Sexualität. Diskursive Metaphorik Nationaler Identität / Alterität in Der Rezeptionsgeschichte Der Musikalischen Moderne Am Beispiel Des Komponisten Franz Schreker

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Sexualität. Diskursive Metaphorik Nationaler Identität / Alterität in Der Rezeptionsgeschichte Der Musikalischen Moderne Am Beispiel Des Komponisten Franz Schreker HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BERLIN Klang – Farbe – Geschlecht – Sexualität. Diskursive Metaphorik nationaler Identität / Alterität in der Rezeptionsgeschichte der musikalischen Moderne am Beispiel des Komponisten Franz Schreker Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Karsten Bujara M.A. Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät III Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Claudia Bruns 2. Prof. Dr. Susanne Rode-Breymann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 8. April 2015 Inhalt Vorwort und Danksagung ................................................................................................... 5 1 Einleitung ......................................................................................................................... 7 2 Theoretische Positionen ................................................................................................ 24 2.1 Identität, Nation, Geschlecht .................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Identität / Alterität ........................................................................................ 26 2.1.2 Nationale Identität und Geschlecht ............................................................... 30 2.2 Zur Bedeutung der Kategorie Geschlecht für die Stiftung nationaler Identität im deutschen Musikdiskurs ................................... 32 2.2.1 Musik, Identität und der deutsche Nationalismus ........................................ 33 2.2.2 Die Kategorie Geschlecht im deutschen Musikdiskurs ................................ 37 2.3 Musikalische Metaphorik im (post-)strukturalistischen Kontext ............................. 41 2.3.1 Metaphorisierende Verbalisierung von Musik ............................................. 43 2.3.2 Die diskursive Funktion metaphorisierender Musikkritik in der Schreker-Rezeption ............................................................................ 45 2.3.3 Diskurstheoretisch orientiertes Metaphernkonzept ...................................... 49 2.3.4 Metapher – Diskurs – Nationale Identität ..................................................... 50 3 Methodendesign: Zur Analyse von musikalischer Metaphorik im diskursanalytischen Verfahren .................................................................................... 53 3.1 Diskurstheoretischer Zugang .................................................................................... 53 3.1.1 Diskursbegriff / Bestimmung des Diskurses ................................................ 55 3.1.2 Musikdiskurs und kritische Machtanalytik von Identität, Ideologie und Hegemonie ...................................................... 57 3.2 Methodische Vorgehensweise .................................................................................. 61 3.2.1 Bestimmung des Quellenkorpus ................................................................... 61 3.2.2 Grenzziehungen ............................................................................................ 64 3.2.3 Diskursstruktur: ›Klang‹, ›Farbe‹, ›Geschlecht‹ und ›Sexualität‹ ................ 67 4 Grundlagen der Schreker-Rezeption ........................................................................... 70 4.1 Politisch-Ideologische Musikpublizistik in der Weimarer Republik ....................... 72 4.1.1 Die Musikkritik der Zwischenkriegszeit ...................................................... 73 4.1.2 Franz Schreker und seine zeitgenössischen Kritiker .................................... 78 4.2 Franz Schreker und das musikdramatische Erbe Richard Wagners ......................... 86 4.2.1 Nationaler Diskurs: Der Wagnerismus und das ›deutsche Wesen‹ .............. 86 1 4.2.2 Schreker als Wagner-Nachfolger .................................................................. 90 5 Schreker und das ›deutsche Wesen‹ in der Musik: Diskursive Metaphern des Andersseins ....................................................................... 95 5.1 Klangfarbenmetaphorik: Analogien, Assoziationen, Synästhesien .......................... 95 5.1.1 »Ein seltsames Flüstern, Glitzern, Funkeln, Schimmern« ............................ 97 5.1.2 Schrekers polychromes Ideal der harmonisch-instrumentalen Klanggestaltung .......................................................................................... 100 5.1.3 »Vorspiel zu einem Drama« ....................................................................... 104 5.1.4 Skandalöser Farbenrausch .......................................................................... 