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Chapter Iii Role and Contribution of Prarthana 68 CHAPTER III ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF PRARTHANA SAMAJ 3.1. Introduction: After the Renaissance in Italy people from all over the world started thinking about the development of their country. Similarly, those Indian people who were educated the drastic change in European countries tried to think about India. They started to search the lacunas of our society and compared with other countries and decided to improve the conditions. Brahmo Samaj in West Bengal was the first institute followed this aim. While considering Mahārashtra, after such awakening, there was Gupta Sabha or secret meetings at first; where people came together and decided further action towards the development of our society. Afterwards, the Paramhansa Sabha and even after some years, the decreased interest of people in such Sabha, the Prarthana Samaj i.e., Prayers society was established in 1868 in Bombay. Actually, before the existence of the Prarthana Samaj the leader of Brahmo Samaj i.e., Keshavchandra Sen had visited Bombay and delivered some lectures in connection of the branches of Brahmo Samaj but he found less interest in the spirituality. He found people in Mahārashtra, particularly in Bombay, were interested in the physical world they were found lack of Dharmic astha or faith in a particular religion. But even though Keshavchandra Sen gave authority to Pratapchandra Muzumdar to look into the matter so that they could spread the Brahmo Dharma in Mahārashtra also but they failed. Meanwhile, there were Gupta Sabha or secret meetings for the reformation in the society. Further, it merged into Paramhansa Sabha in 1847. The motto of this movement was to abolish the caste system and the consequences of it Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar was the prominent leader of 69 this institute through which this Sabha was leading. He finally fought against the pre-existed, an outdated value system for the better and new social and economic development in society. Though this Sabha they spread the Dharma Neeti or philosophy of religion, through the Dharma Vivechan, he established seven principles1 as follow 1. God is one and only He can be worshipped. 2. The real or true religion is to pray to God. 3. One religion to all. 4. Every person must have the freedom to think. 5. Our daily work must contain of reason. 6. All human over equal. 7. Everyone needs to get knowledge. In short, the ‘faith in God’ was the certain point of his entire social and religious philosophy by annihilating caste, creed and unjustified traditions, Paramhansa Sabha wanted to bring people together by having only one God was the prime principle of them. Ramkrishna Balkrishna Jaykar was a chairman of this Sabha in 1849. He tried to bring people from various castes together to develop the brotherhood among the society. This institute also worked for widow re-marriages. They spread the importance of female education, need of education for śudras i.e., Mahār Māṅg etc. In short, through this institute they tried to knot of unity in the society by termination of various castes and their bad practises. Here, questions can arise that what happened to this Sabha later? The answer is the position taken by this institute was so radical which was against the traditional values of society. The works of the Paramhansa Sabha were discussed in secret. Leaders were thinking to formalize this institute once they get sufficient members and followers. But before coming into existence the 1 Naik, J.V., Jyotirao, Paramhamisa and Prarthana Samaj, p. p. 251-252 70 news of such Sabha spread over the society and it faced the major obstacle of traditional people due to which it got quenched. The interest of leaders was getting diminished. Some of them turned towards the atheism, some people moved towards Christianity, for example, Baba Padmanji, Kasambhai, Dhalwani etc., accepted Christianity after the force against Paramhansa Sabha. The consequences of these things were the destruction of Paramhansa Sabha. 3.2. The Rise of the Prarthana Samaj: Here we come to know that Paramhansa Sabha was born with liberalism and to spread knowledge of English among the society so that our Indian society could come into the mainstream of world and people could enjoy the liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. But due to such unavoidable reasons discussed above it could not survive more. Even after the Paramhansa Sabha people were criticizing such changes and advanced thoughts which were a thing to change the society. However, some leaders like Ram Balkrishna, Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, Tukaram Tatya, Bhikobadas Chavan etc. were firm on their thoughts. In 1865 once again a journal viz., Induprakash came into existence which was devoted to social changes in society. Justice Ranade found that it was meant to spread his liberal thoughts in the society. He wrote articles to awaken the people about