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Mariner Mars 1971 Optical Navigation Demonstration Final Report

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Mariner Mars 1971 Optical Navigation Demonstration Final Report NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Technical Memorandum 33-683 Mariner Mars 1971 Optical Navigation Demonstration Final Report G. H. Born, T. C. Duxbury, W. G. Breckenridge, C. H. Acton, S. Mohan, N. Jerath, H. Ohtakay (NASA-CR-1384 53) BARINED ARS 1971 OPTICAL NAVIGATION DEMCNSTATION Final N74-2614 Report (Jet Propulsion Lab.) 333 p HC CSCL 17G Unclas G3/21 39742 Reproduced by NATIONAL TECHNICAL P INFORMATION SERVICE US Department of Commerce Springfield, VA. 22151 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA April 15, 1974 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Technical Memorandum 33-683 Mariner Mars 1971 Optical Navigation Demonstration Final Report G. H. Born, T. C. Duxbury, W. G. Breckenridge, C. H. Acton, S. Mohan, N. Jerath, H. Ohtakay JET PROPULSION LABORATORY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA April 15, 1974 1< Prepared Under Contract No. NAS 7-100 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2< PREFACE The work described in this report was performed by the Mission Analysis Division and the Guidance Control Division of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. JPL Technical Memorandum 33-683 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Mariner Mars 1971 Optical Navigation Demonstration (OND) Team was composed of the following personnel: T. C. Duxbury, G. H. Born, N. Jerath, M. P. Ananda, S. N. Mohan, and G. A. Ransford, from the Mission Analysis Division, and C. H. Acton, Jr., W. G., Breckenridge, M. H. Bantell, and H. Ohtakay from the Guidance and Control Division. The success of the demonstration was made possible by the contri- butions of many people throughout JPL and NASA's Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST). The OND team wishes to acknowledge a few individuals who were particularly helpful to the Demonstration. Thanks are extended to the members of the Review Board for their guidance of the Demonstration Team's activities. The Board members included T. W. Hamilton, JPL Navigation Board Manager and Chairman of the Review Board; R. V. Powell, of the Office of Research and Development; R. V. Morris, of the Mission Analysis Division; K. M. Dawson, J. W. Moore, and G. Paine, of the Guidance and Control Division; G. M. Smith, of the Space Sciences Division; and T. H. Thornton and N. H. Haynes, of the MM'71 Project Office. Appreciation is also expressed to L. Efron and R. F. Bohling, Division R/AD Representatives of the Mission Analysis and Guidance and Control Divisions, who interfaced between the OND and the Office of Research and Development. The cooperation of the MM'71 Project was instrumental in the success of the Demonstration. The following MM'71 Project personnel are given special thanks for their efforts on behalf of the Demonstration: R. T. Hayes, J. F. Jordan, P. J. Rygh, D. Schneiderman, T. Vrebalovich, S. Z. Gunter, E. Christensen, G. Holmann, R. Johansen, W. Green, and J. Seidman. The authors also express their thanks to the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the American Astronautical Society, and the Institute of Navigation for permission to reprint various Appendixes that appear in this report, all of which are published here with the approval of the organization that holds the applicable copyright. iv 4< JPL Technical Memorandum 33-683 CONTENTS I. Introduction and Scope of Document . ................. 1 II. MM'71 Optical Navigation Demonstration Overview ....... 1 A. Introduction ............................. 1 B. Major Conclusions and Recommendations. ....... 3 III. Approach Phase of Demonstration . .................. 6 A. Introduction .............................. 6 B. Mission Operations ........................ 6 C. Image Extraction .......................... 7 D. Instrument Performance ................... .. 8 E. Approach Phase Navigation Results . ............ 11 IV. Orbital Phase Navigation Results . .................. 16 A. Introduction ............................. 16 B. Real-Time Orbital Results ................... 16 C. Orbital Phase Postflight Navigation Results . ....... 17 D. Important Factors for Orbit Determination . ....... 19 E. Concluding Remarks ............... ...... 21 V. Additional Efforts ................. ......... ... 22 A. Orbital Phase Navigation Results Using Landmark Data ..................... .. ............. 22 B. Results of Mars Limb Tracking ................ 23 C. Science Fallout from the MM'71 Demonstration . 26 D. Satellite Geodesy .......................... 28 References ..... ........ .... ............... .... 