The Structure of the Expert-Analogy in Plato & Aristotle
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Using Analogy to Learn About Phenomena at Scales Outside Human Perception Ilyse Resnick1*, Alexandra Davatzes2, Nora S
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Resnick et al. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications (2017) 2:21 Cognitive Research: Principles DOI 10.1186/s41235-017-0054-7 and Implications ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Using analogy to learn about phenomena at scales outside human perception Ilyse Resnick1*, Alexandra Davatzes2, Nora S. Newcombe3 and Thomas F. Shipley3 Abstract Understanding and reasoning about phenomena at scales outside human perception (for example, geologic time) is critical across science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Thus, devising strong methods to support acquisition of reasoning at such scales is an important goal in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. In two experiments, we examine the use of analogical principles in learning about geologic time. Across both experiments we find that using a spatial analogy (for example, a time line) to make multiple alignments, and keeping all unrelated components of the analogy held constant (for example, keep the time line the same length), leads to better understanding of the magnitude of geologic time. Effective approaches also include hierarchically and progressively aligning scale information (Experiment 1) and active prediction in making alignments paired with immediate feedback (Experiments 1 and 2). Keywords: Analogy, Magnitude, Progressive alignment, Corrective feedback, STEM education Significance statement alignment and having multiple opportunities to make Many fundamental science, technology, engineering, and alignments are critical in supporting reasoning about mathematic (STEM) phenomena occur at extreme scales scale, and that the progressive and hierarchical that cannot be directly perceived. For example, the Geo- organization of scale information may provide salient logic Time Scale, discovery of the atom, size of the landmarks for estimation. -
Analogical Processes and College Developmental Reading
Analogical Processes and College Developmental Reading By Eric J. Paulson Abstract: Although a solid body of research is analogical. An analogical process involves concerning the role of analogies in reading processes the identification of partial similarities between has emerged at a variety of age groups and reading different objects or situations to support further proficiencies, few of those studies have focused on inferences and is used to explain new concepts, analogy use by readers enrolled in college develop- solve problems, and understand new areas and mental reading courses. The current study explores ideas (Gentner, & Colhoun, 2010; Gentner & Smith, whether 232 students enrolled in mandatory (by 2012). For example, when a biology teacher relates placement test) developmental reading courses the functions of a cell to the activities in a factory in in a postsecondary educational context utilize order to introduce and explain the cell to students, analogical processes while engaged in specific this is an analogical process designed to use what reading activities. This is explored through two is already familiar to illuminate and explain a separate investigations that focus on two different new concept. A process of mapping similarities ends of the reading spectrum: the word-decoding between a source (what is known) and a target Analogy appears to be a key level and the overall text-comprehension level. (what is needed to be known) in order to better element of human thinking. The two investigations reported here build on understand the target (Holyoak & Thagard, 1997), comparable studies of analogy use with proficient analogies are commonly used to make sense of readers. -
Demonstrative and Non-Demonstrative Reasoning by Analogy
Demonstrative and non-demonstrative reasoning by analogy Emiliano Ippoliti Analogy and analogical reasoning have more and more become an important subject of inquiry in logic and philosophy of science, especially in virtue of its fruitfulness and variety: in fact analogy «may occur in many contexts, serve many purposes, and take on many forms»1. Moreover, analogy compels us to consider material aspects and dependent-on-domain kinds of reasoning that are at the basis of the lack of well- established and accepted theory of analogy: a standard theory of analogy, in the sense of a theory as classical logic, is therefore an impossible target. However, a detailed discussion of these aspects is not the aim of this paper and I will focus only on a small set of questions related to analogy and analogical reasoning, namely: 1) The problem of analogy and its duplicity; 2) The role of analogy in demonstrative reasoning; 3) The role of analogy in non-demonstrative reasoning; 4) The limits of analogy; 5) The convergence, particularly in multiple analogical reasoning, of these two apparently distinct aspects and its philosophical and methodological consequences; § 1 The problem of analogy and its duplicity: the controversial nature of analogical reasoning One of the most interesting aspects of analogical reasoning is its intrinsic duplicity: in fact analogy belongs to, and takes part in, both demonstrative and non-demonstrative processes. That is, it can be used respectively as a means to prove and justify knowledge (e.g. in automated theorem proving or in confirmation patterns of plausible inference), and as a means to obtain new knowledge, (i.e. -
