World Bank Document

H*;,,.~~~~~~~,Is ~~ ' 9.i Public Disclosure Authorized 4j~4 ~ '~4'~4~t . ~. '9 4 V1,~~~~~~~~~~', 9. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized - w Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Republicof the Philippines LocalWater Utilities Administration SEWERAGEAND SANITATION PROJECT WATERDISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT o . WORLDBANK ENVIRONMENTAL 1 X ~LUZON ASSESSMENT REPORT CALAMBA,LAGUNA / t ASAKAS X9YA MINDANAO 0go~~~~~ August1997 ______~~~~---------------- 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 12 Chapter 2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT - CALAMBA, LAGUNA 16 Section I Existing Environment 16 Section II Environmental Pollution 18 Chapter 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTsIONAND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 24 Section I Project Rationale and Objectives 24 Section H Sanitation 25 Section III Overall Sewerage Scheme 27 Section rV Recommended Project Design for Calamba, Laguna 40 Section V No Project Scenario 43 Chapter 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 46 Section I Beneficial Impacts of the Project 46 Section II Project Implementation Impacts 48 Section IH Summary 50 Chapter 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 51 Section I Mitigation Plan 51 Section II Monitoring Plan 53 Section III Implementing Arrangements 54 Appendices 1. Bibliography 2. Cimatological Normals (1961-1995) 3 Typical Noise Emissions of Construction Equipment 4. Expected Noise Levels at Various Distances from Construction Equipment 5. Environmental Quality Standards For Noise Maximum Allowable Noise lIevels 6. The Advanced Integrated Pond Svstem iA[PS) of Wastewater Treatment I:I7vIHflhtflenrai- I.'lxse.xvnielt tepnpt. ( 'alam7n a. ,'1tlv 1 4 I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction In the Philippines,the typical urban area/built-uparea is characterizedby a heavy concentration of activities,both commercialand industrial It is also the area where the di isity of population is at its highest. These areas are also the sites where the production and co.surnption of raw and processed materials could be found. Consequentlythe, pressure on the fifesupport systems in these areas are far higherthan the suburbanand rural areas. Adverse environmental conditions such as the generation and similarlythe dischargeof wastes into the environmentis common in urban and built-up areas. Unfortumately,the amount, type and concentrationof waste generated exceed the capacityof the local environmentto absorb and assimilatethem The carrying capacityof the life support svstemsare stretchedto the hmits. The urgency of establishingcollection and treatment mietlhodsto prevent adverse imtpactsto the health and wefl-beingof the residents, and to the ecologicalsystems which sustainthem cannot be ignored and overstated. Most urban centers in the Philippines rely on individual septic tank systems for the treatment and disposal of wastewater from domestic and commercial buildings. However, the designs for such systems is often inadequate. Facilities for land disposal of effluents from the septic tanks are generally absent. Hence, the partially treated septic tank effluents flow directly into storm drainage systems and other receiving bodies of water, thereby exacerbating an already grave pollution situation. There are several possible options for addressing this problem, including improving the design of the septic tank system with the installation of soil absorption systems. But an environmentallysound alternative that is cost-effective and captures economies of scale is to connect individual properties directly to a sewerage system for the collection, treatment and disposal of the urban wastes. The provision of a cost-effectivecentralized wastewater collection,treatment, and disposalis the primary objectiveof the proposed Water Districts Development Project. The proposed project will assist the local govemment units (LGUs) of Dagupan City, Calamba(Laguna), Cagayan de Oro City. Davao City and Cotabato City, in finding solutionsto the problem of sanitation. Financingassistance will be partly providedby the World Bank (WB) which shall be conduitedthrough the Land Bank of the Philippines(LBP). Over-all administrationwill be exercisedby LBP's Project ManagementOffice (PMO) with technical support provided by the Central Sewerage and Sanitation Program Support Office(CPSO) of the Local Water Utilities Administration(LWUA). /~/171'1r(,1lf7C',)IaI I. L'%"EfJ7f ILRpfrI ( ala ihn. /.'unu Better sanitary conditions will thus be achieved in the areas served by the sewerage, drainage and sanitation systems. This will reduce water-borne pollution and water-logging within the cities and in the surrounding water bodies, thereby bringing health benefits to local populations. The construction of the systems will protect shallow groundwater