DOCSLIB.ORG

The U.S. Army Concept for Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operations Expands on the Ideas Presented in TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The U.S. Army Concept for Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operations Expands on the Ideas Presented in TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, the U.S TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 This page intentionally left blank ii TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 From the Director United States (U.S.) Army Capabilities Integration Center The U.S. Army is the Nation’s principal land force organized, trained, and equipped for prompt and sustained combat on land. Today’s adversaries have studied how the U.S. Joint Force prefers to operate and have adapted by developing capabilities that contest U.S. operations on land, at sea, in the air, in space, and in cyberspace, as well as across the electromagnetic spectrum, information environment, and cognitive dimension of warfare. Defeating future enemies that possess advanced capabilities calls for land forces operating as part of integrated joint teams that conduct simultaneous and sequential operations across multiple domains. In Multi-Domain Battle, future Army forces will fight and win across all contested spaces to create windows of advantage across multiple domains that enable Joint Force freedom of action to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6, The U.S. Army Concept for Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operations expands on the ideas presented in TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, The U.S. Army Operating Concept: Win in a Complex World (AOC). This document describes how the Army will operate in and through cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum and will fully integrate cyberspace, electronic warfare (EW), and electromagnetic spectrum operations as part of joint combined arms operations to meet future operational environment challenges. Cyberspace and EW operations provide commanders the ability to conduct simultaneous, linked maneuver in and through multiple domains, and to engage adversaries and populations where they live and operate. Cyberspace and EW operations provide commanders a full range of physical and virtual, as well as kinetic and non-kinetic, capabilities tailored into combinations that enhance the combat power of maneuver elements conducting joint combined operations. This concept serves as a foundation for developing future cyberspace and electronic warfare capabilities and helps Army leaders think clearly about future armed conflict, learn about the future through the Army’s campaign of learning, analyze future capability gaps and identify opportunities, and implement interim solutions to improve current and future force combat effectiveness. ROBERT M. DYESS, JR. Major General, U.S. Army Acting Director, Army Capabilities Integration Center iii TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 This page intentionally left blank iv Department of the Army *TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Eustis, Virginia 23604 9 January 2018 Military Operations THE U.S. ARMY CONCEPT FOR CYBERSPACE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE OPERATIONS FOR THE COMMANDER: OFFICIAL: SEAN B. MacFARLAND Lieutenant General, U.S. Army Deputy Commanding General/ Chief of Staff RICHARD A. DAVIS Senior Executive Deputy Chief of Staff, G-6 History. This pamphlet is a new United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) 525-series pamphlet commissioned by the Director, Army Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC). Summary. This pamphlet describes how the Army will operate in and through cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum and integrate cyberspace operations, electronic warfare, and electromagnetic spectrum operations fully into joint combined arms operations to meet future operational environment challenges. Applicability. This pamphlet applies to all Department of the Army activities that identify and develop doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy (DOTMLPF-P) solutions to support cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum operations initiatives. Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve forces may use this pamphlet to identify future cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum operations trends in the Army. This concept should also serve as the primary cyberspace reference for war games, experimentation, and innovation aimed at maintaining the U.S. Army as the preeminent ground force in the world. *This pamphlet supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-7-6 dated 16 Aug 2007 and TRADOC Pamphlet 525-7-16 dated 28 Dec 2007. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 Proponent and exception authority. The proponent of this pamphlet is the TRADOC Headquarters, Director, ARCIC. The proponent has the authority to approve exceptions or waivers to this pamphlet that are consistent with controlling law and regulations. Do not supplement this pamphlet without prior approval from Director, ARCIC (ATFC-ED) 950 Jefferson Ave, Fort Eustis, VA 23604-5763. Suggested improvements. Submit comments and suggested improvements via the Army Suggestion Program online at https://armysuggestions.army.mil (Army Knowledge Online account required) or via DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Director, ARCIC (ATFC-ED), 950 Jefferson Ave, Fort Eustis, VA 23604-5763. Availability. This publication is only available on the TRADOC Administrative Publications website at http://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/ Summary of Change TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 The U.S. Army Concept for Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operations This new pamphlet, dated 9 January 2018- o Consolidates and updates guidance for the conduct and integration of cyberspace, electronic warfare, and spectrum management operations into joint combined arms operations. o Provides applications and ideas for conducting cyberspace and electronic warfare operations in a holistic, synchronized, and integrated manner to create and exploit windows of advantage in or across multiple domains, the electromagnetic spectrum, and information environment. o Identifies required capabilities and science and technology enablers necessary to implement the ideas in this concept. 