requirement of food from the body of another organism. The parasites are of two distinct types, one which lives inside the host and the other which lives outside.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphics Libraries to Support Anatomy Terminologies and Ontologies
    Visual representation for knowledge representation: Graphics libraries to support anatomy terminologies and ontologies Melissa Clarkson, Steven Roggenkamp Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Abstract The value of visual representation Visual representations are crucial for communicating Laboratory images and illustrated graphics have a long history in biomedical knowledge, particularly in the domain of anatomy. the communication of anatomical knowledge. Several online Methods for integrating standardized visual representations into anatomy atlases have paired laboratory images with terms from knowledge representation schemes are largely unexplored, ontologies. The Zebrafish Atlas (2) provides a labeled leaving users dependent upon textual descriptions or ad-hoc histological section for each term, and the e-Mouse Atlas (3) visuals. In this work we introduce SVG-based graphics libraries delineates and names anatomical regions within 3D embryo as a tool for standardizing visual representations of biomedical reconstructions. The authors of other atlases have created knowledge. We first present design requirements for graphics graphics to complement laboratory images. In the Allen libraries and a scheme for implementing web-accessible Developing Mouse Brain Reference Atlas (4) histological libraries. Finally, we introduce a prototype application for sections are paired with illustrated overlays, and the Virtual Fly managing and sharing a graphics library. This work uses a Brain (5) includes 3D models of neurons. But no project has library for orofacial anatomy as a test case, but is applicable to systematically created graphics to complement an anatomy any domain of biomedical knowledge that can benefit from terminology or ontology. visual representation. Graphics libraries have been effectively employed for public Keywords: communication purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • A5-155-33.Pdf
    A-· rI" I '-----•··-·-------··--•-if ....-_..........,---:.......---------------------- ',. ' . ' ,·. CARB. Contract·No. A5-155-33 I Final report I March1988 :J I r Otto G. Raabe, Ph.D. Principal Investigator ,. :'" i' :.- ' ,;·: .. ' ,. ' «l\\1\'i"• ' University of California t :. ;' ·. JJavis, California I i ' I. ;~ i•. r..'1,· I • j: 1. REPORT DOCUMENTATION I, lll!l'ORT NO. .2. J. Recipient'• Aooe•...., No. -·---~~GE ____J._ __,,~ R-=RLU.R,_/31,Jlu.B-----.L.-------f-~·-=-PB_S""".'8-::2~0-2_72_6_/_AS_.---t 4, Tftle •nd ~btltle I; lllepott Dete INHALATION UPTAKE OF XENOBIOTIC VAPORS BY PEOPLE .. 7, Author(s) OTTO G, RAABE i. l'trfarmlnc O,cenlutlon· Name end Addl'ffe 10. Pnllect/Tesk/Wortc Unit No. LABORATORY FOR ENERGY-RELATED HEALTH RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA u. Contnct(C) o, Grent(Q) No, DAVIS, CA 95616 <e> A5-155-33 (G) .12, Spon1arin1 Orcenlzetlan N•m• end Add,... 11, Type of R•POrt & Period Covered Air Resources Board State of Ca.lifornia P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95812 11, Supplementary Notes EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AVAILABLE THROUGH ARB -16, ------------·----·.Abstract (Limit: ZOO wards) · --------·- THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE BODY ABSORBS INHALED TOXIC SUBSTANCES FROM AIR CONTAINING AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS. FOUR HUMAN SUBJECTS, TWO MEN AND TWO WOMEN, INHALED EACH TEST COMPOUND (14 )LABELED BENZENE, CHLOROFORM, METHYL BROMIDE, TRICHLORETHYLENE, AND FORMALDEHYDE)CfwICE, ONCE THROUGH THE NOSE AND ONCE THROUGH THE MOUTH. IN ADDITION, EACH SUBJECT INHALED BENZENE THROUGH THE MOUTH WHILE ENGAGED IN EXERCISE. THE UPTAKE(% OF INHALED) OF EACH OF THE COMPOUNDS WAS AS FOLLOWS: CHLOROFORM 45.6% NASAL, 49.6% ORAL; TRICHLOROETHYLENE 53.9% NASAL, 55.3% ORAL; METHYLBROMIDE 55.
    [Show full text]
  • Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Human Jaw/Teeth Using Optics and Statistics
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 Three-dimensional modeling of the human jaw/teeth using optics and statistics. Aly Saber Abdelrahim University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Abdelrahim, Aly Saber, "Three-dimensional modeling of the human jaw/teeth using optics and statistics." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/3 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF THE HUMAN JAW/TEETH USING OPTICS AND STATISTICS By Aly Saber Abdelrahim M.Sc., EE, Assiut University, Egypt, 2007 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the J. B. Speed School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May, 2014 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF THE HUMAN JAW/TEETH USING OPTICS AND STATISTICS By Aly Saber Abdelrahim M.Sc., EE, Assiut University, Egypt, 2007 A Dissertation Approved on April 16, 2014 by the Following Reading and Examination Committee: Aly A. Farag, Ph.D., Dissertation Director James H.
    [Show full text]
  • Skull Detectives Slideshow
    Skull Detectives Today we are going to be skull detectives! We will observe skulls of three different native animals and make educated guesses about what they eat. What part of the skull will help us find out what an animal eats? The teeth! The different types of teeth in our mouth help us eat different types of food. There are scientific words to describe what an animal eats. Do you know any of them? Click to see the answers: ● What is the scientific word for an animal that eats only meat? Carnivore ● What is the scientific word for an animal that eats only plants? Herbivore ● What is the scientific word for an animal that can eat both plants and animals? Omnivore Humans are omnivores! ● Now use your tongue to feel your front teeth. What do you notice about them? ● Next use your tongue and feel your back teeth. Are they the same as the front teeth? What is different about them? ● You can also look in a mirror to see your teeth I notice that my back teeth are flat and bumpy and that my front teeth are pointy and smooth This is a diagram of the human mouth. Look at the diagram to find each tooth type and then find it in your own mouth! Incisors help us bite off pieces of food. Canines help us grip and tear food. Carnivores have canines to tear meat. Molars help us grind and chew up food. Herbivores will have molars for grinding up plants. Be a Skull detective On the next three slides look closely at the skulls and their teeth.
    [Show full text]