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A Quantitative Assessment of Spirituality in Police Officers and the Relationship to Police Stress Antoinette M Olivet Nazarene University Digital Commons @ Olivet Ed.D. Dissertations School of Graduate and Continuing Studies 5-2011 A Quantitative Assessment of Spirituality in Police Officers and the Relationship to Police Stress Antoinette M. Ursitti Olivet Nazarene University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/edd_diss Part of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Psychiatric and Mental Health Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Ursitti, Antoinette M., "A Quantitative Assessment of Spirituality in Police Officers and the Relationship to Police Stress" (2011). Ed.D. Dissertations. 35. https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/edd_diss/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Graduate and Continuing Studies at Digital Commons @ Olivet. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ed.D. Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Olivet. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SPIRITUALITY IN POLICE OFFICERS AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO POLICE STRESS by Antoinette M. Ursitti Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Olivet Nazarene University School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Ethical Leadership May 2011 © 2011 Antoinette M. Ursitti All Rights Reserved i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The accomplishment of this work was possible because of the support, inspiration, and encouragement of special people I am blessed to call mentors, colleagues, family, and friends. I want to begin by thanking my advisor, Dr. Houston Thompson, who listened to my "heartbeat" on this project with patience and insight that steadied the pulse of the entire process. Thank you to Dr. Leon Blanchette, whose special interest in my work refined the final product. Much appreciation to Dr. Donald Daake and Edward Piatt, who offered generous help with statistics, and Pamela Greenlee and Sandra Harris, who were tremendous research aids. I am deeply grateful for my doctoral cohort and instructors, and what our time together impressed upon me. Thank you to Dr. Melvin Welch for your orchestration of the program. Special thanks to Mark Sedevic and Zakieh Mohammed. Thank you to Dr. Judy Howden, Dr. Charles Spielberger, and the administrators who assisted me at each of the participant sites, as all played an integral role in the direction and outcome of this research. I am indebted to every police officer who participated in this study, as none of this would have been possible without you. To "the girls" who kept me light and balanced during this process, I thank each of you for your enduring friendship: Hayley Connely, Colleen Crotty, Sarah Druzik, Beth Elliott, Kathleen Faber, Mary Hollis, Sarah Johnson, Anne Ozar, Michelle Rupke, Julie Ryan, Elizabeth Schillen, Moira Sheehy, Molly Sloat, and Cheryl Williams. Special thanks to Lisa Biewel, Sandra Cassiano, and Melissa Smith. ii Wanda Romanas has been more than a friend, but a spiritual mentor; thank you and the fellowship which encouraged me and inspired this research focus. Meghan Rivard has been a tireless technical, creative, and emotional support in my journey; thank you for helping me figure things out. To my brothers, Leonard and Joseph, thank you for believing in me more than you teased me. And to my parents, Ann and Richard, thank you for your unconditional love and confidence in me, and what you instilled in me that enabled this accomplishment. iii ABSTRACT by Antoinette M. Ursitti, Ed.D. Olivet Nazarene University May 2011 Major Area: Ethical Leadership Number of Words: 117 Law enforcement has been recognized as a stressful occupation related to deleterious physical and psychosocial outcomes in police officers' lives. Spirituality interrelates with every dimension of human functioning and has demonstrated a significant relationship to physical and mental health. This study was concerned with the implication of these conclusions, and addressed a gap in literature that has neglected to bridge these realizations due to limited assessment of spirituality in police officers. Measures of spirituality and police stress in a sample of police officers were collected utilizing two test instruments, and analyzed to determine the relationship. The results indicated a moderate, positive spirituality and average experience of stress in the sample, with several significant, positive relationships between measures. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 Statement of the problem ...............................................................................3 Background....................................................................................................5 Research Questions........................................................................................9 Description of Terms ...................................................................................10 Significance of the Study .............................................................................13 Process to Accomplish .................................................................................15 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .............................................................. 19 Introduction ................................................................................................. 19 Overview of Police Stress ............................................................................19 Antecedent Factors in Police Stress..............................................................23 Stress-Related Outcomes in the Police Population........................................ 35 Factors Influencing Stress Response in Police Officers ................................ 43 Overview of Spirituality...............................................................................49 Models for Understanding Spirituality.......................................................... 52 Emergent Constructs of Spiritual Health ......................................................59 The Role of Spirituality in Health Outcomes ................................................ 69 Spirituality and Law Enforcement................................................................76 Conclusion................................................................................................... 82 v III. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................84 Introduction ................................................................................................. 84 Research Design .......................................................................................... 86 Population.................................................................................................... 89 Data Collection ............................................................................................ 93 Analytical Methods...................................................................................... 97 Limitations................................................................................................... 99 IV. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 102 Introduction ............................................................................................... 102 Findings..................................................................................................... 103 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 115 Implications and Recommendations ........................................................... 118 REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 123 APPENDIXES A. Spirituality Assessment Scale Items Ranked by Mean Scores................ 139 B. Police Stress Survey Items Ranked by Mean Scores .............................. 142 C. Participant Package ............................................................................... 146 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Spirituality Assessment Scale Mean and Standard Deviation Results ............ 105 2. Spirituality Assessment Scale Items Ranked by 10 Highest Mean Scores...... 106 3. Spirituality Assessment Scale Mean and Standard Deviation Results by Site ............................................................................................................... 108 4. Police Stress Survey Mean and Standard Deviation Results .......................... 110 5. Police Stress Survey Items Ranked by 10 Highest Mean Scores .................... 111 6. Police Stress Survey Mean and Standard Deviation Results by Site............... 112 7. Correlation Matrix for Spirituality Assessment Scale and Police Stress Survey Measures........................................................................................... 114 vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Law enforcement appears to change police officers in myriad ways. The occupational stressors which accompany police work are one explanation for the transformation. Police work consistently has been regarded in the literature as a stressful occupation, though some critics have asserted that no or inadequate evidence exists to support the claim (Dantzer, 1987; Terry, 1981). Dialogue on either side of the police stress debate, however, has occurred
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