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Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural Features
Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural features ▪ The architecture of Persians was more columnar and that led to vastly different massive architectural features from that of the Mesopotamian era. ▪ The use of flat timber roofs rather than vaults led to more slender columns and were rather more beautiful. This also led to rooms being squarer in shape than simple long rectangle. ▪ The roofing system was also very different, wherein the wooden brackets were covered in clay and provided more stability. The use of a double mud wall might have provided room for windows just below ceiling in structures like Palace of Persepolis. VOCABULARY WORDS ▪ The COLUMN is divided into three parts: ▪ The BASE ▪ The SHAFT- FLUTED ▪ The CAPITAL- Double Animal most with bulls Ancient Susa/Shush The city of SUSA was the Persian capital in succession to Babylon, where there is a building with a citadel complex. There was a good skill set of artisans and laborers available which made the palace complex more of a piece of art than just a building structure. Cedar wood was got from Lebanon and teak from the mountain of Zagros. The baked bricks were still made in the Babylonian method. Ancient Susa/Shush Ancient Persepolis PERSEPOLIS ▪ 518 BCE ▪ King Darius utilized influences and materials from all over his empire, which included Babylon, Egypt, Mesopotamian and Greece Architectural Plan of Ancient Persepolis The Great/Apadana Staircase ▪ King Xerxes (486-465 BC) built the Grand Staircase and the Gate of All Nations. ▪ The Grand Staircase is located on the northeast side of the city and these stairs were carved from massive blocks of stone. -
Composition and Continuity in Sasanian Rock Reliefs
0320-07_Iran_Antiq_43_12_Thompson 09-01-2008 15:04 Pagina 299 Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLIII, 2008 doi: 10.2143/IA.43.0.2024052 COMPOSITION AND CONTINUITY IN SASANIAN ROCK RELIEFS BY Emma THOMPSON (University of Sydney, Australia) Abstract: The cliffs of Iran are adorned with rock reliefs from every period of its long history. During the years that the Sasanian dynasty ruled Iran, artists added to this collection considerably. These monuments are individual capsules of infor- mation on the general political, religious, historical and artistic milieu of the time. This paper presents a method for furthering our understanding of the Sasanian period through an analysis of the composition of each Sasanian relief. The analy- sis is based on the hypothesis that composition will serve as an indicator of artis- tic continuity and change and encode an artistic signature of sorts indicating the artists’ background and training. The initial results suggest that the reliefs of the early Sasanian period reflect the work of artists from at least two schools of art. Keywords: Sasanian, rock reliefs, composition. The kings of the Sasanian dynasty ruled Iran for over four hundred years. During the first eighty-five years of the dynasty (AD 224-309) there were seven changes of crown, many military gains and losses and thirty rock carvings were commissioned to commemorate these events. Most of these were carved in Fars, the homeland of the dynasty: eight were carved in the company of the Achaemenid tombs at Naqsh-i Rustam; six line the way to Shapur’s city at Bishapur; four were carved in the open air grotto at Naqsh- i Radjab; two were carved near Ardashir’s first city at Firuzabad and the rest were carved as single reliefs at various locations across the province of Fars: Barm-i Dilak, Sar Mashhad, Sarab-i Bahram, Guyum, Rayy, Darab- gird, and Tang-i Qandil. -
The Reliefs of Naqš-E Rostam and a Reflection on a Forgotten Relief, Iran