2 TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 Content Page Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 1-1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................ 5 1-2. References ........................................................................................................................... 6 1-3. Explanations of abbreviations and terms ............................................................................ 6 1-4. Background ......................................................................................................................... 6 1-5. Assumptions ........................................................................................................................ 7 1-6. Linkage to the Army Concept Framework ......................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Operational Environment .............................................................................................. 8 2-1. Future operational environment .......................................................................................... 8 2-2. The cyberspace domain ....................................................................................................... 9 2-3. Electronic warfare (EW) and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) ................................ 10 Chapter 3 Military Problem, and Solution Components .............................................................. 12 3-1. The military problem ........................................................................................................ 12 3-2. Central idea ....................................................................................................................... 12 3-3. Solution synopsis .............................................................................................................. 13 3-4. Supporting ideas ................................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 20 Appendix A References ............................................................................................................... 21 Appendix B Required Capabilities .............................................................................................. 22 Appendix C Science and Technology .......................................................................................... 23 Appendix D Risk.......................................................................................................................... 26 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 26 End Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 34 3 TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 This page intentionally left blank 4 TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-6 Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1. Purpose a. United States (U.S.) Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Pamphlet (TP) 525- 8-6, The U.S. Army Concept for Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operations (2025-2040), addresses applications and ideas for the conduct and integration of cyberspace, electronic warfare (EW), and spectrum management operations (SMO) into joint combined arms operations. The ability to employ cyberspace, EW, and SMO capabilities as an integrated system, acting as a force multiplier,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations from 1941 to the Present
    CRM D0006297.A2/ Final July 2002 Charting the Pathway to OMFTS: A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations From 1941 to the Present Carter A. Malkasian 4825 Mark Center Drive • Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1850 Approved for distribution: July 2002 c.. Expedit'onaryyystems & Support Team Integrated Systems and Operations Division This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N0014-00-D-0700. For copies of this document call: CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Copyright 0 2002 The CNA Corporation Contents Summary . 1 Introduction . 5 Methodology . 6 The U.S. Marine Corps’ new concept for forcible entry . 9 What is the purpose of amphibious warfare? . 15 Amphibious warfare and the strategic level of war . 15 Amphibious warfare and the operational level of war . 17 Historical changes in amphibious warfare . 19 Amphibious warfare in World War II . 19 The strategic environment . 19 Operational doctrine development and refinement . 21 World War II assault and area denial tactics. 26 Amphibious warfare during the Cold War . 28 Changes to the strategic context . 29 New operational approaches to amphibious warfare . 33 Cold war assault and area denial tactics . 35 Amphibious warfare, 1983–2002 . 42 Changes in the strategic, operational, and tactical context of warfare. 42 Post-cold war amphibious tactics . 44 Conclusion . 46 Key factors in the success of OMFTS. 49 Operational pause . 49 The causes of operational pause . 49 i Overcoming enemy resistance and the supply buildup.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibious Warfare: Theory and Practice* Tomoyuki Ishizu