their rights and justice. He was also delivering faiths. He tried to persuade people to do right things, but failed in some sense. The reason was, in Bombay, in 1864, people were too much busy in their material world, and people in Bombay were well acquainted with the share market. They were totally dropped from it and getting benefited also. So many people become millionaires. Everyone was behind to accumulate the wealth. So many businessmen became richer. Even the festival of Diwali was memorable of 71 everyone in that period. Therefore, nobody was listening to these reformists nor they found need of it.2 Meanwhile, once again Keshavchadra Sen, one of the leaders of Brahmo Samaj visited Bombay and delivered a lecture about the spirituality, necessity of modernization of religious beliefs and faiths. But even this time the chairman of his lecture was Dr. Bhau Daji who discouraged the listeners and advised people not to be in a hurry. They need to improve the condition of religion slowly as well as cautiously. Because he had experience of Paramhansa Sabha. As a result again Keshavchandra Sen failed to set the principles of Brahmo Samaj in Mahārashtra. Further, in 1865 all the businessmen in Bombay became looser. The share market, which made people richer became a reason to make them poor or looser. The sudden change in the International share market made people bankrupt. Some people who were living under prejudice left their lives. The destruction of wealth made people restless. At the same point, Justice Ranade came to know that the attraction of the material wealth of suffering society has ceased to throb and only eternal peace can save the people whose confidence was getting lost. 3.3. Leaders of the Prarthana Samaj: As the learned people who were inclined to persuade people towards, once again came forward, and decided to awaken people openly by firming an institution. In this connection, advocate Shantaram Bondse, Mahadev Narayan Shirgaonkar, Moroba Vinoba Samjgiri, Bal Māṅgesh Vagale, Bhaskar Hari Bhagwati, Narayan Parmanand, Sarvottam Mankar, Tukaram Tatya Padwal, Vasudev Navrangi etc., people meet together at the house of Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. In this group, some people were involved in Paramhansa Sabha and some joined this meeting newly. These people discussed about the present 2 Dixit, Raja, Prarthana Samajacha Itihas, p. 35 72 situation of social changes which could be an alteration of the social order, changes in behaviours, social relations. At this meeting, people discussed about the issues concerned with pre-held meetings and found that the issues discussed previously were based on the material development. Rather, such issues need to be focused on spiritual level. The task before them was to preserve and to regenerate, and to that end and eliminate the state of lack of activity, lack of growth or development, and to break down the chain of priesthood bondage, and to wake up the sleeping conscience of the nation, which could only be possible through the spirituality according to leaders of forthcoming institution i.e., Prarthana Samaj.3 Thus, they decided to reform the society through spirituality and finalized to establish the Prarthana Samaj. The aim they put forward was God. It is our duty to pray God. One should not accept idol worship. It may create chaos. All our daily activities should be followed through this aim. 3.4. Pledge of the Prarthana Samaj: People who were willing to be a member of the Prarthana Samaj needed to follow the pledge as follows- I will always pray to God and recite the preyer. I will always try to follow a good moral behaviour and will keep myself away from the immoral behaviour. If by mistaken any unwanted action taken by me, will be confessed and followed by penance and will by praying to God. And finally, oh God, please give me power to follow this pledge.4 3.5. The Prarthana Samaj on Religion: After the pledges these leaders established an institute on 31st March 1867. Dr. Atmaram Pandurang was made the first chairman of this institute and 3 Ranade M.G., Essays on Religious and social Reform, p.p. III-IV 4 Dixit, Raja, Prarthana Samajacha Itihas, p. 72 73 they started Ekeshvari prayer. These people came together and discussed to reform in the ruling customs like, discrimination of caste, widow remarriage, prohibition of infant marriage the minimum age of marriage, etc. They felt that all these issues arise only through the religion because all social evils and cruel traditions were covered by the religion. However, the main issue was what is a true religion? At this point Prarthana Samajists decided that the true religion means to accept that Íswar is formless and all pervading. We can please or know him only by chanting and prayer to Him. Vaidya said that, after severing meeting people of Prarthana Samaj came to know that in place of focussing on physical pleasure one should know the aim of the life which we can find only in the spiritual life.
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