HISTORIA I ŚWIAT, nr 6 (2017) ISSN 2299 - 2464 Morteza KHANIPOOR (University of Tehran, Iran) Hosseinali KAVOSH (University of Zabol, Iran) Reza NASERI (University of Zabol, Iran) The reliefs of Naqš-e Rostam and a reflection on a forgotten relief, Iran Keywords: Naqš-e Rostam, Elamite, Sasanian, Relief Introduction Like other cultural materials, reliefs play their own roles in order to investigate ancient times of Iran as they could offer various religious, political, economic, artistic, cultural and trading information. Ancient artist tried to show beliefs of his community by carving religious representations on the rock. Thus, reliefs are known as useful resource to identify ancient religions and cults. As the results of several visits to Naqš-e Rostam by the author, however, a human relief was paid attention as it is never mentioned in Persian archaeological resources. The relief is highly similar to known Elamite reliefs in Fars and Eastern Khuzistan (Izeh). This paper attempts to compare the relief with many Elamite and Sasanian works and, therefore, the previous attributed date is revisited. Fig.1. Map showing archeological sites, including Naqš-e Rostam, on the Marvdasht Plain (after Schmidt, 1939: VIII ) PhD. student in Archaeology; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Faculty of Arts and Architecture; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology; [email protected] Page | 55 Naqš-e Rostam To the south of Iran and north of Persian Gulf, there was a state known as Pars in ancient times. This state was being occupied by different peoples such as Elamite through time resulted in remaining numerous cultural materials at different areas including Marvdasht plain1 confirming its particular significance. -
Gardens of Mahan and Shiraz
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. , 5(5)96-104, 2015 ISSN: 2090-4274 © 2015, TextRoad Publication Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com Recognition and Reinterpretation of Persian Gardens from Sustainable view Case Studies: Gardens of Mahan and Shiraz Seyed Majid Moidi 2 ,1٭Honey Fadaie 1Ph.D Candidate, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Assisstant Professor, School of Architecture and Urban Studies, University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Received: December 2, 2014 Accepted: March 29, 2015 ABSTRACT Effects of neglecting climatic and sustainable patterns in green urban spaces are intense in arid regions, while sustainability is observed in many elements of traditional Iranian landscape architecture and describe how these methods of design have responded to climate problems over many millennia. For that reason, the analysis of sustainable parameters in traditional landscape of Iran such as, Persian gardens is very important to the present and future of Iranian cities. This paper is a comparative study on the sustainable parameters of two Persian gardens located on the arid central plateau of Iran. The recognition and reinterpretation of Persian garden design can be an appropriate solution for landscape architects to create sustainable green spaces in modern cities. The main objective of this research is to find the parameters and principles of sustainability in Persian garden as sustainable landscape heritage. The selected case studies of this paper are two historical gardens, located in two different microclimatic areas in arid regions of Iran. By analyzing the sustainable and climatic features of the selected case studies, Shazde Garden in Mahan and Eram Garden in Shiraz, this paper identifies ways to create green space for sustainable landscaping in similar climates. -
Sasanian Bas-Reliefs at Tang-E Chogan Under Invasion of Lichens and Fungi
81 I RAN Sasanian Bas-reliefs at Tang-e Chogan under Invasion of Lichens and Fungi At several places near the town of Bishapur, which was founded by Sasanian King Shapur I (241–272) and was situated on the road between Persis and Elam, the King also had the sides of the Bishapur River gorge decorated with huge historical reliefs commemorating his triple triumph over Rome. The six reliefs at Tang-e Chogan show scenes such as Shapur enslaving the Roman Emperor; the King and his courtiers; or rows of registers with files of soldiers and horses, in a deliberate imitation of the narra- tive scenes on the Trajan column in Rome. The critical situation of these bas-reliefs is described in an arti- cle by CAIS (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies): Lichens and vegetation growing in the cavities and cracks of the Sasanian bas-reliefs at Tang-e Chogan, a part of