    Amphibious Warfare: Theory and Practice* Tomoyuki Ishizu Introduction In December 2013, the Government of Japan released its first “National Security Strategy” and announced the “National Defense Program Guidelines for FY 2014 and beyond.” The new Guidelines set forth the buildup of “dynamic joint defense force,” calling for a sufficient amphibious operations capability by means of amphibious vehicles and tilt-rotor aircraft, for example, to cope with potential enemy attack against any of Japan’s remote islands. This paper analyzes amphibious warfare from a historical viewpoint to show its major framework and concept. It is no wonder that the scale and form of amphibious operations may differ significantly among states depending on their national strategy, status of military power in the national strategy, military objectives, and historical or geographical conditions. The reason is that the national strategy, which is prescribed according to the national history, geography, culture and more, determines the role of the nation’s military force and way of fighting. With all these facts taken into account, this paper attempts to propose a general framework for examining amphibious warfare, especially for amphibious operations, and to sort out ideas and terms used in such operations. 1. What are Amphibious Operations? (1) The issues surrounding their definition The first issue that one inevitably encounters in examining amphibious operations is the ambiguity surrounding their definition. Without a uniform understanding of the meaning of amphibious operations and of their associated concepts and terminologies, the actual execution of operations will likely be met with difficulties. Nevertheless, a uniform understanding or a “common language” for the associated concepts and terminologies has not been arrived at, not even in the United States, which has conducted many amphibious operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibious Operations
    Joint Publication 3-02 OF TH NT E E A W E' L L D R I S E F E N M H D T M T Y R • A P E A C D I U • R N E I T M E A D F S O TAT E S Amphibious Operations 4 January 2019 PREFACE 1. Scope This publication provides fundamental principles and guidance for planning, conducting, and assessing amphibious operations. 2. Purpose This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations, and it provides considerations for military interaction with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, multinational forces, and other interorganizational partners. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs), and prescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing and executing their plans and orders. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of objectives. 3. Application a. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commanders of combatant commands, subordinate unified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, the Services, and combat support agencies. b. This doctrine constitutes official advice concerning the enclosed subject matter; however, the judgment of the commander is paramount in all situations.
    [Show full text]
  • Stabilization Operations Through Military Capacity Building--Integration Between Danish Conventional Forces and Special Operations Forces
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2016-12 Stabilization operations through military capacity building--integration between Danish conventional forces and special operations forces Andreassen, Jesper J. D. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/51710 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DEFENSE ANALYSIS CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT STABILIZATION OPERATIONS THROUGH MILITARY CAPACITY BUILDING—INTEGRATION BETWEEN DANISH CONVENTIONAL FORCES AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES by Jesper J. D. Andreassen Kenneth Boesgaard Anders D. Svendsen December 2016 Capstone Project Advisor: Kalev I. Sepp Project Advisor: Anna Simons Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2016 Capstone project report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS STABILIZATION OPERATIONS THROUGH MILITARY CAPACITY BUILDING—INTEGRATION BETWEEN DANISH CONVENTIONAL FORCES AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES 6. AUTHOR(S) Jesper J. D. Andreassen, Kenneth Boesgaard, Anders D.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined and Joint War During World War II: the Anglo-American Story 1
    Combined and Joint War during World War II: The Anglo-American Story 1 Williamson Murray The combined efforts of the Anglo-American Allies at the strategic level of war explain much about the effectiveness of their military efforts in eventually destroying their Axis opponents in the Second World War.2 Likewise the developing of joint capabilities in their military forces contributed significantly to Allied victory in the war. Admittedly, in the beginning there were considerable difficulties in forging at the beginning an effective Anglo-American response to the complex and difficult strategic and joint issues raised by the war. In effect, the political and military leaders of the alliance had to develop a true combined approach to their strategy and conduct of operations. Similarly the services had to develop concepts and organizational structures to make joint warfare effective. Both took time and effort. In the first years of the conflict, Allied air, sea, and ground forces found it difficult to cooperate in a fashion that maximized their military potential. Indeed, too many military historians have focused on the difficulties and quarrels that marked the development of Anglo- American combined strategy as well as the joint military operations their forces conducted.3 Nevertheless, the performance of the Anglo-American powers in both spheres of military endeavor stand in stark contrast to the performance of the three Axis powers at both the combined and joint levels throughout the terrible conflict. Before we turn to the Anglo-American picture, it might be useful to make a few comments about the Axis powers. First of all, one can certainly not speak of any efforts at a combined strategy that would have furthered the efforts of those three powers to overthrow the world order.4 In June of 1940, when Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Italy declared war on Britain and France, it did so while playing minimal attention to German desiderata.