aquifers from contamination. Environmental Assessment Requirements This EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport for Calambahas been prepared in accordance with the Presidential Decree No. 1586 otherwiseknown as the EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentLaw and Departmenitof Enivironmentanid Natural Resources (DENR)Revise -' Administrative Order Nos. 36, the Revised Water Usage and Classification/WaterQualit Criteriaand Revised Effluent Regulationsof 1990 respectively;and WorldBank's OperationalDirective 4.01 on EnvirontmlenitalAssessment. The revised Administrative Order 36 for Environmental Impact Statement System issued in 1996 is comprehensive and is compatible vith the World Bank's Operational Directive 4.01. It outlines the procedure to be followed by environmental critical projects (ECPs) and projects to be located in environmental critical areas (ECAs), in preparing environmental impacts statement (EISs)'. ECP and ECA are defined in the AO. It should also be noted that that local ordinancesand regulations governingprojects of suchnature have been taken into considerationin preparingthis report. SimilarEIA reports are being prepared for the other 4 cities. This report has been prepared by a team of local consultantsunder the aegis of the LWUA and the CalambaGovernment. Much of the work relatingto the environmentalimpact analysiswas undertaken as part of the feasibilitystudy done by C. Lotti and Associati. Consultationwith the communityis an on-going process. The sanitationcomponent of the project wil be executedin a participatorymanner, and detailed guidelineshave been spelledout. Selection of Priority Cities T'he choice of the first batch of Philippine cities for sewerage investments was made after an initial screening at the national level of urban areas facing the most serious problem of pollution by untreated wastes. Of the five cities, Davao and Cagayan de Oro represent the largest class of provincial cities with current population estimates in the range of a million and half a million respectively. There are several major population concentrations in the city - each being a source of sewage contamination for nearby surface and ground water. However, the largest volume of sewage is generated by the largest consumers of piped water supply; in the Central Business District or Poblacion area. Untreated wastewater from this area has polluted low-lyiig coastal areas. and basically converted the principal rivers into open sewers. The scale of the pollutioll problem can be appreciated by the fact that about 90 per cent of the daily water supply of 140,000 cubic meters in Davao city and 76.000 cubic meters in Cagayan de Oro is being discharged as untreated or undertreated This is tihe term used by DENR and refers to the standard Environmental Assessment Report required by the World bank as per OD 4.01 1Fnvironn71uW0al. Ise.vsrnent Report: (Calamna. L.c?gfla wastewater. Outside the Poblacion areas, there are pockets of population concentrations polluting nearby streams, creeks and drainage channels. In the other three cities of medium size (Cotabato City, Calamba and Dagupan City), current population estimates are close to 200,000. While the scale of urban pollution problems are not comparable with Davao and Cagayan de Oro, these cities are located close to environmentallysensitive wetlands and water bodies. In Cotabato City, the urban area is actually below the mean sea leveL exposing inhabitants to frequent flooding and waterlogging during the monsoon months. Calamba is located on the shores of Laguna Lake, which has experienced a rapid deterioration in water quality over the last two decades. Dagupan city is close to a large estuarine zone with ecologically sensit 'e wetlands and fishponds. In each of these cities, Mayors and city officials have rc..ognized for some time that unless their complex environmental problems are tackled through a strategic plan of handling waste disposaL sustainability of urban growth could be seriously affected. Overall Project Approach The proposed project follows a demand-based approach in the sense that facilities will be constructed only if they conform with the preferences of local stakeholders, and services conform to their respective willingnessto pay. The stakeholders represent the different tiers of organizations from the City/MunicipalCouncil and Barangay (part of the formal LGU system), to the more informal purok, neighborhood and household levels. During project preparation, the idea of involving communities in the planning process was field- tested in three barangays of Davao city. and found to be quite successful. The basic decision-making process is as follows: For the capital-intensive trunk system, consisting of the main transportation sewers, primary drains and wastewater treatment facilities, the project design

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