Bali 1928 Vol III Lotring Dan Sumber-Sumber Tradisi Gamelan

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Bali 1928 Vol III Lotring Dan Sumber-Sumber Tradisi Gamelan Bali 1928, vol. III Lotring dan Sumber-Sumber Tradisi Gamelan Semar Pagulingan, Calonarang, Palégongan, Gendér Wayang, Gambang & Gandrung dari Titih, Kuta, Kaliungu, Pura Kawitan Kelaci dan Pagan ❁ Edward Herbst 2015 STMIK STIKOM BALI www.bali1928.net www.arbiterrecords.org Daftar Isi iii Daftar Foto 1 Pendahuluan 7 Linimasa Rekaman Bali 1928 12 Gamelan Bali 19 Sukawati sebagai Pusat Pembaharuan Légong dan Wayang 24 Gamelan Semar Pagulingan Titih 26 CD Trek #1 Tabuh Ginanti 28 CD Trek #2 Tabuh Lasem 29 CD Trek #3 Tabuh Gari 32 Sekilas Kehidupan I Wayan Lotring dari Banjar Tegal, Kuta 43 Gamelan Palégongan Kuta yang dipimpin I Wayan Lotring 44 CD Trek #4 Calonarang: Sisia 45 CD Trek #5 Calonarang: Ngalap Basé 46 CD Trek #6 Calonarang: Tunjang 50 CD Trek #7 Gambangan (Pelugon) 54 Pandangan Tentang Génggong 62 CD Trek #8 Gegénggongan 63 CD Trek #9 Solo – Aslinya dilabel sebagai Gonténg (Jawa) 66 Gamelan Gendér Wayang Banjar Tegal, Kuta 68 CD Trek #10 Sekar Ginotan 69 CD Trek #11 Seléndro 70 CD Trek #12 Merak Ngélo CD Trek #13 Tulang Lindung (Pamungkah) 71 CD Trek #14 Alas Harum 74 CD Trek #15 Angkat-angkatan 75 Gendér Wayang Batél Kaliungu, Denpasar CD Trek #16 Lagu Cupak 78 Sekilas Kehidupan I Nyoman Kaler 80 Gamelan Pelégongan Kelandis dipimpin oleh I Nyoman Kaler CD Trek #17 Biakalang 81 Pandangan Tentang Gamelan Gambang 85 CD Trek #18 Manukaba CD Trek #19 Jurangandanu 89 Gambang Warisan Peturunan, Pura Kawitan Kelaci - CD Trek # 20 Demung 96 Pandangan Tentang Gandrung dan Jogéd 107 Pajogédan (Gandrung) Pagan CD Trek #21 Cacing Keremi CD Trek #22 Saron CD Trek #23 Ganderangan 111 Pandangan Tentang Jogéd Bungbung dalam Upacara Keagamaan dan Pertanian 121 Keterangan Tentang DVD Bali 1928, vol. III: Sumber-Sumber Tradisi Tari dan Tabuh 123 Penghargaan dan Terima Kasih 129 Daftar Pustaka dan Bacaan Lanjutan ii Daftar Foto 1 Cakram Beka 78 rpm dengan label dalam bahasa Melayu dan aksara Bali 16 Légong di Bedulu 17 Légong di Bedulu: Pangipuk (Tari Percintaan) 18 Ni Luh Cawan dan Ni Nyoman Sadri menari légong 19 Gamelan palégongan Kapal: gangsa pacek dan céngcéng 31 I Wayan Lotring di depan balé banjar Banjar Tegal, Kuta 40 Gamelan palégongan Banjar Tegal, Kuta di depan balé banjar Tegal, Kuta 41 Wayan Lotring dan Wayan Raping memainkan kendang dalam gamelan palégongan Banjar Tegal, Kuta 42 I Wayan Regog memainkan gendér rambat dan Pak Sobagan alias Pak Klor memainkan jublag dalam gamelan palégongan Banjar Tegal, Kuta 48 Rangda sebagai perwujudan dari ratu tenung Calonarang 49 Barong Kékét 53 Pemain génggong 54 Enggung ‘Kaloula Baleata’ menggelembungkan kantung udaranya sesaat sebelum mendengkung 66 Gendér wayang Banjar Tegal, Kuta; Wayan Lotring di sebelah kiri 76 I Gusti Ngurah Made Mokoh dari Tegaltamu memerankan Cupak bersama para panasar I Wayan Sérog dan I Wayan Tekek dari Singapadu 77 I Nyoman Kaler sekitar tahun 1937-1939 79 Ni Luh Cawan, I Wayan Rindi, dan Ni Nyoman Sadri (dari kiri ke kanan): Para penari légong Banjar Lebah dan légong Kelandis sekitar tahun 1931-1934 84 Gambang Pura Kawitan Kelaci, Banjar Sebudi, Denpasar; I Ceteg, penabuh kedua dari