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Occurrence, Population Dynamics and Winter Phenology of Spider Mites and Their Phytoseiid Predators in a Citrus Orchard in Syria Z

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Occurrence, Population Dynamics and Winter Phenology of Spider Mites and Their Phytoseiid Predators in a Citrus Orchard in Syria Z Occurrence, population dynamics and winter phenology of spider mites and their phytoseiid predators in a citrus orchard in Syria Z. Barbar To cite this version: Z. Barbar. Occurrence, population dynamics and winter phenology of spider mites and their phytoseiid predators in a citrus orchard in Syria. Acarologia, Acarologia, 2014, 54 (4), pp.409-423. 10.1051/ac- arologia/20142143. hal-01565731 HAL Id: hal-01565731 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01565731 Submitted on 20 Jul 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License ACAROLOGIA A quarterly journal of acarology, since 1959 Publishing on all aspects of the Acari All information: http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/ [email protected] Acarologia is proudly non-profit, with no page charges and free open access Please help us maintain this system by encouraging your institutes to subscribe to the print version of the journal and by sending us your high quality research on the Acari. Subscriptions: Year 2017 (Volume 57): 380 € http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/subscribe.php Previous volumes (2010-2015): 250 € / year (4 issues) Acarologia, CBGP, CS 30016, 34988 MONTFERRIER-sur-LEZ Cedex, France The digitalization of Acarologia papers prior to 2000 was supported by Agropolis Fondation under the reference ID 1500-024 through the « Investissements d’avenir » programme (Labex Agro: ANR-10-LABX-0001-01) Acarologia is under free license and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons-BY-NC-ND which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Acarologia 54(4): 409–423 (2014) DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20142143 OCCURRENCE, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND WINTER PHENOLOGY OF SPIDER MITES AND THEIR PHYTOSEIID PREDATORS IN A CITRUS ORCHARD IN SYRIA Ziad BARBAR (Received 25 July 2014; accepted 31 October 2014; published online 19 December 2014) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Baath University, P.O. Box 77, Al- Sham St., Homs, Syria. [email protected] ABSTRACT — The present study aimed to clarify some bio-ecological aspects of phytoseiid and tetranychid mites in Syrian citrus orchard conditions. The main objective was to obtain preliminary data on diversity, population dynamics, and overwintering phenology of mites considered in a pesticide-free citrus orchard located in Latakia province. Mites were collected on citrus leaves, in Phyto traps attached to citrus twigs, and on wild plants within and around the orchard from mid-summer 2013 to early summer 2014. Panonychus citri was the main tetranychid species collected on citrus leaves, but in very low densities. Mobile stages of this phytophagous were absent during winter. Eight phytoseiid species were found on citrus leaves during all sampling dates, and their general mean density was four times higher compared to that of P. citri. Euseius stipulatus, Euseius scutalis and Amblyseius andersoni were the dominant species on citrus leaves and seemed to have different population dynamics, different overwintering sites and phenology in winter, apparently due to differences in climatic requirements (i.e. temperature and photophase). Some phytoseiid species were rarely observed on citrus leaves, but were collected in high number in Phyto traps. Others seemed to emigrate from wild plants to overwinter on citrus twigs. Several hypotheses were formulated to explain the results obtained. KEYWORDS — Panonychus citri; Euseius stipulatus; Euseius scutalis; Amblyseius andersoni; population dynamic; overwinter- ing; biological control INTRODUCTION idae are considered as the main biological control agents of tetranychid mites in citrus orchards, main- Members of the family Tetranychidae have been taining their population densities at low economic widely recorded on citrus in different regions of the levels (McMurtry, 1977, 1992; Ferragut et al., 1992; world (Vacante, 2010). Several species of this family Abad-Moyano et al., 2009). However, unfavourable [i.e. the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor), climatic conditions (i.e. hot and dry summer ; the oriental red mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) cold winter), and mainly the application of broad- and the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae spectrum pesticides lead to decrease in population Koch] have a worldwide distribution and are con- densities of these natural enemies, causing popula- sidered as major pests of this culture worldwide tion outbreaks of several tetranychid mite species (Jeppson et al., 1975; Gotoh et al., 2003; Vacante, (McMurtry, 1977; Garcia-Mari et al., 1983; Kasap, 2010). 