    [Show full text]
  • From Operational Partnerships in UN Peacekeeping
    AUGUST 2015 Deploying Combined Teams: Lessons Learned from Operational Partnerships in UN Peacekeeping PROVIDING FOR PEACEKEEPING NO. 12 DONALD C. F. DANIEL, PAUL D. WILLIAMS, AND ADAM C. SMITH Cover Photo: 106th IRISHFINN Battalion ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mission Readiness Exercise, 2012. ©Irish Defence Forces/Flickr. DONALD C. F. DANIEL is Milton E. Miles Professor Emeritus of International Relations at the Naval War College. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper represent those of the authors E-mail: [email protected] and not necessarily those of the International Peace Institute. IPI PAUL D. WILLIAMS is Associate Professor and Associate welcomes consideration of a wide Director of the Security Policy Studies program of the range of perspectives in the pursuit of a well-informed debate on critical Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington policies and issues in international University, and a Non-Resident Senior Adviser at the affairs. International Peace Institute. IPI Publications E-mail: [email protected] Adam Lupel, Director of Research and Publications ADAM C. SMITH is the former Director of the Brian Marisa McCrone, Assistant Production Urquhart Center for Peace Operations at the International Editor Peace Institute. Suggested Citation: Donald C. F. Daniel, Paul D. Williams, and Adam C. Smith, “Deploying Combined Teams: Lessons Learned ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS from Opera tional Partnerships in UN This report was commissioned by the US Global Peace Peace keeping,” New York: International Peace Institute, August 2015. Operations Initiative (GPOI), which supported the authors’ research, financed the fieldwork for the study, and © by International Peace Institute, 2015 organized a workshop to discuss a draft of the report on All Rights Reserved April 30, 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • AFDD 2-1.2 Strategic Attack
    STRATEGIC ATTACK Air Force Doctrine Document 3-70 12 June 2007 Interim Change 2 (Last Review), 1 November 2011 This document complements related discussion found in Joint Publication 3-0, Joint Operations. BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE DOCTRINE DOCUMENT 3-70 SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 12 JUNE 2007 INCORPORATING INTERIM CHANGE 2, 1 NOVEMBER 2011 SUMMARY OF CHANGES The Air Force Doctrine Working Group has reviewed this document and recommended that it remains valid and will again be reviewed no later than September 2012. AFDD numbering has also been changed to correspond with the joint doctrine publication numbering architecture. AFDD titles and content remain unchanged until updated in the next full revision. A margin bar indicates newly revised material. Old Number New Number Title AFDD 2-1 changed to AFDD 3-1 Air Warfare AFDD 2-1.1 changed to AFDD 3-01 Counterair Operations AFDD 2-1.2 changed to AFDD 3-70 Strategic Attack AFDD 2-1.3 changed to AFDD 3-03 Counterland Operations AFDD 2-1.4 changed to AFDD 3-04 Countersea Operations AFDD 2-1.6 changed to AFDD 3-50 Personnel Recovery Operations AFDD 2-1.7 changed to AFDD 3-52 Airspace Control AFDD 2-1.8 changed to AFDD 3-40 Counter-CBRN AFDD 2-1.9 changed to AFDD 3-60 Targeting AFDD 2-10 changed to AFDD 3-27 Homeland Operations AFDD 2-12 changed to AFDD 3-72 Nuclear Operations AFDD 2-2 changed to AFDD 3-14 Space Operations AFDD 2-2.1 changed to AFDD 3-14.1 Counterspace Operations AFDD 2-3 changed to AFDD 3-24 Irregular Warfare AFDD 2-3.1 changed to AFDD 3-22 Foreign Internal Defense AFDD 2-4
    [Show full text]
