Identifying the Diversity of Orchids in the Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 11, Issue 3, March 2020, pp. 185-191, Article ID: IJARET_11_03_016 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=3 Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.9475 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499

IDENTIFYING THE DIVERSITY OF ORCHIDS IN THE SEBANGAU NATIONAL PARK IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

Sosilawaty Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT This is a preliminary study, which aims to determine species diversity, dominance, and evenness of orchid species in the Sebangau National Park at the Punggualas Resort Baun Bango Resort SPTN Region III Kasongan Central Kalimantan Province. The results of this study are expected to be useful as a source of information about the diversity of orchids in the region. Moreover, these results need to be followed up with in-depth research to maintain and develop biodiversity, especially in the region and national parks in general. Keywords: Orchids, Species diversity, Sebangau National Park Cite this Article: Sosilawaty, Identifying the Diversity of Orchids in the Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 11 (3), 2020, pp 185-191. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=3

1. INTRODUCTION Indonesia is a mega biodiversity country, rich in biodiversity both flora and fauna. The wealth of biological natural resources has functions and benefits as an element of the environment that can not be replaced. Biological Diversity or often referred to as biodiversity is a term to express the level of biodiversity of natural resources which includes abundance or distribution of ecosystems, species and genetics. Based on Law No. 5 of 1994 concerning ratification of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (biodiversity convention) that is meant by biodiversity is diversity among creatures from all sources, including, land, sea and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes which is part of its diversity, including diversity within species, between types and ecosystems. The impact of forest exploitation in addition will cause environmental degradation in the form of forest destruction, water and air management, and will also threaten the destruction of a large number of flora including germplasm of epiphytic orchids. It is feared that the diversity of germplasm will decrease due to disturbance to their habitat.

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Sebangau National Park covering ± 568,700 ha located on the Katingan River and Sebangau River has a high level of biodiversity including 116 species of flora, 116 species of birds, 35 species of mammals, 26 species of fish and others. Punggualas is one of the locations in the Sebangau National Park area which has a high biodiversity potential and in its management has been projected for ecotourism activities. Some communities in the Sebangau National Park area, especially in the village of Karuing, the Punggualas area do not know well or in detail that the orchid plants are so many benefits, and orchid plants are now threatened with extinction, but the population and species diversity are not known with certainty. On the other hand the rate of forest destruction is increasing from year to year and excessive use will be able to threaten the preservation of orchid plants in the forest. The aim is to find out the diversity of orchid species, species evenness, and dominance found in the Sebangau National Park at the Punggualas Resort Baun Bango Resort SPTN Region III Kasongan, Central Kalimantan Province. This research is expected to provide information on diversity, wealth, and evenness of orchid plants for the community, agencies, researchers, and the government or the private sector to be used as reference material for management and development. In addition, it can involve the community in the maintenance of orchids in the Sebangau National Park at the Punggualas Resort Station, Baun Bango Resort SPTN Region III Kasongan, Central Kalimantan Province.

2. NATIONAL PARKS National Parks are nature conservation areas that have native ecosystems, managed with zoning systems that are utilized for research, science, education, tourism and nature recreation purposes. National Parks based on article 1 of Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and their Ecosystems, in paragraph 14, is defined as a nature conservation area that has native ecosystems, managed with a zoning system that is utilized for research, science, education, supporting cultivation, tourism and recreation. Criteria for the Establishment of National Park Areas (TN) are as follows: Specified areas have sufficient area to ensure the continuity of natural ecological processes: a. Having unique and unique natural resources in the form of plants and animals and their ecosystems and natural phenomena that are still intact and natural. b. Have one or more intact ecosystems. c. Having a state of nature that is original and natural to be developed as natural tourism. d. It is an area that can be divided into Core Zones, Utilization Zones, Jungle Zones and other Zones which, due to consideration of the importance of rehabilitation of the area, dependency of the population around the area, and in order to support the preservation of biological natural resources and their ecosystems, can be designated as separate zones. National Park Management can provide benefits such as: the economy can be developed as an area that has economic value, for example the potential of coral reefs is a source that has high productivity and diversity that helps increase income for fishermen, coastal residents and even foreign exchange. The National Park area is managed by the government with efforts to preserve the diversity of plants and animals and their ecosystems. A national park area is managed based on a management plan prepared based on a study of ecological, technical such as pollution control (Mangkoedihardjo and Triastuti, 2011), economic and socio-cultural aspects. The

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 186 [email protected] Identifying the Diversity of Orchids in the Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan national park management plan at least contains management objectives and an outline of activities that support efforts to protect, preserve and utilize the area.