2009). Several predatory mites of the family Phytosei- In Syria, Latakia province is the main grow- http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/ 409 ISSN 0044-586-X (print). ISSN 2107-7207 (electronic) Barbar Z. ing citrus region, producing about 0.72 million tons Burm] orchard, of approximately 1.500 m2 located of citrus fruits annually according to data from in Latakia province (1 km south of Latakia city, Syrian Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Re- Syria, the area has a sub-humid Mediterranean cli- form (2012). A recent survey conducted in fifty mate). Several wild plant species (i.e. weeds, citrus orchards in this province, showed the pres- ground vegetation) were present within and around ence of fifteen phytoseiid species on citrus trees and the orchard. The orchard is surrounded by three on wild plants within or around orchards (Barbar, windbreak plants: Acacia cyanophylla Lindley, Euca- 2013). The dominant species were Euseius stipu- lyptus sp. and Cupressus sempervirens L. No pesticide latus (Athias-Henriot), Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) applications were carried out in the orchard since athiasae Porath and Swirski, Amblyseius andersoni early spring 2010. Daily average temperatures and (Chant) and Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot). Al- relative humidity were obtained from a weather sta- though, relatively high densities and diversity of tion located at 1 km away from the orchard. Data of these predators were reported, there was limited daily photoperiod (a photophase between the sun- information about their potential role as biological rise and sunset) in the orchard area were obtained control agents against tetranychid mites, in partic- from Al-Hashimi Calendar®, Syria. ular P. citri, associated with these natural enemies Mite population dynamics study. Samplings in some surveyed orchards (Barbar, 2013; Personal were conducted 20 times from mid-august 2013 observations). This phytophagous mite is known as to the beginning of June 2014. Fifty citrus leaves a non-diapausing species, cannot survive the win- were collected twice a month from different sides ter without feeding and usually produces two peak of five randomly selected and marked trees (ten population densities, one in spring or early sum- leaves/ tree). Each collected leaf was considered as mer and one in autumn (Gotoh and Kubota, 1997; a replicate for statistical analysis. The samples were Kasap, 2005). High levels of attack by this species placed in plastic bags inside an icebox and trans- may cause important quantitative and qualitative ferred to the laboratory. All phytoseiid and tetrany- losses in citrus fruits (Jeppson et al., 1975; Vacante, chid stages on upper and lower surfaces of each leaf 2010). were counted using a binocular microscope. Adult As no study has been undertaken on bio- stage was mounted on slides in Hoyer’s medium ecological aspects of tetranychid mites and their and dried in an oven at 45 °C for one week for phytoseiid predators in Syrian citrus orchard con- identification. Phytoseiid females were examined ditions, and as mite population dynamics on cit- using a microscope (Olympus, CH2O) and non- rus trees are poorly investigated during winter, the diapausing females were distinguished from dia- objectives of the present study were to (1) obtain pausing ones by the presence of eggs inside their preliminary data on diversity and population dy- idiosoma (Veerman, 1992; Kim et al., 2010). namics of phytoseiid and tetranychid mites on cit- rus leaves in a pesticide-free orchard; (2) provide Phytoseiidae overwintering study. A total of information about species composition and phenol- 140 Phyto traps with size of 2.5 x 1 cm (Koike et ogy of phytoseiid mites during hibernation period al., 2000; Kawashima and Amano, 2006; Kawashima using "Phyto traps" (Koike et al., 2000); (3) evalu- et al., 2006) (Figure 1) were attached to twigs of ate the importance of wild plant species within or the same five marked trees in the study above (28 around citrus orchards as possible sources and po- traps/ tree). Attachment of the traps took place tential overwintering sites of phytoseiid mites oc- on 1st October 2013. Twenty traps (four traps/ curred frequently on citrus trees. tree) were randomly collected once a month from 1st November 2013 to 1st May 2014
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