the ruins of the ancient city of Bishapur in southwestern Iran, are gradually Sasanian bas-reliefs at Tang-e Chogan (photo: Pedram Veisi) destroying these irreplaceable antiquities. The lichens and veg- etation are clearly visible on all six bas-reliefs, which are located 19 kilometres north of Kazerun, reported the Persian service of site historical monuments in Fars Province, has made no efforts the Mehr News Agency. One of the bas-reliefs depicts Shapur I, to save the ancient relics from the lichens and vegetation attacks. the Persian King of Kings who consolidated and expanded the The ancient city of Bishapur is also in peril by several other fourth Iranian dynastic empire founded by his father, Ardashir I. -
Iran, Gem of the Middle East
a Iran, Gem of the Middle East Itinerary correct as at Mar 06, 2018 but subject to change. ALL flights to be confirmed. www.bluedottravel.com.au IRAN, GEM OF THE MIDDLE EAST Iranian culture is very old and considered one of the richest in the world. Religion, arts, pottery and weaving have been developed to a high degree. Ancient cultures and settlements have existed on the Iranian Plateau since the fourth millennium BCE. Many great empires came and went. In the 13th century, the Mongols invaded and killed most of the inhabitants and destroyed most of the cities. The following centuries were marked by constant wars with neighbouring states. It wasn’t until 1906 that the nation’s first parliament was established, however a coup led by Reza Khan (Shah) in 1921, toppled the government. In 1925 he replaced the ruling Qajar Dynasty founding his own Pahlavi Dynasty. In 1941 the Shah was exiled and replaced with his son Mohammad Reza Shah. The Pahlavi’s are credited with the development of Iran’s modern industry, transport and education system. They did however, with their autocratic rule, manage to alienate many of their countrymen including the religious leaders. Eventually, the Ayatollah Khomeini’s revolution toppled the Pahlavi Dynasty in 1979. Formerly Persia until 1939, the country is now officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is a mountainous and generally arid country with the interior containing a vast salt wasteland. Much of the terrain is unpassable and as such, is yet to be explored. Its population is diverse and consists of many ethnic and religious backgrounds. -
19 Mar 22 / Fri, 01 Apr 22 NOK 21 929 På Forespørsel Ledig
Tel : +47 22413030 | Epost :[email protected]| Web :www.reisebazaar.no Karl Johans gt. 23, 0159 Oslo, Norway Iran Adventure Turkode Destinasjoner Turen starter HPSN Iran Tehran Turen destinasjon Reisen er levert av 14 dager Tehran Fra : NOK Oversikt Conservative and unconventional, deeply religious and deeply surprising, Iran doesn’t fit into any easy pigeonhole. Spend two weeks following the ancient Silk Road through this under-touristed country to discover refined Islamic cities, colourful bazaars, ancient ruins, fascinating nomadic cultures and shimmering deserts. Whether you're relaxing in a teahouse in Tehran, enjoying guided tours of ancient cultural sites, or breaking bread with locals on the harsh Iranian plateau, the warmth and hospitality of the Iranian people is endearing, and the profound beauty of their land is mesmerising. Reiserute Tehran Welcome to Tehran! Iran's capital is exciting, noisy and chaotic. Home to 15 million people, Tehran is the country's beating heart and where its true national identity is found. Spending time in Tehran will not only transfer back in time through some 200 years of history with magnificent palaces and well curated museums, it will give you a glimpse of a modern and changing Iran, moving into the 21st century Expect to see contemporary cafes competing for space with traditional tea houses, this city is the dynamic and the dynamic chaotic Iran. On arrival at Tehran International Airport and transferred to your hotel. There will be a welcome meeting at 6 pm today. After the meeting, head out to get your bearings on an orientation walk with your leader maybe head out for dinner and get to know your fellow travel buddies and your Leader and sample Iranian cuisine, Yazd Discover Tehran on a walking tour with your local leader. -