31 JPL Technical Memorandum 33-683 v CONTENTS (contd) APPENDIXES A. Duxbury, T. C., "A Spacecraft-Based Navigation Instrument for Outer Planet Missions, " Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 7, No. 8, August 1970. B. Duxbury, T. C., and Ohtakay, H., "In-Flight Calibration of an Interplanetary Navigation Instrument, " Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 8, No. 10, October 1971. C. Duxbury, T.C., Wong, S.K., and Born, G.H., "Encounter Trajectory Accuracy for a 1971 Mars Orbiter Mission, " AIAA Paper 71-189, AIAA 9th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, January 1971. D. Duxbury, T.C., and Born, G.H., "Tracking Phobos and Deimos Aboard an Orbiting Spacecraft, " AAS Paper 71-372, Astro- dynamics Specialists Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 1971. E. Mohan, S. N., and Ransford, G. A., "Cartography and Orbit Determination From a Mars Orbiting Spacecraft, " AAS Paper 71-373, AAS/AIAA Specialists Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 1971. F. Breckenridge, W.G., and Acton, C. H., Jr., "A Detailed Analysis of Mariner 9 TV Navigation Data, " AIAA Paper 72-866, AIAA Guidance and Control Conference, Stanford University, Stanford, California, August 1972. G. Acton, C. H., Jr., "Processing On-Board Optical Data for Planetary Approach Navigation, " AIAA Paper 72-53, AIAA 10th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, California, January 1972. (Also published in the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 9, No. 10, October 1972). H. Duxbury, T. C., and Acton, C. H., "On-Board Optical Navigation Data From Mariner 71, " Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Vol. 19, No. 4, Winter, 1972-1973. I. Duxbury, T. C., Born, G.H., and Jerath, N., "Viewing Phobos and Deimos for Navigating Mariner 9, " AIAA Paper 72-927, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, Palo Alto, California, September 1972. J. Miller, J. A., Summary of Results of MM'71 OND TV Data Analysis. " <vi JP Technical Memorandum 33-683 vi JPL Technical Memorandum 33-683 CONTENTS (contd) K. Born, G.H., "Ephemeris Theory for Phobos and Deimos." L. Acton, C.H., and Breckenridge, W.G., "MM'71 Orbital Sequence Satellite Picture Summary. " M. Born, G.H., "Results of Orbital Phase Navigation Study Using Satellite Data. " N. Born, G.H., "Mars Physical Parameters as Determined from Mariner 9 Observations of the Natural Satellites, " AAS Paper, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Conference, Vail, Colorado, July 1973. O. Mohan, S. N., "Pole Direction, Cartography, and the Shape of Mars. " P. Mohan, S. N., "Topographical Coordinates From Mariner 9 Observations of the Martian Surface, " AAS Paper, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Conference, Vail, Colorado, July 1973. Q. Mohan, S. N., "Results of Orbit Phase Navigation Study Using Landmark Data. " R. Ohtakay, H. and Jerath, N., "Mariner Mars '71 Optical Lit Limb Data Measuring Techniques and Navigation Results, " AIAA Paper, AIAA 11th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 1973. S. Duxbury, T. C., "Phobos: Control Network Analysis." JPL Technical Memorandum 33-683 vii ABSTRACT The primary purpose of the Mariner Mars 1971 (MM'71) Optical Navigation Demonstration was to prove the feasibility of using a combination of spacecraft-based optical data and Earth-based doppler data to perform near-real-time approach navigation for the MM'71 mission. The optical data consisted of Mariner 9 television photographs of Mars' natural satellites Phobos and Deimos against a star background. The objectives of the demonstration were successfully carried out, and this report documents the important findings, conclusions, and recommen- dations resulting therefrom. The report is divided into two parts: a formal summary section and a section of appended publications and papers giving additional details on the primary and secondary objectives of the demon- stration. The appendixes describe instrument calibration and performance as well as navigation and science results obtained by processing TV data of Mars' natural satellites, Mars' landmarks, and Mars' lit limb taken during both the approach phase and the orbital phase of the MM'71 mission. 8< viii JPL Technical Memorandum 33-683 I. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF DOCUMENT This report documents the important findings, conclusions, and recommendations which have resulted from the MM'71 Optical Navigation Demonstration. The report is divided into two parts: (1) a formal summary section which covers the most significant aspects of the demonstration and (2) a section of appended reports and publications which have resulted either directly or indirectly from work on the demonstration (Appendixes A through S). These appendices are referenced in the formal portion of the report and may be consulted for more detail. They cover such areas as instrument performance, navigation and science results, software configuration, and real-time operations. The formal section of this report is divided into four major subsections. Section II is a general discussion of the demonstration, summarizing major accomplishments, conclusions, and recommendations. This section is recommended to anyone
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