Challenging Conventional Wisdom: Development Implications of Trade in Services Liberalization
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT TRADE, POVERTY AND CROSS-CUTTING DEVELOPMENT ISSUES STUDY SERIES NO. 2 Challenging Conventional Wisdom: Development Implications of Trade in Services Liberalization Luis Abugattas Majluf and Simonetta Zarrilli Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities UNCTAD UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2007 NOTE Luis Abugattas Majluf and Simonetta Zarrilli are staff members of the Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities of the UNCTAD secretariat. Part of this study draws on policy-relevant research undertaken at UNCTAD on the assessment of trade in services liberalization and its development implications. The views expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a reference to the document number. It would be appreciated if a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint were sent to the UNCTAD secretariat: Chief Trade Analysis Branch Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva Series Editor: Khalilur Rahman Chief, Trade Analysis Branch DITC/UNCTAD UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/POV/2006/1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION ISSN 1815-7742 © Copyright United Nations 2007 All rights reserved ii ABSTRACT The implications of trade in services liberalization on poverty alleviation, on welfare and on the overall development prospects of developing countries remain at the hearth of the debate on the interlinkages between trade and development. -
The Wisdom of the Few a Collaborative Filtering Approach Based on Expert Opinions from the Web
The Wisdom of the Few A Collaborative Filtering Approach Based on Expert Opinions from the Web Xavier Amatriain Neal Lathia Josep M. Pujol Telefonica Research Dept. of Computer Science Telefonica Research Via Augusta, 177 University College of London Via Augusta, 177 Barcelona 08021, Spain Gower Street Barcelona 08021, Spain [email protected] London WC1E 6BT, UK [email protected] [email protected] Haewoon Kwak Nuria Oliver KAIST Telefonica Research Computer Science Dept. Via Augusta, 177 Kuseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Barcelona 08021, Spain Daejeon 305-701, Korea [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION Nearest-neighbor collaborative filtering provides a successful Collaborative filtering (CF) is the current mainstream ap- means of generating recommendations for web users. How- proach used to build web-based recommender systems [1]. ever, this approach suffers from several shortcomings, in- CF algorithms assume that in order to recommend items cluding data sparsity and noise, the cold-start problem, and to users, information can be drawn from what other similar scalability. In this work, we present a novel method for rec- users liked in the past. The Nearest Neighbor algorithm, ommending items to users based on expert opinions. Our for instance, does so by finding, for each user, a number of method is a variation of traditional collaborative filtering: similar users whose profiles can then be used to predict rec- rather than applying a nearest neighbor algorithm to the ommendations. However, defining similarity between users user-rating data, predictions are computed using a set of ex- is not an easy task: it is limited by the sparsity and noise in pert neighbors from an independent dataset, whose opinions the data and is computationally expensive. -
SKETCHING, ANALOGIES, and CREATIVITY on the Shared
J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia, pp. SKETCHING, ANALOGIES, AND CREATIVITY On the shared research interests of psychologists and designers ILSE M. VERSTIJNEN, ANN HEYLIGHEN, JOHAN WAGEMANS AND HERMAN NEUCKERMANS K.U.Leuven Belgium Abstract. Paper and pencil sketching, visual analogies, and creativity are intuitively interconnected in design. This paper reports on previous and current research activities of a psychologist (the 1st author) and an architect/designer (the 2nd author) on issues concerning sketching and analogies, and analogies and creativity respectively. In this paper we tried to unite these findings into a combined theory on how sketching, analogies, and creativity interrelate. An appealing theory emerges. It is hypothesized that with no paper available or no expertise to use it, analogies can be used to support the creative process instead of sketches. This theory, however, is a tentative one that needs more research to be confirmed. 1. Sketching Within creative professions, mental imagery often interacts with paper and pencil sketching. Artists and designers (among others) frequently engage into sketching and, without any proper paper available, will often report frustration and resort to newspaper margins, back of envelops, beer mats or the like. Although anecdotally, this frustration seems to be quite common, and demonstrates the importance of paper and pencil sketching as a necessary aid to mental imagery. Paper and pencil sketches are one form of externalization of mental images, and therefore can inform us about characteristics of these images. -