  • JOINT and COMBINED OPERATIONS on the HUDSON RIVER, 1777 and 1781
    NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Newport, R.I. “MAKING THE BEST USE OF YOUR JOINT FORCES”: JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS ON THE HUDSON RIVER, 1777 and 1781 by James M. Johnson Colonel, U.S. Army JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS ON THE HUDSON RIVER, 1777 and 1781 James M. Johnson, Colonel, U.S. Army, 1995 Abstract of “MAKING THE BEST USE OF YOUR JOINT FORCES”: JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS ON THE HUDSON RIVER, 1777 AND 1781 British, French, and American commanders in the American Revolution understood the concepts of allied, joint, and amphibious operations. These operations fit within a defensive strategy that General George Washington and Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton practiced for most of the war: a war of posts with New York City and the “line of the Hudson” as the “seat of the war.” Through their experiences in the wars of the mid- eighteeth century the British developed sophisticated doctrine and practices for joint, amphibious operations. Because of this joint doctrine, Clinton and Commodore William Hotham were able to conduct a series of classic, amphibious landings to capture the fortifications of the Hudson Highlands in October 1777 and even burn the New York capital at Kingston. After a disastrous joint campaign in 1777, with French support and guidance, Washington and Lieutenant General Rochambeau threatened New York City with a joint expedition in the summer of 1781. While the Allied, joint forces failed to capture New York City, they later trapped the army of Lieutenant General Charles, Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in the last significant campaign of the war. ii JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS ON THE HUDSON RIVER, 1777 and 1781 James M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Twelfth US Air Force Tactical and Operational Innovations in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, 1943–1944
    The Twelfth US Air Force Tactical and Operational Innovations in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, 1943–1944 MATTHEW G. ST. CLAIR, Major, USMC School of Advanced Air and Space Studies THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED AIR AND SPACE STUDIES, MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA, FOR COMPLETION OF GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS, ACADEMIC YEAR 2002–3. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5962 February 2007 This School of Advanced Air and Space Studies thesis and others in this series are available electronically at the Air University Research Web site http://research .maxwell.af.mil and the AU Press Web site http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil. Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public re- lease: distribution unlimited. ii Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii ABSTRACT . v ABOUT THE AUTHOR . vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ix 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 ALLIED AIR OPERATIONS IN NORTH AFRICA . 5 3 OPERATION HUSKY AND THE INVASION OF SICILY . 17 4 OPERATION AVALANCHE AND THE INVASION OF ITALY . 33 5 OPERATION SHINGLE AND THE ASSAULT OF ANZIO . 47 6 CONCLUSION . 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 69 Illustrations Figure 1 P-38 of 14th Fighter Group, Youlen Las Daines Airfield, North Africa . 10 2 Mediterranean Air Command, February 1943 . 12 3 Allied invasion of Sicily . 20 4 Air attack on Allied ammunition ship . 28 5 Allied invasion of Salerno . 36 6 B-25s over Italy .
