Social History of Modern India
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SOCIAL HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA M.A. History Semester - I MAHIS - 104 SHRI VENKATESHWARA UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH-244236 BOARD OF STUDIES Prof (Dr.) P.K.Bharti Vice Chancellor Dr. Rajesh Singh Director Directorate of Distance Education SUBJECT EXPERT Dr. S.K.Bhogal, Professor Dr. Yogeshwar Prasad Sharma, Professor Dr. Uma Mishra, Asst. Professor COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Mr. Shakeel Kausar Dy. Registrar Authors Grishma Rana, Research Scholar, Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) Units (1.4-1.4.3, 2.2-2.2.1, 2.2.4-2.2.5) © Grishma Rana, 2019 Dr Anjali Thapliyal Kaul, Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut (UP) Units (2.4, 2.6, 3.3.1, 3.3.6-3.3.7) © Dr Anjali Thapliyal Kaul, 2019 Dr Namrata Prasad, Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Bapu Post Graduate College, Pipiganj, Gorakhpur (UP) Units (3.2, 3.3, 3.3.2-3.3.4, 4.2-4.4, 4.5) © Dr Namrata Prasad, 2019 Vikas Publishing House: Units (1.0-1.3, 1.5-1.9, 2.0-2.1, 2.2.2-2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7-2.12, 3.0-3.1, 3.3.5, 3.4-3.8, 4.0-4.1, 4.4.1, 4.6-4.10) © Reserved, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Social History of Modern India Syllabi Mapping in Book UNIT-I (i) Colonial Intervention and Social Change: Sanskritization, Unit 1: Social Change in Westernization, Secularization. Modern India (ii) Social consequence of the transformation of Indian agriculture, rise (Pages 3-36) of new social classes-zamindars, tenants kisans; emergence of middle class (iii) Changing caste equations UNIT-II (i) Impact of modern education; growth of press (national and regional) Unit 2: Impact of Modern (ii) Emergence of new intelligentsia and its composition Education and the (iii) Emphasis on Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, New Intelligentsia Jyotiba Phule, Anandaram Dhekial Phukan (Pages 37-73) UNIT-III: Socio-religious Revivalist/Reform Movements (i) Brahmo Samaj Unit 3: Socio-religious Revivalist/ (ii) Prarthana Samaj Reform Movements (iii) Arya Samaj (Pages 75-96) (iv) Theosophical Society (v) Ramkrishna Mission (vi) Aligarh Movement (vii) Wahabi Movement UNIT-IV (i) Women: Changing position and attitudes Unit 4: Changing Position of (ii) Women’s organization: Nation, provincial, local Women in India (iii) Women’s issues: Property rights, reform legislation, political (Pages 97-128) participation CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 SOCIAL CHANGE IN MODERN INDIA 3-36 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Colonial Intervention and Social Change 1.2.1 Determinants of Social Change 1.2.2 Sanskritization 1.2.3 Westernization 1.2.4 Emergence of Indian Renaissance 1.2.5 Secularization 1.3 Social Consequence of Transformation of Indian Agriculture 1.3.1 Commercialization of Agriculture 1.3.2 Growth of Agricultural Labour 1.3.3 Emergence of New Social Class 1.4 Changing Caste Equation 1.4.1 Non-Brahmin Movements in Western India 1.4.2 Radical Movements in Southern India 1.4.3 Position of Gandhi and Ambedkar on the Question of Caste 1.5 Summing Up 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 2 IMPACT OF MODERN EDUCATION AND THE NEW INTELLIGENTSIA 37-73 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Education in the Pre-colonial and Colonial Setup 2.2.1 Orientalism 2.2.2 Evangelicalism 2.2.3 Utilitarianism 2.2.4 Anglicists and Orientalists 2.2.5 Commissions and Bills Promoting Education 2.2.6 Growth of Press 2.3 Emergence of the New Intelligentsia and its Composition 2.3.1 Emergence of the Reformists, Revivalists, Nationalists and Educated Middle Class 2.3.2 Nature and Limitations of the Nineteenth Century Renaissance 2.3.3 Women as the Focus of Social Reform 2.4 Raja Ram Mohan Roy 2.5 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 2.6 Mahatma Jyotiba Govindrao Phule 2.7 Anadaram Dhekial Phukan 2.8 Summing Up 2.9 Key Terms 2.