Aristotle's Concept of Analogy and Its Function in the Metaphysics By
Aristotle’s Concept of Analogy and its Function in the Metaphysics by Alexander G. Edwards Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2016 © Copyright by Alexander G. Edwards, 2016 for my parents, Jeff and Allegra τὸ δυνατὸν γὰρ ἡ φιλία ἐπιζητεῖ, οὐ τὸ κατ’ ἀξίαν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἔστιν ἐν πᾶσι, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς τιμαῖς καὶ τοὺς γονεῖς· οὐδεὶς γὰρ τὴν ἀξίαν ποτ’ ἂν ἀποδοίη, εἰς δύναμιν δὲ ὁ θεραπεύων ἐπιεικὴς εἶναι δοκεῖ. – EN VIII.14 ii Table of Contents Abstract iv List of Abbreviations Used v Acknowledgements vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Analogy, Focality, and Aristotle’s concept of the analogia entis 4 Chapter 3: The Function of Analogy within the Metaphysics 45 Chapter 4: Conclusion 71 Bibliography 74 iii Abstract This thesis aims to settle an old dispute concerning Aristotle’s concept of analogy and its function in the Metaphysics. The question is whether Aristotle’s theory of pros hen legomena, things predicated in reference to a single term, is implicitly a theory of analogy. In the Middle Ages, such unity of things said in reference to a single source, as the healthy is said in reference to health, was termed the analogy of attribution. Yet Aristotle never explicitly refers to pros hen unity as analogical unity. To arrive at an answer to this question, this thesis explores Aristotle’s concept of analogy with an eye to its actual function in the argument of the Metaphysics. As such, it offers an account of the place and role of analogy in Aristotelian first philosophy. -
Analogical Thinking for Idea Generation to Some Extent, Everyone Uses Analogies As a Thinking Mechanism in Daily Life (Holyoak & Thagard, 1996)
Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management Volume 11, 2016 Cite as: Kim, E., & Horii, H. (2016). Analogical thinking for generation of innovative ideas: An exploratory study of influential factors. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 11, 201-214. Retrieved from http://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3539 Analogical Thinking for Generation of Innovative Ideas: An Exploratory Study of Influential Factors Eunyoung Kim and Hideyuki Horii Center for Knowledge Structuring, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Analogical thinking is one of the most effective tools to generate innovative ideas. It enables us to develop new ideas by transferring information from well-known domains and utilizing them in a novel domain. However, using analogical thinking does not always yield appropriate ideas, and there is a lack of consensus among researchers regarding the evaluation methods for assessing new ideas. Here, we define the appropriateness of generated ideas as having high structural and low superficial similarities with their source ideas. This study investigates the relationship be- tween thinking process and the appropriateness of ideas generated through analogical thinking. We conducted four workshops with 22 students in order to collect the data. All generated ideas were assessed based on the definition of appropriateness in this study. The results show that par- ticipants who deliberate more before reaching the creative leap stage and those who are engaged in more trial and error for deciding the final domain of a new idea have a greater possibility of generating appropriate ideas. The findings suggest new strategies of designing workshops to en- hance the appropriateness of new ideas. -
Law, Science, and Science Studies: Contrasting the Deposition of a Scientific Expert with Ethnographic Studies of Scientific Practice*
LAW, SCIENCE, AND SCIENCE STUDIES: CONTRASTING THE DEPOSITION OF A SCIENTIFIC EXPERT WITH ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE* DAV I D S. CAUDILL** I. INTRODUCTION [These scientists] appear to have developed considerable skills in setting up devices which can pin down elusive figures, traces, or inscriptions in their craftwork, and in the art of persuasion. The latter skill enables them to convince others that what they do is important, that what they say is true . They are so skillful, indeed, that they manage to convince others not that they are being convinced but that they are simply following a consistent line of interpretations of available evidence . Not surprisingly, our anthropological observer experienced some dis-ease in handling such a tribe. Whereas other tribes believe in gods or complicated mythologies, the members of this tribe insist that their activity is in no way to be associated with beliefs, a culture, or a mythology.1 The appropriation, from anthropology, of ethnographic methodology by scholars in science studies—including Science and Technology Studies (STS), the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK), and cultural studies of scientific practices—is now commonplace. While the term “ethnography” has various meanings,2 it usually refers to social science research that (i) explores “the nature of particular social phenomena, rather than setting out to test hypotheses about them,” (ii) works with “unstructured” data, rather than data “coded at the point of data collection * This article is a modified version of a paper delivered (i) October 3, 2002, for the Schrader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis Lecture Series in Law and Psychology, Villanova University School of Law J.D./Ph.D. -