kanan 85 Gambang Pura Kawitan Kelaci: Kak Bunut (alias I Made Darya) di tengah memainkan saron (gangsa); I Wayan Pegeg, penabuh kedua dari kanan, memainkan gambang 89 Relief gambang di Candi Penataran, Jawa Timur 92 I Made Sarin, penari gandrung dari Ketapian Kelod 93 Jégogan dalam gamelan palégongan Sayan, Ubud 94 Rindik pangugal dan rindik barangan dalam gamelan pajogédan Sayan 95 Kempli bambu dalam gamelan pajogédan Sayan 109 I Made Sarin menari gandrung diiringi oleh gamelan gandrung Ketapian Kelod 110 Jogéd Bungbung Déwa dalam upacara Nangkluk Mrana di Pura Beda, Tabanan 117 Jogéd bungbung di Tabanan 118 Jogéd bungbung di Tabanan iii Pendahuluan Rekaman-rekaman bersejarah ini dibuat pada tahun 1928 (dan kemungkinan juga pada tahun 1929) sebagai bagian dari sebuah koleksi musik yang pertama kali dan satu-satunya diluncurkan secara komersial di Bali pada masa sebelum Perang Dunia II. Diluncurkan pada tahun 1929 dalam format piringan hitam 78 rpm, cakram-cakram yang diedarkan secara internasional tersebut bermaterikan beragam pilihan gamelan dan tembang Bali baik bergaya lama maupun baru. Dijual ke seluruh penjuru dunia (atau seperti yang terjadi kemudian ternyata tidak laku untuk dijual), piringan-piringan hitam tersebut secara cepat habis dan hilang dari peredaran. Saat itu merupakan masa yang sangat penting dalam kesejarahan gamelan Bali mengingat di seantero pulau tengah terjadi revolusi artistik dengan menonjolnya kebyar sebagai gaya gamelan yang baru dan berkuasa. Sekaa-sekaa ‘kelompok’ gamelan berpacu melebur gamelan kuna mereka, untuk ditempa ulang ke dalam gaya yang baru tersebut. Persaingan yang sengit antara desa-desa berikut daerah- daerah merangsang para komponis muda untuk mengembangkan berbagai inovasi dan teknik permainan yang apik dan baru. Terkait rekaman-rekaman bersejarah ini, Andrew Toth menulis: 1 Perwakilan dari perusahaan rekaman Odeon dan Beka dikirim pada bulan Agustus tahun 1928 untuk memperluas cakupan mereka sampai ke Bali. Lima dari 98 matriks (sisi piringan hitam) yang tersedia saat itu dipilih dan disertakan dalam sebuah antologi musik tradisi non-Barat bertajuk Music of the Orient oleh peneliti termasyhur Erich M. von Hornbostel. Koleksi inilah yang mengawali ketertarikan banyak orang, masyarakat luas, dan juga kaum etnomusikolog akan musik Indonesia. Sepertiga dari hasil rekaman Odeon dan Beka akhirnya muncul di Eropa dan Amerika, namun sebagian besar sejatinya ditujukan untuk pasar lokal di Bali. Berkaitan dengan tujuan tersebut, informasi pada label-label piringan hitam pun dicetak dalam bahasa Melayu, bahasa pengantar yang berlaku di wilayah kepulauan Nusantara, dan malahan ada yang ditulis dalam aksara Bali. Rencana ambisius untuk mengembangkan pasar lokal itu akhirnya berujung kegagalan total karena terbatasnya minat masyarakat Bali terhadap teknologi baru dan mahal tersebut, terutama karena mereka dengan mudah bisa menyaksikan secara langsung berbagai pementasan yang hadir setiap harinya secara marak di ribuan pura dan rumah-rumah di seluruh pulau. Hanya Colin McPhee yang muncul sebagai pelanggan, membeli cakram- cakram 78 rpm itu sepanjang tahun dari seorang penjual yang putus asa; dan kebanyakan koleksinya masih dilestarikan dengan baik sampai hari ini, selamat dari kekecewaan dan