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.11 Questions and Exercises 2.12 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 3 SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REVIVALIST/REFORM MOVEMENTS 75-96 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Social Movements 3.2.1 Causes of Social Movements 3.2.2 Types of Social Movements 3.3 Social Reform and Revivalist Movements 3.3.1 Brahmo Samaj 3.3.2 Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar’s Reform Movement 3.3.3 Arya Samaj: A Revivalist Movement 3.3.4 Ramakrishna Mission 3.3.5 Theosophical Movement 3.3.6 Prarthana Samaj 3.3.7 Muslim Reform Movements 3.4 Summing Up 3.5 Key Terms 3.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.7 Questions and Exercises 3.8 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 4 CHANGING POSITION OF WOMEN IN INDIA 97-128 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Women’s Position in India: A Historical Perspective 4.2.1 Ancient India 4.2.2 Medieval India 4.2.3 Modern India 4.3 Changing Position of Women: The Contemporary Scenario 4.3.1 Gender Discrimination in India 4.3.2 Women and Education 4.3.3 Status of Women in Assam 4.4 Women’s Organization 4.4.1 National Women’s Organizations 4.5 Women Issues: Legislations 4.5.1 Property Rights of Women 4.5.2 Political Participation 4.5.3 Empowerment of Women 4.6 Summing Up 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 References and Suggested Readings Introduction INTRODUCTION The impact of western education, economic exploitation of the country, and the NOTES influence of the Indian press led to the emergence of a new social class called the intelligentsia in India. They challenged the orthodox beliefs, customs, practices and prejudices prevalent in the society and are these contributed to the national awakening in India. This national awakening in the nineteenth century found expression in the socio- religious spheres. A strong wave of reformation activities swept the Indian society. The religious reformers of the time attempted to reform the rigid social practices inspired by the western concepts of reason, equality and liberty. This gave birth to socio-religious reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj among the Hindus and the Wahabi and Aligarh movement among the Muslims. The proponents of these movements helped in the dissemination of ideas that helped bring change and transformation in the Indian society. The educated young Indians wanted to improve the status of women in the society and various legislations were passed to this effect. A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims at making a gradual change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements, such as revolutionary movements. The socio-reform movements continued well into the 20th century and saw the participation of women in the national movement. Various women leaders opened organizations that exclusively addressed women issues and aimed to uplift their position in the society. This book, Social History of Modern India, has been designed keeping in mind the self-instruction mode format and follows a simple pattern, wherein, each unit of the book begins with an Introduction to the topic followed by the Objectives. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with ‘Check Your Progress’ questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of Questions and Exercises is also provided at the end of each unit, and includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The Summing Up and Key Terms section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self Learning Material 1 Social Change in UNIT 1 SOCIAL CHANGE IN Modern India MODERN INDIA NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Colonial Intervention and Social Change 1.2.1 Determinants of Social Change 1.2.2 Sanskritization 1.2.3 Westernization 1.2.4 Emergence of Indian Renaissance 1.2.5 Secularization 1.3 Social Consequence of Transformation of Indian Agriculture 1.3.1 Commercialization of Agriculture 1.3.2 Growth of Agricultural Labour 1.3.3 Emergence of New Social Class 1.4 Changing Caste Equation 1.4.1 Non-Brahmin Movements in Western India 1.4.2 Radical Movements in Southern India 1.4.3 Position of Gandhi and Ambedkar on the Question of Caste 1.5 Summing Up 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 References and Suggested Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Society in the 18th century was marked by stagnation which reveled in the past glory.