Study of a Liquid-Vapour Ejector in the Context of an Advanced TPL Ejector-Absorption Cycle Working with a Low Temperature Heat Source and an Ammonia-Water Mixture

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Study of a Liquid-Vapour Ejector in the Context of an Advanced TPL Ejector-Absorption Cycle Working with a Low Temperature Heat Source and an Ammonia-Water Mixture Study of a Liquid-Vapour Ejector in the context of an advanced TPL ejector-absorption cycle working with a low temperature heat source and an ammonia-water mixture Filipe Alexandre Ereira Mendes Marques Dissertação para a obtenção de Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Física Tecnológica Júri Presidente: Doutor João Carlos Carvalho de Sá Seixas Orientador: Doutor Luís Filipe Moreira Mendes Vogais: Doutor Pedro José de Almeida Bicudo Abril 2009 Agradecimentos Agradeço ao meu Orientador e Professor Filipe Mendes pela oportunidade de realizar este trabalho, por me apontar as fronteiras e quando devo parar, pela orientação, amizade e toda a experiência e conhecimento partilhado. Agradeço aos meus colegas e amigos do LSAS pelas ideias discutidas nas reuniões e partilha de experiências, são eles o João Cardoso, o Igor, a Gisela, e em especial, agradeço ao Tiago Osório por todo o paciente apoio e ajuda quando os programas teimavam em não correr. Agradeço ao Coordenador de Curso Professor João Seixas por suavizar o processo burocrático na transição para Mestrado de Bolonha, minimizando as minhas preocupações com o processo, desviadas apenas para o trabalho. Agradeço ao Professor Teixeira Borges a disponibilidade e dúvidas esclarecidas. Agradeço ao Professor Felix Ziegler e ao Tobias Zegenhagen pelas interessantes discussões acerca do meu trabalho. Agradeço à Ana Gonçalves e ao Luís pela disponibilidade para ajuda no arranque do trabalho. Agradeço o apoio e experiência partilhada de teses anteriores aos amigos Hugo Serôdio, Carlos Afonso, Ana Roque, Luís Diogo e Catarina Simões. Agradeço o apoio e paciência aos amigos/as Filipe, Francisca, João Carias, João Laia, Lia, Sara, e felizmente muitos outros. Finalmente, agradeço aos meus pais e irmão todo o apoio, ajuda e suporte durante a minha vida académica. i Resumo No âmbito deste trabalho, estudaram-se os limites da utilização de um ejector líquido-vapor sem mudança de fase para recuperação de pressão, tendo em vista a sua colocação à entrada do absorvedor num ciclo de absorção a funcionar com uma mistura de amoníaco-água e uma fonte quente de baixa temperatura (p.ex. colector solar), convertendo-se num ciclo TPL por ejecção- absorção. De forma a encontrar a máxima recuperação de pressão possível e a respectiva geometria e pro- priedades do ejector a funcionar sob determinadas condições no ciclo específico, foi desenvolvido e aplicado sob a forma de um programa de simulação, um novo modelo teórico do fluxo bifásico num ejector de líquido-vapor. O novo modelo procura expandir e ultrapassar as sobre-simplificações encontradas nos modelos actualmente usados para simulação de ejectores. O modelo assume no difusor que a fase líquida toma a forma de gotas e incluí a interacção entre as fases, efeitos inerci- ais, acrescentando um termo para as perdas de pressão e dissipação de energia devidas à fricção com as paredes, e tem em conta a composição da mistura binária de cada uma das duas fases, a sua variação com a transferência de massa, assim como a variação do diâmetro das gotas. Foi observada grande sensibilidade da pressão em relação a variações no diâmetro à saída do pulverizador e proximidade à pressão correspondente ao início de mudança de fase. Da simulação do ejector, observou-se que a recuperação de pressão aumenta para ângulos menores do difusor, tendo-se encontrado um máximo de recuperação de 0,05 bar para um tubo, observando-se que a recuperação de pressão se deve fundamentalmente à mistura dos fluidos. Neste caso particular do uso duma mistura de amoníaco-água, verifica-se pois a necessidade de estender o modelo para incluir mudança de fase no pulverizador de forma a tornar significativa a recuperação de pressão. Palavras-chave: Ejector; Injector; Bomba de Jacto; Máquina de Absorção; Ciclos TPL; Ciclos ejector-absorção; Pul- verizador; Difusor; Amoníaco-Água iii Abstract In this work, the limits of the use of a liquid-vapour ejector without phase change were studied for pressure recovery, in view of its introduction at the absorber inlet, in a single-stage absorption cycle working with a low temperature heat source and an ammonia-water mixture, therefore converting the cycle into an advanced TPL ejector-absorption cycle. In order to find the possible pressure recovery and respective ejector design, within the desired cycle’s working conditions, a new two-phase flow model for the liquid-vapour ejector was developed and applied as a simulation program. The model aims to expand the currently used models. It as- sumes the liquid phase in the form of droplets in the conical diffuser and includes interaction between