3. ORCHID 3.1. Description A plant is identified based on the shape of the leaf, the location of the leaf on the stem, stem, roots, flowers, and fruit. Every plant has these parts. In certain plants, these parts have been modified according to their environment, the main distinguishing feature of plants is the flower. A. Interest Like other flowers, orchids consist of five main parts, namely sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, and ovaries. The outer flower protector when the flower is still a bud is sepals. Orchid has three beautiful colored sepals, different from other flower sepals which are generally green. Its location forms a triangle. In certain types of orchids, such as the Slipper Orchid, the sepals below link together. In addition to sepals, orchids also have three petal strands that are also positioned to form a triangle. The two strands above form an angle of 1200 with a larger 3rd sheet called the labelum or lip. There are orchids that only have one stamens (monandrae), but there are also those who have two stamens (diandrae). Stamens and stems of the pistil together form a structure called a column. The head of the pistil is located under the cap and polinia, facing the labelum. It seems like a shallow hole that is round and rather sticky. The flower ovary is located under the crown structure. This position is called inferior ovary. This ovary is usually united with a flower stalk. There are orchids that are formed at the tip / tip of plants such as Cattleya, Oncidium, and Coelogyne. Another group is the flower that forms between the leaf blades called pleuranthe, as in the Dendrobium, Vanda, and Ascocenda plants. B. Fruit The orchid is a capsular fruit which is divided into six parts. The seeds are in the fruit and very much. These orchid seeds do not have endosperm (food reserves) like other plant seeds. Therefore, for the germination and initial growth of orchid seeds need sugar and other compounds from outside or from the surrounding environment. C. Leaves The shape of the leaves varies, from narrow to elongated. As in general monocotyledonous plants, orchid leaves do not have spread-shaped leaf bones, but their leaf bones are parallel to the leaf blade. Leaf thickness also varies from thin to thick fleshy (succulent). Vanda leaves even round like a pistil. The leaves attach to the stem with the position of one strand in each book and face the leaves in the next book or in pairs, ie in each book against the two strands that face each other. C. Rods There is a single orchid stem with the end of the stem growing straight unlimited. Old leaves on the lower trunk will fall. After the leaves fall, the stem looks like dead. This pattern of growth is called monopodial growth. Some types of orchids that have such patterns are Vanda, Arachnis, and Aranda. This stem grows continuously and will stop after reaching the maximum limit. In this sympodial orchid there is a connector called rhizoma or stem. From this rhizoma new shoots will emerge, for example in the Cattleya orchid. In Cattleya, between rhizomes and leaves there is a kind of tuber called pseudobulb.

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D. Root Epiphytic orchid roots are generally soft and break easily. The tip is tapered, slippery, and slightly sticky, the orchid root has a layer of velamen that is hollow and underneath is a layer containing chlorophyll. Valemen layer is used to absorb water and protect the inside of the roots. In monopodial orchids, roots come out of the stem segments, these roots are called aerial roots. Changes to the Latin name of the orchid species, but the abbreviation for the name of the inventor remains officially listed or used. The classification system according to Dressler (1981, 1993) and Christenhusz & Byng (2016) as follows: Division: Spermatophyta Subdivision: Angiosperms Class: Monocotyledoneae Order: Microsperms Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae, Neottioideae, Orchidaceae.

3.2. Distribution Based on the type of growth, orchids are divided into two groups namely monopodial and sympodial types. Monopodial type has unlimited stem growth, flower stalks come out between two leaf underarms. Examples of monopodial types are Vanda sp. The sympodial type has limited stem growth (pseudobuld), flower stems coming out at the end of the stem (for example Dendrobium sp, and Cattleya sp), or from the sides or sides of mature pseudo tubers. Based on where orchids grow there are 3 kinds, namely: a. Epiphyte orchids, these orchids grow in a ride on the trunk, tree branches, or other materials without harming the host plant. Because they are accustomed to being under shade, these orchids cannot stand being exposed to scorching sun and require a certain percentage of shade, depending on the type. b. Terrestrial orchids, orchids that grow above the surface of the land. Some need full sun and some need a little shade. Orchids that require direct or full sunlight (100%) such as Arachnis, Renanthera, Aranthera, and Vanda teres (leafy pencils) such as Vanda teres and Vanda hookerina. c. Saprophyte orchids, saprophytic orchids usually grow in bushes containing humus or dried leaves that have become organic compounds. Saprophyte orchids generally require shade, for example Arundina, Goodyera, Haemaria, Macodes, Spathoglottis, Calanthe, and Phaius. Orchid species are more numerous than other flowering plant families. Plant experts from 25,000 species spread throughout the world. However, due to habitat destruction, many orchid species have become extinct before they were identified. Spread almost on all continents, except Antarctica, orchids can be found growing naturally in dark forests, on open mountain slopes, on rock surfaces, even on the edge of a desert. The very different habitat conditions make the appearance of natural orchids vary greatly in shape, type, and size. The following is the division of orchids based on growing patterns, growing media, and the temperature of their place of life.