Resources for Research on Analogy: a Multi- Disciplinary Guide Marcello Guarini University of Windsor
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholarship at UWindsor University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Philosophy Publications Department of Philosophy 2009 Resources for Research on Analogy: A Multi- disciplinary Guide Marcello Guarini University of Windsor Amy Butchart Paul Smith Andrei Moldovan Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/philosophypub Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Guarini, Marcello; Butchart, Amy; Smith, Paul; and Moldovan, Andrei. (2009). Resources for Research on Analogy: A Multi- disciplinary Guide. Informal Logic, 29 (2), 84-197. http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/philosophypub/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Philosophy at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Resources for Research on Analogy: A Multi-disciplinary Guide MARCELLO GUARINI* Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, ON Canada [email protected] AMY BUTCHART Department of Philosophy Guelph University Gulph, ON Canada [email protected] PAUL SIMARD SMITH Department of Philosophy University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON Canada [email protected] ANDREI MOLDOVAN Faculty of Philosophy Department of Logic, History and Philosophy of Science University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain [email protected] * The first author wishes to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for financial support over the four years during which this project was completed. ©Marcello Guarini, Amy Butchart, Paul Simard Smith, Andrei Moldovan. Informal Logic, Vol. 29, No.2, pp. -
Textual Analogy Parsing: What’S Shared and What’S Compared Among Analogous Facts
Textual Analogy Parsing: What’s Shared and What’s Compared among Analogous Facts Matthew Lamm1;3 Arun Tejasvi Chaganty2;3∗ Christopher D. Manning1;2;3 Dan Jurafsky1;2;3 Percy Liang2;3 1Stanford Linguistics 2Stanford Computer Science 3Stanford NLP Group mlamm,jurafsky @stanford.edu chaganty,manning,pliangf g @cs.stanford.edu f g Abstract mention According to the U.S. Census , almost 10.9 million African parsing Americans , or 28% , live To understand a sentence like “whereas at or below the poverty line , analogy frame only 10% of White Americans live at or compared with 15% of Lati- source U.S. Census nos and approximately 10% below the poverty line, 28% of African quant live at or below the povery line of White Americans . Americans do” it is important not only to whole African Americans value 28% identify individual facts, e.g., poverty rates visualization whole Latinos of distinct demographic groups, but also the value 15% higher-order relations between them, e.g., the 25 whole White Americans value 10% disparity between them. In this paper, we 20 15 propose the task of Textual Analogy Parsing plotting (TAP) to model this higher-order meaning. 10 The output of TAP is a frame-style meaning % at/below poverty line Wh. Lat. AA representation which explicitly specifies what Figure 1: In textual analogy parsing (TAP), one is shared (e.g., poverty rates) and what is maps analogous facts to semantic role represen- compared (e.g., White Americans vs. African tations and identifies analogical relations between Americans, 10% vs. 28%) between its com- them. -
Exploring Multi-Stakeholder Internet Governance Exploring Multi-Stakeholder Internet Governance
Exploring Multi-Stakeholder Internet Governance Exploring Multi-Stakeholder Internet Governance John E. Savage, Brown University Bruce W. McConnell, EastWest Institute January 2015 Exploring Multi-Stakeholder Internet Governance Abstract Internet community input through multi- stakeholder consultative processes. With Internet governance is now an active topic these changes IG can be made more com- of international discussion. Interest has prehensive and manageable while protect- been fueled by media attention to cyber ing its most valuable characteristics. crime, global surveillance, commercial es- pionage, cyber attacks and threats to criti- Introduction cal national infrastructures. Many nations E have decided that they need more control Interest in Internet governance (IG) has over Internet-based technologies and the grown steadily since the creation of the policies that support them. Others, empha- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names RNANC sizing the positive aspects of these tech- E and Numbers (ICANN) in 1998 and is now nologies, argue that traditional systems discussed at many international forums. OV G of Internet governance, which they label The World Summit on the Information So- T “multi-stakeholder” and which they associ- E ciety (WSIS), held in 2003 and 2005, was a ate with the success of the Internet, must landmark event. Paragraph 24 of the WSIS RN E continue to prevail. outcome document, the 2005 Tunis Agen- NT I da (WSIS, 2005), contains the following R In this paper we explain multi-stakeholder working definition of IG. E Internet governance, examine its strengths and weaknesses, and propose steps to im- A working definition of Internet gov- HOLD prove it. We also provide background on E ernance is the development and ap- multi-stakeholder governance as it has plication by governments, the pri- been practiced in other fields for decades.