kemarahan sang agen yang menghancurkan semua stok yang tersisa (McPhee, 1946: 72). Menariknya, semua rekaman dilakukan di bawah bimbingan Walter Spies, seorang pelukis dan musisi yang telah lama menetap di Bali. Pengetahuan intimnya akan seni dan budaya Bali tersedia begitu bebas dan kerap menguntungan penelitian atau karya pihak lain (Rhodius, 1964: 265; Kunst, 1974: 24). Walau dibatasi oleh sarana yang hanya berdurasi tiga menit, rekaman-rekaman tersebut adalah contoh menakjubkan dari kekayaan karawitan Bali, baik vokal maupun instrumental, serta generasi komponis, seniman dan sekaa ‘kelompok’ gamelan masa itu yang kini dihormati sebagai guru-guru terpandang dan sekaa-sekaa legendaris, seperti I Wayan Lotring, I Nyoman Kaler, gamelan gong Pangkung, Belaluan, dan Busungbiu. Dokumentasi suara dari berbagai warisan dan pusaka musikal Bali yang tak ternilai harganya memuat berbagai gaya nyanyian yang nyaris tak terdengar saat ini; lalu Kebyar Ding, sebuah gubahan tabuh yang secara historis sangat penting, yang kini bisa dipelajari kembali oleh generasi penabuh masa sekarang melalui rekaman-rekaman yang dahulunya dibuat oleh para ayah dan kakek mereka seperti yang termuat dalam cakram- cakram asli tersebut; dan juga berbagai rekaman para penyanyi terkenal yang bahkan disakralkan oleh para keturunannya dengan menyimpan salinan kasetnya di pura keluarga. Tidak ada lagi materi baru yang diluncurkan di Barat pada masa depresi dan peperangan yang menyusul belakangan, hanya ada penerbitan ulang dari cakram-cakram 78 rpm yang lama pada beberapa label rekaman yang 2 berbeda dan dalam beberapa antologi.1 Semenjak catatan Andrew Toth, telah begitu banyak piringan hitam dan berbagai tautan informasi lainnya muncul ke permukaan. Penelitian kami menemukan fakta tentang seorang pemilik toko keturunan Cina bernama Ang Ban Siong yang terus-menerus menyediakan cakram-cakram Beka di tokonya, Toko Surabaya, yang menjual berbagai kebutuhan rumah tangga di Denpasar sampai tibanya masa pendudukan Jepang di tahun 1942, ketika ia akhirnya memindahkan keluarganya ke Sayan, Ubud.2 Kemudian, seorang wanita muda bernama Nancy Dean dari Rochester, New York, yang didesak oleh orang tuanya pada tahun 1936 untuk menikmati pesiar tersohor South Sea Island Cruise sebagai upaya memisahkannya dari seorang kekasih, sempat membeli beberapa keping piringan hitam dari “dua pria Jerman yang baik hati” di Bali.3 Kami sungguh beruntung, karena koleksi piringan hitam yang dibelinya tersebut (dan saat kami menemukannya di tahun 2003) masih dalam kondisi sempurna karena cakram-cakram tersebut tak pernah diputar. Pada masa tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, Philip Yampolsky berhasil menemukan 101 matriks (sisi piringan hitam 78 rpm) di berbagai pusat arsip di Indonesia, Amerika Serikat dan Belanda. Yampolsky membagi informasinya kepada direktur Arbiter of Cultural Traditions, Allan Evans dan saya, yang selanjutnya menjembatani usaha kami ke seluruh dunia untuk mengakses dan menerbitkan kembali masing-masing cakram 78 rpm yang ada. Proses mendapatkan izin dari masing-masing pusat arsip termasuk mengunjungi sebagian besar koleksinya memakan waktu delapan tahun. Sembari mencari koleksi pribadi lainnya, kami
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