    [Show full text]
  • Sustaining Joint and Combined Operations
    CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE / COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES COURSE 3 A/AS/JCO/DOC/S-3 Sustaining Joint and Combined Operations “Reflections on the Adequacy of Doctrine” By /par Colonel Carla Coulson October 2000 © 2000 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of National Defence. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT Sustaining Joint and Combined Operations - “Reflections on the Adequacy of Doctrine” This essay takes a critical look at the current joint logistics doctrine of the United States (US) and asks the question, “Does this doctrine provide the Joint Force Commander (JFC) with sufficient means to sustain theater forces?” Areas of focus include doctrinal integration of sustainment functions, the integration/meshing of US joint and service doctrine; and doctrinal provision for the command and control of sustainment functions in the joint and combined theater. The essay concludes that current US joint logistics doctrine does not provide the JFC with sufficient means to sustain theater forces and proposes, among other things, the doctrinal integration of sustainment functions. In addition, it looks at components of the emerging logistical doctrine of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Canadian Forces’ National Military Support Capability concept as viable considerations for future joint logistical doctrine development within the US Armed Forces. 2/19 © 2000 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of National Defence. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION The importance of the ability of the Joint Force Commander (JFC) to sustain theater forces, joint and/or combined, in a manner that adequately supports the successful execution of the operation plan(s) cannot be understated.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain's Armed Forces and Amphibious
    Britain’s armed forces and amphibious operations in peace and war 1919-1939: A Gallipoli Curse? Matthew Heaslip School of Area Studies, History, Politics, and Literature, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK [email protected] 15 Henham Gardens, East Peckham, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 5PD, UK. +44 (0)77 077 64355 www.linkedin.com/in/matt-j-heaslip Page 1 of 41 Britain’s armed forces and amphibious operations in peace and war 1919-39: A Gallipoli Curse? Gallipoli left a lasting impression upon both the countries that participated and many that did not. It has been argued that the campaign negatively influenced Britain’s interwar amphibious preparations. Instead, this article will show that Britain’s armed forces were largely unaffected by such memories, and maintained their relative global standing in theory, equipment, and training exercises for landing operations. The paper also highlights the role of amphibious warfare in fighting the many ‘little wars of Empire’ during the period. Keywords: Gallipoli; amphibious operations; naval fleets; military operations; imperial policing; peacetime. Gallipoli stands out as a First World War campaign that left significant and lasting marks upon the collective memories of the nations involved. This was particularly true of armed forces worldwide, many of whom studied the campaign in order to gain insights into the feasibility of future combined or amphibious operations. Appreciating Gallipoli’s impact upon Britain’s armed forces provides vital perspective on the military significance of the campaign itself and the failure’s relationship with later events. Early mistakes made during Britain’s involvement in the Second World War, for example, have been attributed to Gallipoli’s lasting influence, both in terms of inadequate amphibious preparations and Winston Churchill’s leadership.1 Interwar amphibious debates also provide valuable insights into how imperial policing challenges were 1 C.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Landpower Essay Series
    . .. '\:,.::;,_.;:.":":·.., LANDPOWER ESSAY SERIES No. 93-1 March 1993 MILITARY OPERATIONS TO RESTORE ORDER AND MAINTAIN PEACE by Colonel John W. McDonald, USA Ret. Introduction The last three years appear to mark the beginning of a new era in the nature of relations among nations. While the Western strategy of containment has apparently eliminated the potential for war between the superpowers and the strident ideological conflict between competing blocs, it has also sparked an outbreak of regional and intrastate conflict. Escalating violence ranging from overt Iraqi aggression against Kuwait to a "humanitarian nightmare" in Yugoslavia has focused international attention on means to maintain and restore peace and security worldwide. Iraqi aggression threatened the vital interests of both the industrialized and Arab worlds and produced a unified international military effort to restore peace and order. On the other hand, the civil war raging in the former Yugoslavia, while lamentable from a humanitarian perspective, fails to present a direct and immediate threat to Western, and particularly U.S., interests. The difficulty of restoring peace in this region of lesser importance has so far deterred international efforts in Bosnia­ Herzegovina. Meanwhile, a U.S.-Ied, U.N.-sponsored international intervention in Somalia- for purely humanitarian reasons- has again sparked interest in intervention in the more intractable situations facing the post-Cold War world. Humanitarian concerns and, some might add, a threat to European stability, are inexorably dragging Western nations into the most dangerous regional conflict, that in Bosnia-Herzegovina. But similar situations exist in other regions- in Cambodia, between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in Tajikistan.
    [Show full text]