The Behistun Inscription and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Phasis 15-16, 2012-2013 Δημήτριος Μαντζίλας (Θράκη) The Behistun Inscription and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti Intertextuality between Greek and Latin texts is well known and – in recent decades – has been well studied. It seems though that common elements also appear in earlier texts, from other, mostly oriental countries, such as Egypt, Persia or Israel. In this article we intend to demonstrate the case of a Persian and a Latin text, in order to support the hypothesis of a common Indo-European literature (in addition to an Indo-European mythology and language). The Behistun Inscription,1 whose name comes from the anglicized version of Bistun or Bisutun (Bagastana in Old Persian), meaning “the place or land of gods”, is a multi-lingual inscription (being thus an equivalent of the Rosetta stone) written in three different cuneiform script extinct languages: Old Persian, Elamite (Susian), and Babylonian (Accadian).2 A fourth version is an Aramaic translation found on the 1 For the text see Adkins L., Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon, New York 2003; Rawlinson H. C., Archaeologia, 1853, vol. xxxiv, 74; Campbell Thompson R., The Rock of Behistun, In Sir J. A. Hammerton (ed.), Wonders of the Past, New York 1937, II, 760–767; Cameron G. G., Darius Carved History on Ageless Rock, National Geographic Magazine, 98 (6), December 1950, 825– 844; Rubio G., Writing in Another Tongue: Alloglottography in the Ancient Near East, in: S. Sanders (ed.), Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures, Chicago 2007², 33–70 (= OIS, 2); Hinz W., Die Behistan-Inschrift des Darius, AMI, 7, 1974, 121-134 (translation). -
Secrets of Persia
t: 01392 660056 e: [email protected] Iran Secrets of Persia Iran’s ancient Muslim culture has for many years seemed inaccessible to westerners. This is changing, so be quick to take the opportunity to show students a country of dramatic contrasts and be welcomed by a people who have reinvented what hospitality means! Blessed with scenery ranging from snow-clad mountains to vast, inhospitable deserts, this comprehensive tour uncovers the treasures of Persia, providing a fascinating insight for students learning about religion, history and archaeology. politics and history. Journey through Islamic centres at Yazd, Shiraz and Isfahan and visit the legendary ruins at Persepolis; this fascinating, and relatively undiscovered, country will never fail to impress and inspire. Recommended itinerary: Culture shock rating: Day 1: Arrival – Shiraz Physical rating: On arrival in Shiraz, we will be welcomed at the airport by an STC representative and transferred to our hotel. Day 2: Shiraz Sightseeing We will start our adventure in Iran with a full day of sightseeing in Shiraz, Irans cultural capital and a Pearl of Persia. Regarded as one of the oldest cities of ancient Persia, it has been a regional trade centre for over a thousand years, and conjours visions of tranquil gardens, lavish palaces, poets, philosophers and artist. We will make a visit to Vakil – a mosque built between 1751 and 1773 during the Zand period but later restored in the 19th century during the Qajar period. Later, we will visit Nasir-ol-molk, a stunning mosque displaying other traditional elements such as the Panj Kāse ("five concaved") design. -
Iran in Depth
IRAN IN DEPTH In conjunction with the Near East Archaeological Foundation, Sydney University APRIL 25 – MAY 17, 2017 TOUR LEADER: BEN CHURCHER Iran in depth Overview The Persian Empire, based within modern Iran’s borders, was a significant Tour dates: April 25 – May 17, 2017 force in the ancient world, when it competed and interacted with both Greece and Rome and was the last step on the Silk Road before it Tour leader: Ben Churcher reached Europe and one of the first steps of Islam outside Arabia. In its heyday, Iran boasted lavish architecture that inspired Tamerlane’s Tour Price: $11,889 per person, twin share Samarqand and the Taj Mahal, and its poets inspired generations of Iranians and foreigners, while its famed gardens were a kind of earthly Single Supplement: $1,785 for