phases, inertial effects and adds pressure losses due to friction, the binary mixture composition of ammonia-water for each phase and its variation with mass transfer, as well as the droplets diameter variation. From the simulation of the mixing zone and the diffuser, it was found that the pressure recovery increases for lower diffuser angles, with a maximum pressure recovery of 0,05 bar for a tube, observ- ing that the pressure recovery is fundamentally due to the mixture of the fluids. An high sensibility of the nozzle’s outlet pressure with the diameter variation was observed and analysed. In this specific case of the use of ammonia-water as the working mixture, it was found the need to expand the ejector’s model to include phase change at the nozzle, in order to have significant pressure recover. Key-words: Ejector; jet pump; Injector; Nozzle; Diffuser; Absorption machine; TPL cycle; ejector-absorption cycle;ammonia-water v Contents Resumo iii Abstract v List of Tables ix List of Figures x 1 Introduction 1 2 Ejector’s History and State of the Art7 2.1 History of the Injector/Ejector................................7 2.2 Literature Review.......................................9 3 Model of the Ejector 15 3.1 Introduction to the Ejector.................................. 15 3.2 Injector............................................ 17 Nomenclature..................................... 18 3.2.1 Model......................................... 19 3.2.2 Interior Nozzle.................................... 21 3.2.3 Affected fluid entry.................................. 28 3.3 Diffuser............................................ 29 Nomenclature..................................... 30 3.3.1 Multiphase Flow Notation and basic Definitions and Relations.......... 31 3.3.2 Model......................................... 35 3.3.3 Conservation Equations............................... 38 3.3.4 Interaction between the phases........................... 47 Nomenclature..................................... 48 3.3.5 Droplet Diameter variation.............................. 56 4 Method of Simulation 57 4.1 Design Working Conditions................................. 59 5 Results and Discussion of the Simulations 61 5.1 Nozzle............................................. 61 5.2 Diffuser............................................ 64 5.2.1 Simple Diffuser.................................... 64 vii 5.2.2 Two-Phase Diffuser................................. 66 6 Conclusions 71 A Formulae development 77 A.1 Ejector Surface: solid surface projection.......................... 77 A.2 Injector Surface Force: Nozzle’s total surface force.................... 78 A.3 Nozzle’s mechanical energy loss.............................. 79 A.4 Fluid Conservation Equations with Interaction....................... 81 A.4.1 Conservation of Mass................................ 82 A.4.2 Conservation of Ammonia’s Mass......................... 82 A.4.3 Conservation of the Momentum........................... 83 A.4.4 Conservation of Energy............................... 84 A.5 Droplet Volume Change with Mass transfer........................ 85 B Simulation Program Formatted Code 87 viii List of Tables 4.1 Geometrical Initial Conditions................................ 59 4.2 Initial conditions of the motive flow (weak solution)..................... 60 4.3 Initial conditions of the affected flow (refrigerant)...................... 60 5.1 Simple Vapour Diffuser................................... 65 ix List of Figures 1.1 Triple-pressure-level single-stage advanced absorption cycle...............2 1.2 4 effects by the TPL cycle..................................4 3.1 Ejector............................................. 16 3.2 Longitudinal section of the injector.............................. 19 3.3 Section of a nozzle with a quasi-one-dimensional flow................... 19 3.4 Control Volume for the Nozzle................................ 21 3.5 Differential incremental control volume........................... 25 3.6 Element of surface, showing the normal and parallel unit vector.............. 26 3.7 A longitudinal section of the Injector: the affected fluid entry................ 28 3.8 Diffuser’s volume element for the flow............................ 36 3.9 Diffuser’s infinitesimal control volume............................ 36 3.10 Diffuser’s longitudinal section................................. 38 5.1 P(D) in the interior nozzle................................... 62 5.2 u(D) in the interior nozzle................................... 63 5.3 Simple Vapour Diffuser. ∆P (D) ............................... 65 5.4 ∆P (ρv;outlet) (estimate)................................... 67 5.5 ∆ P(y) in the Diffuser..................................... 69 5.6 u(y) (20cm diffuser)..................................... 70 A.1 The surface of a cone: parameters for area calculation.................. 77 A.2 Element of surface, with the normal and parallel unit vector...............
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