3.3. The benefits Natural orchids or forest orchids are usually known as wild orchids. These external orchids grow naturally in places that are not maintained by humans (Mangkoedihardjo and April,

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2012). This wild orchid plays an important role as the parent of a cross. Orchid plants have been known by the community for a long time. One type of orchid that is beneficial for health is terrestrial orchids. Benefits of soil orchids for health (Lestari, Santoso, 2011). The main benefits of orchids are as ornamental plants because orchids have a beautiful shape and color. In addition, orchids are useful as a medicinal herb, a mixture of perfume or hair oil. a. Treat asbestos lung disease b. Inflammation of the respiratory tract c. Intestinal bleeding d. Fish-eye, Herpes e. Dislocated, Sinusitis f. Mucus smells bad

3.4. Cut Orchids Orchid is a plant that is very many types. These types are grouped into hundreds of genera. Of these many genera, orchids can be grouped into two types, namely the Phalaenanthe type and the Ceratobium type. The Phalaenanthe type consists of orchids that have a short figure, butterfly type flowers, round shape, and purple plumpness. While the ceratobium type consists of orchids that grow tall, such as sugar cane; the number of flower buds per panicle is high; petals (sepals) and crowns (petals) form curvature to curly, mostly brown, yellow, pink, and so on. Orchid is a member of the Orchidaceae family with many members. This family has more than 30,000 species and about 800 different genera. Members of the family can be found in almost every place in the world, especially in the tropics from the lowlands to the highlands, even to the border of the snowy mountains. Plant growth of orchids, both vegetative (shoots, leaves, stems, and roots) and generative growth (primordial growth or buds of flowers, fruit, and seeds) are not only determined by climate and maintenance factors.

4. DIVERSITY Diversity of species or species is a measure that states the variation of plant species from a community that is influenced by the number of species and the relative abundance of each species. In the wet tropics it has a high diversity of plant and animal species, because this area has a specific climate and geographical conditions ie there is a dry and rainy season, but the number of individuals is relatively low. Species diversity can be used to express the structure of a community, measuring community stability, namely the ability of a community to keep itself stable even if there is interference with its environment. High diversity shows that a community has a high complexity due to species interactions that occur in high communities. To determine species diversity which also shows a level of stability at a growth rate both at the seedling level, sapling level, pole level, and trees and other forms of vegetation, species diversity index (H '), Evenness Index (e) ), Dominance Index (C) are as follows:

Species Diversity (H ') Species diversity which also shows the level of stability of the level of the species, the formula of species diversity is used. Shannon (1949) in Odum (1996), species diversity can be determined by the formula:

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  H’ =   ) log (  ) Where: H '= Diversity Index ni = Number of Individuals of Each Type N = Number of Individuals of All Types The magnitude of the diversity index will be compared among the growth rates, higher values indicate higher stability.

Evenness Index (e) Individuals that are evenly distributed in the types that are present at a growth rate, then the Equity Index (e) is determined according to Pielou (1966) and Odum (2004) with the following formula:  e =  Where: e = Equity Index H = Index of Species Diversity S = Number of Types A higher evenness index of a growth rate indicates that the distribution of individuals to species will be more evenly distributed.

Dominance Index (C) Individuals are more focused on one or several types of growth rates, so the magnitude of the Dominance Index (C) is used as follows:    2 C =  ) Where: C = Dominance Index ni = Number of Individuals of a Type N = Number of Individuals of All Types

5. CONCLUSION Orchids in the study area that can potentially be used by the community in the Punggualas river area are the leaves of the Aloe Broad-leaf Orchids (Cirrhopetalum biflorum), Onion Orchids (Oncidium ornithorhynchum), Small Leaf Aloes Orchids (Cirrhopetalum lepidum), Onion Orchids (Oncidium ornithorhynchum), Small Leaf Aloes Orchids (Cirrhopetalum lepidum). In-depth research is needed to focus on the determining factors in the maintenance and development of plant diversity.

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