112 5.1.5 Gustav Mahler und Franz Schreker: Meister des Kolorits ......................... 117 5.2 Exkurs: Nationale Semantiken – Die Farbigkeit des ›Südens‹ und das Helldunkel des ›Nordens‹ ......................................................................... 120 5.2.1 Johann Joachim Winckelmanns Ideal des Marmorweiß und des linearen Kontur .............................................................................. 121 5.2.2 Julius Langbehns Rembrandt-Rezeption und das ›deutsche‹ Helldunkel ................................................................... 125 5.3 Linearität und Kontur: Vom ›deutschen Wesen‹ in der Musik .............................. 129 5.3.1 Farbe versus Linie ...................................................................................... 130 5.3.2 Schrekers Klangfarbigkeit des ›Südens‹ ..................................................... 133 5.3.3 Linearität, Melodik und ›männliche‹ Schöpferkraft ................................... 138 5.3.4 Schrekers Mangel an Melodie und plastischer Gestaltung ......................... 146 5.3.5 Gegendiskurse: Schrekers Melodiereichtum .............................................. 153 5.4 Das Geschlecht der Klangfarbe: Schreker, Debussy und der französische Impressionismus ................................................................... 158 5.4.1 ›Weibliche‹ Farbe / ›Männlicher‹ Kontur .................................................. 159 5.4.2 Melodie versus Klangfarbe: Geschlechterspezifische Diskursivierungen ............................................... 162 5.4.3 Weiblichkeitsimaginationen in der deutschen Impressionismus-Rezeption ........................................................................ 168 5.4.4 Schreker als effeminierter impressionistischer Klangfarbenkünstler ......... 175 5.5 Sexualpathologischer Diskurs und ›christlich-deutsches‹ Sittlichkeitsempfinden ................................................. 187 5.5.1 Erotizismus, Sexualität und Psychoanalyse im Musiktheater des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts ............................................. 188 5.5.2 Sexualität und soziokulturelle Identitätsstiftung ........................................ 199 5.5.3 Schrekers ›perverse‹ Opernkunst und das ›gesunde, männlich-deutsche Wesen‹ in der Musik ................................... 204 2 5.5.4 ›Christlich-deutsche‹ Sittlichkeit ................................................................ 213 6 Künstlerische Selbstermächtigungsstrategien: Schrekers Antwort auf die Kritiker seiner Zeit ........................................................ 225 6.1 Schrekers Spätwerk ................................................................................................ 225 6.2 »Christophorus oder ›Die Vision einer Oper‹« ...................................................... 236 6.3 Magnus Hirschfeld und das Modell der ›sexuellen Zwischenstufen‹ .................... 251 7 (Dis-)Kontinuitäten zwischen ›Sozialistischem Realismus‹ und ›Christlichem Abendland‹: Schreker und die national-kulturelle Identitätsstiftung nach 1945 ....................................................................................... 261 7.1 Die Schreker-Rezeption in Nachkriegsdeutschland 1945 – 1949 .......................... 264 7.1.1 »Der Meister des Fernen Klanges« ............................................................ 264 7.1.2 Franz-Schreker-Preis Berlin 1948 .............................................................. 271 7.2 Schrekers Kunst – ›formalistische Kunst‹?! Schreker und der ›Sozialistische Realismus‹ in der DDR ...................................... 274 7.2.1 ›Formalismus‹ und sowjetische Musikkultur ............................................. 276 7.2.2 Die ›Formalismus‹-Debatte in der Gründungsphase der DDR .................. 281 7.2.3 Ernst Hermann Meyers marxistische Epistemologie .................................. 284 7.2.4 Diskursive Männlichkeitsbilder und das klassische Erbe der ›deutschen Musikkultur‹ ....................................................................... 289 7.2.5 Franz Schreker – eine ›impressionistische Verfallserscheinung spätbürgerlicher Dekadenz‹ ........................................................................ 294 7.2.6 Marxistische Kritik und ostdeutsche Schreker-Renaissance ...................... 303 7.3 ›Schmutz‹, ›Schund‹, ›Sexualität‹ – Schreker und die ›christlich-abendländische‹ Kultur in der BRD ......................................... 306 7.3.1 Christlicher Sexualkonservatismus ............................................................. 309 7.3.2 Deutsches Sittlichkeitsempfinden und der Kampf gegen ›Schmutz und Schund‹ ..................................................................... 312 7.3.3 Sittlichkeitsdiskurs und Kunst .................................................................... 318 7.3.4
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