sole use of paradise. In recent times Iran has slowly re-established itself as a leading double room nation of the Middle East. Booking deposit: $500 per person Over 23 days we travel through the spring-time mountain and desert landscapes of Iran and visit some of the most remarkable monuments in Recommended airline: Emirates the ancient and Islamic worlds. We explore Achaemenid palaces and royal tombs, mysterious Sassanian fire temples, enchanting mud-brick cities on Maximum places: 20 the desert fringes, and fabled Persian cities with their enchanting gardens, caravanserais, bazaars, and stunning cobalt-blue mosques. Perhaps more Itinerary: Tehran (3 nights), Astara (1 night), importantly, however, we encounter the unsurpassed friendliness and Tabriz (3 nights), Zanjan (2 nights), Shiraz (5 hospitality of the Iranian people which leave most travellers longing to nights), Yazd (3 nights), Isfahan (4 Nights), return. -
Kerman Province
In TheGod Name of Kerman Ganjali khan water reservoir / Contents: Subject page Kerman Province/11 Mount Hezar / 11 Mount joopar/11 Kerman city / 11 Ganjalikhan square / 11 Ganjalikhan bazaar/11 Ganjalikhan public bath /12 Ganjalikhan Mint house/12 Ganjalikhan School/12 Ganjalikhan Mosque /13 Ganjalikhan Cross market place /13 Alimardan Khan water reservoir /13 Ibrahimkhan complex/ 13 Ibrahimkhan Bazaar/14 Ibrahimkhan School /14 Ibrahimkhan bath/14 Vakil Complex/14 Vakil public bath / 14 Vakil Bazaar / 16 Vakil Caravansary / 16 Hajagha Ali complex / 16 Hajagha Ali mosque / 17 Hajagha Ali bazaar / 17 Hajagha Ali reservoir / 17 Bazaar Complex / 17 Arg- Square bazaar / 18 Kerman Throughout bazaar / 18 North Copper Smithing bazaar / 18 Arg bazaar / 18 West coppersmithing bazaar / 18 Ekhteyari bazaar / 18 Mozaffari bazaar / 19 Indian Caravansary / 19 Golshan house / 19 Mozaffari grand mosque / 19 Imam mosque / 20 Moshtaghieh / 20 Green Dome / 20 Jebalieh Dome / 21 Shah Namatollah threshold / 21 Khaje Etabak tomb / 23 Imam zadeh shahzadeh Hossien tomb / 23 Imam zadeh shahzadeh Mohammad / 23 Qaleh Dokhtar / 23 Kerman fire temple / 24 Moaidi Ice house / 24 Kerman national library / 25 Gholibig throne palace / 25 Fathabad Garden / 25 Shotor Galoo / 25 Shah zadeh garden / 26 Harandi garden / 26 Arg-e Rayen / 26 Ganjalikhan anthropology museum / 27 Coin museum / 27 Harandi museum garden / 27 Sanatti museum / 28 Zoroasterian museum / 28 Shahid Bahonar museum / 28 Holy defense museum / 28 Jebalieh museum / 29 Shah Namatollah dome museum / 29 Ghaem wooden -
Passage Through Persia October 2012
CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION TO OUR TOUR MAP OF IRAN DAY BY DAY SUMMARY OF YOUR TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS QUOTATION WHY TRAVEL WITH US YOUR ITINERARY IN DETAIL ACCOMMODATION INFORMATION GENERAL INFORMATION AITO QUALITY CHARTER PASSAGE THROUGH PERSIA OCTOBER 2012 New Mill, our offices in the Windrush Valley on the edge of the Cotswolds We are proud to have received a number of awards over recent years. We have been the Daily Telegraph Ultra Travel Best Small Tour Operator winner and runner-up in the last three years and, similarly, have been the winner or runner-up of the Guardian and Observer’s Best Small Tour Operator award for the past five years as well as featuring in Wanderlust magazine’s Top Tour Operators for the past nine years. The readers of Condé Nast Traveller magazine have also voted us their Favourite Specialist Tour Operator and we were included in the Sunday Times Travel Magazine’s 2011 Value for Money Awards. These awards are widely recognised as being the most respected in the travel industry as they are professional surveys of the publications’ readerships. With over 500 tour operators for you to choose from in the UK alone, we hope you find these awards are an additional reassurance of the quality of service you can expect from Audley. *** PASSAGE THROUGH PERSIA OCTOBER 2012 AN INTRODUCTION TO OUR IRAN TOUR This vast and varied country of 70 million souls encompasses perhaps the broadest cultural range of any country in the Middle East, with one foot in Central Asia, one in the Persian Gulf and strong ties with Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan.