Initial Environmental Examination

June 2021

Philippines: Metro Bridges Project

Prepared by the Department of Public Works and Highways for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 11 May 2021)

Currency unit – peso/s (₽) ₽1.00 = $0.02 $1.00 = ₽47.89

ABBREVIATIONS

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

PHI: Bridges Project 3 Priority Bridges, Initial Environmental Examination

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 10

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 18

A. RATIONALE ...... 18

B. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ...... 20

C. PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY...... 20

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 23

A. LOCATION AND GENERAL FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 23

B. PROJECTED TRAFFIC ...... 27

C. COMPONENTS OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGES...... 28

D. SCOPE OF CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER WORKS ...... 34

E. CONSTRUCTION METHOD ...... 36

F. TEMPORARY YARD FOR CONSTRUCTION ...... 36

G. COST OF THE PROJECT AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 38

III. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 42

A. Relevant International Environmental Agreements...... 42 B. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements ...... 43 C. DPWH Codes, Manuals and Guidelines for Bridges Construction Project ...... 48 D. ADB’s Safeguard Requirements...... 49 E. Key Institutions Involved in the Implementation of Environmental Safeguards ...... 50

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 52

A. Physical Environment ...... 52 B. Biological Environment...... 82 C. Socio-economic Environment ...... 88

V. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATING MEASURES ...... 91

A. ITEMIZED CONSTRUCTION METHOD ...... 91

B. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ...... 94

C. AIR QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 109

D. NOISE ASSESSMENT ...... 119

E. VIBRATION IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 147

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VI. CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR MARIKINA BRIDGES ...... 151

A. Historical and Projected Climate Change ...... 152 B. Projected Climate Change in the Study Area ...... 158 C. Existing Climate Change Hazards ...... 160 D. Climate Risk and Vulnerability Level ...... 165 E. Climate Adjustments for the Detailed Flood Design ...... 167 F. Review of Sea Level Rise Impact due to Climate change ...... 179 G. Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...... 179

VII. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 182

VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 194

IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 196

A. Environmental Management Plan ...... 196 B. Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 197 C. Organizational Set-up...... 211

X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 219

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the Proposed Marikina Bridges ...... 24 Figure 2: Marcos Highway – St. Mary Bridge Alignment ...... 25 Figure 3 J.P. -Lopez Jaena Bridge Alignment ...... 26 Figure 4: Kabayani-Katipunan Extension Bridge ...... 27 Figure 5. Plan and Profile of Bridge 1 ...... 29 Figure 6 . Plan and Profile of Bridge No.2 ...... 30 Figure 7. Horizontal Alignment Plan Bridge 3 ...... 32 Figure 8. Plan and Profile of Bridge No.3 ...... 32 Figure 9. Bridge 1 Possible Construction Sites ...... 37 Figure 10. Bridge 2 Possible Construction Sites ...... 37 Figure 11. Bridge 3 Possible Construction Sites ...... 38 Figure 12. Topography of the Project Sites ...... 53 Figure 13. Geologic Map of Basin ...... 54 Figure 14. Topographic Map of Marikina River Basin ...... 55 Figure 15. Pedology Map of Marikina River Basin ...... 56 Figure 16. Bridges 1 and 2: Relative to VFS, PHIVOLCS Fault Finder ...... 57 Figure 17. Location of West Valley Fault, PHIVOLCS Fault Finder ...... 58 Figure 18. Ground Shaking Hazard for Metro Manila ...... 59 Figure 19. Liquefaction Hazard Map of Marikina ...... 61 Figure 20. -Marikina River Basin ...... 62 Figure 21. Marikina River Basin ...... 63 Figure 22. Location of groundwater wells in Marikina ...... 65 Figure 23: Flooding Susceptibility Map of the Project Area...... 66 Figure 24. Landslide (Rain) Susceptibility Map of Metro Manila ...... 67 Page 3 of 220

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Figure 25. Flood Susceptibility Map of Metro Manila ...... 68 Figure 26: Design Flood Allocation (100yr Design Flood) ...... 69 Figure 27. Modified Coronas Classification of Climate of the ...... 70 Figure 28. Windrose Diagram, NAIA Station ...... 71 Figure 29 Bridge 1 Sampling Sites ...... 74 Figure 30 Bridge 2, Sampling Sites ...... 74 Figure 31. Bridge 3, Sampling Sites ...... 75 Figure 32: Key Biodiversity Areas Within a 50-kilometer Radius from the Project Site ...... 88 Figure 33 - 24-hr PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 during construction ...... 111 Figure 34 1-HR PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 during construction (no mitigation) ...... 111 Figure 35 1-HR PM10 average concentration for Bridge 2 during construction (without mitigation) ...... 113 Figure 36 1-HR PM10 modelling results for Bridge 3 during construction (without mitigation) . 114 Figure 37 Dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 using 2025 traffic projection...... 116 Figure 38 Dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 (2034 traffic projection) ...... 117 Figure 39 PM10 Dispersion Modelling results for Bridge 2 using 2025 traffic data ...... 118 Figure 40 24-hr PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 3 using 2025 (purple), 2034 (dark blue), and 2044 (light blue) traffic data ...... 119 Figure 41. US FTA Noise Impact Assessment Screening Procedure ...... 122 Figure 42. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2025 ...... 129 Figure 43. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2025...... 130 Figure 44. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2034 ...... 131 Figure 45. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2034...... 132 Figure 46. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2044 ...... 133 Figure 47. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2044...... 134 Figure 48. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2025 ...... 135 Figure 49. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2025...... 136 Figure 50. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2034 ...... 137 Figure 51. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2034...... 138 Figure 52. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2044 ...... 139 Figure 53. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2044...... 140 Figure 54. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2025 ...... 141 Figure 55. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2025...... 142 Figure 56. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2034 ...... 143 Figure 57. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2034...... 144 Figure 58. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2044 ...... 145 Figure 59. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2044...... 146 Figure 60 Typical Levels of Ground-Borne Vibration (source FTA, 2018) ...... 148 Figure 61. Vibration Screening ...... 149 Figure 62 Tropical cyclone trend ...... 154 Figure 2 Projected changes in tropical cyclones affecting the Philippines by the mid-21st century assuming high emission scenario (RCP8.5)...... 155 Figure 3 Sea level changes in the Philippines region from 1993-2015 ...... 156 Figure 4 Sea level rise in selected areas (in mm) above the Revised Local Reference (RLR) level (7,000 mm)...... 157 Figure 5 Projected changes in sea level ...... 158 Figure 6 Climate change projections in study area ...... 159 Figure 7 Assessment results around Bridge 1 for seismic hazard, volcanic hazard and hydro- meteorological hazard ...... 161 Figure 8 Assessment results around Bridge 2 for seismic hazard, volcanic hazard and hydro- meteorological hazard ...... 161 Figure 9: Assessment results around Bridge 3 for seismic hazard, volcanic hazard and hydro-

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meteorological hazard ...... 162 Figure 10: Flood susceptibility around Bridge 1 ...... 162 Figure 11: Flood susceptibility around Bridge 2 ...... 163 Figure 12 Flood susceptibility around Bridge 3 ...... 163 Figure 13 Flood Hazard around project area (NOAH) ...... 164 Figure 14 Cumulative Rainfall and Track of TY Ulysses (VAMCO) ...... 165 Figure 15: Design Flood Discharge Allocation (100yr Design Flood, DPWH2015 FS)...... 167 Figure 16 KNMI Climate Change Atlas Screen shot ...... 169 Figure 17 Analysis Results for period 2025~2044 ...... 170 Figure 18 Analysis Results for period 2025~2074 ...... 170 Figure 19: Calculated Increasing Amount for Rainfall for the Period 2025-2074 at 97.5 Percentile ...... 171 Figure 20: Calculated Increasing Amount for Rainfall for the Period 2025-2074 at 90 Percentile ...... 171 Figure 21: Regression Curve between Probable Rainfall-Flood Discharge ...... 172 Figure 22: Hydraulic Parameters for HECRAS Modeling ...... 173 Figure 23: Graphic View for Bridge No.1 ...... 175 Figure 24: Graphic View for Bridge No.2 ...... 176 Figure 25:Graphic View for Bridge No.3 ...... 176 Figure 26 The Impact Section by Sea Level Rise ...... 179 Figure 87. Flowchart Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 195 Figure 88: Institutional Arrangement for EMP Implementation...... 214

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Locations of the Project Bridges ...... 23 Table 2: Projected Traffic for Each Bridge , 2025-2044 in vehicles per day ...... 27 Table 3: Bridge Components ...... 28 Table 4 : Bridge 1 Status (Preliminary Design, Feb, 2021) ...... 30 Table 5: Bridge 2 Status (Preliminary Design, Feb, 2021) ...... 31 Table 6: Bridge 3 Preliminary Design (Feb, 2021) ...... 33 Table 7. Bridge No. 1 Construction Schedule ...... 39 Table 8. Bridge No. 2 Construction Schedule ...... 40 Table 9. Bridge No. 3 Construction Schedule ...... 41 Table 10. Summary of Environment-Related Legislation Applicable to the Proposed Project ... 44 Table 11: Applicable DPWH Codes, Manuals and Guidelines ...... 49 3 Table 12: TSP and PM10 Annual Mean Value in Marikina, µg/Nm (2010-2018) ...... 72 Table 13: Ambient Air Concentrations of PM10, SO2, & NO2 (µg/Ncm) 2019 study ...... 73 Table 14. Ambient Air Concentrations of CO (ppm) 2019 study ...... 73 3 Table 15. Ambient Air Concentrations of PM10, SO2, & NO2 (µg/Nm ) ...... 75 Table 16. Ambient Air Concentrations (2021) of CO (ppm) ...... 76 Table 17: Secondary Data of Ambient Noise in Marikina, dBA ...... 76 Table 18: Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Results 2019, dBA ...... 77 Table 19. IFC Noise Level Guidelines ...... 77 Table 20. Ambient Average Noise Levels (dbA)...... 78 Table 21. Vibration Monitoring Results ...... 78 Table 22: Water Quality Guidelines for Class C Freshwater ...... 80 Table 23: Secondary Water Quality Data of Marikina River (2012-2014) ...... 81 Table 24. Water Quality Monitoring Results ...... 82 Table 25: Identified Phytoplankton Species in Marikina River ...... 83 Table 26: Identified Phytoplankton Species in Marikina River ...... 84 Page 5 of 220

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project 3 Priority Bridges, Marikina Initial Environmental Examination

Table 27: List of Protected Areas Within the 50-km Radius of the Project Area ...... 85 Table 28: Population of Marikina City, 2015 ...... 88 Table 29: Demographic Profile of Marikina City, 2015 ...... 89 Table 30: Marikina City Land Use, 2013 ...... 89 Table 31: Itemized Construction Activity for the Metro Manila Bridges Project ...... 91 Table 32 Summary of VECs for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marikina Bridges . 94 Table 33 Definition of Levels of Intensity, Duration and Geographical Scope of Impacts ...... 95 Table 34 Multi-criteria Analysis to Determine the Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 96 Table 35 Matrix Showing the Relationship between VECs and Project Components and Activities for Marikina Bridges ...... 97 Table 36 Analysis of Environmental Impacts ...... 98 Table 37. Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas (NPCC 1980) ...... 120 Table 38. Inventory of Sensitive Receivers Along the Project Bridges ...... 123 Table 39. St. Mary-Marcos Highway Bridge Summary of Operational Noise Impact Assessment ...... 126 Table 40. J.P. Rizal-Lopez Jaena Bridge Summary of Operational Noise Assessment ...... 127 Table 41. Kabayani-Katipunan Ave, Extension Summary of Operational Noise Assessment. 128 Table 42 Construction Equipment Noise Emission Levels ...... 146 Table 43 Noise Level for Piling Operation ...... 147 Table 44 Vibration Levels due to Construction Equipment and Traffic at 30 m (99 ft)...... 150 Table 45 Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (in mm) in the mid-21st century (2036-2065) for Metro Manila ...... 153 Table 46 Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (in oC) in the mid-21st century (2036- 2065) for Metro Manila...... 153 Table 3: Results of HazardHunterPH Hazard Screening for the Project Area ...... 160 Table 4: Design discharge of 100-year frequencies considering climate change ...... 174 Table 5 Flood Level Results for Bridge 1 (Unit :m)...... 175 Table 6 Flood Level Results for Bridge 2 (Unit :m)...... 175 Table 7 Flood Level Results for Bridge 3 (Unit :m)...... 175 Table 8: Increase in Bridge Pier Height and Corresponding Costs ...... 177 Table 9 Climate Change Adaptation Cost for the 3 Bridges...... 178 Table 10 Estimated Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) ...... 180 Table 11 Estimated GHG emissions...... 181 Table 52 Stakeholder Identification and Engagement Plan for Environment ...... 183 Table 53 Summary of Issues Raised during IECs for City Government Officials ...... 186 Table 54 . Summary of Consultations with Officials...... 186 Table 55 Stakeholder Consultation Meeting with Affected Persons ...... 189 Table 56. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation with Key Government Agencies and Academe ...... 191 Table 57 Environmental Management Plan ...... 198 Table 58. Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 208 Table 59 Preliminary EMP Budget for Bridge 1 ...... 215 Table 60 Preliminary EMP Budget for Bridge 2 ...... 216 Table 61 Preliminary EMP Budget for Bridge 3 ...... 218

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Metro Manila Bridges Project (the Project) will finance the construction of 3 bridges crossing Marikina River as part of the government’s effort to solve the increasingly severe traffic problem of Metro Manila, the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines. The Project includes a component to strengthen the capacity of the executing agency in planning, design, management, and operation and maintenance (O&M) of bridges and crossing structures using a holistic approach, including by factoring climate change and disaster risk considerations. This initial environmental examination (IEE) report evaluates and avoids or mitigates the environmental impacts from the bridge construction and operation component.1 2. One of the major factors contributing to the inefficiency of Metro Manila’s road network is the inadequate capacity of the existing 30 bridges crossing its major waterways, namely , Marikina River and . These bridges currently accommodate 1.3 million vehicles per day. The traffic survey conducted by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) during December 2016-January 2017, shows that (i) the overall level of service of the bridges crossing Pasig River is “F”, which means “forced or flow breakdown,” and (ii) the overall level of service of the bridges crossing Marikina River and Manggahan Floodway is “E”, which means “operation at or near capacity and an unstable level”. It is critical that additional crossing structures are built over these waterways to decongest the existing bridges, hence mitigating the risk of overloading them. This will help extend the life of existing bridges and reduce their maintenance cost. 3. Consistent with the government’s Roadmap for Transport Development for Metro Manila and Its Surrounding Areas’ aim to alleviate the traffic congestion in Metro Manila due to constrained capacity of the existing bridges, the Project will construct 3 bridges all crossing the Marikina River to increase the capacity of the road network in the project area and as adaption measure to make them more resilient to natural disasters such as flooding and the adverse impacts of global warming. The Project bridges are: Marcos Highway-St. Mary Bridge, J.P. Rizal- Lopez Jaena Bridge, and Kabayani Road - Katipunan Extension Bridge (Project). These bridges are part of the 12 bridges included in the feasibility study financed by Japan International Cooperation Agency 2 (JICA) under the Philippine government’s Metro Manila Logistics Improvement Project.3 4. The MM3PB Project has been categorized as “B” for environment as per ADB SPS 2009, and accordingly, the IEE is a requirement for Category B projects. This IEE report conforms to the provisions of the ADB Environment Safeguards Sourcebook and the Safeguards Policy Statement 2009 of ADB. The executing agency of the proposed project is the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). 5. The location of the proposed three bridges is in Marikina City, Metro Manila and illustrated

1 Taken from L5218 Concept Paper https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52181/52181-001-cp- en.pdf 2 JICA. 2009. Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project. Manila. 3 The DPWH has originally identified the construction of thirteen (13) new bridges crossing the Pasig-Marikina River and the Manggahan Floodway. This was later reduced to 12 bridges after site investigations and consultations with the concerned local government units (LGUs). Page 10 of 220

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in Figure 1. Bridge No. 1 (Marcos Highway – St. Mary Bridge) is at 14o 37’ 33.79” North and 121o 5’ 37.48” East. The Marcos Highway side is in Barangay Calumpang near SM Marikina while the St Mary Avenue side is in Provident Village in Barangay Dela Peña. Bridge No. 2 (J.P. Rizal- Lopez Jaena Bridge) is between 121⁰05’39.27” longitude, 14°38'21.92" latitude and 121°05'29.53" longitude, 14⁰38’10.38”. The J.P. Rizal-side is in Barangay Sto. Niño while the Lopez Jaena side is located in Barangay De la Peña. Bridge No. 3 (Kabayani-Katipunan Extension Bridge) is geographically situated between 121°06'5.79" East Longitude, 14°40'9.29" North latitude and 121⁰05’55.10” East longitude, 14⁰40’16.50” North Latitude. The Kabayani side is located in the borders of Barangay Concepcion Uno and Barangay Nangka while the Katipunan Extension-side is located in Barangay Tumana, Marikina. The approach in Brgy. Tumana is in close proximity to the Barangays of Matandang Balara and Pansol in City. Currently, access to the Tumana approach is only through Capitol Park Homes, Matandang Balara, . 6. Each of the three bridges will have the following components: i) main bridges, ii) approach bridges, and iii) approach ramp/roads and additional service roads. Table 3 summarizes the design aspects of the three bridges. The basic design requirements for bridges conform to the DPWH Manual. Seismic design for the bridge structures was based on the DPWH-Bridge Seismic Design Specifications (BSDS), considering a PGA coefficient of 0.60 for the Level 2 earthquake. River width follows the section as required by the flood control project PMRCIP and designed for maximum flood and freeboard without considering navigation. The bridge Operational Class (OC) was taken as OC-II (Essential Bridges) which should, as a minimum be open to emergency vehicles and for security/defense purposes, be open within a short period after the Level 2 design earthquake (1,000-year EQ return period event). 7. Bridge 1: Marcos Highway-St. Mary Avenue. The horizontally curved configuration over the river necessitated the use of prestressed concrete box girders for the main spans in combination with voided slabs approach spans. This achieves aesthetic quality, less construction cost, torsional rigidity, and less maintenance cost objective. The bridge approach is voided slab superstructure. The main span is planned as a four-span prestressed box girder for the superstructure with span length of 175m. The approach bridges A and B are planned as prestressed voided slab spans of 75m length for each. Overall bridge length including roads and MSE walls is 1,582.6 m. 8. Bridge 2: J.P. Rizal – Lopez Jaena Street. The main bridge is horizontally curved like Bridge No. 1 with prestressed concrete box girders with voided slabs for the approaches. The main span is planned as a three-span prestressed box girder for the superstructure with span composition 40m+50m+40m = 130m. Girder Box section will have two cells which is appropriate for a 2-lane road with wide sidewalks for pedestrian and bicycles as required by D.O. 88 Series of 2020. Superstructure is composed of long span prestressed box girders for the main spans. Aesthetically, the prestressed concrete box girders will be pleasing particularly if architecturally appropriate railings and bridge lightings will be installed. Overall bridge length will be 691 m. 9. Bridge 3: Kabayani Road-Katipunan Extension. The road alignment will connect the new Katipunan Extension Road under construction in the eastern side of the Marikina River and the Kabayani Road in the southern side of Marikina North STP(Sewage Treatment Plant). The Kabayani – Extension Bridge crosses the Marikina River with approximately 14° skewed. The main bridge is planned as two span extradosed with PSC box girder for superstructure and span composition 57.0m + 57.0m = 114.0m. Cables are minimally placed to ensure an openness when driving a vehicle. The cables are planned with pan type arrangement.

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Use long span prestressed box girders for the main spans which is aesthetically pleasing particularly if architecturally appropriate railings and bridge lightings will be installed. The approach A and B bridge are planned as slab deck bridge with pre-stressed concrete voided slab for superstructure and span composition of [email protected]=110.0m for approach bridge A. The approach B Bridge is planned as pre-stressed concrete box girder of multi-cell box cross section with span composition of 45.0+50.0+45.0=140.0m. Overall bridge length including MSE walls and approach roads will be 723.2 m. 10. Bridge Construction items are divided into two categories such as a general bridge works for all bridges and special bridge works for Bridge No.3 that is Extradosed Bridge. Total construction cost for Bridges No. 1, 2 and 3 are PHP3.9 Billion, PHP3.17 Billion, and PhP 3.71 Billion, respectively. Construction schedule for bridges 1 and 2 will be 30 months while bridge 3 will take 36 months. Spaces for temporary construction sites were identified during the survey and were considered in this IEE study. 11. Description of the Environment. The locations of the three bridges traverse low-lying flat terrain along the two banks of Marikina River. The project sites are located in the middle Marikina River and Upper Marikina river from Marikina Bridge in Marikina City to San Mateo Bridge in San Mateo, Rizal. The topography of the proposed bridge sites can be classified into three (3) types namely: Coastal lowland along , Central Plateau, and Marikina Plain. The geology of the area is represented by the following geological units, in order of ascending age: Quaternary Alluvium, Manila Formation, and Guadalupe Formation. 12. The proposed bridges are located near the West Valley Fault System with varied distances; for Kabayani-Katipunan Extension Bridge, it is directly impacted. The proposed bridges are required to comply to or exceed requirements for BSDS Level 2 earthquake. The floodplain along Marikina River area is vulnerable to liquefaction. The quaternary deposits with loose sands that are present in this area have high liquefaction potential for large earthquake motion. Counter measures for ground liquefaction, as required in the BSDS were considered during the detailed design of bridges and these include piles to be significantly embedded to ensure that bridge foundations are extended past the liquefiable layers and are resting on competent soil material. Also, excavation of the upper 4m to 5m of the soil for the installation of the pile caps will also remove some of the liquefiable layers. 13. Marikina River is a tributary of Pasig River with headwaters located in the Sierra Madre Mountains in Rodriguez, Rizal. The river is located east of the Metro Manila region with an approximate length of 31 km. that drains the 582 km2 Marikina River Basin (MRB) towards the Pasig River (Abon et. al., 2011). The Marikina River has a number of tributaries in the form of creeks and rivers. These tributaries drain four municipalities and one city in the Province of Rizal, and three cities in the National Capital Region. The Marikina River’s depth ranges from 3–21 meters and spans from 70–120 meters. The riverbank has an elevation of 8 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) at the boundary of San Mateo and Marikina. This slowly goes down at an elevation of 4 m.a.s.l. before the Brgy. and Brgy. Santo Niño boundary in Marikina City. The lowest elevation is along Brgy. Calumpang, Marikina City which is 2.0 m above sea level. 14. During typhoons and heavy rains, the lowland part of Metro Manila is highly prone to inundations. Flood-prone areas are the cities of Manila, , and parts of on the coastal zone and on the eastern part, the flood prone towns are Pasig City, Marikina City, Municipality of and City. Recurrent flooding caused by the overflow of Pasig and Marikina rivers is usually experienced in these areas.

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15. The watershed of the Pasig-Marikina River is located in the areas of Type I and partly in the areas of Type III climate (Type 1 - two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year; Type III – seasons not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April and wet for the rest of the year). For the months of November to April, the prevailing winds at the Project site were coming from east-southeast which comprised of about 25% of the time. The average hourly wind speed was 3.34 meters per second (m/s). For the months of May to October, the prevailing winds at the project site were coming from the west and west-southwest which comprise of about 14% and 10%, respectively. The average hourly wind speed is 3.35 meters per second (m/s). 16. The results of ambient air quality sampling for this IEE demonstrated that the ambient concentrations of NO2, and SO2, are within the acceptable limits of the standards stipulated in the IRR of the Philippine Clean Air Act. For PM10, all sites were within the acceptable limits except for the area of Bagong Sibol. This site also exhibited high value of PM2.5 (243 ug/NCM), exceeding the 50 ug/NCM guide value. Other sites where PM2.5 was exceeded were Lopez Jaena, St Mary, Homeowners, and Katipunan Ext. Results of monitoring for CO are all within the 10-ppm guide value. The results of noise monitoring indicated that all sites were already exceeding the IFC EHS guidelines for residential areas except for the daytime values in Katipunan Extension. Also, measured vibration levels (0.12 to 0.67 mm/s) were below the perceptible level. 17. Water quality monitoring results indicate that the river water is suffering from organic pollutants being characterized by high coliform counts, high BOD and TSS, and low DO, most of which exceed the quality standards in all of the seven stations in this study. Coliform counts are extremely high exceeding 20,000 MPN/100ml. BOD levels were between 8.9 to 27.5mg/L and dissolved oxygen levels were below the 5.0mg/L guide value for Class C Waters. The level of the water pollution is such that the river water is not adequate for aquatic biota, and/or recreation activities. 18. Based on the 2015 Census of Population conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Marikina City has a total population of 450,741. Of the barangays covered by the project, Bgy. Tanong has the smallest population of 8,270 while the high population ones are Bgys. Tumana and Nangka with populations of 43,239 and 43,828, respectively. More than half of the city’s land area is devoted to residential purposes. Land dedicated for industrial use, at 10%, is slowly being converted for residential and commercial purposes. About 6.6 percent of total households in Marikina are considered informal settlers and 0.7 percent lives in makeshift housing. About 57.6% of households in Barangay Tumana were recorded as informal settlers. The Marikina Settlement Office reported that for the period 2012-2013, 12.4% or 9,791 of the households were classified as informal settlers. Poverty incidence is at 11.6 percent. 19. Impact Assessment. The identification of potential impacts requires the identification of the components of physical, biological and socio-economic environment that are at risk from the proposed construction of three bridges. a) No major impacts are anticipated during the pre- and project construction/implementation phase. Most of the anticipated environmental impacts will occur during site-mobilization; sub-base, base, and surface course construction; bridge construction; and demobilization of workers camps and equipment. b) During construction, medium potential impacts from dust emissions and noise are anticipated. Medium potential impacts were also identified from land clearing and tree cutting, water quality degradation, and vibration.

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c) During post-construction and operation, the increase in traffic from the bridge operation will result to increased emissions and noise generation. These impacts are considered major. 20. To assess further the likely impacts on the ambient air quality due to the construction of the proposed bridge project, the prediction of particulate matter (PM10) concentrations was carried out using dispersion modelling approach, based on Gaussian equation. The modeling for this project has been carried out using the AERMOD dispersion modelling system developed by the USEPA. 21. The modelling results for Bridge 1 shows that high values of the 24-hr average PM10 concentration from trucks travelling on the unpaved construction roads are confined to areas inside the construction yards. No receptor will experience concentrations above the 150 ug/NCM guide value. However, without mitigation measures (such as watering), a significant portion of Provident Village will have 1-hr average PM10 values exceeding the 200 ug/NCM set by the DAO 2000-81 (next figure). A 90% efficiency of the mitigation measure can be achieved with the proper water suppression (sprinkling) , reduce the 1-hr PM10 concentration to values below 200 ug/NCM. 22. The model run for this bridge shows that the highest 24-hr average PM10 concentration will be within the regulatory limits. However, the 1-HR PM10 guide value of 200 ug/NCM will occasionally be exceeded. Model run for mitigation with 90% reduction through proper watering or other means indicates that there will be no residential areas impacted by dust. The maximum 1-hr average concentration will only be 133 ug/NCM. 23. The PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 3 shows that the maximum 1-hr average PM10 concentration will exceed the 200 ug/NCM ambient guide value for industrial sources or operations as set in DAO 2000-81. However, with mitigation resulting to 90% reduction in emission rates, the maximum values can be lowered to 174 ug/NCM. 24. During operations, traffic projection for 2034 at Bridge 1 is at 20,097 veh/day. The AERMOD dispersion run shows that receptors/residents will experience a PM10 concentration of >150 ug/NCM, exceeding both local regulations and IFC guidelines. 25. For Bridge 2, during 2025, traffic is projected to increase to 18,858 veh/day. At this rate, the AERMOD dispersion model results show that 24-hr PM10 values may already exceed 150 ug/NCM for some residents on both sides of the bridge at the Homeowner’s Drive approach. 26. Bridge 3 is projected to have a traffic volume of 34,695 veh/day by 2025. This will increase to 38,279 in 2034, and to 40,153 by 2044. The modelling shows that no receptor will have PM10 concentrations above the regulatory 24-hr average in 2025 (area inside purple curve). In 2034, however, a small segment of residents at Kabayani will have above 150 ug/NCM values (dark blue curve). This increases further in 2044 where a significant number of residents on both ends of the bridge may experience values exceeding the regulatory guide value (light blue curve). 27. The proposed construction of 3 new bridges poses risk of noise impacts to the nearby structures, particularly along the approaches. A total of 37 sensitive receptors mostly located along the 1st and 2nd rows of buildings nearest to the bridge centerline were selected as reference points to assess the magnitude of noise impacts. The World Bank Group’s Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines allowable 3 dBA increase over the baseline was used in this study considering the existing noise already exceeds both national and IFC limits. A 3 dB(A) increase results when the project noise equals the existing noise level, from the laws of logarithm. The key findings are as follow:

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• In general, the level of noise from the vehicles crossing the St. Mary-Marcos Highway Bridge is not anticipated to cause noise impacts. The existing/measured noise levels are relatively high, reaching almost 69.5 and 65.5 dB(A) for day and night times which exceed national standards. In comparison, the peak noise level predicted are 65.3 and 61.5 dB(A) at Cambridge cor St Therese streets by year 2044. The projected traffic level upon bridge operation in 2025 is not anticipated to increase the noise level greater than 3 dB(A) at all receptors including structures along the St Mary street during the entire life of the project. Other than the 1.5m parapet wall, no further mitigation measures are needed for Bridge No. 1. No negative noise impacts are anticipated in the operation of Bridge No. 1. • For Bridge No. 2, similar results were recorded i.e. the existing noise levels is high compared to the additional noise from the project’s operation. Highest anticipated noise levels of 76.9 and 72.8 dB(A) for day and nighttimes will occur along the building structures right side of the Lopez Jaena by year 2044. However, these are still lower than the measured day and night time noise levels of 81.3 and 81.1 dB(A) during the day and night. Other than the 1.5m parapet wall, no further mitigation measures are needed for Bridge No. 2. No negative noise impacts are anticipated in the operation of Bridge No. 2. • For Bridge No. 3, the alignment avoided several residential buildings and no adverse impacts peak noise level exposures are expected. The measured baseline noise level are 75.6 and 71.89dB(A) while the anticipated operational noise will reach almost 64 and 60 dB(A) during the day and night times at year 2044 along the façade of the building located at the corner of Ilang-Ilang and Camia Roads. The projected noise levels from the project operation is lower than the existing noise levels. Other than the 1.5m parapet wall, no further mitigation measures are needed for Bridge No. 3. No negative noise impacts are anticipated in the operation of Bridge No. 3. 28. The anticipated noise impact of the proposed project at nearby residents/receptors during construction period is assessed using the Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). During construction stage, ambient noise will increase temporarily and intermittently in the close vicinity of active construction fronts and camps. These activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 97 - 105 dB (A) at a distance of about 5 m from the source. Piling and dredging activities will be implemented at the river for construction of berths. These activities will also generate significant level of noise ranging from 85-90 dB (A). However, this will also be confined to the piling period. Noise level assessed at varying distance due to piling operations are given in Table 45 for use of an auger drill rig (alone) at 20% usage. This will be used in the preparation of noise management plans by contractors. 29. Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment. The objective of the climate risk assessment is to account for non-stationarity in the design of bridge design and recommend adjustment in the maximum in the 1day annual maximum rainfall that was adopted in the bridge design. The procedure followed the ADB’s Climate Change Adjustment for Roads for Detailed Engineering Design (2020). HazardHunterPH was used in this study to generate indicative hazard assessment in the project area. An evaluation of existing hazards in Marikina City and Quezon City considered 10 hazards and revealed major concerns are tropical cyclone, flood, flashflood which are evaluated as “likely”. Sea level rise, drought, and storm surge were deemed as unlikely while

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earthquake, erosion, and landslide were deemed as possible hazards. 30. The design rainfall and daily rainfall have been adjusted several times during the feasibility studies and the detailed engineering design. Extreme rainfall data were downloaded from the KNMI Climate Explorer that provided 25 CMIP5 climate model results for the project and were all considered in the assessment. The assessment indicated a change factor of 25% is necessary to adjust the design Rx1day to account for at least 90 percentile of the anticipated increase in maximum daily rainfall due to climate change. The adjustment factor will increase the design probable rainfall from 253 mm to 316mm with a 50 year return period. From the adjusted Rx1day, the corresponding flood discharge was derived from the rainfall-flood discharge graph developed for the Marikina River. Prior to the adjustment the design flood flow was 2,927 m3/s corresponding to the 253mm of rainfall, and after adjustments the design flow increased to 3,520 m3/s representing a 20.3% increase. 31. The computed flood levels using HEC-RAS model developed for the Marikina River, after adjustment of the design rainfall and the determination of the equivalent discharge from the regression curve are 21.090m, 22.310m, and 23.930m for Bridges 1,2, and 3, respectively. With the required 1.5m freeboard, bottom soffit of the bridge strictures should clear 22.590m, 23.810m, and 25.430m, respectively for Bridges 1,2, and 3. To ensure the climate adjusted bridge elevations clear the on-going Marikina Dyke construction, the final elevations of these structures were compared and indicated height differences of 1.234m, 2.411m, and 1.318m for Bridges 1,2, and 3, respectively. 32. The bridge pier for Bridges 1,2, and 3 were increased by 0.492m, 0.486m, and 0.519 m respectively and corresponding increases in concrete and reinforced bars were estimated and presented in the succeeding Table. For Bridge 1,2, and 3, the cost to increase the pier heights are $27,729. $37,986, and $36,947, respectively. The increase in the bridge heights will increase the bridge length but will decrease the length of the approach road by the same length to keep as the area available for the two alternatives are the same. The total climate change adaptation cost for the 3 bridges is estimated at $4.243 million (2021 prices) and the details are provided in Table 50. 33. Stakeholder Consultations and Information Disclosure. A Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) was prepared and implemented to ensure that meaningful consultations were held with stakeholders of the bridges project. Consultations with local government officials, affected persons, key government agencies, academe, and nongovernment organizations were conducted on various occasions and solicited views that improved the alignment, some design elements, and the overall acceptability of the project. Overall, the consultations provided adequate venue to solicit the concerns of stakeholders on project design, impact on affected land and buildings, implementation issues, environmental concerns, and potential benefits of the project. These have resulted to modifications in the alignment which consequently lessened the affected areas and affected persons. Concerns about flooding were adequately considered and has thus strengthened the climate adaptation measures of the project. 34. SPS2009 requires the project to establish a grievance redress mechanism to facilitate the resolution of grievances and concerns of people affected by the project. The grievance and outcome related to the implementation of the subprojects, particularly regarding the environmental management plan will be acknowledged, evaluated, and responded to the complainant with corrective action proposed. The outcome shall also form part of the environmental monitoring reports that will be submitted to ADB. The GRC will continue to function, for the benefit of the affected people, during the entire life of the project including the five-year maintenance period. Page 16 of 220

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35. Environmental Management Plan. The environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared based on the policy principles outlined in SPS 2009. The plan includes proposed mitigation measures, requirements for environmental monitoring and reporting, the proposed institutional arrangement, capacity development and training needs, performance indicators, implementation schedule and cost estimates to implement the EMP. Mitigation of potential adverse impacts identified in Chapter V were proposed, with the objective of no significant harm and in consideration of the polluter pays principle. Table 24 provides the proposed Environmental Management Plan. The EMP requires each contractor to prepare and submit a contractor’s environmental management plan (CEMP) consistent with the project EMP, prior to start of construction. It should be cleared by DPWH, construction supervision consultant (CSC) and ADB before any physical activity is started on the site. 36. The CEMP shall include the contractor’s management plans to mitigate construction impacts, such as air and water pollution, soil erosion, construction noise, solids, liquids and hazardous wastes, construction spoils, traffic, and community and workers’ health and safety. The contractor’s environment, health and safety officer (EHSO) has the primary responsibility for CEMP preparation hence it is important for the contractor to mobilize the EHSO upon receipt of the notice to proceed. The CSC will ensure that the CEMPs are in accordance with the EMP requirements before they are submitted for approval to PMO and to ADB. Monitoring the effectiveness of EMP entails environmental monitoring, which involves the collection of different environmental parameters (air, water noise, vibration, fauna and flora, and aquatic biota) to assess the impact of the project. 37. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is the Executing Agency (EA) for the project while the Unified Project Management Office – Bridges Management Cluster (UPMO- BMC) is the Implementing Agency (IA). The UPMO-BMC through the Environment and Social Safeguards Division (ESSD) will be responsible for the compliance of the project to all the provisions of the IEE, including its environmental management plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (EmoP), and overall compliance to ADB SPS 2009, national and local government unit’s regulations. The UPMO-BMC will be supported by a Construction Supervision Consultant -Environment Specialist. The Contractor is responsible for implementing the EMP and EMoP during the preconstruction and construction phases of the project. 38. Budget to implement the EMP is around $1.1M USD and is provided in Table 63. 39. Conclusion. Results of the initial environmental examination show that the project will not cause significant environmental impacts. Adverse impacts that will be experienced during site works are mainly due to dust and noise emissions. To mitigate negative impacts arising from the Project, an environmental management plan detailing mitigation measures, monitoring activities and responsibilities for implementation has been prepared as part of the IEE. DPWH will include the EMP in the bid and tender documents for civil works to ensure that the Project will be carried out consistent with the EMP requirements.

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I. Introduction

A. Rationale 1. The Metro Manila Bridges Project (the Project) will finance the construction of 3 bridges crossing Marikina River as part of the government’s effort to solve the increasingly severe traffic problem of Metro Manila, the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines. The Project include a component to strengthen the capacity of the executing agency in planning, design, management, and operation and maintenance (O&M) of bridges and crossing structures using a holistic approach, including by factoring climate change and disaster risk considerations. This initial environmental examination (IEE) report evaluates and avoids or mitigates the environmental impacts from the bridge construction and operation component.4 2. The Philippines has been one of the fastest-growing economies in Southeast Asia, with an average gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 6.6% in the past 5 years. Metro Manila, comprising 16 cities and one municipality which cover the total land area of 620 kilometers (km), is considered the country’s economic powerhouse, as it accounts for more than 35% of the country’s GDP. The unabated growing economy has been associated with rapid increase in urbanization. Currently at 12.9 million, the population of Metro Manila is expected to reach 14 million by 2030. The continuous economic development and urbanization in Metro Manila has brought along heavy traffic congestion that causes substantial loss of time and opportunities for commuters and businesses, respectively. With a total road length of 4,882 km (1,159 km national roads and 3723 km local roads), Metro Manila has a well-articulated trunk road network. However, the current traffic demand of 12.8 million trips per day is overwhelming the capacity of the road network. Metro Manila nowadays only has 1 km of road per 424 motor vehicles, and majority of commuters in Metro Manila travel at 10 km per hour on average. It was estimated that the country lost PHP 3.5 billion per day in 2017, due to Metro Manila traffic, and the loss was projected to be PHP 5.4 billion per day in 2035 if no action is taken. 3. One of the major factors contributing to the inefficiency of Metro Manila’s road network is the inadequate capacity of the existing 30 bridges crossing its major waterways, namely Pasig River, Marikina River and Manggahan Floodway. These bridges currently accommodate 1.3 million vehicles per day. The traffic survey conducted by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) during December 2016-January 2017, shows that (i) the overall level of service of the bridges crossing Pasig River is “F”, which means “forced or flow breakdown,” and (ii) the overall level of service of the bridges crossing Marikina River and Manggahan Floodway is “E”, which means “operation at or near capacity and an unstable level”. It is critical that additional crossing structures are built over these waterways to decongest the existing bridges, hence mitigating the risk of overloading them. This will help extend the life of existing bridges and reduce their maintenance cost. 4. Metro Manila and its surrounding areas are at high risk from disasters such as floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes. These risks are set to increase with changes in natural hazard

4 Taken from L5218 Concept Paper https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52181/52181-001-cp- en.pdf Page 18 of 220

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patterns due to climate change and increase in exposure of people and assets due to rapid urbanization in flood-prone riverine and low-lying areas. Studies show that Metro Manila will face increase in intensity of typhoons as well as raise in sea level, which would likely increase flood risks. According to the Flood Management Master Plan for Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas, the impact of climate change in 2050 may result in an increase of flooding area by 6-25%. 5. The transport infrastructure, especially roads and bridges, face a brunt of impacts from disasters and climate change that could cause traffic disruption due to flooding, increase in maintenance requirement to the pavement due to more frequent flooding, overflow of side drains and cross drainage works, submerged bridges due to floods induced by intense precipitation, inundation of coastal roads due to sea level rise, and road blocks due to landslides. Flooding from Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng in September-October 2009 caused the Marikina River system including the Manggahan Floodway to burst its banks, that resulted in widespread impact on the transport infrastructure. Several roads were flooded and, in some places, impassable for extended periods while several bridges were washed away. The damages observed in the transport sector included collapsed embankment, eroded slope protection, collapsed bridge approaches, clogged drainage structure, etc. The economic losses resulted from increased vehicle operations costs and travel delays due to closure of roads and bridges. The damage and losses suffered by the transport sector amounted to PHP 7,500 million ($160 million). 6. Several transport and flood master plans have been formulated to address problems of congestion and flooding in the project area. One of the key plans is the Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (PMRCIP) which was formulated through the updating/review of the master plan and feasibility study (JICA, 1990) under the Special Assistance for Project Formation (SAPROF) (JBIC, 1998). The PMRCIP aimed primarily to mitigate the frequent inundation caused by the overflowing of the Pasig-Marikina River 5 . The PMRCIP project implementation is being implemented in phases: a) Phase I: Detailed Design for the Overall Project (from Delpan Bridge to Marikina Bridge: 29.7 km) completed in July 2002. b) Phase II: Construction of Stage I: Channel Improvement Works for Pasig River (from Delpan Bridge to immediate vicinity of Hydraulic Control Structure-NHCS: 16.4 km) completed in May 2013. c) Phase III: Construction of Stage II: Channel Improvement Works for the remaining sections of Pasig River in Phase II and Lower Marikina River (Junction with Napindan River to the Downstream of Manggahan Floodway: 5.4 km) started in 2013 and expected to be completed in 2017, d) Phase IV: Construction of Stage III: Channel Improvement Works for Upper Marikina River (Downstream of Manggahan Floodway to Marikina Bridge; 7.9 km) including Construction of Marikina Control Gate Structure (MCGS).

7. Another noteworthy objective of the PMRCIP is to enhance the view of the rivers, the bank improvement component of the project will be complemented by constructing aesthetically pleasing bridges. The scope of works of PMRCIP Phase III was later modified to include the heavily deteriorated sections of Pasig River caused by the recent floods including Tropical Storm

5 As a reaction to the extreme flooding brought by the tropical cyclone Ulysses (international name Vamco, 2020) Page 19 of 220

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“Ondoy” and “Ulysses” which were not covered by Phase II. A review of feasibility study for PMRCIP Phase IV was also undertaken to prepare for its early implementation. as well as to undertake the detailed design for PMRCIP Phase IV (Upper Marikina River from Marikina Bridge to San Mateo Bridge). B. Objectives of the Project 8. Consistent with the government’s Roadmap for Transport Development for Metro Manila and Its Surrounding Areas’ aim to alleviate the traffic congestion in Metro Manila due to constrained capacity of the existing bridges, the Project will construct 3 bridges all crossing the Marikina River to increase the capacity of the road network in the project area and as adaption measure to make them more resilient to natural disasters such as flooding and the adverse impacts of global warming. The Project bridges are: Marcos Highway-St. Mary Bridge, J.P. Rizal- Lopez Jaena Bridge, and Kabayani Road - Katipunan Extension Bridge (Project). These bridges are part of the 12 bridges included in the feasibility study financed by Japan International Cooperation Agency 6 (JICA) under the Philippine government’s Metro Manila Logistics Improvement Project.7 9. Executing Agency: The executing agency of the proposed project is the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The work related to Initial Environmental Examination and Preliminary Engineering Design study had been assigned to the Dasan Consultants Ltd., JV with Dongsung Engineering & Consultants Co. Ltd., and Kunhwa Engineering & Consulting Ltd. Korea. C. Purpose, Scope, and Methodology of the Study 10. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of the project life cycle of the proposed bridges on the physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment of the project area. The study will also recommend practical and site-specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement an environmental monitoring plan and make sure the IEE is sufficient for the proposed project. The IEE has also been prepared to meet guidelines and regulatory requirements of the Philippine Government. 11. The MM3PB Project has been categorized as “B” for environment as per ADB SPS 2009, and accordingly, the IEE is a requirement for Category B projects. This IEE report conforms to the provisions of the ADB Environment Safeguards Sourcebook and the Safeguards Policy Statement 2009 of ADB. 12. This IEE covers the three bridges crossing the Marikina River, namely: i) Marcos Highway-St. Mary , ii) JP Rizal-Lopez Jaena, and iii) Kabayani Rd-Katipunan Extension Bridges.. More detailed description of each of the bridges is provided in the succeeding sections below. The feasibility study prepared in 2017 by DPWH and the latest Interim Preliminary Design Report which is part of the Detailed Engineering Design (DED) consultancy formed the basis of this study. A previous IEE draft report prepared in 2019 by ADB consultants based on the 2017 feasibility study alignment was also referred to.

6 JICA. 2009. Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project. Manila. 7 The DPWH has originally identified the construction of thirteen (13) new bridges crossing the Pasig-Marikina River and the Manggahan Floodway. This was later reduced to 12 bridges after site investigations and consultations with the concerned local government units (LGUs). Page 20 of 220

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13. This IEE report covers the proposed bridges, including approach roads and support facilities, construction works including ancillary facilities such as camps, material sources and storage, and camp operations. This report has been prepared based on the information and data available in the engineering design studies, including socio-economic and resettlement studies; and field visits, public consultations and discussions, collection of primary data and secondary information. The activities are as follows: • Consultations with the proponent (DPWH). In house discussion with consultants of different disciplines with a view having a clear idea of the route and components of the work. • Collection and Review of Relevant Documents. Review of government and ADB policies on environment. The environmental team collected and reviewed project parameters, secondary data including technical information and design specification provided by engineering team. • Reconnaissance: The first hand information and physical review were carried out by reconnaissance of all the options was done through field visits. • Field Investigation: Based on reconnaissance, important issues and parameters to be investigated were identified and checklists were prepared. In the process, data on sensitive receptors and places of importance in the vicinity of the bridges and in the surrounding area were identified. Sampling points for primary data collection were confirmed. • Collection of primary data for air, noise and vibration. This was assigned to a competent and accredited third-party laboratory with supervision from the consultants. • Public/stakeholders Consultation: Public consultations were carried out during field survey and online to obtain the views of local people, project affected persons and local administrative representatives. Online meetings with different governmental agencies spearheaded by the DPWH were held to discuss any environmental concerns of the project. • Preparation of IEE draft report for review by the proponent, NEDA, and ADB. • Preparation of Final IEE report. 14. Preparation of the report also made use of the following environmental assessment tools8: • The Transport Emissions Evaluation Model for Projects (TEEMP) developed by Clean Air Asia was utilized to assess the CO2 gross emissions. • Climate risk screening was facilitated using the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal 2.0 (CCKP) and the HazardHunter. Prediction of design rainfall was also facilitated by use of the excel worksheet developed by ADB. • Air quality assessment utilized the AERMOD dispersion modelling system from USEPA.

8 The references for these environmental assessment tools are provided in the respective sections where they are used. Page 21 of 220

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• Assessment of noise impacts made use of the SoundPlan modelling software. 15. The IEE methodology also followed the processes as described in the “IEE Good Practice Note “ developed by ADB (17Feb 2020). 16. The structure of the final IEE report follows the outline set in Annex to Appendix 1 of the ADB SPS 2009. The level of detail and comprehensiveness is commensurate with the significance of potential environmental impacts and risks.

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II. Project Description

A. Location and General Features of the Proposed Project 18. The location of the proposed three bridges is in Marikina City, Metro Manila and illustrated in the succeeding Figure. The geographical coordinates and proposed names are presented below. Table 1: Locations of the Project Bridges Bridge No. Name of Bridge (for approval) Latitude Longitude 1 Marcos Highway – St. Mary 14o 37’ 33.79” 121o 5’ 37.48” 2 J.P Rizal-Lopez Jaena 14o 38’ 22.13” 121o 5’ 31.21” 3 Kabayani-Katipunan 14o 121o Extension 40’ 1.33” 5’ 52.99”

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Figure 1. Location of the Proposed Marikina Bridges

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19. Bridge No. 1: Marcos Highway – St. Mary Bridge.The proposed project bridge is within the City of Marikina, at 14o 37’ 33.79” North and 121o 5’ 37.48” East. The Marcos Highway side is in Barangay Calumpang near SM Marikina while the St Mary Avenue side is in Provident Village in Barangay Dela Peña. The bridge will be a 2-lane pre-stressed concrete box girder that will connect St. Mary Avenue and Marcos Highway.

Figure 2: Marcos Highway – St. Mary Bridge Alignment

20. Bridge No. 2: J.P. Rizal-Lopez Jaena Bridge. The bridge location is within the City of Marikina, between 121⁰05’39.27” longitude, 14°38'21.92" latitude and 121°05'29.53" longitude, 14⁰38’10.38”. The area has generally flat topography with a slope ranging from 0-3%. The J.P. Rizal-side is in Barangay Sto. Niño while the Lopez Jaena side is located in Barangay De la Peña. The bridge will be a 2-lane pre-stressed concrete box girder that will connect J.P. Rizal St. and Lopez Jaena St. via Homeowner’s Drive. This is expected to minimize traffic impact to J.P. Rizal by connecting the bridge to an existing intersection. To avoid encroaching on the new warehouses at the Lopez Jaena side, the bridge alignment will be constructed along the riverbanks parallel to water flow.

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Figure 3 J.P. Rizal-Lopez Jaena Bridge Alignment

21. Bridge No. 3. Kabayani-Katipunan Extension Bridge. The proposed project location is in Marikina, geographically situated between 121°06'5.79" East Longitude, 14°40'9.29" North latitude and 121⁰05’55.10” East longitude, 14⁰40’16.50” North Latitude. It has generally flat topography with a slope ranging from 0-3%. The Kabayani side is located in the borders of Barangay Concepcion Uno and Barangay Nangka while the Katipunan Extension-side is located in Barangay Tumana, Marikina. The approach in Brgy. Tumana is in close proximity to the Barangays of Matandang Balara and Pansol in Quezon City. Currently, access to the Tumana approach is only through Capitol Park Homes, Matandang Balara, Quezon City.

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Figure 4: Kabayani-Katipunan Extension Bridge

B. Projected Traffic 22. Future traffic volume by bridge and vehicle type is projected in the succeeding Table.

Table 2: Projected Traffic for Each Bridge , 2025-2044 in vehicles per day Semi- Car/Ta Tri Motor Jeepn Mini- Large- Truck Truck Truck Trailer Bridge Year xi Total Cycle cycle ey Bus Bus 2-axle 3-axle 4-axle > 4- /Jeep axle Bridge 01 2025 153 6,034 6,549 461 58 79 588 72 46 37 14,077 2029 180 7,163 7,774 548 69 94 698 86 54 44 16,710 2034 217 8,615 9,350 659 83 113 840 103 65 52 20,097 2039 247 9,731 10,561 744 94 127 949 116 74 59 22,702 2044 276 10,874 11,802 832 105 142 1,060 130 82 66 25,369 Bridge 02 2025 410 8,913 8,021 764 110 57 562 17 3 1 18,858 2029 437 9,507 8,556 815 117 61 600 18 3 1 20,115 2034 492 10,729 9,655 920 132 69 677 20 4 2 22,700 2039 525 11,417 10,274 979 140 73 720 22 4 2 24,156 2044 581 12,650 11,384 1,084 156 81 798 24 4 2 26,764 Bridge 03 2025 253 16,044 15,160 414 22 431 1,871 364 89 47 34,695 2029 268 16,870 15,941 435 23 453 1,967 382 94 49 36,482 2034 279 17,701 16,726 457 25 476 2,064 401 98 52 38,279 2039 290 18,346 17,335 473 26 493 2,140 416 102 53 39,674 2044 293 18,568 17,545 479 26 499 2,165 421 103 54 40,153 Source: Interim Preliminary Design Report (Feb. 2021), Dasan JV

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C. Components of the Proposed Bridges 23. Each of the three bridges will have the following components: i) main bridges, ii) approach bridges, and iii) approach ramp/roads and additional service roads. The details are provided in the succeeding section. The table below summarizes the design aspects of the three bridges.

Table 3: Bridge Components

LENGTH (m) Br. No BRIDGE MSE Voided Box Cable Roads TOTAL Wall Slab Girder Bridge

Marcos Highway-St. Mary 1 1,090.8 166.8 150 175 - 1,582.60 (2-Lane)

JP Rizal-Lopez Jaena (2- 2 145.9 83.6 330 131.5 - 691.0 Lane)

Kabayani-Katipunan Ext (4- 3 195.2 164.0 110 140 114 723.2 Lane)

Total 1,426.0 420.4 590 446.5 114 2,996.8 Source: Dasan JV Interim Report (Feb. 2021) Note: MSE – Mechanically Stabilized Earth

24. The basic design requirements for bridges conform to the DPWH Manual. Seismic design for the bridge structures was based on the DPWH-Bridge Seismic Design Specifications (BSDS), considering a PGA coefficient of 0.60 for the Level 2 earthquake. River width follows the section as required by the flood control project PMRCIP and designed for maximum flood and freeboard without considering navigation. The bridge Operational Class (OC) was taken as OC-II (Essential Bridges) which should, as a minimum be open to emergency vehicles and for security/defense purposes, be open within a short period after the Level 2 design earthquake (1,000-year EQ return period event). 25. Bridge 1: Marcos Highway-St. Mary Avenue. The horizontally curved configuration over the river necessitated the use of prestressed concrete box girders for the main spans in combination with voided slabs approach spans. This also achieves its aesthetic quality, less construction cost, torsional rigidity, and less maintenance cost objective. The bridge approach is voided slab superstructure.

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Figure 5. Plan and Profile of Bridge 1 ● The main span is planned as a four span prestressed box girder for the superstructure with span composition [email protected]+40m=175m. Girder Box section will have two cells which is appropriate for a 2-lane road with wide sidewalks for pedestrian and bicycles as required by D.O. 88 Series of 2020. ● The approach bridge is planned as prestressed voided slab spans as proposed in the feasibility studies with span composition of 25m+25m+25m and 25m+25m+25m for approach bridge A and B respectively. ● Piers for both main and Approach Bridge will be single circular column which will incur minimum hindrance to the flow of water in the river. Construction will be simple, efficient, and economical. ● Foundation for both the main and Approach Bridge will be pile caps on bored piles. This scheme is the most common and popular used by bridge contractors in the Philippines.

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Table 4 : Bridge 1 Status (Preliminary Design, Feb, 2021)

Substructure Category Length(L) Width (B) Superstructure Pier Foundation Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Prestress Voided Approach A [email protected] = 75.0m 16.100m Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Slab Column Bored Pile Prestress Voided Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Approach B [email protected] = 75.0m 16.100m Slab Column Bored Pile [email protected]+40m = Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Main Bridge 16.100m PSC Box 175.0m Column Bored Pile

26. Bridge 2: J.P. Rizal – Lopez Jaena Street. The main bridge is horizontally curved similar to Bridge No. 1 with prestressed concrete box girders with voided slabs for the approaches. The following Figures show the bridge configuration.

Figure 6 . Plan and Profile of Bridge No.2

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Table 5: Bridge 2 Status (Preliminary Design, Feb, 2021)

SubStructure Category Length (L) Width (B) SuperStructure Pier Foundation

[email protected] + [email protected] Prestress Voided Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Approach A 17.400m = 220.0m Slab Column Bored Pile

17.400m & Prestress Voided Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Approach B [email protected]=75.0m 16.100m Slab Column Bored Pile

40m+50m+40m Single Cast-in-situ Concrete Main Bridge 17.400m PSC Box =130.0m Column Bored Pile

● The main span is planned as a three-span prestressed box girder for the superstructure with span composition 40m+50m+40m = 130m. Girder Box section will have two cells which is appropriate for a 2-lane road with wide sidewalks for pedestrian and bicycles as required by D.O. 88 Series of 2020. ● The approach bridge is planned as prestressed voided slab spans as proposed in the feasibility studies with span composition of [email protected] & [email protected] for approach bridge A and 25m+25m+25m for approach B. ● Piers for both main and approach bridge will be single circular column which will incur minimum hindrance to the flow of water in the river. Construction will be simple, efficient and economical. ● Foundation for both the main and approach bridge will be pile caps on bored piles. This scheme is the most common and popular used by bridge contractors in the Philippines. ● Superstructure is composed of long span prestressed box girders for the main spans. Aesthetically, the prestressed concrete box girders will be pleasing particularly if architecturally appropriate railings and bridge lightings will be installed. Structurally, the use of prestressed concrete box girders for the main spans will be ideal because this type of bridge cross-section will be resistant to torsional forces due to the horizontal bridge curvature. ● Substructure – Substructure will be composed of single circular column at each pier supported on rectangular pile caps on bored piles and pile bent for abutments. Depths of bored piles will be determined by the Geotechnical exploration report having boreholes at each pier location to ascertain soil properties as well as the bored pile size and length at each pier. ● Bridge Approach Road – The use of MSE wall for the approach road.

27. Bridge 3: Kabayani Road-Katipunan Extension. The road alignment will connect the new Katipunan Extension Road under construction in the eastern side of the Marikina River and the Kabayani Road in the southern side of Marikina North STP(Sewage Treatment Plant). The Kabayani – Katipunan Avenue Extension Bridge crosses the Marikina River with approximately

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14° skewed. The horizontal alignment of river crossing section for the approach bridge to Katipunan Extension Road side and main bridge is straight from STA. 0+260.0 to STA. 0+559.2 and curved (R=180m) from STA. 0+559.2 to STA. 0+625.4 for the approach bridges to Kabayani Road side.

Figure 7. Horizontal Alignment Plan Bridge 3

Figure 8. Plan and Profile of Bridge No.3

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Table 6: Bridge 3 Preliminary Design (Feb, 2021)

SubStructure Category Length(L) Width (B) SuperStructure Pier Foundation Extradosed Portal with Cast-in-situ 23.750m Main Bridge [email protected]=114.0m with Inclined Concrete (26.350m) * PSC Box Column Bored Pile Prestressed Cast-in-situ Two Approach A [email protected]=110.0m 23.750m Voided Concrete Column Slab Bored Pile Prestressed Cast-in-situ 45.0+50.0+45.0 Two Approach B 23.750m Concrete Concrete =140.0m Column Box Bored Pile Note* : includes the extension for cable anchorage 1.3m both side Note: recent update on alignment of this bridge has been introduced which will entail removal of Approach C. Details to follow.

● The bridge vertical profile is planned with the gradient 2.46%, -0.50% and -6.00% for STA. 0+200.0 ~ STA. 0+270.0, STA. 0+350.0 ~ 0+455.0 and STA. 0+545.0 ~ STA. 0+610.0, respectively. It is planned to accomodate the minimum requirement of design bridge soffit EL=24.91m which is estimated assuming the bridge girder height as maximum 3.55m at the intermediate pier and minimum 2.75m at end pier of the main bridge from Design Flood Level (DFL=23.99m) plus 1.50m free board without considering navigation.. ● The main bridge is planned as two span extradosed with PSC box girder for superstructure and span composition 57.0m + 57.0m = 114.0m. ● Structural shape of main bridge is a concrete frame structure consisting of PSC box girder, pylon and cable. The floor deck is planned as the prestressed concrete box girder with multi-cell cross-section. The cross-section of PSC box girder is planned considering the structural efficiency and maintenance. ● Cables are minimally placed to ensure an openness when driving a vehicle. The cables are planned with pan type arrangement. ● The pylon is planned as bearing connection type with the pier cap. The height and shape of pylon is planned considering the structural efficiency and aesthetic pleasing. ● The pylon pier is planned as portal type with two inclined columns considering the constructability and structural efficiency. ● The foundation is planned as cast-in-situ concrete bored pile considering the constructability and economic view. ● The approach A and B bridge are planned as slab deck bridge with pre-stressed concrete voided slab for superstructure and span composition of [email protected]=110.0m for approach bridge A. The approach B Bridge is planned as pre-stressed concrete box girder of multi- cell box cross section with span composition of 45.0+50.0+45.0=140.0m ● The piers for Approach Bridge are planned as two column type considering the

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constructability and structural efficiency. ● Superstructure - Use long span prestressed box girders for the main spans which is aesthetically pleasing particularly if architecturally appropriate railings and bridge lightings will be installed. Structurally, the use of prestressed concrete box girders for the main spans will be ideal because this type of bridge cross-section will be resistant to torsional forces due to the horizontal bridge curvature. ● Substructure – Substructure will be composed of single circular column at each pier supported on rectangular pile caps on bored piles and pile bent for abutments. Depths of bored piles will be determined by the Geotechnical exploration report having boreholes at each pier location to ascertain soil properties as well as the bored pile size and length at each pier. ● Bridge Approach Road – The use of MSE wall for the approach road is proposed.

D. Scope of Construction and Other Works 28. Bridge Construction Items are divided into two categories such as a general bridge works for all bridges and special bridge works for Bridge No.3 that is Extradosed Bridge.

Common for Bridges No.1, No. 2 and No.3

• Structural Excavation • Shoring and Cribbing Cofferdam • Steel Sheet Piles (Furnished, Driven, Removed) • Pile Integrity Test, Dia = 1200mmø - 2500mmø • Pile Dynamic Load Test, Dia = 1200mmø - 2500mmø • Bored Piles (1200mmØ-2500mmØ) • Reinforce Steel Bars, Grade 60(fy=420MPa) • Prestressing Strands, Grade 270(Dia. 15.2mm, fu=1860MPa) • Structural Concrete (50Mpa) for PSC Box Girder, Voided Slab, Pylon • Structural Concrete (42Mpa) for Pile Cap, Columns, Coping • Structural Concrete (35Mpa) for Abutment, Wingwalls, Stub Wall, Bored Pile • Lean Concrete • Expansion Joint • Elastomeric Bearing Pad • Deck Drains (dia = 150mm GIP) • Demolition and Restoration of Existing Structures • Crane Way (Access Road, Working Platform)

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• Demolition and Restoration of Existing Structures • Crane Way (Access Road, Working Platform)

Additional for Bridge No.3

• Stay Cable with HDPE Duct, Prestressing Strands (Dia. 15.7mm, fu=1860MPa) • Seismic Isolation Bearing • Construction of PSC Box Girder by FCM (F/T, Camber Control, Falsework) • Construction of Pylon Tower (T/C, Hoist/Lift, Saddle) • Instrumentation during Construction (Geometric Control and Management)

29. Drainage and Slope Protection Structures to be carried out by the Contractors are listed as follows. • Pipe Culverts and Manhole • Bridge Deck Drain • Stone Masonry • Concrete Modular Block Retaining Wall • Foundation Fill • Reinforcing Steel, Grade 40(Drainage Structures) • Structure Concrete "Class A" (Drainage Structures) • Lean Concrete (Drainage Structures) • RCPC (910 mm) Class II • Grouted Riprap, Class "A" • MSE Wall (PC) • Stub Wall (RC)

30. Miscellaneous Structures to be carried out by the Contractors are listed as follows. • Concrete Curb and Gutter • Maintenance Marker Posts • Metal Beam Guardrail (including Concrete Post) • Metal Beam End Piece • Guardrail (Reinforce Concrete) • Warning Signs

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• Regulatory Signs • Guide or Informatory Signs • Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (White, Yellow - 3.2mm)

31. Other items such as electricals, day works, construction supervision, and environmental management, right-of-way and social safeguards are provided in the Preliminary Design Report. E. Construction Method 32. The foundation of bridge will be basically the bored pile in consideration of the site subsoil conditions. 33. The bridge components consist of the approach bridges on land and main bridges in offshore. The Full Scaffolding Method (FSM) will be appropriate for approach bridges of Voided Slab girder on land and PSC Box girder both on land and offshore, while the Free Cantilever Method (FCM) is appropriate for the Extradosed Bridge for Bridge No.3. Due to the conditions of Marikina River and access roads from existing roads to the sites, it is not possible to mobilize a big size floating crane and crawler cranes. The cranes will be set up on temporary work platform or floating barge. 34. The stay cable for extradosed bridge will be considered to overcome severe environmental conditions such as strong winds and vibrations by applying advanced anchorage technology. 35. The substructure of the bridge consists of pile caps, piers and abutments. The construction procedure begins with the excavation for pile cap followed by rebar and concrete for pile cap, rebar and formwork for pier or abutment and lastly pouring concrete and curing. 36. MSE Walls. On both sides of the bridge structures, the ramps consist of embankment supported by MSE (Mechanically Stabilized Earth) wall from the abutments to the existing road levels. MSE walls are adopted at higher segments from the abutments of the ramps to a minimum of 1.0m from the Roadway Level for optimum and economical result. The MSE wall is mainly comprised of the layers of granular fill, reinforcing strips, concrete precast facing and the foundation base. The concrete facing is connected to the reinforcing strips by durable bolts. The MSE base is embedded into the ground a minimum of 0.90m and sized per AASHTO LRFD, 2012 Section 11.10 criteria and specifications. Concrete Panel Type of MSE Wall is proposed. 37. There are several types of river protection along the affected area due to construction of the three (3) bridges. The affected river protection will be restored after construction of the piers of bridges. If necessary, additional protection such as rip rap, grouting will be applied. F. Temporary Yard for Construction 38. Temporary yard for construction shall include space for: • Contractor’s Office • Equipment, Workshop and Parking Space • Stock yard for Various Materials 39. Vacant spaces seems to be available for the construction of the three bridges are shown in the following figures. Temporary yard and facilities shall be demolished after construction is completed. Page 36 of 220

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Figure 9. Bridge 1 Possible Construction Sites

Figure 10. Bridge 2 Possible Construction Sites

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Figure 11. Bridge 3 Possible Construction Sites

G. Cost of the Project and Implementation Arrangement

Total construction cost for Bridges No. 1, 2 and 3 are PHP3.9 Billion, PHP3.17 Billion, and PhP 3.71 Billion, respectively.

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Table 7. Bridge No. 1 Construction Schedule

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Table 8. Bridge No. 2 Construction Schedule

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Table 9. Bridge No. 3 Construction Schedule

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III. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

40. This section reviews all the relevant international agreements and commitments, existing institutions and legislations, both at the national and local levels. The environmental assessment process needs to adopt environmental regulations and guidelines of the Government of the Philippines (GOP) and ADB’s safeguard requirements. 41. The Philippines is a member of various international agreements, conventions and treaties for conservation of the environment at global level. Some of the international agreements where the Philippines is a party and applicable to the proposed projects are discussed in the following sections. A. Relevant International Environmental Agreements 42. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is a policy framework that aims to promote chemical safety throughout their life cycle, so that by 2020, chemicals are used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment. This "2020 goal" was adopted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 as part of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. 43. United Nations Convention on Sustainable Development. Also known as Rio+20 or Earth Summit 2012, the UNCSD is the third conference on Sustainable Development. It followed the 1992 Earth Summit/United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). UNCSD is the key forum for the consideration of issues related to the integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic development, social inclusion and environmental protection. As such, its mandate is not limited to environmental issues. 44. Stockholm Convention, 2004. The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, the convention requires its parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. 45. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2003. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty focusing on what countries could do to limit average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change. The ultimate objective of the convention is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. In 2013, both non-Annex (including the Philippines) and Annex I members to the UNFCCC were requested to prepare their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Activities/Goals set under the INDC, regardless of the legal nature of the contributions, will serve as the first Nationally Determined Contribution of the respective parties for the period beyond the Doha Amendment, upon ratification of the Paris Agreement. 46. Kyoto Protocol, 2003. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty under the UNFCCC. Adopted in 1997, the protocol commits 43 Annex I countries to limit their greenhouse gas emissions for the period 2008-2012 below or equal to the level of their emissions in 1990. By 2012, the Doha Amendment to the protocol was proposed to extend the protocol to a second commitment period for 2013-2020. However, only 37 countries have committed to binding targets. Binding targets for Kyoto Protocol are applicable only to Annex I (developed countries), and will end in 2020. Page 42 of 220

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47. Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone layer, 1991 and Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone layer, 1991: The Vienna Convention outlines states responsibilities for protecting human health and the environment against the adverse effects of ozone depletion, and established the framework under which the Montreal Protocol was negotiated. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform) are to be phased out by 2010. The project does not envisage production and consumption of ODS. B. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements 48. The implementation of the Marikina River Bridges Construction Project will comply with the environmental acts, policies, rules, and regulations of the Government of the Philippines which has a comprehensive coverage of environmental issues and requirements. This environmental legal framework imposes command and controls on certain activities deemed detrimental to the environmental integrity and encompass the conservation of various components of the biological and physical environment and environmental assessment procedures and requirements for public consultation. The policies and requirements which are most relevant in the context of this project are provided in Table 17 below.

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Table 10. Summary of Environment-Related Legislation Applicable to the Proposed Project

No. Legislation Number Act Application to the Project Responsible Institutions 1 Presidential Decree 1151 Philippine Environmental Project proponents should prepare Ministry of Natural (1977) Policy environmental impact statement of proposed Resources (1974-1987) action, project or undertaking 2 Presidential Decree 1586 Philippine Environmental Establishment of Philippine environmental Ministry of Natural (1978) Impact Statement System impact statement (EIS) system based on Resources (1974-1987) Section 4 of Presidential Decree 1151 3 Presidential Proclamation Proclaiming Certain Areas and Proclamation of areas and types of projects as Ministry of Natural 2146 (1981) Types of Projects as environmentally critical and within the scope of Resources (1974-1987) Environmentally Critical and Philippine EIS system Within the Scope of EIS Established under PD 1586 4 Presidential Decree 1121 Creating the National Creation of the National Environmental National Environmental (1977) Environmental Protection Protection Council as a central authority that Protection Council (1977 – Council will oversee, unify and integrate the planning, 1987) management, and implementation of the government’s environment program 5 Executive Order No. 192 Reorganization Act of the Providing for the reorganization of the Department of Environment (1987) Department of Environment Department of Environment, Energy and and Natural Resources and Natural Resources Natural Resources, renaming it as the (1987 – present) Department of Environment and Natural Resources and for other Purposes 6 DENR Administrative Defining the Organizational Strengthen the enforcement and DENR and EMB Order No. 2002-17 Structure and Major implementation of major environmental laws Responsibilities of the such as Presidential Decree 984 – Pollution Environmental Management Control Law; Presidential Decree 1586 – The Bureau as a line Bureau by Environmental Impact Assessment Law; virtue of Section 34 of the Republic Act 6969 – Toxic Substances and Philippine Clean Air Act of Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act; 1999 (RA 8749) Republic Act 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999; and Republic Act 9003 – Ecological Solid Wastes Management Act, among others 7 DENR Administrative Implementing Rules and Incorporation of environmental considerations DENR and EMB Order No. 30, (2003) Regulations for the Philippine into the Environmental Impact Assessment Page 44 of 220

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No. Legislation Number Act Application to the Project Responsible Institutions Environmental Impact (EIA) process at an early stage to streamline Statement System the current procedure in the conduct of the EIA process to improve the effectiveness as a planning, regulatory and management tool, and enhance maximum public participation 8 Republic Act 6969 (1990) Toxic Substances and Mandates control and management of import, DENR and EMB Hazardous and Nuclear manufacture, process, distribution, use, Wastes Control Act transport, treatment and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes in the country 9 Republic Act 8749 (1999) Philippine Clean Air Act of Comprehensive air quality management policy DENR and EMB 1999 and program with the objective of achieving and maintaining healthy air for all Philippine citizens 10 Republic Act 9003 (2000) Ecological Solid Wastes Provides guidelines for ecological solid waste National Solid Waste Management Act management program and creating the Management Commission necessary institutional mechanisms and (NSWMC) and EMB incentives as well as prohibitions and penalties 11 Republic Act 9275 (2004) Philippine Clean Water Act of Applies to water quality management in all DENR and EMB 2004 water bodies. Primarily applies to abatement and control of pollution from land-based sources. 12 Republic Act 7586 (1992) National Integrated Protected Governs the Upper Marikina River Basin DENR Areas System Act Protected Landscape 13 Presidential Proclamation Declaring the Marikina Provides the technical description of the Upper DENR 296 (2011) Watershed Reservation Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape situated in the City of and in the municipalities of Baras, Rodrigues, San Mateo and Tanay, all in the province of Rizal as protected area pursuant to Republic Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992

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No. Legislation Number Act Application to the Project Responsible Institutions and shall be known as the Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape UMRBPL) 14 DAO 08, series of 2016 Water Quality Guidelines and Amended DAO 34 and 35 series of 1990. DENR and EMB General Effluent Standards of Classifies Marikina River as Class C, which is 2016 appropriate as fishery water for propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources, recreational water class II fit for boating, and industrial water class I for manufacturing process after treatment. 15 Executive Order No. 927 Further Defining Certain LLDA is authorized to issue, renew or deny Lake Development Functions and Powers of the permits for the prevention and abatement of Authority (LLDA) Laguna Lake Development pollution for the discharge of sewage, industrial Authority waste or the installation or operation of sewage works and industrial disposal system in region, of which Marikina is under its jurisdiction 16 Republic Act 10066 (2009) National Cultural Heritage Act Provides for the protection and conservation of National Commission for of 2009 the national cultural heritage, strengthening the Culture and the Arts National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) (NCCA) and its affiliated cultural agencies 17 Republic Act 10752 (2016) The Right-of-Way Act Aims to streamline the basis for valuation, as DPWH well as the process for the negotiation and acquisition of right-of-way for government infrastructure projects 18 Presidential Decree 953 Requiring the planting of trees Guidelines on planting of trees and penalty for Bureau of Forest (1976) in certain places and cutting and damaging of trees Development (BFD) penalizing unauthorized cutting, destruction, damaging and injuring of certain trees, plants and vegetation 19 Republic Act 11058 (2018) An Act Strengthening Aims to ensure a safe and healthful workplace Department of Labor and Compliance with Occupational for all workers by affording them full protection Employment (DOLE) Safety and Health Standards against all hazards in their work environment.

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No. Legislation Number Act Application to the Project Responsible Institutions and Providing Penalties for Rules apply to contractors and subcontractors Violations thereof including projects in the public sector 20 Republic Act 9729 (2009) Climate Change Act of 2009 Mainstreaming climate change into Climate Change government policy and establishing framework Commission (CCC) strategy and program for its implementation 21 Executive Order 174 Institutionalizing Philippine Institutionalization of GHG inventory Climate Change (2014) Greenhouse Gas Inventory management and reporting system in relevant Commission (CCC) Management and Reporting government agencies to ensure transition System towards a climate-resilient pathway for sustainable development. 22 Republic Act 4136 (1964) Land Transportation and Governs the registration and operation of Department of Traffic Code motor vehicles and licensing of owners, Transportation (DOTr) and dealers, conductors, drivers and similar Land Transportation Office matters (LTO)

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49. The following Philippine environmental regulation requirements are particularly important and need special attention to avoid or mitigated environmental impacts and ensure regulatory compliance to avoid unnecessary delays to the project implementation. a) Under Annex A (Project Thresholds for Coverage Screening and Categorization) of EMB Memorandum Circular (MC) 005, series of 2014, screening must be done to determine what document type the proponent will prepare and submit to EMB for environmental compliance certificate (ECC) application. Based on the same MC, screening must be done to determine whether the project is located within an environmentally critical area (ECA) as enumerated in Section 3-b of the guideline. b) To determine the type of environmental assessment report the proponent needs to prepare to secure environmental compliance certificate (ECC), Annex A of the guideline details the project thresholds for coverage screening and categorization. c) For new bridges construction (including elevated roads), anything less than 50 meters is exempted. Bridges greater than 50 meters but less than 5 km, like the Project is required initial environmental examination (IEE) checklist to secure environmental compliance certificate (ECC). Bridge greater than 5 km but less than 10 km, an environmental impact statement needs to be prepared to secure ECC. d) The following ECCs were issued for the original alignment • Bridge 1, ECC-OL-NCR-2018-0009, January 7, 2018 • Bridge 2, ECC-OL-NCR-2018-0010, January 7, 2018 • Bridge 3, ECC-OL-NCR_2018-0011, January 7, 2018 e) However, realignments were made based on stakeholder engagements and consistency with jurisdictional local government plans and approvals. f) Requests for ECC amendments to the 3 bridges were submitted to EMB/DENR NCR office. g) Tree cutting permit from DENR Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) is required for infrastructure projects if there will be affected vegetation along the ROW. An inventory of the trees to cleared during the feasibility study and confirmed in the resettlement plan indicated a total 117, 65, and 304 trees will be removed to accommodate construction activities and strictures for Bridges 1,2, and 3 respectively. The tree cutting permit will be secured by the Contractors. h) Under LLDA Board Resolution No. 408 (series of 2011), Rule II (Developmental Activities), Section 5 (Prescribed Developmental Activities Required to Secure LLDA Clearance) of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Revised Coverage of Developmental Activities Required to Secure LLDA Clearance, all infrastructure projects, including bridges, are required to secure LLDA clearance. Marikina, where the proposed bridges will be located crossing Marikina River, is under the jurisdiction of LLDA. An LLDA clearance will be secured by the DPWH-PMO immediately after the amended ECC is issued.

C. DPWH Codes, Manuals and Guidelines for Bridges Construction Project 50. Key codes, manuals and guidelines have been summarized that have a direct/indirect bearing on the environmental management during design and construction stages are indicated

Page 48 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination in Table below. Table 11: Applicable DPWH Codes, Manuals and Guidelines

No. DO / BP Title 1 BP 344 (1982) An Act to enhance the mobility of Disable Persons by requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishments and public utilities to install facilities and other devices. 2 DO 94 (2014) Technical Manuals and Guidelines on Road and Bridge Maintenance and Inspection 3 DO 35 (2018) Revision on the Adoption of the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Volume II; for Public Works Structures, Volume Ill; Special Items of Work (SPLs) in DPWH Projects and Revised Standard Pay Item List for Infrastructure Projects 4 DO 245 (2003) An Act to Social and Environmental Management Systems 2016 5 DO 164 (2016 Road and Bridge Projects Policies, Responsibilities and Accountabilities 6 DO 41 (2016) Amended Policy Guidelines on the Maintenance of Roads and Bridges 7 DO 135 (2015) Strict Compliance to Road Works Safety and Traffic Management and Construction Safety and Health Requirements during Construction and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges 8 DO 88 (2020) Inclusion of bicycle lanes in all future projects of /under DPWH

D. ADB’s Safeguard Requirements 51. The Asian Development Bank has defined its environmental safeguard requirements under its “Safeguard Policy Statement 2009‟ (SPS 2009). The SPS 2009 key requirements include screening for significant impacts and categorization, consultation, and disclosure. Proposed projects are screened according to type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of their potential environmental impacts, including direct, indirect, induced, and cumulative impacts. 52. Projects are classified into the following categories: a) Category A. The proposed project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented; impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. A full-scale environmental impact assessment (EIA) including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required. b) Category B. The proposed project’s potential environmental impacts are less adverse and fewer in number than those of category A projects; impacts are site- specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and impacts can be readily addressed through mitigation measures. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an EMP, is required. c) Category C. The proposed project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. d) Category FI. The proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to, or through, a financial intermediary.

53. Project categorization has been done using REA checklist for road projects following the guidance provided above and the project is categorized as B. As per SPS 2009, Category B projects warrants preparation of an IEE. The SPS includes 11 policy principles on environment

Page 49 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination safeguards on screening, conduct of environmental assessment, alternative analysis, mitigation hierarchy, need for meaningful consultation, public disclosure, environmental management planning, biodiversity protection and conservation, pollution prevention, occupational health and safety, and conservation of physical cultural resources. E. Key Institutions Involved in the Implementation of Environmental Safeguards 54. Environmental Management Bureau / Department of Environment and Natural Resources a) The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), one of the bureaus under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, is tasked to implement five environmental laws – Clean Air Act (RA 8749), Philippine Clean Water Act (RA 9275), Solid Wastes Management Act (RA 9003), Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Management Act (RA 6969), and the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PD 1586).

55. Environmental and Social Safeguards Division / Department of Public Works and Highways a) The Environment and Social Safeguards Division (ESSD) of DPWH under the Office of the Undersecretary for Planning is tasked to ensure the integration and implementation of environment and social safeguards. The ESSD prepares / reviews environment impact statement (EIS), initial environmental examination (IEE), project description (PD), environmental management plan (EMP), and resettlement action plan (RAP); conducts environmental assessment/screening, scoping; conducts monitoring of impacts and compliance of projects; identify and manage climate change issues and concerns; assists in the conduct of public consultation; assists in the conduct of environmental sampling and monitoring; develop Gender and Development (GAD) plans and programs, among others. b) The ESSD is divided into three (3) units, namely: (i) Environmental Safeguards Section (ESS), (ii) Social Safeguards and Right-of-Way Section (SSROW); and (iii) National Sewerage and Septage Management Program Section (NSSMP). ESSD is knowledgeable with the conduct of environmental and social assessment for road projects, public/stakeholder consultations, development of safeguards mitigation measures, and other safeguards aspects to meet national laws and ADB’s SPS.

56. Laguna Lake Development Authority a) Laguna Lake Development Authority was organized by virtue of Republic Act No. 4850 as a quasi-government agency with regulatory and proprietary functions. Through Presidential Decree 813 in 1975, and Executive Order 927 in 1983, its powers and functions were further strengthened to include environmental protection and jurisdiction over the lake basin’s surface water. In 1993, through Executive Order 149, the administrative supervision over LLDA was transferred from the Office of the President to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). LLDA issues clearance such as discharge permit before any development activities such as roads and bridges construction. Marikina River, traversing Marikina City, where the proposed three bridges will be located, is part of the administrative and hydrological jurisdiction of LLDA.

57. National Historical Institute and National Museum

Page 50 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination a) In case of chance find of important historical and cultural properties during the construction phase, the National Historical Institute shall be responsible for significant movable and immovable cultural property that pertains to Philippine history, heroes and the conservation of historical artifacts and the National Museum shall be responsible for significant movable and immovable cultural and natural property pertaining to collections of fine arts, archaeology, anthropology, botany, geology, zoology and astronomy, including its conservation aspect.

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IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Environment

1) Topography, Physiography and Geology

58. Large part of Metro Manila is a low plateau stretching from the southern foot of Sierra Madre Mountain Range to slope of Taal plain. Pasig and Marikina rivers are the major rivers that drain off Manila Bay. The central part of Metro Manila is composed of a thick sequence of well- bedded tuft and tuffaceous clastics of Guadalupe Formation covered by less than two meters of weathered soil. This separates two areas with soft ground layers, the Marikina Valley plain in the east and the Pasig River delta plain in the west, both with deep alluvial layers (Besana et. al, 1992). 59. The Marikina Valley plain is a flat – lying sedimentary plain of the Marikina River, is composed of very deep alluvial deposits and lies between the Sierra Madre Mountain Range and Guadalupe Plateau. This sharp contact between this alluvial plain with the plain of Guadalupe plateau is the western segment of Marikina Valley Fault System (MVFS). The Marikina Fault System is dominated by two major north-northeast trending faults flanking the Marikina Valley – West Marikina Valley Fault (WMVF) and East Marikina Valley Fault (EMVF) (Arcilla et. al, 1983). 60. The WMVF is a steeply dipping continuous structure from the south (Pasig) to the north (Montalban/Rodriguez). Its normal fault displacement is indicated by the east facing linear scarp where the Guadalupe formation is widely exposed in contrast to the topographic low (Marikina Valley) to the east where the alluvial deposit is thick. The EMVF controls the eastern boundary of the Marikina Valley. It serves as the boundary of the basalt and the alluvium in the northern portion while it cuts the Guadalupe Formation in the central portion. 61. The locations of the three bridges traverse low-lying flat terrain along the two banks of Marikina River. The project sites are located in the middle Marikina River and Upper Marikina river from Marikina Bridge in Marikina City to San Mateo Bridge in San Mateo, Rizal. 62. The topography of the proposed bridge sites can be classified into three (3) types namely: Coastal lowland along Manila Bay, Central Plateau, and Marikina Plain. The surface classification of the Central Plateau generally consists of Guadalupe Tuff Formation (GTF) in Plio–Pliestocene. The classification of Coastal lowland and Marikina Plain generally consist of Quaternary Alluvium (QAl) in Recent deposit (see next figures).

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Figure 12. Topography of the Project Sites Source: Extract from the 1:50,000 geological map of Montalban, Manila and Quezon City quadrangle showing Quaternary Alluvium (Mines and Geosciences Bureau).

63. The succeeding Figure shows the geologic map of the Marikina River Basin. The geology of the area is represented by the following geological units, in order of ascending age: Quaternary Alluvium, Manila Formation, and Guadalupe Formation. The Quaternary Alluvium is represented by the Marikina Alluvial Plain deposit, consisting of clay, silt and sand material (MGB, 2010). The Manila Formation refers to the sequence of unconsolidated fluvial, deltaic and marine deposits overlying the Diliman Tuff. The unconsolidated deposits consist of clay, silt, gravelly sand, and tuffaceous silt found in the areas of Marikina and Pasig City as well as parts of Rizal. The figure above shows the topographic map of the Marikina River Basin.

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Source: Formulation of an Integrated River Basin Management and Development Plan for Marikina River Basin Figure 13. Geologic Map of Marikina River Basin

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Source: Formulation of an Integrated River Basin Management and Development Plan for Marikina River Basin Figure 14. Topographic Map of Marikina River Basin

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2) Soil Characteristics

64. The soil map below from the Bureau of Soils and Water Management – Department of Agriculture (BSWM-DA), the major soil types identified within the study area is the Marikina Clay Loam. The recent deposits consist mostly of alluvium but include some reworked Aeolian sand on the uplands. Vertebrate remains in these deposits are of modern types. The soil on the recent deposits consists of an upper brown layer about a foot thick over a 1- or 2-foot layer stained reddish with iron oxide. Some of the early recent alluvial deposits, which have been subjected to flooding, have a weakly developed but distinct zone of lime carbonate under the brown layer. The pedology of the area is represented by four major soil series, namely: the (1) San Manuel Series, (2) Marikina Series, (3) Burgos Series, and (4) Pinagbuhatan Series, according to the information from the pedological map of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (1980). All four series occur within an alluvial landscape setting.

Source: Bureau of Soils and Water Manager (BSWM), 1980 Figure 15. Pedology Map of Marikina River Basin

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3) Seismicity and related hazards

65. The Philippines is prone to the devastating effects of earthquake forces with the scale and magnitude seen in the past to have caused the collapse of various structures including bridges. As seen in the figure below, the presence of inland active faults and ocean trenches have generated a great number of earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 4. As such, the DPWH requires bridges to be designed emphasizing the effects of earthquake loading as a major design load for the substructures and foundations. 66. The proposed bridges are located near the West Valley Fault System with varied distances, for Kabayani-Katipunan Extension Bridge, it is directly impacted as seen in next figures. The feasibility study emphasized that site specific seismic response accelerations are required to be developed and verified during the detailed design. The proposed bridges are required to comply to or exceed requirements for BSDS Level 2 earthquake. Strong ground vibration may cause damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The seismically active valley fault system (VFS) is considered a significant seismic source to Metro Manila and the region. Paleo-seismological studies indicate that West Valley Fault (WVF) moved 4 times for past 1400 years generating earthquakes of ~Magnitude 7. A Ground shaking map of Metro Manila is provided in the succeeding figure.

Source: Fault Finder PH Figure 16. Bridges 1 and 2: Relative to VFS, PHIVOLCS Fault Finder

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Source: Fault Finder PH Figure 17. Location of West Valley Fault, PHIVOLCS Fault Finder

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Source: Ready Project, NAMRIA Figure 18. Ground Shaking Hazard for Metro Manila

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4) Liquefaction

67. The floodplain along Marikina River area is vulnerable to liquefaction. The quaternary deposits with loose sands that are present in this area have high liquefaction potential for large earthquake motion. Liquefaction is the rapid loss of shear strength in a saturated or partially saturated cohesion less materials subjected to dynamic loading, usually earthquake, causing it to behave like a liquid. The typical effects of liquefaction include loss of ground bearing strength to support structures, ground lateral spreading, sand boils, flotation of buried light structures, and ground settlement. The proposed bridges will be sitting on areas with high liquefaction potential. Counter measures for ground liquefaction, as required in theBSDS were considered during the detailed design of bridges and these include piles to be significantly embedded to ensure that bridge foundations are extended past the liquefiable layers and are resting on competent soil material. Also, excavation of the upper 4m to 5m of the soil for the installation of the pile caps will also remove some of the liquefiable layers. . 68. The next Figure shows the liquefaction map for Marikina City.

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Source: Ready Project, NAMRIA Figure 19. Liquefaction Hazard Map of Marikina

5) Hydrology

Surface Water

69. The Pasig-Marikina River has a total length of 52.2 km from Manila Bay to . The river basin shown in the next figures with a total catchment area of 635 sq km, originates from the southwestern slopes of the Sierra Madre Mountains of which top of elevation is about 1,400 meters above MSL. 70. The River has two major tributaries, the and the Nanpindan Channel that merge respectively at Km 7.1 and Km 17.1 from the river mouth. The Pasig River is the 17.7 km river segment from Manila Bay to the Napindan Channel Junction. Upstream of the junction is the Marikina River consisting of the Lower and Upper Marikina River; the Lower from the Napindan

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Junction to the Rosario Weir (Km 23.8), and the section upstream of the Rosario Weir is the Upper Marikina River. 71. Downstream of the Rosario Weir is the man-made Mangahan Floodway that diverts flow from the Marikina River to the Laguna Lake. The Napindan Channel connects the Laguna Bay to the Pasig River, with a control gate at the junction downstream.

Source: JICA Figure 20. Pasig-Marikina River Basin

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Source: LLDA Figure 21. Marikina River Basin

72. The Marikina River is divided into two parts: the Upper Marikina River which is the stretch from Montalban water level gauging station down to the of Manggahan Floodway (Manggahan Station) and the Lower Marikina River which runs from Manggahan station down to the confluence of Napindan Channel. The total length of Marikina River is about 27 km. The longitudinal profile of this river has a gentle slope up to Wawa Dam. A sharp slope can be seen from the Wawa Dam up to the Sierra Madre Mountains. Marikina River has a catchment area of 516.50 sq km at Napindan Junction, 505.20 sq km at Rosario Weir, 465.20 sq km at Sto. Nino water level gauging station and 377.82 sq km at Montalban water level gauging station. 73. Marikina River is a tributary of Pasig River with headwaters located in the Sierra Madre Mountains in Rodriguez, Rizal. The river is located east of the Metro Manila region with an approximate length of 31 km. that drains the 582 km2 Marikina River Basin (MRB) towards the Pasig River (Abon et. al., 2011). The Marikina River has a number of tributaries in the form of creeks and rivers. These tributaries drain four municipalities and one city in the Province of Rizal, and three cities in the National Capital Region. The biggest of these tributaries are upstream in the mountainous areas of Rodriguez. This includes the Tayabasan River, Montalban River, Boso Boso River, and the Wawa River, which meets the Marikina River just upstream of Wawa Dam. Downstream of the dam, but still in the town of Rodriguez are the Puray River and the Manga

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River (Abon et. al., 2011). 74. The Marikina River’s depth ranges from 3–21 meters and spans from 70–120 meters. The riverbank has an elevation of 8 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) at the boundary of San Mateo and Marikina. This slowly goes down at an elevation of 4 m.a.s.l. before the Brgy. Malanday and Brgy. Santo Niño boundary in Marikina City. The lowest elevation is along Brgy. Calumpang, Marikina City which is 2.0 m above sea level. 75. The two (2) water level stations (WL Station) namely: the San Jose WL Station in Brgy. San Jose, Rodriguez, Rizal and Sto. Niño WL Station in Brgy. Sto. Niño, Marikina City provide water level/streamflow measurements at Marikina River since 1991. The record from San Jose WL Station from 1991 – 2006 shows that Marikina River has an average annual flow of about 30,000 liters per second (Lps). Low flows are observed from January to May with the lowest baseflow occurring during the month of April. The high flows correspond with the rainy season in the area with the highest mean flow expected during the month of August. A minimum flow of only 210 Lps occurred in January while a maximum flow of up to 714,210 Lps is recorded during the month of November.

Groundwater

76. The groundwater systems within MWSS service area consist of alluvial sediments in coastal areas of Manila Bay, Laguna de Bay and Marikina Valley and pyroclastic Guadalupe sedimentary formation underlying most of the NCR.9 According to JICA (1992) and NHRC (1993) studies, the aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km. In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m. 77. The major aquifer system in Metro Manila, together with the municipalities in which they are deposited or exposed are as follows: a) Manila Bay Alluvium - deposited in the cities of Caloocan, Manila, and part of and the municipalities of Valenzuela, Navotas, Malabon, Paranaque, Las Pinas, Bacoor, Imus, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario b) Marikina Valley Alluvium - deposited in the municipalities of San Mateo, Montalban, Marikina, Pasig, Cainta, Taytay, Pateros, and Taguig c) Guadalupe Formation - exposed in Quezon City, San Juan, , part of Makati, and . d) Laguna Formation and Pre-Quaternary Formations - exposed in the towns of Antipolo, , Baras, , Cardona, Jala-Jala, Morong, Pililia, Tanay and Teresa. 78. The city of Marikina has 192 wells based on the groundwater database of the LWUA Research Division. The locations of these wells are shown in the next figure.

9 Groundwater Supply in Metro Manila: Distribution, Environmental and Economic Assessment. Roberto S. Clemente, Guillermo Q. Tabios, Ramon P. Abracosa, Cristina C. David and Arlene B. Inocencio. PIDS, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2001-06

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Source: LWUA Figure 22. Location of groundwater wells in Marikina

79. Forty-three MWSS and private wells with significant data available were analyzed in terms of its transmissivity and specific capacities. Most of the specific capacities are less than 1 l/s indicating a maximum production of less than 20 l/s with 20m drawdown. These have been attributed to poor design and construction of the wells rather than an indifferent well. 6) Landslide

80. The Project Area is classified as having low susceptibility to landslide due to its generally low relief. However steep slope can be found alongside of West Valley Fault in the north part of Quezon City. Moderate mass movement consisting of surface failure and rock fall of relatively small scale may occur in areas west of the Marikina Plain bordering the Central Plateau, with steep and unprotected slopes produced by excavations and road cuts. In case of earthquake- induced slope failure, same type of failure is considered to occur and Source: Ready Project, NAMRIA 81. Figure 24 provide landslide susceptibility maps. 7) Flooding

82. Excessive rainfall over an extended period of time causes a river to exceed its capacity resulting in fluvial flooding. Similarly causing river overflow flood are inadequate river flow due to clogged channels, narrowing of sections along waterways, and siltation of major rivers and their tributaries.

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Source: Ready Project, NAMRIA Figure 23: Flooding Susceptibility Map of the Project Area

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Source: Ready Project, NAMRIA Figure 24. Landslide (Rain) Susceptibility Map of Metro Manila

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Source: Ready Project, NAMRIA Figure 25. Flood Susceptibility Map of Metro Manila

83. During typhoons and heavy rains, the lowland part of Metro Manila is highly prone to inundations. The runoff from the upland part contributes to the volume of water in the lowland rivers and tributaries. River overflow flooding could be also due to land conversion resulting from rapid population growth and industrialization. Flood-prone areas are the cities of Manila, Navotas,

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Malabon and parts of Caloocan on the coastal zone and on the eastern part, the flood prone towns are Pasig City, Marikina City, Municipality of Pateros and Taguig City. Recurrent flooding caused by the overflow of Pasig and Marikina rivers is usually experienced in these areas.

84. The succeeding Figure illustrates the flood discharge flow across the project bridges based on the DPWH2015-FS. The revised implementation plan of PMRCIP under the DPWH2015 IV&V FS recommended 2,900 m3/s design flood discharge at the middle stream of Marikina River Channel Improvement and Construction of MCGS (MCGS to Marikina Bridge). This Figure shows the effects of the proposed Marikina Dam and the retarding basin in between the Rodriquez and San Mateo bridges of almost 2,000 and 400 m3/s, respectively.

Source: Pasig Marikina River Channel Improvement Program, DPWH2015 Ⅳ&Ⅴ-FS Figure 26: Design Flood Discharge Allocation (100yr Design Flood)

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8) Climate

85. The Philippines is divided into four climatic types, depending on how rainfall is distributed throughout the year. Type 1 - two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year; Type II – no dry season, with a very pronounced maximum rainfall during the months of November to December; Type III – seasons not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April and wet for the rest of the year; and Type IV - rainfall more or less distributed throughout the year. The western part of , Palawan, and the Visayas islands have Type I climate, with pronounced dry and wet seasons. Rainfall in these areas occurs mostly during the southwest monsoon season. The central areas of Luzon and Visayas islands and are classified as Type III climate, with seasons not very pronounced. According to the map, the watershed of the Pasig-Marikina River is located in the areas of Type I and partly in the areas of Type III climate.

Source: PAGASA Figure 27. Modified Coronas Classification of Climate of the Philippines

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i. Wind Regime

86. Based on the meteorological data recorded at NAIA Synoptic Station of PAGASA for the months of November to April covering the period from 2014 to 2019, the prevailing winds at the Project site during dry season were coming from east-southeast which comprised of about 25% of the time. The average hourly wind speed was 3.34 meters per second (m/s), few winds exceeded 11.1 m/s and winds of less than 2.10 m/s occurred from all directions. 87. For the months of May to October covering the period from 2014 to 2018, the prevailing winds at the project site during wet season were coming from the west and west-southwest which comprise of about 14% and 10%, respectively. The average hourly wind speed is 3.35 meters per second (m/s), few winds exceeded 11.1 m/s and winds less than 2.10 m/s occur from all directions. 88. Windrose diagrams for dry and wet seasons based on the data from PAGASA NAIA Station are shown in Figure below. The Data Recorded at PAGASA NAIA Synoptic Station for Dry and Wet Seasons (January 1, 2014 to April 30, 2019)

Source: AERMET View Version 9.5.0 (from NSCR Project) Figure 28. Windrose Diagram, NAIA Station

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ii. Relative Humidity

89. Relative humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air, expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount that air could hold at the given temperature. The mean annual relative humidity recorded at PAGASA NAIA Station is 76%. The months of July to October are the most humid months. Factors affecting humidity are changes in temperature and atmospheric circulation. The air is said to be saturated when it contains the maximum amount of water vapor at a given temperature. When the temperature of the air falls below the dew point, some of the water vapor contained in the air condenses, then clouds are formed, and precipitation can result in the form of rain. iii. Rainfall

90. The monthly average rainfall at the Project area ranges from 4 mm to 418.4 mm, with an annual average of 1,767.8 mm. The least number of rainy days occurs during dry season in November to April; while the highest number or rainy days occurs during wet season in May to October. The heaviest precipitation occurred in August at an average rainfall of 418.4 mm. iv. Temperature

91. The annual mean average temperature recorded at PAGASA NAIA Station is 27.8 °C with January being the coldest month having an average temperature of 26.1 °C while the month of May is the warmest with an average temperature of 29.7 °C. The highest and lowest temperatures occurred in the months of April and January, respectively. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures were 34.1°C and 22°C.

9) Ambient Air Quality

92. Secondary data for Marikina City from the Environmental Management Bureau showed elevated levels of TSP in five out of six years compared to the RA 8749 standards. Likewise, the PM10 level also breached the annual mean value standard, as measurements in 3 out of 4 years were exceeded. PM2.5 also breached the 25 ug/NCM annual mean guide value for the two years (2015-16) where measurements were enabled.

3 Table 12: TSP and PM10 Annual Mean Value in Marikina, µg/Nm (2010-2018)

Parameters Standard 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Mean

TSP 90 125 125 108 97 81 104 107 95 92 104

PM10 60 No data No data 67 62 47 61 63 52 52 57

PM2.5 25 33 31 32 Source: National Air Quality Status Report (2008-2015), Environmental Management Bureau (site: Marikina Sports Complex) and Marikina City and Marikina City Annual Air Quality Monitoring Results in EMB website

93. Ambient air sampling was conducted for previous alignments of this project in April-May 2019 (dry season). The succeeding figures and tables show ambient air sampling done under this study. All stations sampled conform to DENR guide values for all parameter measured.

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Table 13: Ambient Air Concentrations of PM10, SO2, & NO2 (µg/Ncm) 2019 study Date/Time of Station Location PM SO NO Sampling 10 2 2 May 1-2, 2019 A24-1 Kabayani Road, Marikina Side 17.16 0.70 3.83 1240H-1240H Behind Nangka May 2-3, 2019 A24-2 11.71 0.12 3.50 HS Gym, Riverside 1308H-1308H Front of large green house, May 3-4, 2019 A24-3 13.60 0.28 3.02 Delhi St., Vista Real 1601H-1601H April 25-26, 2019 A24-4 Between Homeowner’s Drive and 13.42 105 2.86 Agricultores St., Along J.P. Rizal 0928H-0928H April 24-25, 2019 A24-5 Near Senior Citizen’s Hall 13.86 0.91 5.32 Lopez Jaena St. 0830H-0830H April 29-30, 2019 A24-6 Along St. Mary Avenue 10.39 0.72 3.11 1108H-1108H Latter Day Saint Church along St. April 26-27, 2019 A24-7 9.28 1.28 2.09 Mary Avenue 0957H-0957H April 30-May01, 2019 A24-8 Along Cambridge Street 6.88 0.60 3.63 1208H-1208H Along J.P. Rizal Riverbank nr. April 27-28, 2019 A24-9 8.84 0.71 1.89 Kalumpang Gym 1024H-1024H April 28-29, 2019 A24-10 Along St. Uriel in JP Rizal St. 13.14 1.66 2.17 1041H-1041H DENR National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values for Criteria 150 150 150 Pollutants based on 24-hours averaging time

Table 14. Ambient Air Concentrations of CO (ppm) 2019 study

Date/Time of Station Location CO* Sampling May 1, 2019 A24-1 Kabayani Road, Marikina Side <1.500 1240H-2040H Behind Nangka May 2, 2019 A24-2 <1.375 HS Gym, Riverside 1308H-2108H Front of large green house, May 3, 2019 A24-3 <1.250 Delhi St., Vista Real 1601H-0001H April 25, 2019 A24-4 Between Homeowner’s Drive and 8.000 Agricultores St., Along J.P. Rizal 0928H-1728H April 24, 2019 A24-5 Near Senior Citizen’s Hall <2.500 Lopez Jaena St. 0830H-1630H April 29, 2019 A24-6 Along St. Mary Avenue 2.375 1108H-1908H Latter Day Saint Church along St. April 26, 2019 A24-7 <1.000 Mary Avenue 0957H-1757H April 30, 2019 A24-8 Along Cambridge Street <1.000 1208H-2008H Along J.P. Rizal Riverbank nr. April 27, 2019 A24-9 <1.000 Kalumpang Gym 1024H-1824H April 28, 2019 A24-10 Along St. Uriel in JP Rizal St. 3.125 1041H-1841H DENR National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values for Criteria 9.000 Pollutants based on 8-hours averaging time

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94. Ambient air sampling was also conducted in 2021. The succeeding figures and tables show the environmental sampling (air, noise and vibration) sites and ambient air sampling results.

Source:DASAN JV Figure 29 Bridge 1 Sampling Sites

Source:DASAN JV Figure 30 Bridge 2, Sampling Sites

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Source:DASAN JV Figure 31. Bridge 3, Sampling Sites

3 Table 15. Ambient Air Concentrations of PM10, SO2, & NO2 (µg/Nm ) Date/Time of Station Location PM PM SO NO Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 Feb.3-4 / AQM1 St. Mary / Hannsmat 41.2 54.3 <10.3* <3.08* 1030H-1030H Feb. 9-10 / AQM2 SM Marikina / Marcos Hiway 40.4 36.8 <10.4* 10.4 1600H-1600H Feb. 10-11 / AQM3 San Antonio de Padua Parish 26.5 33.0 <10.3* 15.2 1920H-1920H Feb. 4-5 / AQM4 Lopez Jaena St. 88.3 139.0 <10.3* <3.07* 1138H–1138H Feb. 5-6 / AQM5 Homeowners Drive 42.0 52.4 <10.3* 9.85 1225H-1225H Feb. 7-8 / AQM6 Bagong Sibol Market 161.0 243.0 <10.3* 7.68 0910H-091H Feb. 8-9 / AQM7 Katipunan Extension 60.8 50.2 <10.4* 6.02 1240H-1240H DENR National Ambient Air Quality Source Specific Air 150 50 150 150 Pollutant (24-hr averaging time) *values detected are below the laboratory’s Method detection limit

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114. The results of sampling and analysis for the sampling locations demonstrated that the ambient concentrations of NO2, and SO2, are within the acceptable limits of the standards stipulated in the IRR of the Philippine Clean Air Act. For PM10, all sites were within the acceptable limits except for the area of Bagong Sibol. This site also exhibited high value of PM2.5 (243 ug/NCM), exceeding the 50 ug/NCM guide value. Other sites where PM2.5 was exceeded were Lopez Jaena, St Mary, Homeowners, and Katipunan Ext. Results of monitoring for CO are shown below and all were still within the 10-ppm guide value.

Table 16. Ambient Air Concentrations (2021) of CO (ppm)

Date/Time of Station Location CO* Sampling Feb.3-4 / 1 St. Mary / Hannsmat 2.4 1030H-1030H Feb. 9-10 / 1600H- 2 SM Marikina / Marcos Hiway 9.19 1600H Feb. 10-11 / 3 San Antonio de Padua Parish ND* 1920H-1920H Feb. 4-5 / 4 Lopez Jaena St. 5.0 1138H–1138H Feb. 5-6 / 5 Homeowners Drive 4.06 1225H-1225H Feb. 7-8 / 6 Bagong Sibol Market ND* 0910H-091H Feb. 8-9 / 7 Katipunan Extension ND* 1240H-1240H DENR National Ambient Air Quality Source Specific Air Pollutants 10 Averaging Time (hr) 8 *ND (Not detectable) Values detected are below the laboratory’s Method Detection Limit

10) Noise Level

95. Secondary data on noise was taken from the study conducted by DPWH on September 6, 2014 for the Pasig – Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV). Monitoring results showed that except for morning and nighttime observations in AQN-1, all of the noise level measurements were not complied with (next table).

Table 17: Secondary Data of Ambient Noise in Marikina, dBA Quality Standard AQN-1 AQN-2 (Class A) Morning (0500-0900) 50 49.4 62.0 Daytime (0900-1800) 55 54.2 63.0 Evening (1800-2200) 50 56.8 62.2 Nightime (2200-0500) 45 49.3 61.2 Note: AQN-1: Residential area in Barangay Tañong, Marikina City, and AQN-2: Residential area near Marikina Bridge in Barangay Jesus De La Peña, Marikina City. 2014 by DPWH. Quality Standard: Memorandum Circular of the National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC), 1980. Class A: A section or contiguous area which is primary used for residential purposes.

96. The results of ambient noise level monitoring done in April-May 2019 are provided in the

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next Table and compared to the IFC / World Bank guide values. All measured values were above the IFC guide values for residential areas.

Table 18: Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Results 2019, dBA

Median IFC / World Station Location Date/Time Period Source of Noise Noise Leq** Bank Level* Standards May 1, 2019 Daytime 81 71.3 55 Kabayani Road, 1336H-1436H Vehicles passing along N1 Marikina Side May 1, 2019 the road Nighttime 77 65.3 45 220H-2300H May 2, 2019 Daytime 78 75.2 50 Behind Nangka 1601H-1701H Vehicles passing along N2 HS Gym, Riverside May 2, 2019 the road Nighttime 75 65.0 40 1552-1652H May 3, 2019 Front of large green Daytime 72 61.0 55 1604H-1704H Vehicles passing along N3 house, May 3, 2019 the road Delhi St., Vista Real Nighttime 67 54.4 45 2201-2301H Between April 25, 2019 Daytime Light and heavy 69 64.9 55 0900H-1000H N4 Homeowner’s Drive vehicles passing along and Agricultores St., April 25, 2019 Nighttime the road 67 61.3 45 Along J.P. Rizal 2200-2300H April 24, 2019 Vehicles passing along Near Senior Daytime 69 64.9 55 0900H-1000H the road and river wall N5 Citizen’s Hall April 24, 2019 construction during Lopez Jaena St. Nighttime 80 66.1 45 2200-2300H paytime period. April 29, 2019 Daytime 82 70.1 55 Along St. Mary 1101H-1201H Vehicles passing along N6 Avenue April 29, 2019 the road Nighttime 73 66.4 45 2201-2301H April 26, 2019 Latter Day Saint Daytime 65 58.2 50 0900H-1000H Vehicles passing along N7 Church along St. April 26, 2019 the road Mary Avenue Nighttime 71 60.3 45 2200-2300H April 30, 2019 Daytime 73 61.3 55 Along Cambridge 1536H-1636H Vehicles passing along N8 Street April 30, 2019 the road Nighttime 75 63.1 45 2202-2302H April 27, 2019 Along J.P. Rizal Daytime Activities in the 70 59.3 55 1059H-1159H N9 Riverbank nr. basketball court during April 27, 2019 Kalumpang Gym Nighttime daytime period 65 59.5 45 2200-2300H Along St. Uriel in JP April 28, 2019 Vehicles passing along N10 Daytime 82 71.9 55 Rizal St. 1053H-1153H the road NPCC (1978) specified use of the median of seven (7) highest noise readings. There is, however, no specified procedure in NPCC (1978, 1980) on the number of samples to measure and the sampling time of when to record noise levels. The IFC-WB (2007) uses the equivalent noise levels (LAeq) within the one-hour period.

Table 19. IFC Noise Level Guidelines

One Hour LAeq (dBA) Receptor Daytime (0700H-2200H) Nighttime (2200H-01700H)

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Residential; institutional; educational 55 45

Industrial; commercial 70 70 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MANAGEMENTAPRIL 30, 2007

97. The noise level monitoring done in February 2021 are provided in the succeeding Table.

Table 20. Ambient Average Noise Levels (dbA) 0900H- 1800H- 2200H- 0500H- Leq Date of Leq Sampling Location 1800H 2200H 0500H 0900H Nite 2/ sampling Day 1/ (Daytime) (Evening) (Nighttime) (Morning) St. Mary / AQM1 Feb 03-04 70.8 66.2 54.6 67.1 69.48 65.47 Hannsmat SM Marikina AQM2 / Marcos Feb 09-10 79.3 77.5 65.5 79.8 78.8 73.80 Hiway San Antonio AQM3 de Padua Feb 10-11 66.3 67.6 58.7 67.2 66.84 63.51 Parish Lopez Jaena Feb. 04- AQM4 75.8 71.5 74.9 83.0 76.11 79.40 St. 05 Homeowners Feb. 05- AQM5 82.0 77.6 76.1 84.9 81.30 81.14 Drive 06 Bagong Sibol AQM6 Feb 07-08 76.8 71.8 66.2 75.8 75.6 71.89 Market Katipunan AQM7 Feb 08-09 59.4 54.0 48.2 59.2 58.21 55.07 Extension Limit Class A 55.0 50.0 55.0 50.0 55 45 (dBA) Notes: 1 and 2 were computed based on the day, evening, night, and morning measurement using the equation Leq(t) = 10 log 10(1/T∑ 10(SEL/10))

11) Vibration Levels

98. The following table shows the results of vibration monitoring conducted in Feb 2021.

Table 21. Vibration Monitoring Results

Average Average Average Zero Area / Sampling Events Location Period Time Velocity Noise Decibel Frequency Station Date No. (mm/s) (VdB) (Hz) 1000H- DAYTIME 4 St. Mary / 03 & 04 1100H AQM1 0.27 100.6 74.7 Hannsmat Feb 2021 1800H- EVENING 4 1900H SM Marikina / 09 & 10 1000H- AQM2 DAYTIME 89 0.20 102.6 33.7 Marcos Hiway Feb 2021 1100H

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1800H- EVENING 37 1900H 1000H- San Antonio DAYTIME 3 11 Feb 1100H AQM3 de Padua 0.67 91.9 14.3 2021 1800H- Parish EVENING 1 1900H 1000H- DAYTIME 39 Lopez Jaena 04 & 05 1100H AQM4 0.18 101.3 57.6 St. Feb 2021 1800H- EVENING 93 1900H 1000H- DAYTIME 7 Homeowners 05 & 06 1100H AQM5 0.15 101.7 55.5 Drive Feb 2021 1800H- EVENING 8 1900H 1010H- DAYTIME 46 Bagong Sibol 07 Feb 1110H AQM6 0.23 102.0 36.2 Market 2021 1810H- EVENING 44 1910H 1000H- (no DAYTIME Katipunan 09 Feb 1100H reading) AQM7 0.12 101.0 3.0 Extension 2021 1800H- EVENING 1 1900H

99. Sampling at all sites started at around 1000H up to 1100H for Daytime and 1800H up to 1900H for evenings. The vibrometer was placed 1-5 meters away from the sampling points for all seven (7) stations depending on the ease of access on the area. Recording was done for one (1) hour for both daytime and evening on all points. 100. Based on the above Table, there were a total of 8 events (4 in daytime, 4 in evening) recorded for station AQM1 (St. Mary/Hannsmat). The highest reading in daytime is 0.86 mm/s while for the evening is 0.23 mm/s, averaging 0.27 mm/s per station. The table also shows that the average noise value recorded is 100.6 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 74.7 Hz. 101. For station AQM2 (SM Marikina/Marcos Highway), there were a total of 126 events recorded, 89 events in daytime and 37 events in the evening. The highest reading in the daytime is 0.52 mm/s and for the evening is 0.21 mm/s, averaging at 0.20 mm/s per station. The table also shows that the average noise value of 102.6 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 33.7 Hz. 102. For station AQM3 (San Antonio de Padua Parish), there were a total of 4 events recorded, 3 events in the daytime and 1 event in the evening. The highest recorded at daytime was 0.92 mm/s and for the evening it was at 1.02 mm/s and averaging 0.67 mm/s per station. The table also shows that the average noise value of 91.9 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 14.3 Hz. 103. For station AQM4 (Lopez Jaena), there were a total of 132 total events recorded, 39 events in daytime and 93 events for evening time. The highest reading in daytime is 0.78 mm/s. The table also shows that the average noise value recorded is 101.3 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 57.6 Hz. 104. For station AQM5 (Homeowners Drive), there were a total of 15 events recorded, 7 events in daytime and 8 events for evening time. The highest reading in daytime is 0.21 mm/s and the evening is 0.13 mm/s, averaging at 0.15 mm/s per station. The table also shows that the average noise value recorded is 101.7 VdB wth zzero crossing frequency of 55.5 Hz. 105. For station AQM6 (Bagong Sibol Market), there were a total of 90 events recorded, 46 events in the daytime and 44 events in the evening. The highest reading in the daytime is 0.98 mm/s and for the evening is 0.19 mm/s, averaging at 0.23 mm/s. The table also shows that the

Page 79 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination average noise value is 102.0 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 36.2 Hz. 106. For station AQM7 (Katipunan Extension), there was only 1 event recorded, in the evening measuring 0.12 mm/s, there is no recorded for the daytime. The table also show that the average noise value is 101.0 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 3.00 Hz. 107. A study of human response to continuous vibration from traffic10 reports that a peak particle velocity of 2.0 mm/sec is readily perceptible to humans and at 2.5 mm/sec, it begins to annoy. Measured vibration levels (0.12 to 0.67 mm/s) were below the perceptible level.

12) Marikina River Water (Surface) Quality

108. Marikina River is classified as Class C as reported in the National Water Quality Status Report (EMB, 2014). The intended beneficial uses of Class C fresh water based on DAO No. 08, series of 2016 are the following: a) Fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; b) Recreational water Class II (boating, etc.); c) Industrial water supply Class I (for manufacturing processes after treatment.

109. The quality standard of Fresh Water Class C is shown in the following Table . Table 22: Water Quality Guidelines for Class C Freshwater

Parameter Unit Standard BOD mg/L 7 Chloride mg/L 350 Color TCU 75 Dissolved Oxygen (minimum) mg/L 5 Fecal Coliform MPN / 100 mL 200 Nitrate as NO3-N mg/L 7 pH (range) 6.5 – 9.0 Phosphate mg/L 0.5 Temperature C 25 - 31 Total suspended solids mg/L 80

110. Available secondary data of river water quality in Marikina Bridge were taken from the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission’s Unified Monitoring for 2012-2013 and the Pasig- Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV) of DPWH in 2014. Except for pH, phosphate and total suspended solids, most of the monitored data done by PRRC and DPWH did not pass the Water Quality Guidelines for Class C Freshwater. 111. The three-year data (next table) showed that Marikina River, with an elevated level of BOD and reduced level of DO compared to quality standards, is suffering from organic pollutants. The

10 Cited in “Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual”, September 2013. California Department of Transportation.

Page 80 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination total coliform, which includes fecal coliform, is extremely high compared to the standard. This indicates contamination of the river with fecal material, which pose potential health risks for people exposed to the river. Coliform bacteria may come from the overflow of domestic sewage coming from the communities draining towards Marikina River or nonpoint sources of human and animal wastes.11 Table 23: Secondary Water Quality Data of Marikina River (2012-2014)

Parameter Unit 2012 2013 2014 Mean Standard BOD mg/L 7.33 14.92 3.0 8.42 7.0 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 3.94 3.22 5.8 4.32 5.0 Total suspended mg/L 11.67 13.58 23.0 16.08 80.0 solids MPN / Total Coliform 1.3 x 106 3.63 x 107 9.2 x 105 12.84 x 106 5,000 100 mL Nitrate as NO3-N mg/L No data No data 0.9 0.90 7.0 pH (range) 7.07 7.43 7.1 7.20 6.5 – 9.0 Phosphate as mg/L No data No data 0.08 0.08 0.4 Phosphorous Temperature °C No data No data 20.8 20.8 25 - 31 Turbidity NTU No data No data 29 29.00 - Conductivity µS/cm No data No data 367 367.00 - Oil and Grease mg/L 1.48 1.11 1.4 1.33 2.0

112. Surface water samples have been collected from seven locations and analyzed in the laboratory. The locations have been selected considering the up streams and down streams of proposed bridges locations. Monitoring results of river water quality are summarized in the table below. 113. In the study area, the maximum pH value was 7.76, which was recorded in samples point located in the B03 St3. The lowest pH value of 7.25 was measured at point 1 located in the B01 St1 station. The pH level of the surface water in all the samples were within the standard. 114. BOD showed high concentration in all sampling locations. The high concentration of BOD would indicate the presence of high amount of organic pollutants that require higher volume of dissolved oxygen to breakdown. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels were also below the standard level. This implies that the water of the Marikina River have high amount of pollutants, i.e. organic materials that consume more volume of dissolved oxygen. 115. The chloride concentration in the samples varied from 18.9 mg/l (B01 St1) to 21.6 mg/l (B03 St1). All of samples from bridges locations show that the chloride concentration is lower than the standard. 116. Fecal coliform concentrations are very high in all samples and above the standard limit. The result indicates surface water contamination by human activities. The baseline study also assessed the level of TSS in all sampling locations and shows concentrations above the standard.

11 Fecal coliform count may be inferred from the total coliform count through a correlation study provided by A. Hiraishi (1983) which showed a range of FC/TC from 0.007 to 0.26. Using the lower value, the fecal coliform in the 2012-2014 reports would be 90,000 MPN/100 ml.

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Table 24. Water Quality Monitoring Results B01 B01 BO1 B02 B02 B03 B03 DENR Parameter Unit Standards St1 St2 St3 St1 St2 St1 St2

BOD mg/L 10.4 10.7 19.1 8.87 24.5 27.5 22.7 7.0 or less

Chloride Mg/l 18.9 20.1 21.6 19.1 20.9 20.9 20.9 350

Color TCU 15.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 75 Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 or mg/L 2.71 1.21 1.94 3.06 1.59 2.54 3.13 (minimum) above MPN / Fecal Coliform 28,000 24,000 21,000 28,000 22,000 35,000 28,000 200 100 mL Nitrate as NO3-N mg/L 0.340 0.341 0.123 0.281 0.0432 0.0462 0.306 7.0 pH (range) - 7.25 7.56 7.70 7.57 7.60 7.65 7.76 6.5 – 9.0

Phosphate mg/L 0.452 0.500 0.635 0.550 0.730 0.505 0.480 0.4

Temperature °C 26.5 27.3 26.4 26.7 26.6 24.5 24.3 25 - 31 Total suspended mg/L 108 23.8 26.7 37.3 78.5 51.5 74.0 30.0 solids Oil and Grease mg/L ND ND ND ND ND 2.14 ND 2.0

117. Monitoring results indicate that the river water is suffering from organic pollutants being characterized by high coliform counts, high BOD and TSS, and low DO, most of which exceed the quality standards. Coliform counts are extremely high exceeding 20,000 MPN/100ml. The level of the water pollution is such that the river water is not adequate for aquatic biota, and/or recreation activities. River water often generates offensive odor, or intolerable smell. The main cause of the water pollution (pollution source) may be by direct drainage of waste water from individual houses and factories located along the river due to lack of sewerage treatment.

B. Biological Environment 1) Terrestrial Fauna

118. Secondary data from the DPWH Study in 2014, the Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV), showed that a total of 45 fauna species was recorded along Marikina River. These species are composed of 4 amphibians, 1 reptile, 37 birds, and 3 mammals. Most of the fauna species are common and non-forest associated species, which are reflective of habitat typical of residential and industrial, and cultivated areas. 119. Amphibians and Reptiles: There are five (5) amphibian and reptile species in total recorded indicating low diversity brought about by the heavily disturbed habitats. It is composed of three frogs, one toad and one lizard. These are the common sun skink (Eutropis multifasciata), banded bull frog (Kaloula pulchra), common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax), puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis) and marine toad (Rhinella marina). Three out of the five species recorded are native species (common sun skink, common tree frog and puddle frog) while the other two species are invasive introduced species (banded bull frog and marine toad). All of the species recorded are common and abundant in terms of population status.

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120. Birds: A total of 37 bird species were recorded. In terms of bird families, the most represented is Ardeidae followed by Sylviidae and the other families have one to two species representatives. The abundance of species representatives for Ardeidae (bitterns, egrets and herons) reflect the wetland habitat type. In terms of species, the most abundant is the whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) followed by Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) and Pacific swallow (Hirundo tahitica). 121. Mammals: There are three (3) small mammal species recorded, composed of two (2) rodents and one (1) shrew. All of these are introduced namely the Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi), common rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus). 122. None of the recorded fauna species is listed under any threatened categories of the List of Terrestrial Threatened Species and Their Categories, and the List of Other Wildlife Species (DAO No. 2004-15), IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and/or the CITES. 2) Terrestrial Flora

123. The same DPWH study also showed that most of the flora species recorded are introduced (29) followed by native (19), and Philippine endemic (5). The Philippine endemic species recorded are alagaw (Premna odorata), is-is (Ficus ulmifolia), Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii), dila-dila (Cynometra cf inaequifolia) and niogniogan (Ficus pseudopalma). There was a high number of introduced species recorded along Phase IV of the Project since a large portion of the river stretch (Marikina River Park) was deliberately planted by the locals with introduced species and the area is generally located in an urban setting where source of propagules (e.g. seeds, spores, etc.) are mostly from nearby introduced species. 3) Aquatic Biota

124. Secondary data of aquatic biota was obtained from Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV) of DPWH, sampling of which was done on September 5, 2014 at Marikina Bridge. Table 31 below shows the result of the phytoplankton species found during the survey.

Table 25: Identified Phytoplankton Species in Marikina River

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Dominance Group / Species Mean Count Cells/ml Count Cells/ml Count Cells/ml (%) Barcillariophaceae Cocconeis sp. 1 3 2 7 0 0 3 3 Cymatopleura sp. 2 7 2 7 1 3 6 5 Diatoma sp. 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 Ellerbeckia sp. 2 7 3 10 2 7 8 7 Flagellaria sp. 2 7 2 7 2 7 7 6 Melosira sp. 1 3 4 13 3 10 9 8 Navicula sp. 8 27 10 33 7 23 28 24 Nitzschia sp. 2 7 4 13 6 20 13 12 Peroni sp. 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 Pinnularia sp. 1 3 1 3 0 0 2 2 Stauroneis sp. 3 10 3 10 2 7 9 8 Synedra sp. 2 7 2 7 2 7 7 6 Cyclotella sp. 2 7 2 7 2 7 7 6 Gomphonema sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chlorophyceae Pandorina sp. 3 10 3 10 4 13 11 10 Total 116 100

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Source: Pasig – Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV), Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement System (DPWH, June 2018). Sampling was conducted on September 5, 2014. 125. During the September 5, 2014 conducted by DPWH for the Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV), there were four zooplankton species under Phylum Arthopoda and Protozoa identified as shown in Table 32. Of the four species identified, Didinium sp. has the highest species density of 37/ml., followed by Paramecium sp. with 13/ml. Didinium and Paramecium live in an aquatic environment with high levels of decomposing organic matter, which support the high level of organic pollution status of Marikina River.

Table 26: Identified Phytoplankton Species in Marikina River Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Dominance Species Mean Count Cells/ml Count Cells/ml Count Cells/ml (%) Arthropoda Bosmina sp. 2 7 1 3 1 3 4 8 Cyclop sp. 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 Protozoan Didinium sp. 10 33 15 50 8 27 37 66 Paramecium sp. 5 17 5 17 2 7 13 24 Total 56 100 Source: Pasig – Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV), Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement System (DPWH, June 2018). Sampling was conducted on September 5, 2014. 126. During the same survey, benthic organisms collected from the bottom soil of Marikina River was limited only to Oligochaetes or marine worms. The limited number of benthic organisms indicate that the water quality of the river is poor. In addition, the only fish species observed during the sampling was the Janitor fish or Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, an invasive and exotic species introduced in the Philippines, which has high tolerance for pollution. Ipomea aquatica or locally known as kangkong was the only aquatic plant along the Marikina Bridge during the DPWH survey.

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4) Biodiversity Risk Screening

127. To understand the biodiversity risk in the construction and operation of the three bridges the Integrated the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (iBAT) was utilized in this study. iBAT provides a rapid, easy and desk-based solution to help identify whether projects may impact areas of high biodiversity value. iBAT uses a global database of the most up-to-date and authoritative scientific datasets to better understand how projects may affect critical biodiversity and provide a trigger for enhanced diligence. The iBAT screening process uses a wide range of indicators of high biodiversity values that includes: i) Nationally or regionally designated Protected Areas; ii) Internationally Recognized Sensitive Areas (NESCO Natural World Heritage Sites. – UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserves. – Key Biodiversity Areas. – Wetlands designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention); iii) The habitat of threatened species (in the Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable categories in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), endemic or range-restricted species, migratory and/or congregatory species, Highly-threatened and/or unique ecosystems, climate threatened species and ecosystems, key evolutionary processes, and species of stakeholder concern. iBAT uses the World Bank’s Performance Standard 6 on Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources.

128. The key results of biodiversity risk screening are as follows:

• There are no world heritage or alliance for zero extinction sites within a 50-kilometer radius of the project site. There are 11 protected sites within the 50-kilometer radius of which 3 are within 10 kilometers. There are no anticipated impacts on the protected areas as these are either outside the Marikina River Basin or upstream of the project area. • A screening threatened species (CR, EN, and VU) with potential to occur within the 50- km radius from the project site indicated that 79% occur in the marine environment12 and are not present in the project area. The degraded water quality and disturbed riverbanks and floodplains discount the presence of Reptilia, Magnoliosida, and Agaricomyetes species. There are 25 Aves species that are known to occur with the 50-km radius however, field investigations including interviews indicated cockatoo, eagle, curlew, and hawks have not be sighted over a long period of time.

129. The iBAT screening, water quality assessment, site inspection, and local knowledge indicated that no anticipated impacts on biodiversity attributable to the proposed project. Annex 5 presents the iBAT screening report. Table 27: List of Protected Areas Within the 50-km Radius of the Project Area Protected Areas Description Remarks Hinulugan Taktak Republic Act No. 6964 September 18, Located upstream of the Protected Landscape 1990. an Act Converting the Hinulugan Taktak project site, not impacted by Recreation Area in the Municipality of the project. Antipolo, Province of Rizal, Into a National Park To Be Known As The Hinulugan Taktak

12 Chondrichtyes (13 species), Actinopterygii (25), Anthozoa (168), and Holuthurodeia.

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Protected Areas Description Remarks National Park And Appropriating Funds Therefor. 1/

Proclamation No. 412. Declaring the Hinulugan Taktak National Park Situated in the Municipality of Antipolo, Province Of Rizal as a Protected Area Pursuant to Republic Act 7586 (Nipas Act of 1992) and Shall Be Known as Hinulugang Taktak Protected Landscape. 2/ Ninoy Aquino Parks Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas Not located in the Marikina and Wildlife Center System (ENIPAS) Act of 2018 or RA 11038, River Basin, not impacted by amended the National Integrated Protected the project. Areas System (NIPAS) or RA 7586 and created the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center became one of the 94 Protected Areas legislated in Congress, and classified as national park. Park area is 23.85 has in Quezon City envisioned as a world-class ecotourism destination and a venue for biodiversity conservation and education on Philippine endemic and rare wild flora and fauna. 3/ Unnamed National Declaring as a National Park, Wildlife Located upstream of the Park and Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Preserve a Certain project site, not impacted by Sanctuary and Game Parcel Of Land of the Public Domain Embraced the project. Preserve (Presidential and Situated In The Provinces Of , Proclamation 1636, Rizal, Laguna And Quezon, Island of Luzon. 4/ 1977) Angat (Metro Water Proclamation No. 71 (1927) signed by Not located in the Marikina District) Forest Governor-General Leonard Wood, the 62,309- River Basin, not impacted by Reserve hectare (153,970-acre) Angat Watershed the project. Forest Reserve was established covering portions of the municipalities of Montalban, San José del Monte, Norzagaray, Angat, San Rafael, San Miguel, Peñaranda and Infanta in the provinces of Rizal, Bulacan, and , with the administration and control placed under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 5/ Angat (Pilot) Proclamation No. 391. Excluding from the Not located in the Marikina Watershed and Forest Operation of Proclamation No. 505, Dated River Basin, not impacted by Range December 4, 1965, Which Established Angat the project. Watershed Reservation, a Certain Portion Thereof Per B.F. Map No. Wr-3, Situated in the Municipalities of Norzagaray and San Jose, Province of Bulacan and Municipality of Montalban, Province Of Rizal, And Reserving The Same as Angat Watershed and Forest, Forest Range and Watershed Management Pilot Project Reserve. 6/ Las Pinas-Paranaque Proclamation No. 1412. Establishing a Critical Not located in the Marikina Critical Habitat Habitat and Ecotourism Area Within the River Basin, not impacted by Ecotourism Area Coastal Lagoon of Las Piñas and Parañaque. the project.

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Protected Areas Description Remarks The lagoons of Parañaque and Las Piñas combined support populations of the globally threatened Chinese Egret and the Philippine Duck along with 25 species of other rare and uncommon species of waterbirds. Following the RAMSAR Convention, an area is a wetland of global ecological importance if it hosts at least 1% of the population of any waterbird species in the East Asian Flyway, which Las Piñas and Parañaque does for the Common Greenshank and even 10% of the population of the Black-winged Stilt. 7/ Las Pinas-Paranaque The Las Piñas – Parañaque Critical Habitat and Not located in the Marikina Critical Habitat Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) is a 175 hectare River Basin, not impacted by Ecotourism Area protected area located between the the project. (LPLPCHEA)/Las coordinates 14.481158, 120.971586 and Pinas Paranaque 14.502763, 120.988237 or the southwest portion of Metro Manila and Manila Bay. LPPCHEA divided into 2 main landmasses: Long Island is at the southwest portion of the LPPCHEA in Las Piñas City and Freedom Island is at the northeast part in Parañaque City. 8/ Luneta National Park It is considered as one of the largest urban Not located in the Marikina parks in Asia, covering an area of 58 hectares. River Basin, not impacted by the project Manila Bay Beach Proclamation No. 41 (1954). Reserving for Not located in the Marikina Resort National Park National Park Purposes to be Known as River Basin, not impacted by “Manila Bay Beach Resort” A Certain Parcel of the project. the Public Domain Situated in the Cities of Manila And Pasay and the Municipality of Parañaque, Province of Rizal, Island of Luzon under the administration of the Commission on Parks and Wildlife. 9/ Pamintian Protected Proclamation No 901 (1966). Declaring a Upstream and the project Landscape Certain Parcel of Land Within the Coverage of offers no risk to the cave Proclamation Nos. 1636 and 1637, Dated 18 system. April 1977, Situated in the Municipality of Rodriguez, Province of Rizal, as Pamitinan Protected Landscape. The proclamation set aside, withdraw from sale, settlement and exploitation of whatever nature or forms of disposition, a parcel of land situated in the Municipality of Rodriguez, Province of Rizal, which includes the Pamitinan Cave, its surroundings and other cave ecosystems. 10/ Upper Marikina River The Marikina Watershed Reservation was Upstream of the project Basin Protected originally created on July 26, 1904, by virtue of area, not affected by the Landscape Executive Order No. 33. proposed project Sources: 1/ https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6964_1990.html 2/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2000/11/17/proclamation-no-412-s-2000/ 3/https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/napwc 4/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/04/18/proclamation-no-1636-s-1977

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5/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angat_Watershed_Forest_Reserve 6/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1968/04/30/proclamation-no-391-s-1968/ 7/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/04/22/proclamation-no-1412-s-2007/ 8/ https://www.wetlands.ph/projects/lppchea-wetland-centre-complex/ 9/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1954/07/05/proclamation-no-41-s-1954/ 10/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1996/10/10/proclamation-no-901-s-1996/

Figure 32: Key Biodiversity Areas Within a 50-kilometer Radius from the Project Site

C. Socio-economic Environment 1) Demography

130. Based on the 2015 Census of Population conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Marikina City has a total population of 450,741. Of the 16 barangays, Malanday has the highest population at 55,442 while Sta. Elena has the lowest population at only 6,928. The demographic profile of Marikina is shown in the succeeding Tables. The barangays covered by the project areas are indicated in bold fonts.

Table 28: Population of Marikina City, 2015 Site Population 18,504 Calumpang 14,857 Concepcion Uno 42,564 Jesus De La Peña 10,175 Malanday 55,442 Nangka 43,828 Parang 41,661

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Site Population San Roque 17,945 Santa Elena (Pob.) 6,928 Santo Niño 30,759 Tañong 8,270 Concepcion Dos 25,637 38,795 Industrial Valley 15,995 Fortune 36,142 Tumana 43,239 Total 450,741 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015

Table 29: Demographic Profile of Marikina City, 2015 Total population (2015) 450,741 No. of barangays 16 Population density (persons/km2) 19,475 Household population 95,699 Household size 4.71 Crude birth rate (per 1,000) 19.9 Crude death rate (per 1,000) 9.47 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000) 22.78 Morbidity rate (per 1,000) 82.63 Source: https://www.marikina.gov.ph/government/about#our-city

2) Land Use

131. More than half of the city’s land area is devoted to residential purposes. Land dedicated for industrial use, at 10%, is slowly being converted for residential and commercial purposes. Other land uses are in Table below. Table 30: Marikina City Land Use, 2013 Land Use, 2013 Area, has % Residential 1,235.36 55% Commercial 208.52 9% Industrial 237.22 10% Institutional 119.9 5% Open Space / Park 99.54 4% Area for Priority 79.56 4% Development Cemeteries 34.45 2% Cultural Heritage 0.23 0% Roads 251.56 11% Total 2,266.34 100% Source: City Planning & Devt. Office 2001-2006

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3) Housing

132. About 6.6 percent of total households in Marikina are considered informal settlers and 0.7 percent lives in makeshift housing. About 57.6% of households in Barangay Tumana were recorded as informal settlers. The Marikina Settlement Office reported that for the period 2012- 2013, 12.4% or 9,791 of the households were classified as informal settlers. 4) Water and Sanitation

133. At least 1 in every 100 households in the city had no access to improved water source while less than 1 percent had no access to sanitary toilet facilities. An estimated of 1,000 households in the city or 1.3 percent had no access to improved water source. This translates to at least 1 in ever y 100 households having no access to improved water source. The highest estimate was recorded in Barangay Tumana with a total of 701 households (8.3%) having no access to improved water source.

5) Basic Education

134. At least 4 in every 100 children 6 to 15 years old were not attending school. Among children who are 6 to 15 years old, 4.1 percent were not attending school, which translates to a total of 2,412 children. The highest proportion of children not attending school is recorded in Barangay Sta. Elena at 6.5 percent, which translates to 49 children. Barangay Tumana has the most number of out-of-school youths with 474 or 6.2 percent. 6) Income and Livelihood

135. Poverty incidence is at 11.6 percent. Results from the survey revealed that at least 11 in every 100 households have incomes below the poverty threshold. This represents a total of 9,169 income-poor households in the city. Barangay Tumana has the greatest number of income-poor households at 1,797 households and also have the highest poverty rate at 21.3 percent. Of the households, 5.4 percent have no sufficient income to satisfy their basic nutritional requirements Survey results showed that 5.4 percent or 4,303 households are considered food poor. This translates to at least 5 in every 100 households have income below the food threshold. Across all barangays in the city, Barangay Tumana recorded the highest rate of subsistence poverty at 10.4 percent and having the highest magnitude at 882 households living below the food threshold.

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V. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATING MEASURES

136. This chapter presents the identification and assessment of potential environmental impact from the construction of the 3 bridges across the Marikina River. The identification of potential environmental impacts consists of identifying the valued environmental components (or receptors) of the physical, biological, and human environments that are potentially to be affected by the proposed project’s activities. This identification is conducted through the construction of an interaction grid where the valued environmental components are listed in the y-axis and the project activities on the x-axis. The next phase is the assessment of the potential impacts based on duration and effect of the potential impacts. Following the identification of impacts and significance, adverse impacts are further assessed using appropriate modelling tools, while medium and minor impacts are mitigated to decrease or correct their negative impacts incorporated in the project design. Finally, the significance of the residual effects is assessed cognizant of the full application of the mitigation measures.

A. Itemized Construction Method 137. Most of the potential impacts are anticipated to occur during construction phase, e.g., site mobilization, establishment of camps, bridges construction, etc. The general construction method is described in the Project Description chapter report; however, an itemized construction activity is required for a comprehensive impact assessment. Table 31: Itemized Construction Activity for the Metro Manila Bridges Project Item Description Earthworks • Clearing and Grubbing • Removal of Trees • Unsuitable Excavation • Surplus Common Excavation • Embankment from Roadway Excavation • Subgrade Preparation Subbase and Base Course • Aggregate Subbase Course Surface Courses • Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP), Min. thick = 280 mm Bridge Construction (Bridge • Structural Excavation, (Above Water Level) Construction Items are divided • Structural Excavation, (Below Water Level) into two categories such as a • Shoring and Cribbing Cofferdam general bridge works for Bridge • Steel Sheet Piles (Furnished, Driven, Removed) No.1 & No.2 and a special • Pile Integrity Test, bridge works for Bridge No.3 • Pile that is Extradosed Bridge. • Dynamic Load Test, Common for Bridge No.1, No.2 • Pile Static Load Test, and No.3 • Bored Piles

• Reinforce Steel Bars, • Prestressing Strands, • Structural Concrete for PSC Box Girder, Voided Slab, Pylon • Structural Concrete for Pile Cap, Columns, Coping • Structural Concrete for Abutment, Wingwalls, Stub Wall • Structural Concrete for Bored CIP Pile • Lean Concrete • Expansion Joint • Elastomeric Bearing Pad

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• Deck Drains (dia = 150mm GIP) • Demolition and Restoration of Existing Structures • Crane Way (Access Road, Working Platform) Additional for Bridge No.3 • Construction Fixing Device, Steel Bar • Key Sag Fixing Device, Steel Bar • Stay Cable with HDPE Duct, Prestressing Strands • Seismic Isolation Bearing • Stay Cable Erection • Box Girder Construction by Free Cantilever Method(F/T) • Instrumentation during Construction Drainage and Slope Protection • Foundation Fill Structures • Pipe Culverts and Drain Excavation • Reinforcing Steel (Drainage Structures) • Structure Concrete "Class A" (Drainage Structures) • Lean Concrete (Drainage Structures) • RCPC Class II • Grouted Riprap, Class "A" • MSE Wall (PC) • Stub Wall (RC) Miscellaneous Structures • Concrete Curb • Maintenance Marker Posts • Metal Beam Guardrail (including Concrete Post) • Metal Beam End Piece • Guardrail (Reinforce Concrete) • Warning Signs • Regulatory Signs • Guide or Informatory Signs • Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings Note: Construction activities that will have no or minimal impacts on the environment were not included. These includes provision of offices, communication, topographic survey, etc.

138. Bridge Construction Details. The foundation of the bridge will be y the bored pile in consideration of the site subsoil conditions. The bridge components consist of the approach bridges on land and main bridges in offshore. The Full Scaffolding Method (FSM) will be appropriate for approach bridges of Voided Slab girder on land and PSC Box girder both on land and offshore, while the Free Cantilever Method (FCM) is appropriate for the Extradosed Bridge for Bridge No.3. Due to the conditions of Marikina River and access roads from existing roads to the sites, it is not possible to mobilize a big size floating crane and crawler cranes. The cranes will be set up on temporary work platform or floating barge. 139. The stay cable for extradosed bridge will be considered to overcome severe environmental conditions such as strong winds and vibrations by applying advanced anchorage technology. The substructure of the bridge consists of pile caps, piers and abutments. The construction procedure begins with the excavation for pile cap followed by rebar and concrete for pile cap, rebar and formwork for pier or abutment and lastly pouring concrete and curing. 140. MSE Walls. On both sides of the bridge structures, the ramps consist of embankment supported by MSE (Mechanically Stabilized Earth) wall from the abutments to the existing road levels. MSE walls are adopted at higher segments from the abutments of the ramps to a minimum of 1.0m from the Roadway Level for optimum and economical result. The MSE wall is mainly comprised of the layers of granular fill, reinforcing strips, concrete precast facing and the

Page 92 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination foundation base. The concrete facing is connected to the reinforcing strips by durable bolts. The MSE base is embedded into the ground a minimum of 0.90m and sized in compliance to AASHTO criteria and specifications. Concrete panel type of MSE Wall is proposed. 141. There are several types of river protection along the affected area that may be affected due to construction of the 3 bridges. The affected river protection will be restored after construction of the piers of bridges. If necessary, additional protection such as rip rap, grouting will be applied. 142. Temporary yard for construction is necessary for the contractor’s office, equipment, workshop, parking space, and stock yard for various materials. Vacant spaces in close proximity to the bridge sites area available for the temporary yards and identified in Figure 9, Figure 10, and Figure 11, respectively. 143. The summary of activities for the project are: a) Preconstruction stage: i) Alignment and design of access roads and bridges ii) Land acquisition, resettlement of houses iii) Utility shifting – removal and transfer of electric, telephone, water lines and drainage pipes b) Construction Phase i) Site mobilization and construction of temporary facilities - installation of construction trailers, establishment of construction camp sites, installation of electricity and other utility connections, perimeter fencing, establishment of storage areas, waste disposal, pre-fabricated components, installation of production equipment (hot mix, concrete batching, rock crusher, casting), launch and assembly areas, temporary access roads, parking areas. ii) Land clearing which includes surface stripping, topsoil storage, excavation, earthwork and other land preparation activities for the approach roads including tree-cutting or removal. iii) Construction works on land: main bridge approach embankments and viaducts, connecting roads, bridge connecting approach and associated structures, underpasses and bridges, junctions; management of construction wastes, excavated material and hazardous materials. iv) Construction works in aquatic environment: bridge piers and installation of bridge substructure and superstructure. v) Transportation of construction materials from quarries and borrow areas vi) Operation of construction camp sites: worker camps, batching plants, hot mix plants, service yards, and stockpiles.

c) Post-Construction Phase i) Deconstruction of structures: dismantling of steel and concrete structures, offices, and crushing of debris. ii) Demobilization of work site (dismantling of all temporary facilities, restoration of storage and all other areas). iii) Maintenance works on bridges and roads

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B. Assessment of Impacts

144. The identification of potential impacts requires the identification of the components of physical, biological and socio-economic environment that are at risk from the proposed construction of three bridges. A modified Leopold matrix, involving interactions between valued environmental components and project activities are proposed. Valued environmental components (VECs) are defined as fundamental elements of the physical, biological or socio- economic environment, including the air, water, soil, terrain, vegetation, wildlife, fish, birds and land use that may be affected by a proposed project. The VECs for the proposed project are indicated in the succeeding table.

Table 32 Summary of VECs for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marikina Bridges Valued Environmental Environment Rationale and Relationship to the Project Components Physical Land: Land and soil There will be physical and localized alteration of the terrain and condition soil because of construction of roads and approach roads of the bridges Water: Surface water Drainage pattern will change because of project construction. quality and quantity; Construction of substructure may also impact on river flow. Groundwater quality and Quality of surface water of Marikina River will have temporary quantity impact from construction related dust emissions, and wastewater discharges from labor camps. Groundwater quality and quantity will also be affected by land clearing and construction of temporary facilities. Air: Air quality and GHG Air quality will deteriorate during construction because of road and bridge construction. Noise will be generated from the operation of hot mix and concrete batching plants. The proponent is required to assess the greenhouse gas emission that will be generated from the project. The proponent is likewise required to assess and propose mitigation and adaptation to climate change impacts such as flooding. Biological Fauna Although already built-up areas, the construction of bridges may affect faunal habitat. Terrestrial vegetation Land clearing activities devoted for the road and bridge alignment will impact trees and vegetation. Aquatic biota Construction of roads and bridges may generate sediments that may impact fishes and aquatic biota in Marikina River Socioeconomic Private land and buildings Land and buildings owned by private persons will be affected by the road and bridges alignment. Public infrastructure Public infrastructure will likewise be affected with the clearing of the alignment for road and bridges construction. Acoustic environment People living along the proposed access road and bridges alignment will be affected with noise coming from vehicles and equipment used during construction, as well as the traffic that will be generated once the bridges become operational. Heritage and archaeology The proposed alignment for the three bridges and approach and connecting roads may affect heritage structures. Community services Access to community services will benefit bridge users but may negatively impact residents living near approach and connecting roads because of opening of private roads.

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Valued Environmental Environment Rationale and Relationship to the Project Components Health and emergency Access to health and emergency services may positively or services negatively impact road and bridge users Traffic Traffic levels and pattern maybe affected arising from the construction of 3 bridges. Recreation and tourism The project may temporarily impact recreational activities along the riverbanks because of emission coming from bridge construction. Employment and income The project will positively contribute to employment and increase of income of qualified workers, both local and those from outside Marikina. Land use Opening of private housing subdivisions may alter the land use from residential to commercial.

145. The assessment of potential impacts can be further qualified based on intensity, duration, and scope, as shown in the succeeding table. Intensity is the measure of the amount of change imposed on the environment due to the activity (e.g., number of fish species affected, pollutant concentration in Marikina River, sedimentation rate, etc.). Duration is the period of time during which changes in the environment are likely to occur. Geographical scope is the spatial dimension of the impact caused by an action in the environment. It refers to the distance or area covered by the disruption. The terms regional (Metro Manila wide), local (Marikina) and limited (within or near the alignment of the proposed approach roads and bridges) are used to describe the scope. The assessment of potential environmental impacts require the definition of the effects associated with the construction of bridges in terms of intensity, duration, and scope as follow:

Table 33 Definition of Levels of Intensity, Duration and Geographical Scope of Impacts

Intensity Low: Little change in the Medium: Change in High: Change in all or in characteristics of the certain characteristics of the main characteristics component. Difficult to the component. The of the component. The quantify. change may be change is quantifiable. quantifiable. Duration Short-lived: The impact Temporary: The impact is Permanent: The effect disappears immediately. felt during one project has unintended activity or, at most, consequences that affect throughout project the life of the implementation. infrastructure. Geographical Limited: The scope is Local: The scope is local Regional: The scope is scope limited when the action when the action affects regional when the action affects only one the study area. affects areas beyond the environmental element study area located near or within the project/study area

146. These three parameters are incorporated into a multi-criteria matrix to assess the potential effect, making it possible to place the potential effect into one of three categories: a) Major (MAJ): signifies an effect that is permanent and that affects the integrity, diversity and sustainability of the element. Such an effect substantially or irremediably alters the

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quality of the environment. b) Medium (MED): signifies a perceptible, temporary and/or low return effect that has little impact on the environmental component and is not irreversible. Such an effect is short- lived and/or local in scope. c) Minor (MIN): signifies that the effect is non-existent or virtually non-existent, that it does not affect the environmental component in any observable or quantifiable way and that it is related to a randomly occurring natural effect. As a rule, this would be a short-lived effect, limited in scope.

Table 34 Multi-criteria Analysis to Determine the Potential Environmental Impacts Duration Intensity Short-lived Temporary Permanent Scope Limited MIN MIN MED Low Local MIN MIN MED Regional MIN MED MED Limited MIN MED MED Medium Local MED MED MAJ Regional MED MAJ MAJ Limited MED MAJ MAJ High Local MED MAJ MAJ Regional MAJ MAJ MAJ

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Table 35 Matrix Showing the Relationship between VECs and Project Components and Activities for Marikina Bridges Post Construction & Pre-construction Construction Operation

& operation operation &

clearing clearing

resettlement

Installation of of Installation

maintenance

land

below and above above and below

construction construction

course

Girders)

cofferdam cofferdam )

columns)

, ,

and

Relocation of utilities of Relocation

of temporary of facilities

ridge alignment and design and alignment ridge

base, base course, base base, surface and

-

B

Tree cutting and and cutting Tree

Road and bridge bridge and Road

protection, & & protection, misc. structures)

Operation of Bridges (& roads) (& Bridges of Operation

Land acquisition Land and

Bridge Construction Bridge (

Sub

Bridge Construction Bridge piler (Piling, cap,

Bridge construction Bridge (

water excavation and shoring/cribbing shoring/cribbing and excavation water

Bridge Construction Bridge slope and (drainage

Drainage maintenance, debris clearance clearance debris maintenance, Drainage

Demobilization of worksite and equipment and worksite of Demobilization Site mobilization Site Physical Environment Land and soil condition ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Surface water quality & qtty ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Groundwater quality and ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ quantity Air quality and GHG ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Biological Environment Fauna & aquatic biota ✓ Terrestrial vegetation ✓ ✓ Socio Economic Environment

Land & Buildings / Public ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ infrastructure Acoustic environment ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Aesthetics and Visual ✓ ✓ Community & OHS ✓ ✓ ✓

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Table 36 Analysis of Environmental Impacts Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect PRE-CONSTRUCTION 1 Pre- Bridge Land and Localized Medium Permanent Limited Medium • Drainage design is Non- Construction alignment and Buildings flooding due to included in alignment significant design inadequate and gradient planning drainage design 2 Pre- Bridge Terrestrial Improper Low Permanent Limited Medium • Limited alteratives for Non- Construction alignment and Vegetation alignment may the bridge approaches significant design lead to increase are available in trees affected • Compensatory plantation at a rate of 1:100 replacement of tree removed. 3 Pre- Bridge Land and Disturbance of Low Short-lived Limited Minor • All camps should Non- Construction alignment and Buildings residential maintain minimum significant design areas due to distance of 500m from improper through-traffic route location of where possible. construction • The location, layout and camps basic facility provision of each camp shall be submitted to PMC and PIU (DPWH) prior to their construction. • Construction shall commence only after approval. 4 Pre- Utility shifting Public Disruption of Low Short-lived Limited Minor • All telephone, electrical Non- Construction Infrastructures utility services poles should be significant to local relocated before start of community construction. • Coordination with the respective utility service agencies to allow quick shifting and restoration of utility services. • Adequate and prior information to the local community on service

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect disruptions. 5 Pre- Utility shifting Aesthetics and Impairment of Low Short-lived Limited Minor • Immediately complete Non- Construction Visual view of utility shifting to reduce significant residents duration of impact and restore disturbed areas. • Provide visual barriers, when necessary, on active construction zones. • Consult with affected people. 6 Pre- Land Aesthetics and Devaluation of Low Short-lived Limited Minor • Implement landscaping Non- Construction acquisition, Visual land values and other beautification significant resettlement of measures. houses • Provide adequate buffer. • The project may increase the value of the land due to improve access 7 Pre- Land Lands and Displacement of Medium Permanent Limited Medium • Implementation of Non- Construction acquisition, buildings residents Resettlement Action significant resettlement of Plan houses + Enhanced • Prioritize residents for employment employment and livelihood • Regularly coordinate opportunities with LGU CONSTRUCTION 8 Construction Site Air Quality Construction of High Short-lived Limited Medium • Transport, loading and Non- Mobilization & temporary unloading of loose and significant construction of facilities and fill materials through temporary hauling of covered vehicles. facilities. equipment and • Paved approach roads. materials may • Storage areas to be Construction result to short- located downwind of the works on Land term air quality settlement. deterioration. • Regular water spraying Fugitive dust on earthworks, unpaved emission and haulage roads and other fumes from dust prone areas. construction • Provision of PPE to vehicles and

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect other workers. construction • Use covered vehicles to activities will deliver materials that exceed may generate dust regulatory limit 9 Construction Site Surface Water Accidental spills Low Temporary Limited Minor • No vehicles or Non- Mobilization & of oil and other equipment should be significant camp chemicals may parked or refueled near operation. contaminate water bodies, Marikina R. specifically Marikina Construction River. works on land • Oil and grease traps and (subbase, fueling platforms to be base, & surface provided at refueling course, bridge locations. const on land) • All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. • All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual clean-up. • Emergency response procedure to be provided and communicated by the contractors. • See also #17 10 Construction Site Groundwater Accidental spills Low Temporary Limited Minor • Construction vehicles Non- Mobilization quality when and equipment significant transporting maintenance and Construction construction refueling will be works on land materials conducted in a manner particularly fuels so as to avoid spills and and lubricants ground contamination. could affect • Oil interceptors shall be

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect groundwater provided at washdown quality and refueling areas. • Waste oil and oily rags shall be stored and disposed in accordance with RA 6969. 11 Construction Site Sound Operation of High Temporary Local Medium • Construction equipment Non- Mobilization Environment heavy and machinery to be significant equipment and fitted with silencers and Construction machineries will maintained properly. works on land increase noise • Only approved and water esp. level. equipment shall be used Pile driving for construction activities. • Timing of noisy activities shall be done during night time and weekends near schools and selected suitable times near churches when there are no visitors; • Concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible, reroute traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. Otherwise, provide temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources. • Time regulation near residential, built up areas to daylight hours. • Honking restrictions near sensitive areas and • PPEs to workers.

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect 12 Construction Land clearing Terrestrial Tree cutting Medium Permanent Limited Medium • Compliance with Non- Vegetation conditions of significant DENR/LGU SLUP, Tree Cutting Permit, ROW, PCA Permit (if applicable) • Limit land clearing as much as possible. • Provide temporary fencing to vegetation that will be retained. • Promote restoration of damaged or destroyed vegetation where possible (e.g., roadside tree planting); • Tree replacement based on DENR MC No. 2012- 02 for timber/forest trees which requires planting of 100 indigenous tree species in replacement of every tree cut. 13 Construction Land clearing Avifauna Disturbance of Low Short-lived Limited Minor • Avoid cutting of trees Non- potential during nesting period of significant avifaunal birds habitat 14 Construction Land Clearing Land and Soil Soil Erosion Low Temporary Limited Minor • Provide erosion control Non- Site and slope protection significant Mobilization measures Construction • Designate a Spoils works on Land Storage Area, with (subbase, topsoil set aside for later base, surface use and allow maximum course, re-use of spoils drainage and • Construct during dry slope season protection) • Stabilize embankment with grasses or other soil cover

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect 15 Construction Construction Public Works may Low Temporary Local Minor • Temporary access and Non- works on Land Infrastructure damage roads diversion, with proper significant used by local drainage facilities shall and regional be planned by the population. contractor and approved Works may by the ‘Engineer’. restrict access • Access to the schools, of the churches and other community. public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them. • The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. • The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. • On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. • Restriction of construction activity to only one side of the existing road. • The contractor shall

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect inform local community of changes to traffic. 16 Construction Construction Land and Soil Soil/Land Low Short-lived Limited Minor • Implement Ecological Non- works on Land contamination Solid Waste significant due to improper Management Plan solid waste (ESWMP) disposal • Implement re-use and recycling of waste materials • Implement proper segregation, collection and disposal of domestic wastes in designated areas • Implement proper collection, labeling and storage of hazardous waste • Provide receptacles / bins for solid wastes • Engage third party company for waste collection 17 Construction Surface Water Water Quality Medium Short-lived Local Medium • Setup proper and Non- works on Water Quality Degradation adequate sanitary significant facilities Increased • Strictly require the siltation due to contractor and its project workers to observe activities. proper waste disposal and proper sanitation • Strictly observe proper waste handling and disposal • Establishment of construction buffer zones and containment barriers 18 Construction All construction Water Depletion of Low Short-lived Limited Minor • Observe water Non- activities resources Water conservation measures significant Resources

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect • Improve water management to prevent water logging, erosion, and leaching 19 Construction Site Public Increased Low Temporary Local Minor • Use appropriate design Non- mobilization & Infrastructure occurrence of for project facilities significant opn of flooding • Implement appropriate temporary drainage facilities facilities. • Regularly remove debris Subbase, base and other materials that course and may obstruct water flow surface course 20 Construction All activities Air quality and Air quality Low Temporary Local Minor • Properly operate and Non- esp. GHG degradation maintain all equipment significant - operation of from and vehicles vehicles and combustion. • Install appropriate air equipment pollution control device Transport of • Strictly enforce good materials and housekeeping practices wastes • Control vehicle speed to lessen suspension of road dust • Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. 21 Construction Bridge Noise Nuisance to High Short-lived Limited Medium • Properly operate and Non- construction households due maintain all noise significant below and to noise sources (vehicles, above water. generation esp gensets, other Bridge Pile driving. equipment) construction Proximity of • Install, when applicable, Piling receptors in the appropriate noise St.Mary Ave., control devices (e.g. LJaena, mufflers, silencer, sound Homeowners barriers) and Kabayani • Implement appropriate may necessitate operating hours added noise • Provide adequate buffer controls 22 Construction Bridge Vibration Disturbance to Medium Short-lived Limited Minor • Properly operate and Non- construction human maintain all vibration significant

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect below and activities, sources above water. damage to • Install, when applicable, Bridge nearby the appropriate vibration construction buildings due to control devices Piling vibration from construction equipment operation particularly foundation piling 23 Construction Operation of Community, Impacts to Low Temporary Local Minor • Regularly coordinate Non- camp sites. health and community, with LGU significant safety of health and • Provide appropriate workers safety of warning signs, lighting workers; and barricades, potential whenever practicable. increase in • Observe proper COVID19 housekeeping. spread • Participate in public awareness programs on health and safety as part of the stakeholder engagement • Implement appropriate safely programs for community and workers. • Strictly implement health and safety protocols for COVID19 POST-CONSTRUCTION and OPERATION 24 Post Deconstruction Land and soil Clean-up Low Short-lived Limited Minor • Contractor will prepare Non- Construction of Structures Operations, site restoration plans, significant Restoration which will be approved Demobilization and by the PMC of Worksite Rehabilitation • The clean-up and Operation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. • All construction zones

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect including river-beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the satisfaction of the Environmental officer. • All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated and PMC will certify in this regard. 25 Post Maintenance Community Risk of injury to Low Temporary Limited Minor • Training to workers on Non- Construction works and Pedestrians, safety procedures and significant occupational bridge and road precautions. health and users • Mandatory appointment safety of safety officer. • All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with. • Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials. • Emergency plan (to be approved by engineer) shall be prepared to respond to any accidents or emergencies. Temporary access and diversion, with proper

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Description of Assessment Significance Project Project Environmental No. Environmental Intensity Duration Scope of Potential Required Mitigation Measures of Residual Phase Components Components Effects Impact Effect drainage facilities. • Access to the schools, churches and other public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them. 26 Post Operation of Public Increase in Low Permanent Limited Medium • Provide appropriate Non- construction bridges and infrastructure traffic volume traffic/warning signs, significant approach roads and worsening lightings traffic flow • Provide for appropriate traffic management

27 Post Operation of Community + Improved -na -na -na -na • -na -na Construction bridges and and OH&S quality of life roads through increase in connectivity 28 Post Operation of Air Quality and Air quality Medium Permanent Limited Medium • Maintain an adequate Non- construction bridges and GHG deterioration vehicle road capacity as significant roads (esp PM) may congestion decreases Noise exceed vehicle speed, regulatory level. deteriorates fuel efficiency, and increases Increase in emissions per kilometer noise levels travel. beyond • Maintain optimum range baseline. of vehicle speed within the bridges and roads. CO2 emissions drastically increases when vehicles are travelling less than 30 kph and faster than 70 kph. • Maintain good riding quality of the bridges. • Implement appropriate traffic management

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147. Summary. Mitigation measures were identified to reduce the risk of impacts including residual effects. The analysis of impacts shown in the previous Table revealed the following:

d) No major impacts are anticipated during the pre- and project construction/implementation phase. Most of the anticipated environmental impacts will occur during site-mobilization; sub-base, base, and surface course construction; bridge construction; and demobilization of workers camps and equipment (see Table 35). e) During construction, medium potential impacts from dust emissions and noise are anticipated. Medium potential impacts were also identified from land clearing and tree cutting, water quality degradation, and vibration. f) During post-construction and operation, the increase in traffic from the bridge operation will result to increased emissions and noise generation. These impacts are considered major. 148. The following sections provide further assessment of the significant impacts in order to guide the formulation of mitigation measure.

C. Air Quality Impact Assessment

149. Deterioration of air quality during construction. During construction activities it is anticipated that there will be low to medium, temporary, and limited impacts on air quality. Increase in dust is expected mostly from surface stripping, earthworks and transport of materials within the construction camps. Excavation, clearing, demolition, exposed soil storage piles and other granular materials are prone to low, temporary and localized erosion and can lead to airborne dust particularly during the dry season. 150. A study done by Guinta, et al provided an in-depth assessment on PM10 emissions and shows that the main contribution (about 50%) to the total amount of particle emissions arise from truck transits on unpaved roads, under the assumption that all the roads inside the worksite are unpaved. Transits on paved roads also contribute about 25%. Aggregate crushing and concrete production and storage share a similar contribution of about 15%, while earthworks and topsoil excavation have a negligible contribution.13 This assessment will estimate the impact of fugitive dusts (PM10) from travel on unpaved roads inside the construction area. The modelling domain covers receptors within a 1-km radius from the bridge center and includes the construction areas which are only a few meters from the bridge. Only the contribution of the construction areas to PM10 emissions will be considered at this time. 151. To assess the likely impacts on the ambient air quality due to the construction of the proposed bridge project, the prediction of particulate matter (PM10) concentrations have been carried out using dispersion modelling approach, based on Gaussian equation. The modeling for this project has been carried out using the AERMOD dispersion modelling system developed by the USEPA and downloadable from their website. The AERMOD system consists of the main program AERMOD, the meteorological pre-processor AERMET, AERMAP which is used for processing the elevation of the receptors, and the Google Earth plotting program AERPLOT. 152. The AERMOD dispersion calculation is operated using the AREA source option. The tentatively proposed construction sites (see Project Description) were mapped and coordinates used in the

13 Marinella Giunta * , Dario Lo Bosco, Giovanni Leonardi and Francesco Scopelliti. Estimation of Gas and Dust Emissions in Construction Sites of a Motorway Project. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7218; doi:10.3390/su11247218

Page 109 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination modelling. Meteorological data from Science Garden and Tanay Station (upper air data) for 2019 was obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and preprocessed using AERMET. These stations were chosen because they were the nearest stations with hourly meteorological data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)14. Receptor elevation was obtained using data elevation model downloaded from PhilGIS website and processed using AERMAP. 153. Fugitive Emissions Modeling During Construction Period involving Unpaved Road Travel. When a vehicle travels on an unpaved road, the force of the wheels on the road surface causes pulverization of surface material. Particles are lifted and dropped from the rolling wheels, and the road surface is exposed to strong air currents in turbulent shear with the surface. The turbulent wake behind the vehicle continues to act on the road surface after the vehicle has passed (USEPA AP-42). 154. The quantity of dust emissions from a given segment of unpaved road varies linearly with the volume of traffic. Field investigations also have shown that emissions depend on source parameters that characterize the condition of a particular road and the associated vehicle traffic. 155. PM-10 emissions from unpaved road travel was estimated using USEPA equation below for E = k (s/12)a (W/3)b Where k, a, and b are empirical constants, and E = size-specific emission factor (lb/VMT) s = surface material silt content (%) W = mean vehicle weight (tons)

156. k, a, and b for PM10 are given as 1.5, 0.9, and 0.45. Surface silt was assumed at 8.5% which is the mean from the AP-42 studies, while mean vehicle weight was estimated at 20 tons. The PM10 emission factor was computed as 728 g/VKT. 157. The PM10 emission rate during construction was computed with the following assumptions: a total of 32 construction vehicle trips travelling a 200-meter active construction front (8-hr work only) within the construction area (e.g. for Bridge 2, area of 11,140 m2). Using the USEPA AERMOD air dispersion model, the predicted 24-hr average dust concentration values are generated for the entire year and compared with the DENR and IFC guide value of 150 ug/NCM. 158. The model output is provided below. The results were plotted using the AERPLOT component of the AERMOD system. The screenshot of model output for the 50-highest 24-hr PM10 concentrations is also presented below. 159. Bridge 1. The modelling results for Bridge 1 shows that high values of the 24-hr average PM10 concentration from trucks travelling on the unpaved construction roads are confined to areas inside the construction yards. As depicted in the figure that follows, no receptor will experience concentrations above the 150 ug/NCM guide value. 160. However, without mitigation measures (such as watering), a significant portion of Provident Village will have 1-hr average PM10 values exceeding the 200 ug/NCM set by the DAO 2000-81 (next figure). A 90% efficiency of the mitigation measure can be achieved with the proper water suppression (sprinkling) , reduce the 1-hr PM10 concentration to values as shown in the following screenshot of the model run. The maximum values displayed are still inside the construction camp.

14 National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) (noaa.gov)

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Figure 33 - 24-hr PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 during construction

Figure 34 1-HR PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 during construction (no mitigation)

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161. Bridge 2. The model run for this bridge shows that the highest 24-hr average PM10 concentration will be within the regulatory limits. However, the 1-HR PM10 guide value of 200 ug/NCM will occasionally be exceeded in the areas shown inside the curve in the figure below. Model run for mitigation with 90% reduction through proper watering or other means indicates that there will be no residential areas impacted by dust. The maximum 1-hr average concentration values are shown in the screenshot below and the highest value will only be 133 ug/NCM.

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Figure 35 1-HR PM10 average concentration for Bridge 2 during construction (without mitigation)

162. Bridge 3. The PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 3 shows that the maximum 1-hr average PM10 concentration from trucks travelling on the unpaved construction roads will exceed the 200 ug/NCM ambient guide value for industrial sources or operations as set in DAO 2000-81. This will be in areas covered by the curve. However, with mitigation resulting to 90% reduction in emission rates, the maximum values can be lowered to 174 ug/NCM as shown in the model results screenshot that follows.

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Figure 36 1-HR PM10 modelling results for Bridge 3 during construction (without mitigation)

163. Air Quality and Emissions During Operation of the Bridges. Construction of new bridges and

Page 114 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination approach roads will result in additional traffic volume in the project areas. Movement of vehicles including cars, motorcycles, tricycles, buses, trucks and similar other heavy transports will result in both potential significant negative and positive impacts as discussed below. 164. The major impact on the air quality during the operation stage will be due to movement of vehicles on the proposed bridges over Marikina River. The impact on air quality depends upon traffic volume, traffic fleet including fuel type and prevailing atmospheric conditions. An unstable atmospheric condition disperses pollutants more and results into low pollutant concentrations while stable atmospheric conditions build-up the pollution level. To assess the likely impacts on the ambient air quality due to the proposed bridge project, the prediction of particulate matter (PM) concentrations have been carried out using dispersion modelling approach, based on Gaussian equation. The prediction of emission during operation was carried out also using the AERMOD dispersion modelling system. The modelling,are confined only to the contribution of traffic volume along the project bridges. Other emission sources such as traffic in adjacent areas are not taken into consideration. The positive impact of reduced traffic in other roads where traffic has been diverted due to the operation of the project is recognized but not accounted in this study. 165. As motor exhaust emissions decline as a result of increasingly stringent limits, the relative importance of emissions from resuspension and wear (brakes, tires and road pavement) will grow. These emissions are known as non-exhaust sources. It has been estimated that by 2020 about 90% of road traffic emissions will be from non-exhaust sources (Rexeis and Hausberger, 2009).15 166. The emissions from road vehicles were calculated as follows:16

ER = Q x E x L x R where ER is the emissions of PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm) from different motor vehicle emission sources; Q refers to the average flow rate of one-lane motor vehicles (units: vehicles per hour); E is the comprehensive emissions factor of the pollutants in exhaust emissions per unit distance of a vehicle (units: g km−1); L is the driving distance of a vehicle on the road (units: km/vehicle); and R is the reduction coefficient of the road. In the case of multi-lane driving, motor vehicle traffic behaviors in the same direction will influence each other, thus affecting the traffic capacity of adjacent lanes. Therefore, the calculation of emissions was conducted by replacing the number of lanes with the reduction coefficient of the road R. When the number of lanes was 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the corresponding lane conversion factors were 1.00, 1.87, 2.65, 3.20, and 3.65, respectively.

167. The quantity of particulate emissions from vehicle traffic on a dry paved road may be estimated using the following empirical expression:17

where: E = particulate emission factor (having units matching the units of k)

15 Rexis M., Hausberger S., 2009. Trends of vehicle emission levels until 21010 – prognosis based on current vehicle measurements and future emission legislation, Atmospheric Environment 43, 4689-4698. Cited in Report 28: Technical Guide to Reduce Road Dust Emissions in Southern Europe, the AIRUSE Project. 16 Kun WANG, Yali TONG, Tianhui CAO, Chenlong WANG, Renjie WANG, Jiajia GAO & Yuan LIU (2020) Vehicle emissions calculation for urban roads based on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram method and real-time traffic information, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 13:2, 89-96, DOI: 10.1080/16742834.2019.1710106. 17 USEPA AP-42 Sec.13.2.1 Paved Roads (2011).

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k = particle size multiplier for particle size range and units of interest (4.6 g/VKT for PM-10) 18 sL = road surface silt loading (g/m2) = 0.531 g/m2 (Sahu et al., 2011) W = Average weight of vehicles (in tons) on road

168. This equation requires calculation of the average weight of all vehicles traveling the road. Only one emission factor should be calculated to represent the "fleet" average weight of all vehicles traveling the road. This average weight is obtained from the DED 2021 traffic study. 169. Projected traffic is obtained from the DED study. The AERMOD dispersion calculation is run using the LINE source option. The bridge length is divided into three LINE sources Meteorological data and elevation data were set up as described earlier in the construction impact assessment. 170. Bridge 1 Dispersion Modelling. Results of the dispersion modelling for Bridge 1 using 2025 traffic projection is shown in the Figure below which depicts the highest 24-hr average values. Only the areas that are projected to exceed 150 ug/NCM PM10 are shown. These are occupied by some residential houses on both sides of the bridge alignment in St. Mary Ave.

Figure 37 Dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 using 2025 traffic projection. 171. Traffic projection for 2034 at Bridge 1 is at 20,097 veh/day. Applying this to the AERMOD dispersion run produces the plot below which shows that more receptors/residents (inside the curves) will experience a PM10 concentration of >150 ug/NCM, exceeding both local regulations and IFC guidelines.

18 Saroj Kumar Sahu, Gufran Beig*, Neha S. Parkhi. Emissions inventory of anthropogenic PM2.5 and PM10 in Delhi during Commonwealth Games 2010. Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011).

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Figure 38 Dispersion modelling results for Bridge 1 (2034 traffic projection)

172. Bridge 2. The results of the dispersion modelling for this bridge is shown in the next figure. During 2025, traffic is projected to increase to 18,858 veh/day. At this rate, the AERMOD dispersion model results show that 24-hr PM10 values may already exceed 150 ug/NCM for some residents on both sides of the bridge at the Homeowner’s Drive approach. Mitigation measures for this were provided in the earlier table for analysis of environmental impacts.

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Figure 39 PM10 Dispersion Modelling results for Bridge 2 using 2025 traffic data

173. Dispersion modelling for Bridge 3. This bridge is projected to have a traffic volume of 34,695 veh/day by 2025. This will increase to 38,279 in 2034, and to 40,153 by 2044. Depicted in the following figure are the areas that will experience 24-hr PM10 averages greater than 150 ug/NCM. The modelling shows that no receptor will have PM10 concentrations above the regulatory 24-hr average in 2025 (area inside purple curve). In 2034, however, a small segment of residents at Kabayani will have above 150 ug/NCM values (dark blue curve). This increases further in 2044 where a significant number of residents on both ends of the bridge may experience values exceeding the regulatory guide value (light blue curve).

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Figure 40 24-hr PM10 dispersion modelling results for Bridge 3 using 2025 (purple), 2034 (dark blue), and 2044 (light blue) traffic data

D. Noise Assessment 123. The proposed construction of 3 new bridges poses risk of noise impacts to the nearby structures, particularly along the approaches. This section evaluates the risk of noise impact to the nearby structures using the US Federal Highway Administration’s Traffic Noise Model (TNM) 3.0 standard as implemented through the SoundPlan 8.2 noise model.

174. Noise can be defined as ‘unwanted sound’. Sound is a fluctuation of air pressure and can be detected by the human ear when it occurs between 20 and 20,000 times per second. This is referred to as the frequency of the sound and is measured in Hertz (Hz). The ear is not equally sensitive to sound over the whole of this range and therefore when measuring sound this effect is allowed for by applying a frequency weighting, referred to as the A weighting, to the measured signal. The loudness of the sound is dependent on the magnitude of the pressure fluctuation. The human ear has an approximately logarithmic response to this and therefore the sound pressure level (SPL) is expressed using logarithmic unit, the decibel, written (dB (A)), where the ‘A’ indicates that the sound has been A weighted. Noise outdoors from industry and transportation is generally referred to as environmental noise and a typical feature is its continual change in level. To describe and take account of community response to this varying noise level additional noise indices are used. The most commonly used of these is the equivalent continuous ‘A’ weighted sound pressure level, (LAeq,T), which is defined as the steady sound pressure level which has the same energy as a varying noise level measured over a period (T). It takes account of both the number and level of noise events and is generally referred to as the ambient noise level.

National Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines: Ambient Noise Standards

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175. Presidential Decree (PD) 984 the Pollution Control Law (1976) defined pollution while PD 1152 the Philippine Environmental Code (1977) section 5 required the establishment of community noise standards and Section 6 for standards for noise-producing equipment. In 1978, the implementing rules and regulations of PD 984 and sections 74 to 79 provided the national noise standards. In 1980, the government amended the noise regulation: • No one will be allowed to emit noise levels greater than the ambient noise standards or a level that could cause adverse effect to the public; • The ambient noise level limit may be increased by 5dB(A) in areas directly fronting or facing a four-lane road, or by 10 dB(A) on wider roads; • Redefined Classes B, C, and D areas as zoned or used as commercial, light industrial, and heavy industrial.

Table 37. Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas (NPCC 1980) Category Maximum Allowable Noise (dBA) by time periods Daytime (9:00AM- Morning/Evening Nighttime (10:00PM- 6:00PM) (5:00AM-9:00AM/ 6:00AM) 6:00PM-10:00PM) AA 50 45 40 A 55 50 45 B 65 60 55 C 70 65 60 D 75 70 65 • Class AA- a section of contiguous area which requires quietness, such as areas within 100 meters from school site, nursery schools, and special house for the aged • Class A- a section of contiguous area which is primarily used for residential area • Class B-a section of contiguous area which is primarily a commercial area • Class C – a section of contiguous area reserved as light industrial area • Class D – a section which is primarily reserved for heavy industrial area

176. Several laws require the control of noise as public nuisance as follows: • Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act 386 (1949), Art. 682: “Every building or piece of land is subject to the easement which prohibits the proprietor or possessor from committing nuisance through noise, jarring, offensive odor, smoke, heat, dust, water, glare and other causes.” • The Local Government Code, RA 7160 (1991) empowered barangay officials to “enforce laws and regulations relating to pollution control and protection of the environment” and “promote the general welfare of the barangay” through ordinances, zoning restrictions and local licensing requirements.

World Bank Group's Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines on Noise Management

177. In compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), all projects supported by ADB must apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group's Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (WBG EHS Guidelines 2007). The EHS Guidelines prescribe that noise prevention and mitigation measures should be applied where predicted or measured noise impacts from a project facility or operations exceed the applicable noise level guideline at the most sensitive point of reception. The WBG EHS Guidelines further stipulate that noise impacts should not

Page 120 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination exceed the levels presented in Table 26, or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site. The WBG EHS Guidelines values are for noise levels measured out of doors, and are based on Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999.

Noise Impact Screening and Assessment

178. Screening. As a first step in noise impact assessment, this study conducted noise screening to establish if there are structures that are at risk, and if there are, proceed with general and detailed noise assessments if necessary. Noise screening procedure is a conservative approach to “broadly capture the potential for impact with minimal effort.” The procedure is conservative and assumes a worst-case scenario with the proposed road operating under relatively high-capacity conditions and therefore produce more noise than normal operating conditions. The noise impact assessment provided in the succeeding section complies with the procedures set by the US Federal Traffic Administration’s Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual. The noise impact screening followed procedure is illustrated in the figure below.

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Figure 41. US FTA Noise Impact Assessment Screening Procedure

179. For the proposed bridge project, the busway option in selecting the screening distance was used as this provides the widest corridor of impact at 500 ft (152 m) and 250 ft (76 m) from the road edge for unobstructed and intervening buildings, respectively. This corridor was set as the calculation area for the noise impact assessment wherein all structures, elevation points, sensitive receptors, and representative receivers, among others were considered. Method for Assessing Noise Impacts 180. The noise impact assessment methodology general followed the guideline provided in the FTA Guidance Manual (U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transportation Agency) and can be broken-down into three steps, these are: • Identification of sensitive receivers. Noise-sensitive land uses along the corridor are identified first using Google Earth imagery followed by field visits to confirm land uses, noise sensitive structures, and intervening structures that could provide acoustic shielding. • Determine existing noise conditions. Existing noise levels were measured throughout the project alignment. The WB-IFC impact threshold of 3dB(A) is a function of the measured existing noise levels. Measured noise levels were discussed in the baseline section.

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• Apply prediction models. In this study is the SoundPlan 8.2 using the TNM 2.5/3.0 standards was utilized to characterize noise from vehicles. Soundplan 8.2 accounted for the hourly day and nighttime traffic for each bridge based on the projected traffic19 provided by Dasan JV. • Evaluate receivers for predicted impact. SoundPlan 8.2 was used to estimate future noise for each sensitive receiver. Predicted noise levels from the operation was compared to the existing measured noise levels and evaluated based on the allowable 3 dB(A) increase as provided in the IFC-WB Guidelines and referred to in the ADB SPS (2009). The predicted noise levels during the Project construction phase was compared to the FTA impact thresholds. The FTA impact thresholds are determined based on the existing noise levels at each cluster. • Evaluate mitigation options. Mitigation option was principally limited to the proposed 1.5m bridge parapet walls. Other mitigation measures were discussed but the quantitative impacts on noise reduction was limited to the noise protection walls.

Sensitive Receptors 181. A total of 37 sensitive receptors mostly located along the 1st and 2nd rows of buildings nearest to the bridge centerline were selected as reference points to assess the magnitude of noise impacts. The inventory of these receivers are provided below in the succeeding Table.

Table 38. Inventory of Sensitive Receivers Along the Project Bridges

19 Projected traffic was expressed daily. To estimate the hourly traffic for day (7:00 AM – 10:PM) and night (10:00PM- 7:00AM) time slices a 70:30 split was assumed.

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Bridge No. 1 Bridge No. 2 Bridge No. 3 Floor Name ReceiverChainage Distance from Floor Name ReceiverChainage Distance Floor Name ReceiverChainage Distance the nearest lane from the from the nearest nearest lane lane GCambridge cor St Therese0+12717.17 GA Bonifacio L10+01 035.1 GCamia 2 R0+77939.71 F2 Cambridge cor St Therese0+12717.17 F2 A Bonifacio L10+01035.1 F2 Camia 2 R0+77939.71 GCambridge cor St Therese0+12717.17 F3 A Bonifacio L10+01035.1 GCamia 3 R0+78053.18 F2 Cambridge cor St Therese0+12717.17 GA Bonifacio R10+009 9.5 F2 Camia 3 R0+78053.18 GErlinda Space Apartment St Mary St 0+06818.95 F2 A Bonifacio R10+0099.5 GDama de Noche 1L0+87617.32 F2 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St 0+06818.95 F3 A Bonifacio R10+0099.5 F2 Dama de Noche 1L0+87617.32 F3 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St 0+06818.95 GKapt . E Cr uz R10+6108.66 GJasmin 1 R0+91215.58 GErlinda Space Apartment St Mary St 0+06818.95 GKapt E. Cr uz- Araro0+5656.16 F2 Jasmin 1 R0+91215.58 F2 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St 0+06818.95 GKapt. E. Cr uz - Paragos R 10+5495.96 GJasmin 3 R0+91138.49 F3 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St 0+06818.95 F2 Kapt. E. Cruz - Paragos R 10+5495.96 F2 Jasmin 3 R0+91138.49 GHarvard cor Cambride1+08727.46 F3 Kapt. E. Cruz - Paragos R 10+5495.96 GJasmin L10+93416. 93 F2 Harvard cor Cambride1+08727.46 GLope Jaena R10+0626.32 F2 Jasmin L10+93416.93 GHarvard cor Cambride1+08727.46 F2 Lope Jaena R10+0626.32 GKatipunan0+000 113.26 F2 Harvard cor Cambride1+08727.46 GLopez Jaena L10+05823. 71 F2 Katipunan0+000 113.26 GSM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F2 Lopez Jaena L10+05823.71 GMilflores 2 R0+82225.83 F2 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 GMid Block Araro- Paragos R 0+5185.88 F2 Milflores 2 R0+82225.83 F3 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F2 Mid Block Araro-Paragos R 0+5185.88 GMilflores 3 R0+8 2132.02 F4 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F3 Mid Block Araro-Paragos R 0+5185.88 F2 Milflores 3 R0+82132.02 F5 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 GMultipurpose Hall 0+069 101.54 GYlang Ylang cor Camia R0+78924.17 GSM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F2 Multipurpose Hall0+069 101.54 F2 Ylang Ylang cor Camia R0+78924.17 F2 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F3 Multipurpose Hall0+069 101.54 GYlang Ylang cor Dama de Noche R 0+8738.88 F3 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 GParagos R 10+495 4.54 F2 Ylang Ylang cor Dama de Noche R 0+8738.88 F4 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F2 Paragos R 10+4954.54 F3 Ylang Ylang cor Dama de Noche R 0+8738.88 F5 SM City Marikina East Wall0+269144.92 F3 Paragos R 10+4954.54 GYlang-Ylang cor Jasmin R0+89221 .25 GSM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 GDela Pena Senio r Citizen Center 0+03075.62 F2 Ylang-Ylang cor Jasmin R0+89221.25 F2 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F2 Dela Pena Senior Citizen Center 0+03075.62 F3 Ylang-Ylang cor Jasmin R0+89221.25 F3 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F3 Dela Pena Senior Citizen Center 0+03075.62 GYlang-Ylang c or Milflores R0+82817.09 F4 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F2 Ylang-Ylang cor Milflores R0+82817.09 F5 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 GYlang-Ylang cor Rosas R0+93011.51 GSM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F2 Ylang-Ylang cor Rosas R0+93011.51 F2 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F3 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F4 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 F5 SM City Marikina North Wall0+14570.02 GSt Mary cor St Claire0+00039.51 F2 St Mary cor St Claire0+00039.51 GSt Mary cor St Claire0+00039.51 F2 St Mary cor St Claire0+00039.51

Assessment Criteria 182. The World Bank Group’s Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines allowable 3 dBA increase over the baseline was used in this study considering the existing noise already exceeds both national and IFC limits. A 3 dB(A) increase results when the project noise equals the existing noise level, from the laws of logarithm.

Operational Noise Impact Assessment 183. The succeeding Tables provides the summary of the operational noise impact assessment and the key findings are as follow:

• In general, the level of noise from the vehicles crossing the St. Mary-Marcos Highway Bridge is not anticipated to cause noise impacts. The existing/measured noise levels are relatively high, reaching almost 69.5 and 65.5 dB(A) for day and night times which exceed national standards. In comparison, the peak noise level predicted are 65.3 and 61.5 dB(A) at Cambridge cor St Therese streets by year 2044. The projected traffic level upon bridge operation in 2025 is not anticipated to increase the noise level greater than 3 dB(A) at all receptors including structures along the St Mary street during the entire life of the project. Other than the 1.5m parapet wall, no further mitigation measures are needed for Bridge No. 1. No negative noise impacts are anticipated in the operation of Bridge No. 1.

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• For Bridge No. 2, similar results were recorded i.e. the existing noise levels is high compared to the additional noise from the project’s operation. Highest anticipated noise levels of 76.9 and 72.8 dB(A) for day and nighttimes will occur along the building structures right side of the Lopez Jaena by year 2044. However, these are still lower than the measured day and night time noise levels of 81.3 and 81.1 dB(A) during the day and night. Other than the 1.5m parapet wall, no further mitigation measures are needed for Bridge No. 2. No negative noise impacts are anticipated in the operation of Bridge No. 2. • For Bridge No. 3, the alignment avoided several residential buildings and no adverse impacts peak noise level exposures are expected. The measured baseline noise level are 75.6 and 71.89dB(A) while the anticipated operational noise will reach almost 64 and 60 dB(A) during the day and night times at year 2044 along the façade of the building located at the corner of Ilang-Ilang and Camia Roads. The projected noise levels from the project operation is lower than the existing noise levels. Other than the 1.5m parapet wall, no further mitigation measures are needed for Bridge No. 3. No negative noise impacts are anticipated in the operation of Bridge No. 3. • The following Figures present the noise contour maps for day and nighttime slices for each project bridge for operational periods 2025, 2034, and 2044.

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Table 39. St. Mary-Marcos Highway Bridge Summary of Operational Noise Impact Assessment

Name Usage Direction Measured 210 Bridge No. 1 2025 220 Bridge No. 1 2034 230 Bridge No. 1 2044 Leq,d Leq,n Leq,dLeq,nLeq,dLeq,nLeq,dLeq,n [dB(A)] Cambridge cor St ThereseSCR SE 69.48 65.4762.9 59 64.360.765.561.6 Cambridge cor St ThereseSCR SE 69.48 65.4762.858.964.260.565.361.5 Cambridge cor St ThereseSCR SE 69.48 65.4762.9 59 64.360.765.561.6 Cambridge cor St ThereseSCR SE 69.48 65.4762.858.964.260.565.361.5 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St PR SE 69.48 65.4762.158.163.559.964.760.8 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St PR SE 69.48 65.4762.358.463.760.164.9 61 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St PR SE 69.48 65.4762.558.7 64 60.365.161.3 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St PR SE 69.48 65.4762.158.163.559.964.760.8 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St PR SE 69.48 65.4762.358.463.760.164.9 61 Erlinda Space Apartment St Mary St PR SE 69.48 65.4762.558.7 64 60.365.161.3 Harvard cor CambrideSCR NW 69.48 65.47 60 56.261.557.862.658.8 Harvard cor CambrideSCR NW 69.48 65.4759.956.161.457.762.558.7 Harvard cor CambrideSCR NW 69.48 65.47 60 56.261.557.862.658.8 Harvard cor CambrideSCR NW 69.48 65.4759.956.161.457.762.558.7 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.849.745.851.147.552.348.4 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.849.545.6 51 47.352.148.2 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.8 50 46.151.447.852.648.7 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.850.446.551.948.2 53 49.1 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.850.546.651.948.253.149.2 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.849.745.851.147.552.348.4 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.849.545.6 51 47.352.148.2 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 78.8 73.8 50 46.151.447.852.648.7 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 71.96 72.3350.446.551.948.2 53 49.1 SM City Marikina East WallCOM NE 71.96 72.3350.546.651.948.253.149.2 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3354.350.455.852.156.9 53 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.751.957.253.558.354.5 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.651.7 57 53.458.254.3 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.651.757.153.458.254.3 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.751.857.253.558.354.4 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3354.350.455.852.156.9 53 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.751.957.253.558.354.5 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.651.7 57 53.458.254.3 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.651.757.153.458.254.3 SM City Marikina North WallCOM NW 71.96 72.3355.751.857.253.558.354.4 St Mary cor St ClaireSCR SE 71.96 72.33 60 56.161.557.862.658.8 St Mary cor St ClaireSCR SE 71.96 72.3359.755.861.157.462.258.4 St Mary cor St ClaireSCR SE 71.96 72.33 60 56.161.557.862.658.8 St Mary cor St ClaireSCR SE 71.96 72.3359.755.861.157.462.258.4

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Table 40. J.P. Rizal-Lopez Jaena Bridge Summary of Operational Noise Assessment

No. Floor Name Usage Direction Measured 210 Bridge No. 2 2025 220 Bridge No. 2 2034 230 Bridge No. 2 2044 Leq,d Leq,n Leq,d Leq,n Leq,d Leq,n Leq,d Leq,n [dB(A)] 1 G A Bonifacio L1 SCR E 81.3 81.14 74.1 69.8 74.9 70.7 75.5 71.4 1 F2 A Bonifacio L1 SCR E 81.3 81.14 73.7 69.4 74.4 70.3 75.1 71 1 F3 A Bonifacio L1 SCR E 81.3 81.14 72.7 68.4 73.4 69.3 74.1 70 2 G A Bonifacio R1 SCR W 81.3 81.14 75.9 71.6 76.7 72.4 77.3 73.2 2 F2 A Bonifacio R1 SCR W 81.3 81.14 76.2 71.8 76.9 72.7 77.5 73.5 2 F3 A Bonifacio R1 SCR W 81.3 81.14 75.4 71.1 76.1 72 76.8 72.7 4 G Kapt . E Cruz R1 SCR N 81.3 81.14 75.2 70.3 75.9 71.2 76.4 71.9 5 G Kapt E. Cruz- Araro SCR NW 81.3 81.14 74.2 69.2 74.8 70.1 75.4 70.8 6 G Kapt. E. Cruz - Paragos R 1 SCR NW 81.3 81.14 73.8 68.6 74.4 69.6 74.9 70.3 6 F2 Kapt. E. Cruz - Paragos R 1 SCR NW 81.3 81.14 74.2 69.2 74.8 70.1 75.4 70.9 6 F3 Kapt. E. Cruz - Paragos R 1 SCR NW 81.3 81.14 75.2 70.4 75.9 71.3 76.5 72.1 7 G Lope Jaena R1 SCR W 81.3 81.14 75.6 71.1 76.3 72 76.9 72.8 7 F2 Lope Jaena R1 SCR W 81.3 81.14 76.4 72.1 77.1 73 77.8 73.7 8 G Lopez Jaena L1 SCR E 81.3 81.14 73 68.5 73.7 69.4 74.3 70.1 8 F2 Lopez Jaena L1 SCR E 81.3 81.14 73.4 69 74.1 69.9 74.7 70.6 9 G Mid Block Araro-Paragos R SCR NW 76.11 79.4 72.6 67.3 73.2 68.3 73.7 69 9 F2 Mid Block Araro-Paragos R SCR NW 76.11 79.4 72.5 67.1 73.1 68.1 73.6 68.8 9 F3 Mid Block Araro-Paragos R SCR NW 76.11 79.4 72.8 68.1 73.5 69 74.1 69.7 10 G Multipurpose Hall SCR E 76.11 79.4 68.4 63.9 69.1 64.8 69.7 65.5 10 F2 Multipurpose Hall SCR E 76.11 79.4 67.9 63.4 68.6 64.3 69.2 65.1 10 F3 Multipurpose Hall SCR E 76.11 79.4 66.3 61.8 67 62.7 67.6 63.5 11 G Paragos R 1 SCR N 76.11 79.4 69.9 64.7 70.5 65.6 71.1 66.3 11 F2 Paragos R 1 SCR N 76.11 79.4 70 64.4 70.5 65.4 71 66.1 11 F3 Paragos R 1 SCR N 76.11 79.4 71 66.3 71.7 67.2 72.3 68 3 G Dela Pena Senior Citizen CenterSCR W 76.11 79.4 63.9 58.4 64.5 59.3 65 60.1 3 F2 Dela Pena Senior Citizen CenterSCR W 76.11 79.4 68.2 63.7 68.9 64.6 69.5 65.3 3 F3 Dela Pena Senior Citizen CenterSCR W 76.11 79.4 67.7 63.3 68.4 64.2 69 64.9

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Table 41. Kabayani-Katipunan Ave, Extension Summary of Operational Noise Assessment

No. Floor Name Usage Direction Measured 210 Bridge No. 3 2025 220 Bridge No. 3 2034 230 Bridge No. 3 2044 Leq,dLeq,nLeq,dLeq,nLeq,dLeq,nLeq,dLeq,n [dB(A)] 1 GA2A Refilling Station Ilang Ilang RightSCRS75.671.8962.15 8.462.558.862.758.8 1 F2 A2A Refilling Station Ilang Ilang RightSCRS75.671.8960.857. 161.257.561.557.5 1 F3 A2A Refilling Station Ilang Ilang RightSCRS75.671.89 60 56.360.356.660.656.6 2 GBuilding 68884SCRN75.671.8962.859.163.159.563.459.4 2 F2 Building 68884SCRN75.671.8962.158.362.458.862.758.7 3 GIlang Ilang cor Camia 2 LeftSCRN75.671.8963.359.663.6 60 63.9 60 4 GIlang-Ilang Right 1SCRS75.671.8961.457.761.858.262.1 58.1 5 GMWSS Building 1COMS75.671.8959.6 5660 56.460.356.4 5 F2 MWSS Building 1COMS75.671.8960.957.261.257.661.557.6 6 GTwinvile 2SCRW75.671.8965.461.765.862.1 66 62.1 7 GTwinville 1SCR NW 75.671.8965.461.765.762.1 6662

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Figure 42. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2025

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Figure 43. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2025

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Figure 44. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2034

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Figure 45. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2034

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Figure 46. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2044

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Figure 47. Bridge No. 1 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2044

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Figure 48. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2025

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Figure 49. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2025

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Figure 50. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2034

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Figure 51. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2034

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Figure 52. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2044

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Figure 53. Bridge No. 2 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2044

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Figure 54. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2025

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Figure 55. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2025

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Figure 56. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2034

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Figure 57. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2034

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Figure 58. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, daytime, 2044

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Figure 59. Bridge No. 3 Noise Contour Map, nighttime, 2044

184. Increase in noise and disturbance during construction. During pre-construction, anticipated impacts will have medium, temporary and localized impacts. The movement of equipment and machinery will have temporary high impact on the sound environment as noise will increase in the detour roads particularly near community areas. Noise quality during the main bridge construction will deteriorate due to the mobilization of equipment, construction materials, vehicles, batch mixing, erection and casting, and welding. The overall impact of noise to the receptors will depend on the position of equipment and their cumulative actions, as seen in the table below. Table 42 Construction Equipment Noise Emission Levels

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Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual. Sept 2018. Federal Transit Administration, USA.

185. The anticipated noise impact of the proposed project at nearby residents/receptors during construction period is assessed using the Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The RCNM was developed as a screening tool to check compliance with applicable noise limits or standards during operations of heavy equipment during construction period, thus providing measures on areas likely affected by noise. 186. As provided in the User's Guide of RCNM (FDA Final Report, 2006), RCNM calculates equivalent noise level (Leq as provided below. These calculated values are then compared with applicable limits. Leq = LmaxCalc + 10log (U.F%/100) where, U.F% = time-averaging equipment usage factor, in percent

187. During construction stage, ambient noise will increase temporarily and intermittently in the close vicinity of active construction fronts and camps. These activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 97 - 105 dB (A) at a distance of about 5 m from the source. Piling and dredging activities will be implemented at the river for construction of berths. These activities will also generate significant level of noise ranging from 85-90 dB (A). However, this will also be confined to the piling period. Noise level assessed at varying distance due to piling operations are given in the Table below for use of an auger drill rig (alone) at 20% usage. This will be used in the preparation of noise management plans by contractors. Table 43 Noise Level for Piling Operation Distance of receptor from noise source Predicted Noise Level, no (m) mitigation (dBA) 10 81 20 75 30 71.5 50 67.1 Calculated using RCNM

E. Vibration Impact Assessment 188. Vibration is an “oscillatory motion that can be described in terms of the displacement, velocity, or acceleration. Because the motion is oscillatory, there is no net movement of the vibration element and the average of any of the motion metrics is zero. (FTA, 2018)”. Ground-borne vibration is defined using several metrics that include vibration decibels (VdB), peak particle velocity (ppv), root mean square (rms), and a-weighted sound level (dBA). PPV which measures maximum vibration peaks are useful in describing impact from construction activities and equipment as it relates to structural stress and not to

Page 147 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination assess human responses. In contrast, rms velocity is used to describe the vibration signals to the human body. The succeeding Figure presents human responses to typical ground vibration levels.

Figure 60 Typical Levels of Ground-Borne Vibration (source FTA, 2018) 189. The vibration impact analysis is divided into three stages namely: i) vibration screening, ii) general assessment, and iii) detailed assessment. The principal objective of the vibration screening procedure is to define the study area and if there is potential risk of impact, either general or detailed vibration analysis is performed to establish the extent and severity of impact. A general analysis is not a pre-requisite for a conduct of a detailed analysis. In cases where vibration-sensitive and uses and receptors will be subjected to substantial impacts, it is prudent to proceed to a detailed vibration analysis rather than a general analysis. Conversely, a general analysis may be adequate if the mitigation measures identified can eliminate vibration impacts like a change in transit mode or alignment. 190. The procedure for vibration screening is provided in the succeeding figure. During project operation, the heavy trucks that will traverse the project road will generate vibration. The screening distance for bus or rubber-tired vehicles is 100ft or about 30 meters. Within this screening distance from the bridge alignment edge along the approach, nearby structures are at risk of elevated vibration during project construction and operation.

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Figure 61. Vibration Screening

191. Vibration during construction. The vibration impact assessment during the construction phase focused on the use of vibration producing equipment like the rotary drill during for the bridge foundation or cast in-situ piling will be used as the impact pile driving will be avoided. 192. In-situ board piling uses rotary drill similar to caisson drilling which has a reference vibration level at 25’ of 0.089 in/sec20, the predicted PPVs were then determined using the following equation: PPVequip = PPVref × (25/D)1.5 where: PPVequip is the PPV in in/s of the equipment adjusted for distance PPVref is the reference vibration level in in/s at 25 feet; = 0.089 in/sec for in-situ piling and D is the distance from the equipment to the receiver

20http://www.dot.state.oh.us/projects/7071/publicmeetings/Documents/June%202010%20Noise%20Analysis/ConstructionVi brationReport.pdf

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193. As provided in the FTA (2006) table for vibration source levels, the equipment would generate 0.1094 in/s (PPV) at 25 m distance. Within 30m, 40m, and 50m distances the predicted vibration levels are 0.011, 0.007, and 0.005 in/s, respectively. The nearest structure will be at a distance of 30m.

Table 44 Vibration Levels due to Construction Equipment and Traffic at 30 m (99 ft)

Source: Report on the Pre-design Studies of Noise and Ground Vibration for NWLRS City of Calgary (Oct. 1986)

194. During the construction of foundation footing, impact equipment will be used like backhoe with breakers to break the existing pavement and hoe rams (vibro-hammers) to put shallow sheet piles on the walls of the foundation foot to protect nearby roads from settlement after excavation. The back hoe breaker has a PPVref of 1.25 mm/sec at 30m21 or 0.049 in/sec along the RoW which will not cause structural damage but high enough to be distinctive to humans. 195. Vibration from vibro-hammers, which is assumed to be equal to vibratory pile driver and estimated as follows: PPVVibratory Pile Driver = PPVRef (25/D)n (in/sec) Where: PPVRef = 0.65 in/sec for a reference vibrator pile driver at 25 ft D = distance from pile driver to the receiver in ft. n = 1.5

196. Within 30m, 40m, and 50m distances from the construction equipment, the predicted vibration levels are 0.083, 0.054, and 0.038 in/s, respectively. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (1990) identifies maximum vibration levels for preventing damage to structures from intermittent construction or maintenance activities in the table below. This implies that the typical vibration levels during construction would not reach the limiting value set by AASHTO for residential buildings within 30m of the project activity.

21 https://gis.dot.nh.gov/research/12323W.SPR.FHWA-NH-RD-.pdf

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VI. CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR MARIKINA BRIDGES

197. The potential impacts of climate change on the safety and functionality of infrastructure systems, more particularly bridges are well documented. High-temperatures can cause pavement to soften and expand, resulting to rutting and potholes which can place stress on bridge joints, and potentially requiring the redesign of expansion joints. Concentrated rainfall and typhoons can result to flooding which can weaken the soil that supports bridges, or overtopping that could disrupt traffic or delay construction activities (USEPA).22 Higher flood levels and more frequent flooding is particular concern as the project area is one of the most flood-prone areas in the Philippines. Floods have always been a cause of concern for the safety of bridges. A study of the German Association of Insurers study23 suggests that a flood that currently has a 50-year return period will only have a 20-year return period within the next 30 years. A potential impact of increased risk of flooding on bridges is that it could actually lead to total submersion.

198. Hydraulic structures like bridges and culverts have traditionally been designed assuming stationarity in rainfall records, like return period, as required by extreme value statistics, This concept is popular for design and risk assessment based on frequency analysis of extreme events from a stationarity distribution and are independent of one another24. Stationarity means that there will be no significant long-term changes in rainfall intensities and patterns25. However, the projected climate change will alter the rainfall intensities and patterns from historical records which puts these structures at uncertain risk of failure. Although there is consensus on climate change, there are still uncertainties among hydrologist on what adjustments should be taken in engineering practice (Galloway, 2011)26. 199. One approach to account for non-stationarity in the design of bridges and culverts is to adjust the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves (Cheng and Aghakouchak, 2014). IDF curve is a tool to design hydraulic structures based on exceedance probability for extreme precipitation events between two events of the same intensity or magnitude referred to as return period. IDF curves are typically developed assuming stationarity, however several studies have examined the updating or adjusting of IDF curves with a non-stationarity viewpoint with mixed conclusions.27 The range of conclusion includes no practical benefit 28 to a significant underestimation of design storms if stationarity is assumed compared to non-stationarity. A key point of these studies is that historical records and climate projections must be considered for specific places to determine the right course of action. A study on updating IDF

22 Climate Impacts on Transportation. https://archive.epa.gov/epa/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-transportation.html 23 German Association of Insurers (GDV). (2011). The climate change challenge, Answers and demands of German insurers. Berlin: GDV. [Google Scholar] 24 E. Volpi et al.(2015). “One hundred years of return period: Strengths and limitations.” https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015WR017820 25 Bhatkoti, R., Moglen, G.E., Murray-Tuite, P.M., Triantis, K.P. Changes to Bridge Flood Risk under Climate Change. Journal of Hydrologic. Engineering, Vol. 21, Iss. 12, Dec. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001448. 26 Galloway, G.E. If stationarity is dead, what do we do now? Journal of American Water Resources Association Vol. 47, Iss. 3, Jun. 2011, pp 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00550.x. 27 M. MORSY et al (2019). “Incorporating Potential Climate Change Impacts in Bridge and Culvert Design.” http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/20-r13.pdf 28 Yilmaz, A.G., Perera, B.J.C. Extreme Rainfall Nonstationarity Investigation and Intensity–Frequency–Duration Relationship, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 19, Iss. 6, Jun. 2014, pp 1160–1172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000878.

Page 151 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination curves by the Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT)29 recommended that the city increase all of the volumes of their design storms by 20% given the historic trend and simulated future climate conditions, which suggest that extreme rainfall events will be occurring more frequently in coming decades. 200. This study adopted non-stationarity viewpoint by following the ADB’s Manual on Climate Change Adjustments for Detailed Engineering Design of Roads Using Examples From Viet Nam (2020)30 and the Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Transport Sector (ADB) and Manual for CRVA (Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment) Tool (2018). A. Historical and Projected Climate Change 1) National Level

201. Climate change, expressed in terms of changes in temperature and rainfall, over the time slices coinciding with the economic life of the bridges was considered using the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) 2018 Climate Change projections and the climate models available in the World Bank’s Climate Change Portal. 202. Using the latest climate models released by IPCC, DOST-PAGASA has generated a collection of datasets from simulations of future climate conditions or climate projections.31 This new set of climate projections were based on two of the most recent scenarios from the IPCC: RCP4.5 (moderate level of GHG emissions) and RCP8.5 (high level of GHG emissions). The key findings are summarized as follows: • Observed temperature is warming at an average rate of 0.1oC/decade. Climate projections suggest continuous warming in the future. Country-averaged mean temperature could increase by as much as 0.9oC – 1.9oC (RCP4.5) and 1.2oC – 2.3oC (RCP8.5) in the mid-21st century (2036-2065). Warmer conditions are further expected by the end of the 21st century (2070- 2099), which could range from 1.3oC - 2.5oC (based on RCP 4.5) to 2.5oC -4.1oC (based on RCP8.5) increase in mean temperature relative to the baseline climate from 1971-2000.

• Increasing trends in annual and seasonal rainfall were observed in many parts of the country. Such trends were found to be associated with extreme rainfall events. Multi-model projections suggest a range of increase and decrease in seasonal mean rainfall exceeding 40% of its historical values. From 1951-2010

• In the past 65 years (1951-2015), a slight decrease in the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) and a minimum increase in frequency of very strong TCs (exceeding 170 kph) were observed over the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR). These trends are projected to continue in the future.

203. Using the collection of RCP-based projections available for the Philippines, DOST-PAGASA has derived a range of climate futures and presented them through the Climate Information Risk Analysis Matrix (CLIRAM) tool. The CLIRAM provides the projected changes in climate variables (particularly for rainfall, mean temperature, minimum and maximum temperatures) in both the mid-21st century (2036-

29 Smirnov, D., Giovannettone, J., Lawler, S., Sreetharan, M., Plummer, J., Workman, B. Analysis of Historical and Future Heavy Precipitation: City of Virginia Beach, Virginia, CIP 7- 030, PWCN-15-0014, Work Order 9A, 2018. https://www.hrpdcva.gov/uploads/docs/5A_Attachment_AnalysisofHistoricalandFutureH eavyPrecipitation_Finalrev_20180326.pdf. 30 https://www.adb.org/publications/manual-climate-change-adjustments-design-roads-viet-nam 31 Observed Climate Trends and Projected Climate Change in the Philippines, DOST-PAGASA, 2018

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2065) or the late 21st century (2070-2099). Reported here are values for mid-21st century for Metro Manila.

Table 45 Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (in mm) in the mid-21st century (2036-2065) for Metro Manila

Observed (1971- PROJECTED (2036-2065) 2000) DJF MAM JJA SON DJ MA SO JJA Scenario Range F M N

Perce(Dec-Jan-Project Perce(Mar-Apr-May)Project Perce(Jun-Jul-Aug)Project Perce(Sep-Oct-Proje Province Province Region Region nt ed nt ed nt ed nt cted Moderate Lower Chan-0.1 value107.3 Chan0.7 value199.8 Chan-21.3 value920.8 Chan-10.8 value676.4 Emission MedianBound 17.7 126.5 6.9 212.2 -10.1 1051.6 -6.0 713.5

(RCP4.5) Upper 55.5 167.1 25.7 246.9 -0.4 1165.2 7.7 817.2 High BoundLower 2.7 110.4 -7.2 184.2 -17 970.9 -8.0 698.1

Emission BoundMedian 27.8 137.4 4.8 208.1 -6.1 1098.5 3.9 788.3 Metro Manila Metro NCR (RCP8.5) Upper 53.4 164.9 19.8 237.9 7.7 1260.5 19.9 909.4 Bound

Table 46 Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (in oC) in the mid-21st century (2036- 2065) for Metro Manila

204. The following observations for Metro Manila for the mid-21st century projections can be drawn from the above tables: • Under the high emission scenario RCP8.5, the upper bound of projected seasonal change in mean temperature ranges from 1.9oC to 2.2oC. These are comparable to country-level mean temperature increase (1.2oC – 2.3oC). Highest predicted season temperature is at 31oC which occurs during the March-April-May (MAM) period.

• Upper bound (90th percentile) seasonal rainfall changes for RCP8.5 indicate a range of 7.7%(JJA) to 53.4% change (DJF). Projected value of rainfall for JJA is at 1260.5 mm.

2) Tropical Cyclone

205. The number of tropical cyclones (TCs) entering the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR), and

Page 153 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination the number of TCs that made landfall, shows a minimal decreasing trend from 1951 to 2015 as shown in the succeeding Figure. Looking at the number of very strong TCs with maximum sustained wind speeds exceeding 170 kph, a slight increasing trend is observed during the period from 1980 to 2015 (when more reliable and consistent observations were taken) as shown by the red dashed line in Figure.

Figure 62 Tropical cyclone trend

206. The TC data shown in (a) were taken from PAGASA while (b) and (c) were based from the Japan Meteorological Agency. 207. According to PAGASA and the UK Met Office, considering the five regional climate model simulations, assuming a high emission scenario (RCP8.5), the projected changes in the behavior of TCs in the mid-21st century (2036-2065) were found consistent with the currently observed trends. Three of the models suggest that decrease in tropical cyclone frequency is significant, while the two others suggest that no change is expected. In terms of the TC intensity, four of the models agree in a projected increase, two of which are significant. This is consistent with the report of the IPCC that in the 21st century the average annual number of TCs in the Western North Pacific is expected to decrease, and that an increase in the frequency of strong TCs in the region is "more likely than not". A caveat in the projections is that not all possible contributing factors in the development and behavior of TCs were considered. The model simulations further indicate that the year-to-year variability will remain high in the future. Hence, the lessons we learned in the past in mitigating tropical cyclone impacts are important to consider in the formulation of plans and programs for climate change adaptation.

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Figure 63 Projected changes in tropical cyclones affecting the Philippines by the mid-21st century assuming high emission scenario (RCP8.5).

Note: Black arrows indicate significant changes, grey arrows indicate insignificant changes, and a dash indicates no change.

3) Changes in Sea Level

208. The sea level has risen by nearly double the global average rate of sea level rise over certain parts of the Philippines from 1993-2015. Projections reveal that sea level in the country is expected to increase by approximately 20cm by the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario. Based on satellite observations (AVISO altimetry data) taken from 1993 to 2015, the sea level has risen by as much as 5.7-7.0 mm/yr over the Philippine Sea (see succeeding Figure). Such rate is approximately double the highest global average rate of 2.8-3.6mm/yr, which was observed between 1993 to 2010. Looking closely at different coastal areas in the country, a rate of sea level rise as high as 4.5-5.0mm/yr is observed east of the islands of and , and along the south western coasts of the Central and Western Visayas, and east of Mindanao and south of Zamboanga (Figure follows). 209. The Philippine government’s PAG_ASA projected sea level rise is low compared to the IPCC’s Special Report: Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019)32. The total global mean sea level rise fom 1902-2015 is 0.16m (likely range 0.12–0.21 m) which is unprecedented over the last century, and about 2.5 times the rate for 1901–1990 of 1.4 mm yr–1. The sum of ice sheet and glacier contributions over the period 2006–2015 is the dominant source of sea level rise, exceeding the effect of thermal expansion of ocean water. The report concluded that sea level will continue to rise at an increasing rate extreme sea level events that are historically rare are expected to occur frequently at many locations by 2050 in all RCP scenarios, especially in tropical regions. 210. The global mean sea level (GMSL) under RCP8.5 is 0.71 m with a like range between 0.51–0.92 m for 2081–2100 and 0.84 m in 2100. Mean sea level rise projections are higher by 0.1 m compared to AR5 under RCP8.5 in 2100, and the likely range extends beyond 1 m in 2100 due to a larger projected ice loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet (medium confidence). For this study, the impact of a 1.0m sea level rise was considered in the climate risk assessment.

32 https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/

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Figure 64 Sea level changes in the Philippines region from 1993-2015

211. Noticeable changes were also observed at the local level as shown in the following Figure. Tide gauge observations from National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) indicate that a rapid increase in sea level was observed in Manila, particularly from 1955 to 2015. However, this is attributed to long term land subsidence from excessive groundwater extraction. Gradual increases in sea level were observed in Legazpi and Davao, while no apparent trend was observed in and Jolo, Sulu.

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Figure 65 Sea level rise in selected areas (in mm) above the Revised Local Reference (RLR) level (7,000 mm).

Data source: National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)

212. Sea level rise in the Philippines will continue to be slightly larger than the global average. In both the moderate (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) emission scenarios, the increase is expected to be almost the same by the mid-21st century. The trend for RCP4.5 will continue to be linear up to the end of the 21st century, while the trend for RCP8.5 will follow a rather exponential increase - leading to a sea level rise by approximately 20 cm. The 0.2m sea level rise was deemed low for considering the IPCC assessment and a 1.0m sea level rise was considered in this study.

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Figure 66 Projected changes in sea level

213. Figure 5 (a) shows the historical sea level change (SLC) from tide gauge observations and future projections; (b) and (c) contain time series plots of the global mean sea level change projections under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The plot in (a) shows the sum of SLC components for the global ocean (black line, with uncertainty range in grey) and for the coastal region of Legaspi City, Philippines (blue line, with uncertainty), under the RCP8.5 future scenario. Annual mean tide-gauge measurements from Legaspi (blue line) and Cebu (green line) are also presented and a linear trend is added to the observations from Legaspi. The solid line in (a), (b), and (c) represent the central estimate and the shaded area represent the uncertainty of the likely range. B. Projected Climate Change in the Study Area 214. To define the projected temperature and rainfall in the project area under CMIP5 and RCP8.5, the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal 2.0 (CCKP) was utilized. Historical records were compiled by the Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia. The data used in this collection come from the CMIP5 (Coupled Intercomparison Project Phase 5) distribution (Taylor et al. 2012). CMIP5 is the fifth iteration of a globally coordinated experiment collection using a previously agreed-upon suite of Representative Concentration Pathways – RCPs (Moss et al. 2010), which represent different possible future radiative forcing scenarios through a selected evolution of distinct emissions and land-use change. The scenarios considered here are the RCP-2.6, RCP-4.5, RCP-6.0 and RCP-8.5. The numbers attached to the RCPs represent the global mean radiative forcing in watts per square-meter achieved in each of the scenarios by the year 2100. For example, RCP2.6 represents a very strong mitigation scenario, RCPs

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4.5 and 6.0 represent intermediate stabilization pathways, and RCP8.5 assumes the continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions. 215. The CCKP-CMIP5 collection consists of up to 35 models that submitted daily data across the RCPs and for which the data were readily available over the Earth System Grid. The data used were obtained through the IPCC Working Group I data snapshot offered by the Swiss Federal Technical University in Zürich. In the succeeding figures, data from the CCKP were collected (ensemble and 90th percentile values from 16 models using RCP8.5) for relevant climate change variables. Historical data was plotted with the projections for two time periods, 2040-59 (medium term) and 2080-99 (long term). The latter were obtained by adding historical data with change data from CCKP.

Note: Historical data obtained from Science Garden, Q.C.

Figure 67 Climate change projections in study area

216. The significant findings are as follows: • For the 2040-59 time period, the ensemble of 16 climate models project a median temperature rise of 1.34oC and a 90th percentile value of 2.23oC (averaged for all months)

• For the 2080-99 period, ensemble median temperature rise is 2.91oC and 90th percentile is 4.55oC. This means that mean monthly temperature may go up to as high as 32.99oC (month of May) during the 2080-99 period.

• Monthly maximum temperatures may go up to as high as 36.9oC (month of May) for the 2080-99 period.

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• Projected monthly rainfall for 2040-59 period may increase to around 619 mm (September) while this may be at around 675 for the 2080-99 period. These were arrived at using the 90th percentile value for the model ensemble. Some climate models (e.g. csiro.mk3_6_0) show that monthly rainfall for July may go up to as high as 804 mm for 2080-99 (see Monthly Rainfall Projection 2080-99). This is 59% higher than the historical value.

• Maximum daily rainfall may go up to as high as 408.94 mm (2040-59 period) and 493.21 mm (2080-99 period). In comparison, historical records showed the heaviest precipitation occurred in August at an average rainfall of 418.4 mm.

C. Existing Climate Change Hazards 217. HazardHunterPH was used in this study to generate indicative hazard assessment in the project area. It aims to increase people's awareness to natural hazards and advocates the implementation of plans to prepare for and mitigate the effects of hazards. The information for the calculation of hazards were provided by relevant government agencies through the GeoRiskPH Integrated System that includes the Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Volcanology and Seismology (DOST- PHIVOLCS) for seismic and volcanic hazards, DOST-PAGASA for storm surge and severe wind hazards, and Department of Environment-Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENR-MGB) for flood and rain- induced landslide hazards. Hazards were determined based on a risk scenario (e.g. earthquake intensity), the agency-developed population exposure data base, and the vulnerability and fragility curves developed by engineers for Philippine building types. 218. An evaluation of existing hazards in Marikina City and Quezon City considered 10 hazards and revealed major concerns are tropical cyclone, flood, flashflood which are evaluated as “likely”. Sea level rise, drought, and storm surge were deemed as unlikely while earthquake, erosion, and landslide were deemed as possible hazards. Table 47: Results of HazardHunterPH Hazard Screening for the Project Area Very unlikely possibly likely Almost Item Hazard unlikely certain

1 Cyclone o 2 Drought o 3 Earthquake o 4 Erosion o 5 Flood o 6 Flashflood o 7 Salinity o 8 Sea-level rise o 9 Landslide o 10 Storm Surge o

219. Hazard identification is further carried out in the specific project sites. The results of HazardHunterPH for the location of Bridge 1 is shown in the figure that follows. It indicates that the area has very high susceptibility to floods and has experienced more than 2 meters of flood height and more than 3 days of flooding. The area is also prone to ground shaking of up to Intensity VIII and has high liquefaction potential.

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Figure 68 Assessment results around Bridge 1 for seismic hazard, volcanic hazard and hydro- meteorological hazard

220. The hazard assessment result for the location of Bridge 2 is shown in the figure that follows. It indicates that the area has very high susceptibility to more than 2 meters of flood height and more than 3 days of flooding. The area is also prone to ground shaking of up to Intensity VIII and has high liquefaction potential.

Figure 69 Assessment results around Bridge 2 for seismic hazard, volcanic hazard and hydro- meteorological hazard

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221. The hazard assessment result for the location of Bridge 3 is shown in the figure that follows. It indicates that the area has very high susceptibility to more than 2 meters of flood height and more than 3 days of flooding. The area is also prone to ground shaking of up to Intensity VIII and has moderate liquefaction potential.

Figure 70: Assessment results around Bridge 3 for seismic hazard, volcanic hazard and hydro- meteorological hazard

222. Flood susceptibility is further depicted in the following figures. All three bridges are in location designated as very high susceptibility to flooding (more than 2 meters flood height and/or more than 3 days flooding.

Br. No.1

Figure 71: Flood susceptibility around Bridge 1

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Br. No.2

Figure 72: Flood susceptibility around Bridge 2

Br. No.3

Figure 73 Flood susceptibility around Bridge 3

223. The findings above are consisted with the projected 5-year, 25-year and 100-year flood hazards

Page 163 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination provided by the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards or NOAH33. All the project sites will be affected by flooding of at least 1.5 meters under the 3 global climate model scenarios. Most affected will be Provident Village, where St. Mary Bridge will be located, J. P. Rizal St. in Barangay Santo Nino, and Kabayani Road in Barangay Nangka. These areas are projected to be inundated by at least 1.5 meters of water using NOAH’s 5-year, 25-year and 100-year flood hazards map. These are shown in the following figure.

Figure 74 Flood Hazard around project area (NOAH)

33 The University of the Philippines Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (UP-NOAH) is a multidisciplinary research center housed in the UP National Institute of Geological Sciences with the goal of helping reduce the impacts of hazards. It seeks to assist the country in disaster risk reduction and management, climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts and related activities through research, development and extension services. (http://noah.up.edu.ph/#/)

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Figure 75 Cumulative Rainfall and Track of TY Ulysses (VAMCO)

D. Climate Risk and Vulnerability Level 224. The ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist provides a framework to integrate the foregoing review of historical and projected climate change, the existing climate hazards, and the nature of the project to allow the classification of risk, the need for a more detailed assessment, and its focus. Screening questions on: i) location and design of project, ii) materials and maintenance, and iii) performance of the project outputs were provided and the climate risk and vulnerability of the project was deemed high based on the following factors: a. The location of the project is sensitive to climate conditions including extreme weather particularly floods and storms,

b. The bridge height design is dependent on the hydro-meteorological parameters, which are likely to vary in the future, and

c. The likely future climate conditions will increase the maintenance cost

225. The climate risk screening also indicated the anticipated range of change in temperature is not likely to pose direct risk to the project. With a high risk to the project posed by climate change, a detailed climate risk and vulnerability assessment is required. F. Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment

226. The objective of the climate risk assessment is to account for non-stationarity in the design of bridge design and recommend adjustment in the maximum in the 1day annual maximum rainfall that was adopted in the bridge design. The procedure followed the ADB’s Climate Change Adjustment for Roads for Detailed Engineering Design (2020). Although the Guideline was designed for road projects, the

Page 165 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination procedure is applicable to any hydraulic structure designs that are based on annual maximum rainfall intensity. Furthermore, design standards used in the Climate Change Guidelines (2020) reflect the Government of Viet Nam’s standards, which may differ from the Philippines, but the method for calculation of extreme rainfall will be identical. 227. The design guidelines for the bridge design are provided in the the DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards (DGCS), Volume 3, Water Engineering Projects and Volume 5, Bridge, 2015. The following criteria were adopted: a. Design flood frequency of 50 years b. Freeboard, defined as the vertical clearance between the design flood level (DFL) and the soffit is 1.50m c. Span length at 50 year flood frequency is 34.7m d. Design probable rainfall based on 45-year record is 135mm 1hr duration e. Design flood flow 2,900 m3/s f. Maximum daily probable rainfall is 253 mm at T=50 year34

228. The design rainfall and daily rainfall have been adjusted several times during the feasibility studies and the detailed engineering design. The JICA 2014 Study and 2015 IV & V feasibility study formulated by the DPWH presented a design flood discharge of 2,900 m3/s for structures in between the 8 km reach between the Marikina River Channel Improvement and Construction (MCGS) to Marikina Bridge. This flood discharge was estimated on the assumption of 2 flood control structures exist upstream of the project site, these are the Marikina Dam to reduce the flood flow by 1,900 m3/s and a retarding basin between the Rodriguez and San Mateo Bridges to further reduce flow by another 400 m3/s. The succeeding Figure illustrates the design flood discharge allocation for the Marikina and Pasig River system.

34 Without the 10% upward adjustment due to climate change

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Figure 76: Design Flood Discharge Allocation (100yr Design Flood, DPWH2015 FS)

229. Recognizing the possible delays in the flood control structures upstream of the project site, the DPWH introduced an intermediate target flood discharge without these structures. The 2,900m3/s “is treated as approximately 20year to 30year in terms of flood probability scale. Therefore, the 50year return period of 3,220m3/s was determined as probable discharge by referring to design safety and the surveying and mapping requirements stipulated in the DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards (DGCS). 230. The 2015 Feasibility study, cognizant of the climate change impact on rainfall adjusted the maximum annual daily rainfall by an additional 10% to 278.3mm which was the basis for the 2,900m3/s design flood discharge. This rainfall was adjusted backed to removed the arbitrary 10% increase to account for climate change which resulted to an estimate of 253 mm. The adopted 10% increase in rainfall was revisited following the ADB’s Manual on Climate Change Adjustments as shown in the succeeding section and was found inadequate. E. Climate Adjustments for the Detailed Flood Design 231. The adjustments in the detailed flood design for the proposed bridges focus on the annual maximum rainfall which was used in the HEC-RAS Modeling to determine the design flood level. Projected climate change data assessed were based on the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 8.5 representing the high emission scenario. Extreme rainfall data were downloaded from the KNMI Climate Explorer that provided 25 CMIP5 climate model results for the project and were all considered in the assessment. 232. The steps taken in estimating the adjustments on the design values that accounts for future extreme rainfall are as follows: • Step 1: Specify project objectives

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• Step 2: Check for contextual climate risks at the project concept stage and adjust the site selection or design accordingly • Step 3: Obtain the design value(s) from historical rainfall data • Step 4: Download climate change scenarios for the design variable(s) • Step 5: Calculate the design values for specified baseline and future periods • Step 6: Derive the change factor for the specified design variable(s) and return period(s) • Step 7: Calculate the new design value for the future period at the specified return period and confidence level

233. The main objective is to comply with the DPWH standards of design flood frequency of 50 years. This objective should be achieved in recognition of increase rainfall, typhoon, and flooding in the project area. The historical 1 day annual maximum daily rainfall (Rx1day) adopted by the project is 253mm. The level of precaution in the climate projection was set at 90.0 percentile and a stress test level of 97.5%. 234. Rx1day series (1900–2100) for the project area35 were downloaded from the KNMI Climate Change Atlas for CMIP5 extremes ensemble under RCP8.5 with the setup illustrated in the following Figure. The climate model outputs are separated for 1850–2005 and 2006–2100. Individual model results are provided in each subfolder for the specified RCP8.5 scenario. For the project site, 23 CMIP5 climate models are available and used in the assessment. The succeeding Figures presents the computations to estimate the needed adjustment in the design rainfall.

35 The midpoint of Bridge No. 2 was used as reference point with coordinates : 14.637915 N; 121.092485 E

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Figure 77 KNMI Climate Change Atlas Screen shot

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Figure 78 Analysis Results for period 2025~2044

Figure 79 Analysis Results for period 2025~2074

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Figure 80: Calculated Increasing Amount for Rainfall for the Period 2025-2074 at 97.5 Percentile

Figure 81: Calculated Increasing Amount for Rainfall for the Period 2025-2074 at 90 Percentile

235. The assessment indicated a change factor of 22.88%, rounded to 25%, is necessary to adjust the design Rx1day to account for at least 90 percentile of the anticipated increase in maximum daily rainfall

Page 171 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination due to climate change. The adjustment factor will increase the design probable rainfall from 253 mm to 316mm with a 50 year return period. 236. From the adjusted Rx1day, the corresponding flood discharge was derived from the rainfall-flood discharge graph developed for the Marikina River as show in the succeeding Figure. Prior to the adjustment the design flood flow was 2,927 m3/s corresponding to the 253mm of rainfall, and after adjustments the design flow increased to 3,520 m3/s representing a 20.3% increase. The 3,520 m3/s was adopted as the design flood discharge.

Source: Interim Report (Feb. 2021) Figure 82: Regression Curve between Probable Rainfall-Flood Discharge

1) Adjusted Design Flood Level

237. The Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) was is used to calculate flood level corresponding to the climate adjusted flood discharge. HEC-RAS was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to manage the rivers, harbors, and other public works under their jurisdiction; it has found wide acceptance by many others since its public release in 1995. HEC-RAS is a one-dimensional steady flow hydraulic model designed to aid hydraulic engineers in channel flow analysis and floodplain determination. The basic assumption of HEC-RAS modeling is steady flow conditions in which depth and velocity at a given channel location do not change with time. Gradually varied flow is characterized by minor changes in water depth and velocity from cross-section to cross-section. The primary procedure used by HEC-RAS to compute water surface profiles assumes a steady, gradually varied flow scenario, and is called the direct step method. The basic computational procedure is based on an iterative solution of the energy equation. 238. The first step is to construct the HEC-RAS model using the river cross section data of the Marikina

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River and the characteristic data of each river such as the roughness coefficient. The second step is to enter the water elevation of cardinal point (No.10+000) as the boundary condition for the downstream of the Marikina river. As a third step, HEC-RAS modeling is performed and the water level impacts were reviewed by comparing the results before and after the bridge was installed. 239. The succeeding Figure presents the river cross-sections of the project site highlighting among others the dry riverbed elevation and the dry flood level. In the succeeding Table, two scenarios were described; first scenario pertains to the absence of the Marikina Dam and retarding basin to control the flood flow, while the second scenario assumes these are operational. It should be noted that without these upstream control structures, the flood discharge at the bridges site is about 10% higher with the adopted 25% adjustment due to climate change.

Figure 83: Hydraulic Parameters for HECRAS Modeling

Cross Section & Hydraulic Parameters

Chainage : No.10+000~No.18+650 (Marikina River, 8.65km)

Bridge 1 (No.11+340)

Bridge 2 (No.13+830)

Bridge 3 (No.17+150)

Distance LOB / CHANNEL / ROB(m) = 50 Between XS

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Roughness LOB / CHANNEL / ROB(n) = 0.028

Cont./Exp Contraction = 0.1, Expansion = 0.3 Coefficient

Br. No.1 - J.P Rizal-St.Mary Bridge (No.11+340) Bridge Infrom. Br. No.2 - J.P Rizal-Lopez Bridge (No.13+830) Br. No.3 - Marikina-Vista Real Bridge (No.17+150)

Table 48: Design discharge of 100-year frequencies considering climate change

50Year 100Year (Without Flood Control (With Flood Control Structure) Structure) Modeling W.L of W.L of Remark Case Design Design Cardinal Cardinal Discharge Discharge Point Point (m3/s) (m3/s) (EL.m) (EL.m) Base 19.52 3,125 18.75 2,673 Design Base+10% 19.93 3,400 19.41 2,900 Discharge in the PMRCIP Base+20% 20.58 3,581 19.90 3,206

Base+25% 20.82 3,701 20.20 3,351 Adopted

Base+30% 21.07 3,824 20.63 3,564

Base+35% 21.34 3,951 20.84 3,660

Base+40% 21.58 4,083 21.15 3,827

240. To perform one-dimensional HECRAS modeling, various hydraulic factors related to river information should be considered. The most important parameters are the design discharge that was obtained from the rainfall-flood discharge curve base flood level, and river cross-section data. Annex 1 provides the summary of the HEC-RAS Modelling. 241. The computed flood levels using HEC-RAS model developed for the Marikina River, after adjustment of the design rainfall and the determination of the equivalent discharge from the regression curve are 21.090m, 22.310m, and 23.930m for Bridges 1,2, and 3, respectively. With the required 1.5m freeboard, bottom soffit of the bridge strictures should clear 22.590m, 23.810m, and 25.430m, respectively for Bridges 1,2, and 3. To ensure the climate adjusted bridge elevations clear the on-going Marikina Dyke construction, the final elevations of these structures were compared and indicated height differences of 1.234m, 2.411m, and 1.318m for Bridges 1,2, and 3 respectively. The succeeding Tables compare the bridges elevation with the maximum flood levels adjusted while the succeeding figures

Page 174 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination illustrate the maximum flood height, bridge, and dyke elevations. Table 49 Flood Level Results for Bridge 1 (Unit :m)

Dyke Bridge No.1 Calculated Design Flood Calculated Design Flood Freeboard Freeboard Flood Level Level Flood Level Level 20.156 1.2 21.356 21.090* 1.5 22.590 * 25% increase (in max. daily rainfall) due to climate change is included

Table 50 Flood Level Results for Bridge 2 (Unit :m)

Dyke Bridge No.2 Calculated Design Flood Calculated Design Flood Freeboard Freeboard Flood Level Level Flood Level Level 21.399 1.2 22.599 22.310* 1.5 23.810 * 25% Increase (in max. daily rainfall) due to climate change is included

Table 51 Flood Level Results for Bridge 3 (Unit :m)

Dyke Bridge No.3 Calculated Design Flood Calculated Design Flood Freeboard Freeboard Flood Level Level Flood Level Level 22.912 1.2 24.112 23.930* 1.5 25.430 * 25% Increase (in max. daily rainfall) due to climate change is included.

Figure 84: Graphic View for Bridge No.1

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Figure 85: Graphic View for Bridge No.2

Figure 86:Graphic View for Bridge No.3

2) Estimated Climate Change Adaptation Cost

242. The bridge heights were increased to incorporate the anticipated increase in annual maximum daily rainfall. The bridge pier for Bridges 1,2, and 3 were increased by 0.492m, 0.486m, and 0.519,m respectively and corresponding increases in concrete and reinforced bars were estimated and presented in the succeeding Table. For Bridge 1,2, and 3, the cost to increase the pier heights are $27,729. $37,986, and $36,947, respectively.

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Table 52: Increase in Bridge Pier Height and Corresponding Costs

BR1Ave. HeightAve. HeightConcreteRebarRemark With Climate Change8.6m 701285 cu.m Without Climate Change8.108m 661269 cu.m Pier F.L Difference (0.984m)0.492m 4016 cu.m Unit Price $236 $1,120 Cost for Pier Incease $9,464$18,261$27,726

BR2Ave. HeightAve. HeightConcreteRebarRemark With Climate Change9.7m 1104445 cu.m Without Climate Change9.215m 1049423 cu.m Pier F.L Difference (0.971m)0.486m 5522 cu.m Unit Price $236 $1,120 Cost for Pier Incease $13,041$24,946$37,986

BR3Ave. HeightAve. HeightConcreteRebarRemark With Climate Change8.1m 1255251 cu.m Without Climate Change7.582m 1175235 cu.m Pier F.L Difference (1.037m)0.519m 8016 cu.m Unit Price $236 $1,120 Cost for Pier Incease $18,959$17,988$36,947

243. The increase in the bridge heights will increase the bridge length but will decrease the length of the approach road by the same length to keep as the area available for the two alternatives are the same. The total climate change adaptation cost for the 3 bridges is estimated at $4.243 million (2021 prices) and the details are provided in the succeeding Table.

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Table 53 Climate Change Adaptation Cost for the 3 Bridges

Total 3 Bridges Unit : USD SN.ItemsQuantity ChangeUnit Cost /mCost AmountRemark (Un it Cost) 1Bridge Length Increase $4,415,554Bridge 1+2+3 2Road Length Decrease -$274,517 Bridge 1+2+3 3Increase Pier Height $102,659Bridge 1+2+3 Total $4,243,6973.21% CW Civil Work Cost $132,283,951 Bridge 1+2+3

Bridge No.1 Unit : USD SN.ItemsQuantity ChangeUnit Cost /mCost AmountRemark (Un it Cost) 1Bridge Length Increase16.3m$73,329$1,197,784Bridge Cost /L ength 2Road Length Decrease -16.3m $2,334 -$38,124 Road Cost /Length 3Increase Pier Height Refer to "Cost for Pier" $27,726 Total Flood Level Increse 0.984m$1,187,3853.41% CW Civil Work Cost $34,775,720

Bridge No.2 Unit : USD SN.ItemsQuantity ChangeUnit Cost /mCost AmountRemark (Un it Cost) 1Bridge Length Increase16.1m$70,884$1,142,558Bridge Cost /L ength 2Road Length Decrease -16.1m $8,137 -$131,163 Road Cost /Length 3Increase Pier Height Refer to "Cost for Pier" $37,986 Total Flood Level Increse 0.971m$1,049,3812.43% CW Civil Work Cost $43,158,436

Bridge No.3 Unit : USD SN.ItemsQuantity ChangeUnit Cost /mCost AmountRemark (Un it Cost) 1Bridge Length Increase17.2m$120,552$2,075,213Bridge Cost / Length 2Road Length Decrease -17.2m $6,113 -$105,230 Road Cost /Length 3Increase Pier Height Refer to "Cost for Pier" $36,947 Total Flood Level Increse 1.037m$2,006,9303.69% CW Civil Work Cost $54,349,794

Assumption No.1 Bridge length will increase 16.6m proportion to increase of 1m elevation based on 6% max. vertical slope regulation. Assumption No.2 One side of bridge is governed by F.L while the other side by vertical clearance of road or revetment dyke level.

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F. Review of Sea Level Rise Impact due to Climate change 244. This section evaluates the impact of seal level rise to the flood level in the project area. Two sea level rises were considered, a 0.30m increase consistent with FS (2015) and 1.0m which was recommended by the ADB Climate Change Specialist as a low-probability precautionary scenario used to stress test the design. The HEC-RAS model was utilized for this assessment. As a result of the calculation, and as shown in the Figure below the effect of sea level rise goes up to station 6+900 in Marikina river whereas our bridges are located form 11+340. Therefore, there is no impact of sea level rise on this project.

Figure 87 The Impact Section by Sea Level Rise

245. As a result of the climate change analysis, flooding is the biggest risk factor for this project. The analysis with the results predicted by the climate change prediction scenario showed that project bridges are highly sensitive to flooding. In the project, the rainfall intensity was calculated considering climate change and the results show that the design annual maximum rainfall should be increased by 25% under severest condition (RCP8.5) to compensate for the increase in flood level. In general, an increase in 25% daily rainfall results to a 23% increase in flood discharge of the Marikina River and the design flood level by about 1.2m. This increase is also adequate to clear the height of the on-going Marikina River dyke project. By modelling flood level, the study confirmed that a 1.0m of sea level rise due to climate change showed no impact on this project site. G. Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions 246. The greenhouse gases emission likely to be generated from the 3 bridges has been estimated

Page 179 of 220 PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination using the Transport Emissions Evaluation Model for Projects (TEEMP)36 developed by Clean Air Asia37 The TEEMP module used is for roads improvement where emissions reductions attributable improvements in the road capacity and surface roughness are estimated. This exercise, however, will estimate the gross carbon emissions from expected vehicles crossing the bridge from 2025 to 2044. 247. Estimated vehicle traffic was taken from the Preliminary Design Report for the 3 bridges. The study considered the entire Metro Manila road network “with” and “without” the bridge projects. For the case of “with” the bridge project, the shift in traffic route is based on the Traffic Assignment Model considering the fastest travel time between routes. Traffic simulation of the entire road network (Metro Manila) is done until a specific route becomes congested (travel speed reduces to a certain degree), and traffic is diverted to lesser congested link. This results in decongesting adjacent bridges where new ones are proposed. The estimated vehicle traffic for the 3 bridges are summarized in the succeeding table and are also presented in Chapter II Project Description. 248. The default road maximum capacity for a 2-lane roadway 4,000 PCU/day was used and saturation capacity was set at 1.5 times this capacity. Consistent with the traffic study, vehicular increase is attributed to the growth of the population and economy and no induced traffic was considered. The construction method will be determined by the Contractor and therefore the related carbon emissions were not considered. Table 54 Estimated Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)38 Bridges Lane length 2025 2034 2044 Bridge 1 1.583km 14,077 20,097 25,369 Bridge 2 0.691km 18,858 22,700 26,764 Bridge 3 0.723km 34,695 38,279 40,153

249. Emission factors were taken from the CBCP/MOEF (2007) Draft Report on Emission Factor Development for Indian Vehicles, the Automotive Research Association of India. 250. Comparison of “with” and “without” project GHG emissions is calculated with the TEEMP tool. The greenhouse gas emissions intensity from the three bridges including their access roads is provided in the next table. The small savings for Bridges 1 and 2 are attributed to the improvement in road roughness index while the significant savings from Bridge 3 is a result of its widened 4-lane construction. 251. Averages per year were between 3,050 to 5,920 tons. The total GHG per year for all bridges was 39 below the 100,000 tons/year of CO2 equivalent threshold set in SPS 2009 to be considered significant.

36 TEEMP is an excel-based, free-of-charge spreadsheet models to evaluate emissions impacts of transport projects. 37 A network of 250 organizations in 31 countries established by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and USAID to promote better air quality and livable cities by translating knowledge to policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy and other sectors. 38 AADT was based on equivalent 1 passenger car unit (PCU). 39 Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, Appendix 1, footnote 10

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Table 55 Estimated GHG emissions

Tons CO2e over 20 yrs Average Without With Difference Per Yr w/ Project Project Project BRIDGE 1 119,660 118,388 1,272 5,919 BRIDGE 2 72,604 71,711 894 3,586 BRIDGE 3 189,139 60,995 128,144 3,050 TOTAL 381,404 251,094 130,310 12,555

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VII. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

252. The Safeguards Policy Principle (SPS) 2009 requires the borrower to carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and to facilitate their informed participation.40 Moreover, SPS also requires women’s participation in consultations, as well as nongovernment organizations during project preparation and implementation. The policy also mandates the establishment of grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of people’s concerns and complaints. Grievance redress mechanism for the project is detailed in Chapter VIII. 253. ADB through the SPS (2009) places high priority on stakeholder engagement within the impact assessment (IA) process. SPS (2009) requires consultation and participation shall commence early and continue on an ongoing basis throughout the project cycle. The value of stakeholder participation in the IA process is immense and requires a two-way flow of information. At the earliest stages of the project, the IA process can derive valuable social and environmental data and how the environmental and community systems function. This is invaluable for developing the list of Valued Environmental Receptors (VER). Later in the process participation of stakeholders can be used to refine impact assessments and develop mitigation measures for the project, including changes in project design.41 254. A Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) was prepared and implemented to ensure that meaningful consultations were held with stakeholders of the bridges project. This SEP sets out the process for undertaking engagement and consultation with stakeholders. Stakeholders include local communities potentially affected by the project and other stakeholders not directly affected but who have an interest in these activities or who could affect their progress. These could include national and local authorities, neighboring projects, academe and research institutions, and nongovernmental organizations.42 255. The SEP is summarized in the next table. The SEP aims to establish the process and tools to: • Identify and map stakeholders who have influence on the Project or who the Project influences, and identify and record key issues and concerns that stakeholders may have about the Project; • Identify whether there are any vulnerable communities/groups, and if so engage with them in meaningful informed consultation; • Build trusting relationships with local stakeholders based on a transparent and timely supply of information, open dialogue, and provision of opportunities for stakeholders to voice opinions and concerns for informing Project design and mitigation measures, and minimizing impacts on local resources and/or stakeholders; • Keep stakeholders regularly informed about the Project’s activities, explaining the nature of the construction and operation stages, overall Project duration, and any changes that could generate new impacts or increase the existing ones, and opportunities for grievance and engagement; • Demonstrate how national requirements, good international industry practice and ADB guidelines have been addressed in the IEE; • Build positive stakeholder relationships and ensure ongoing stakeholder participation;

40 Environmental safeguards policy principle number 5. 41 IEE Good Practice Note. Impact Assessment Process for IEE. Asian Development Bank. 17 February 2020. 42 Stakeholder Engagement Plan DRAFT, Nur Navoi Solar FE LLC. 04 June 2020

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• Implement a viable grievance mechanism; and • Maintain a record of all consultations and grievances. 256. The SEP implementation covers the entire project life and requires periodic revision in the course of the Project lifecycle. The current version covers engagement activities to be undertaken during the undertaking of the IEE. Table 56 Stakeholder Identification and Engagement Plan for Environment Group Name and Stakeholder Type Primary Goals & Influence Stakeholder List of (Project Affected, Interests and/or Role Engagement Stakeholder Interested Parties, on the Project Technique/Method or vulnerable groups) Government Local Authority Governmental bodies Entire project Online Meeting via Zoom City and Barangay authorized to make area Officials of Marikina and relevant decisions. or/and Quezon City Local Implementing Rules and Government Unit Regulations for the Face to face meetings (LGU), Philippine Environmental Department of Public Impact Statement Works and Highways. System Provides guidelines for Department of ecological solid waste Environment and management program Natural Resources. and creating the necessary institutional Environmental mechanisms and Management Bureau, incentives as well as prohibitions and penalties Marcy Teodoro, City Local Authority Finalize the design and Marikina Project Phone calls and face to Mayor of Marikina alignment. Site face or online meeting Joy Belmonte, City Understand and Quezon City Mayor of Marikina integrate the procedure Project Site Marikina City and requirements for the Marikina Project Development Authority - approvals of permits and Site Planning clearances. Quezon City Planning Quezon City and Development Office Project Site Marikina City Marikina Project Engineering Department Site Quezon City Quezon City Environment Protection and Waste Management Department Marikina City Environment Office Environmental National Authority Environmental Phone call and face-to- Management Bureau- clearance and face meeting Department of monitoring requirements Environment and particularly involving the Natural Resources change in alignment. Department of Regional Authority Role in supervising the Entire Project Phone call and face-to- Environment and implementation of the Area face or online meeting Natural Resources – ECC. National Capital Region Including River Basin Control Office

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Group Name and Stakeholder Type Primary Goals & Influence Stakeholder List of (Project Affected, Interests and/or Role Engagement Stakeholder Interested Parties, on the Project Technique/Method or vulnerable groups) DPWH Flood Control Provide background on Phone call and face-to- Cluster the flood control face or online meeting programs and identify potential impacts of the proposed projects Metro Manila Regional Authority Responsible for an Entire Project Phone call and face-to- Development Authority integrated flood control face or online meeting system for Metro Manila

Transportation and traffic management Laguna Lake Regional Authority Regulatory role in bridge Phone call and face-to- Development Authority projects. face or online meeting Data on flooding and modelling of flood flows that is important in climate proofing

Manila Bay Task Force Regional Authority Overall responsibility to Entire Project Face to face or online (Pasig River implement the Pasig Area meetings Rehabilitation River Master Plan. Commission abolished Determine the in Nov 8, 2020) consistency with the Master Plan Affected persons. Land users, local Coordination of the Entire project Public meeting (to be conducted in residents/ community, Construction area (ONLINE) coordination with the local and regional Management Plan with social team) authorities, stakeholders: Public meeting School, College, • Schedule of (ONSITE) Institutions construction works, • The scheme of Combination of online traffic during the and onsite public meeting construction period, Focus group discussions • Routes of movement of construction equipment, • Organization of construction sites, • Measures to ensure the safety of construction sites, • Appropriate means of interaction with affected parties • Waste Management • Labour Management (including HIV/AIDS Preventive Management)

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Group Name and Stakeholder Type Primary Goals & Influence Stakeholder List of (Project Affected, Interests and/or Role Engagement Stakeholder Interested Parties, on the Project Technique/Method or vulnerable groups) NGO and Independent Specialized Present final project City and • Public Experts environmental, social, alignment and other Barangay level meeting and research technical details (i.e., one (ONLINE) organisations, non- stakeholder government consultation • Public organisations and meeting per meeting community bridge) (ONSITE) organisations (including Community Combination of online Councils, Council of and onsite public meeting elders, community informal leaders). University of the Academe Related studies on Online or Face to Face Philippines College of flooding and other Meetings Engineering – National pertinent design Hydraulic Research parameters that may be Center considered in the design UP Resilience Instititute including mitigation (former Project NOAH) measures. Clean and Green CSO The oldest and only Online or Face to Face Foundation and Sagip NGOs concerned with Meetings Pasig Movement river rehabilitation Mass media Printed mass media Provide local residents Press releases to local of City and Barangay with information on media; level; upcoming construction offices and to be made Internet resources; activities, potential available at other public impact, disturbance, places. such as temporary road Information provided closures, particularly directly to affected noisy activities. households and businesses. Installation on informational boards near construction sites, e.g., near crossing with local roads; boards will include information on construction schedule, bypassing routes, etc. Update of the Project Website.

Public consultation All affected and A requirement of SPS Project wide Ideally in-person, (widest participation) in interested 2009 to conduct public however due to COVID- coordination with the stakeholders consultation early in the 19 restrictions, a hybrid social and resettlement project design may be utilized team

257. Public consultations were held to solicit the concerns of stakeholders on project design, impact on affected land and buildings, implementation issues, environmental concerns, and potential benefits of the project. Stakeholders’ consultations were held with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, overall opinion and solicit recommendations to improve project design and implementation. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. 258. Consultation with Local Government Units. The IEC intends to provide the local authorities

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with information about the project. At the same time, it also aims to seek support and participation in the planning process. Information provided by the local authorities also aids in identifying the potential impacts of the project. Participation of local authorities in planning stage minimizes delay during the implementation. During the IEC’s the alignment for all three (3) bridges were presented. The summary below shows the issues and concerns along with the responses raised during the meeting conducted with the Quezon City and Marikina City LGU last 11 and 14 January, 2021 respectively. Table 57 Summary of Issues Raised during IECs for City Government Officials Issues and Concerns Responses/Actions Taken A proposed river dike project beneath The bridge has enough elevation to allow private Bridge 3 – Marikina (Kabayani St.) - vehicle to pass through beneath the structure. The Vista Real (Katipunan Ave) such that the maximum height is 3m to allow private vehicle to pass elevation of the bridge must be ensured through. In addition, the design elevation basis used so that vehicles can still pass through for the Bridge 3 is the elevation of the already existing the river dike project in case it pushes flood control structure. through.

Existing structures must be avoided. Some structures might inevitably be affected by the project. The elevation will be maintained to ensure there would not be an abrupt decline. Such design must be maintained in conformance to safety standards A concern was raised if alignment is A clarification was made that the alignment being possible due to the narrow roads asked was already changed to ensure there will be fronting the approach. less APs. The latest alignment will have a longer design, but it will not affect any subdivision in Quezon City anymore. Mayor M. Teodoro requested that there should be The DED will continue to take this consideration in the minimum impact to residents and environmental final alignment of the bridges. concerns. QC Representatives showed concerns on tree It was clarified later that the concern was raised based cutting activities on the previous alignment and is no longer applicable with the new alignment.

259. The consultation with Marikina LGU goes back to the pre-feasibility stage where a different set of alignment was presented by DPWH in the meeting with Marikina Mayor Marcy Teodoro and his engineers conducted on June 10, 2019. The mayor’s recommendations regarding the realignment of the bridges were considered in the detailed design study. 260. Individual consultations with barangay officials were conducted to provide an overview of the project and the environmental activities to be conducted. The need to conduct environmental baseline measurements for air, noise, water, and vibration was explained, and the methodology of sampling was briefly discussed. Table 58 . Summary of Consultations with Barangay Officials Bridge Stakeholder / Date of Address Remarks No. Institution Consultation 1 Barangay Barangay Hall of Jan 28 - Barangay Chairman (BC) Segundo Cruz Calumpang, Calumpang, Roxas Marikina City Street, Calumpang - Barangay was heavily inundated during TC Ondoy and Ulysses - BC Segundo noted that the area for the bridge in their barangay may be private

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Bridge Stakeholder / Date of Address Remarks No. Institution Consultation - sampling activities are welcomed, and samplers should get working permits - access to proposed sampling sites may have to go through private property and may require permission from the owner (BF Construction) - Chair Segundo recommended access from San Antonio de Padua Parish. 1 Barangay Tañong, Barangay Hall of Jan 28 - BC Bob Pamisa Marikina City Tañong, Don Gonzalo Puyat - Constituents took a heavy toll from TC Ondoy Street, Tañong and TC Ulysses - Bridge will present additional access to constituents in Provident Villages - Concern on traffic and parking for heavy equipment should be coordinated with Barangay and City Traffic office - sampling activities for the environmental study poses no problem for him and samplers should get working permits - BC also provided contact person for coordination near the St. Mary approach 1 / 2 Barangay Jesus Barangay Hall of J. Jan. 21, Jan - BC Ariel “Ayi” Lazaro dela Peña, Marikina dela Peña, Lopez 28, Jan 29, City Jaena Street, J. Feb 05 - Assisted team personally in coordinating with dela Peña residents on possible sampling site - Mentioned that residents have already approached him since the meeting with Mayor Marcy a week before - The concern was more on residents who will be displaced and resettled in Bridge 2. Fair compensation should be ensured. - samplers should get working permits to legitimize their activities in case residents ask. 2 Barangay Sto. Niño, Barangay Hall of Jan 28 - Barangay Secretary (BSec) John Joseph Marikina City Sto Niño, Reyes Eustaquio Street, Sto Niño - BSec mentioned that BC Rizaldy Josef is aware of the project and the upcoming Stakeholder Consultation Meeting (SCM) and will - Similar to other barangays, sampling activities are not a problem, however working permits should be acquired 3 Barangay Nangka, Barangay Hall of Jan 28 - According to Barangay Inspector Villanueva, Marikina City Nangka, Balite barangay officials (including BC Randy Leal) Street, Nangka are familiar with the project but they were more familiar with the original alignment. He also said that once sampling permits, the barangay

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Bridge Stakeholder / Date of Address Remarks No. Institution Consultation is more than likely to assist in the nearest accessible sampling site since there are security issues at the base of the proposed bridge. - With concerns on the impact on the environment, Barangay officials recommended Twinville Homeowners Association, Inc (THAI) President Dexter Dee since the area will be directly impacted - THAI Pres. Dexter mentioned that his constituents are already asking about the project and most of the concerns are on resettlement and fair compensation - With regards to sampling activities, it was similar to the other barangays. 3 Barangay Barangay Hall of Jan 28 - BC Gerardo Sto. Domingo Concepcion Uno, Concepcion Uno, Marikina City Molave Street, - BC Gerry mentioned his familiarity with the Concepcion Uno project and support for the Mayor’s decision to give the go-ahead. - No constituents have approached his office at the time - The sampling activities are approved and mentioned the need for working permits for the samplers (available in the barangay). 3 Barangay Barangay Hall of Jan 28, Feb - BC Allan Franza was familiar with the project Matandang Balara, Matandang Balara, 05 since he attended the presentation for Quezon Quezon City Doña Filomena City. Street, Matandang Balara - BC Allan welcomed the sampling activities, and similar to Marikina City, the samplers should get working permits and get approval from Capitol Park Homes HOA. - BC Allan provided the name and contact number of the CPHA HOA President - HOA President Sonny Hernandez welcomed the sampling activities and to just call his number if there are problems. 3 Barangay Tumana, Barangay Hall of Jan 28, Feb - BC Ziffred Ancheta said that his office was Marikina City Tumana, Bagong 05 unsure whether the Katipunan Extension Farmers Avenue 1, approach was part of his jurisdiction but Tumana recognized that his area will be accessed for the project. - He also mentioned that sampling activities are welcome and his office may be approached for assistance in the nearest accessible sampling site. - Barangay Councilor Jimmy Ceguerra did not

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Bridge Stakeholder / Date of Address Remarks No. Institution Consultation see any problem with the sampling activities but noted that their urban greening/gardening was heavily impacted by the ongoing DPWH Dyke/Dike Project - Barangay officials said that similar to other barangays in Marikina, it is standard to get working permits for the samplers.

261. Stakeholder Consultation Meetings with Affected Persons. The stakeholder consultation meeting seeks to obtain permission from the APs in conducting the ground survey activities for the project. There were two sessions conducted for the JP Rizal St. (Marcos Highway) – St. Mary Bridge (January 28 and Feb 16, 2021). The table below presents the summary of queries (environment and social concerns) as well as the responses from the two consultations. Table 59 Stakeholder Consultation Meeting with Affected Persons Issues and Concerns Responses/Actions Taken It was asked why St. Mary Ave. was chosen as part The area was chosen as part of the project alignment of the project alignment. as it will contribute to the improvement of the traffic flow in the locality. In addition, based on the feasibility study, it is the best location for the bridge. It was asked if there are any benefits to the project One of the intrinsic benefits of any government infrastructure projects is the increase of land value in nearby land areas. The bridge will also make the commercial areas more accessible for the residents It was asked if realigning the project is still possible. The current alignment is based on the most appropriate location of the bridge based on the study with the least number of APs and that realigning might not be possible anymore. It was asked if the alignment is final. The alignment has been studied thoroughly and changes in the alignment might not be possible anymore. It was asked if the construction of the Bridge will Hydrologists have studied the possible impact during have an impact to the structures below it and if it the construction so that it will not cause any flooding will affect the river flow. to areas. It was asked if the project will address flooding The project has no direct impact in reducing the flood. issues as Provident Village However, it was disclosed that there are other projects by the DPWH to address the flooding problem Marikina River. It was asked if the bridge may be reduced to the Such extension was made to increase the height of riverbank to reduce the length. the bridge as a mitigation measure against flood. The project is also designed with adaptive specification to climate change. An inquiry was made for the project timeline. Assuming there would be no more delays, it is estimated that the construction will begin on the middle of the next year and is estimated to continue for thirty (30) months.

262. Focus group discussion (FGD) is intended for specific groups in particular, the vulnerable groups and business groups. Perceived project impact of these groups were solicited in a FGD in Bgy Tanong and Jesus Dela Pena last Feb 16, 2021 and they were: • The project will traverse the property where they are currently staying and the space where they

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park their vehicles will be taken from them. • The equipment that will be used in the project might block their access to their property. • The project might cause a lot of noise pollution to the community. • The project will improve the transportation in their area and Pasig City will be more accessible. • Businesses such as leasing space and sari-sari stores will be displaced during the construction of the project. 263. Consultations with Key Government Agencies and Academe. A Stakeholder Consultation Meeting (online) was conducted on Feb 9, 2021 to solicit the concerns of key government agencies, academe, and non-government organizations. The issues discussed and concerns raised is summarized in the Table below. 264. Media articles about the three Marikina bridges were also released by DPWH and picked up by various media outlets in early February 2021. DPWH also posted a news bulletin about the three project bridges in its website. 265. Consultation with Nongovernment Organizations (NGO’s). A Stakeholder Consultation Meeting was conducted on April 8, 2021 for nongovernment organizations based in the national capital region. At that time, an NCR-wide enhanced community quarantine was operational. The ngo’s invited were: EarthDay Network Philippines, World Wildlife Fund, Oscar Lopez Center for Climate Change, Tanggol Kalikasan, and Kabang Kalikasan. Most of these were network of NGO’s. The heads of the affected barangays were also included in the invitation. Information packets containing the description of the bridges project were given out. 266. Two NGO networks, EDNP and WWF attended the consultation. The meeting discussed the highlights of the environmental (IEE) and climate adaptation (CRVA) studies conducted by DPWH’s consultant firm DASAN JV. Environmental impacts and mitigation measures were presented. The climate adaptation measure incorporated in the design was also highlighted. 267. Questions of the participants centered on the means for monitoring and grievance redress. DPWH explained the environmental monitoring program and the grievance redress mechanism. A concern about consultations with agencies in charge of earthquake hazard was also raised. DPWH also explained that this was already included in the detailed design process. 268. Overall, the consultations provided adequate venue to solicit the concerns of stakeholders on project design, impact on affected land and buildings, implementation issues, environmental concerns, and potential benefits of the project. These have resulted to modifications in the alignment which consequently lessened the affected areas and affected persons. Concerns about flooding were adequately considered and has thus strengthened the climate adaptation measures of the project.

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Table 60. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation with Key Government Agencies and Academe Name / No. Question / Opinion Responded by Responses Remarks / Mitigation Organization 1. Cesar R. Quintos, I want to know about social JUDEE Ann DR. With regard to the resettlement issues, RAP Will form part of the report to be LLDA issues. Have you considered Santillan activities are ongoing. As of today, Bridges 1 submitted to NEDA and ADB. right of way, affected families, DPWH / BMC- and 2 are completed. For bridge 3, census is there any informal settlers or UPMO and study activities are ongoing. if there are fisher folks that will be affected? What about fisherfolk? Rosemarie del UPMO has two sets of social safeguards There is an organized group of Rosario specialists for the preparation of primary fisherfolk known as Marikina DPWH / ESSD- resettlement action plan. As the deliverables Anglers Association (Samahan ng PS of the consultants is to prepare RAP, where mga mangingisda). they have to determine those who are to be affected. The RAP team is now in the process of having the Surveys.

We are familiar with the place and know the fisher folks that they are living in the areas. We are going to discuss today the Environmental concerns of the project. There is another team for right of way concerns of the project and they will determine the project affected families. 2. Ms. Lally What are the changes in land Norifel Teddie G. We will not be crossing any forest land According to the DENR Forestry use that has been considered Cadiang areas. There will be no adverse change up Office, the Upper Marikina River during assessment? DPWH / BMC- to the land use. We will actually be going Basin Protected Landscape Will there be any possible UPMO through already built-up environment. So presently has continued forest and impact in nearby and there will be no adverse numbers of trees habitat degradation is prevalent, surrounding areas for the affected except some few. caused mainly by illegal tree watershed of the Marikina Our study that we conducted is limited only cutting, slash and burn farming, River? to the vicinity of the project side. But the unsustainable fuel-wood collection, How did you consider the possible impact that has been considered residential and commercial change in land use? What is when we conduct hydrology study during expansion, and forest fires. All the rate of the change in land design phase. As to the holistic approach of these negative impacts on the use? the possible impact when it comes to the natural forest led to forest flooding, there will be a separate study for degradation of at least 408 hectares this. a year. This could be mitigated if the area is protected and laws are enforced. Dr. Ernesto Dela The impact will be considered in the The concern will be incorporated in Cruz/ ADB hydrological analysis which our hydrological the CRVA report. consultant engineers, environmental specialists & the consultant will consider during the

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Table 60. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation with Key Government Agencies and Academe Name / No. Question / Opinion Responded by Responses Remarks / Mitigation Organization preparation of impact assessment. The finding of Hydrological assessment, Climate change and Vulnerability Risk Assessment will be incorporated in the bridge design. 3. Sealtiel Patino Is there any assessment on Yoon Hwan According to the calculations, rainfall Mitigation of impact will be CCC how the structure will affect SONG, intensity will be increased by 25%. Now we integrated into the design. flood levels in the Marikina Team Leader are checking how many meters and river, especially during Dasan JV centimeters to be increased because of periods of increased climate change. May be the result will be precipitation? 50cm to 100 cm. But, we have to think about our bridges across the Marikina dike. If the flood level is higher than the dike level, then the water will over flow. When we design the bridge level, we have to consider the freeboard of 1.5 meters. So, now we are checking how many meters to increase due to climate change and Investigate how to stop this problem. Seok Ma If we construct the bridge in the rivers, the Dasan JV water level will be increased because of the construction of piers. But up to now we are doing calculation. From this calculation we can know how much water will be increased due to construction of piers in the river. As far our experience, normally 10cm - 20 cm will be increased due to piers in the river. 4. Luimyla Valente- Most environmental Norifel Teddie G. We will be preparing an environmental The EMoP will include construction Peña safeguards (for air, water and Cadiang monitoring plan, which will be closely debris (solid waste) monitoring. DENR-FMB noise) ended on the operation DPWH / BMC- observed to bring under implementation of stage. How about the UPMO the project. We will also be closely Collection of solid waste will be stockpile of cement and or monitored by Asian Development Bank managed by the contractor and sand once the bridges are which we all know is very serious when it placed on an accredited solid waste constructed? How will it be comes to monitoring compliance by site. Coordination with the Marikina managed? Is there a plan for environmental monitoring safeguards. City Environmental Management this? Office. Also, we are part of the San We will be managing the disposal of our Juan River Rehabilitation and waste, so that we won’t be having the same in our experience, most experience as what you mentioned during garbage has settled at the San Juan Rehabilitation project. bottom of the river creating foul odor and unsafe environment for the people

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Table 60. Summary of Stakeholder Consultation with Key Government Agencies and Academe Name / No. Question / Opinion Responded by Responses Remarks / Mitigation Organization nearby. How do we ensure that this scenario won’t happen along these bridges? 5. Glenn Sabio Is there an assessment for Norifel Teddie G. This will be considered in our design where Considered in final design of the UP Resilience soil liquefaction especially the Cadiang there’s ongoing geotechnical investigation bridges Institute west valley fault is close by? DPWH / BMC- for the bridges. As we are very close to the UPMO West Valley Fault line, this will definitely become a part in the design.

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VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

269. SPS2009 requires the project to establish a grievance redress mechanism to facilitate the resolution of grievances and concerns of people affected by the project. The mechanism should address affected people’s grievances in a transparent and timely manner. For the project, grievances will be handled through negotiations to achieve consensus. The mechanism to address grievances, however, will not prevent affected people from availing judicial or administrative remedies, as required in SPS. 270. The grievance and outcome related to the implementation of the subprojects, particularly regarding the environmental management plan will be acknowledged, evaluated, and responded to the complainant with corrective action proposed. The outcome shall also form part of the environmental monitoring reports that will be submitted to ADB. Environment related complaints may be lodged verbally directly to the contractor or the Project Management Consultant for immediate resolution onsite.43 For grievances that cannot be addressed promptly at the site, these will be elevated to the Grievance Redress Committee. The complaint must be addressed within 15 days. If there is no understanding or amicable solution reached, or if the affected person has not received any response from the committee within 15 days after the complaint registry, the complaint will be elevated to the concerned Regional Office, which should act on the complaint within 15 days from filing date. If the affected person is not satisfied with the decision of the Regional Office, the complainant may avail of judicial remedy. All grievances must be diligently recorded and shall be acted upon immediately. 271. The following are the proposed members of the GRC:

i) Representative from Unified Project Management Office – Bridge Management Cluster, DPWH ii) Representatives from DPWH Regional Office and District Engineering Office iii) Representative from the local government unit of Marikina iv) 1 representative each from affected barangays44 v) Representative from ESSD, DPWH

272. The GRC will continue to function, for the benefit of the affected people, during the entire life of the project including the five-year maintenance period. The figure which follows outlines the grievance redress mechanism for the project.

43 The Updated Social and Environmental Management Systems Operations Manual has a detailed grievance redress procedure for involuntary resettlement concerns. For environment related concerns, DPWH follows DENR Administrative Order 30, series of 2003, where the Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT), composed of stakeholder representatives, is tasked to monitor the project to support DENR’s compliance monitoring. 44 Marcos Highway – St. Mary Bridge: Barangays San Roque, Calumpang, and Jesus Dela Pena, Marikina, Metro Manila; J. P. Rizal – Lopez Jaena Bridge: Barangay Jesus Dela Pena and Sto. Nino, Marikina, Metro Manila; Kabayani-Katipunan Ext. Bridge: Barangay Nangka, Concepcion Uno, and Tumana, Marikina, Metro Manila. Bgy Matandang Balara, QC.

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Figure 88. Flowchart Grievance Redress Mechanism

Grievance or complaint

Contractor received complaint in STEP 1 written form Contractor and PMC Resolution of Level Unresolved complaint included (immediate) Resolved in Monitoring Report

PMC received unresolved complaint from contractor Resolution of Unresolved complaint included Resolved in Monitoring Report STEP 2 GRM GRM Committee received (15 days) unresolved complaint; GRM Meeting Resolution of Unresolved complaint included Resolved in Monitoring Report

GRM renders decision on the complaint Resolution of Unresolved complaint included Resolved in Monitoring Report

Complainant accepts decision or elevates concerns

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IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Environmental Management Plan

273. The environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared based on the policy principles outlined in SPS 2009. The plan includes proposed mitigation measures, requirements for environmental monitoring and reporting, the proposed institutional arrangement, capacity development and training needs, performance indicators, implementation schedule and cost estimates to implement the EMP. Mitigation of potential adverse impacts identified in Chapter V were proposed, with the objective of no significant harm and in consideration of the polluter pays principle. Table 24 provides the proposed Environmental Management Plan. 274. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the synthesis of all proposed mitigation and monitoring actions to avoid, minimize and mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance positive impacts of the project. The EMP defines institutional responsibilities for mitigation implementation and monitoring, reporting requirements, and a system to manage and provide speedy resolution of construction-related complaints through the grievance redress mechanism (GRM). The EMP is included in the bid documents to enable contractors allocate human and financial resources for effective implementation and monitoring. The EMP will be distributed to potential contractors so that the noted mitigation and monitoring requirements can be evaluated and included in the specifications and cost proposals submitted for the proposed project. It enables the project to comply with Philippine government and ADB requirements on environmental management. The project EMP may require updating to address unanticipated impacts or significant changes in the project scope to ensure that additional impacts could be effectively managed. 275. Contractors Environmental Management Plan. The EMP requires each contractor to prepare and submit a contractor’s environmental management plan (CEMP) consistent with the project EMP, prior to start of construction. It should be cleared by DPWH, construction supervision consultant (CSC) and ADB before any physical activity is started on the site. 276. The CEMP shall include the contractor’s management plans to mitigate construction impacts, such as air and water pollution, soil erosion, construction noise, solids, liquids and hazardous wastes, construction spoils, traffic, and community and workers’ health and safety. The contractor’s environment, health and safety officer (EHSO) has the primary responsibility for CEMP preparation hence it is important for the contractor to mobilize the EHSO upon receipt of the notice to proceed. The CSC will ensure that the CEMPs are in accordance with the EMP requirements before they are submitted for approval to PMO and to ADB. 277. Inasmuch as some of the associated project facilities such as borrow pits, quarry sites, construction camps, and batching plants will be identified by the contractors, the CEMPs will provide specific information on these facilities to identify potential impacts and the required remedial measures to address these environmental issues. The CEMP should provide details of activities and the location of facilities specific to the contract package. It should confirm and update the list of sensitive receptors in the IEE to identify locations where mitigation would be most required. Assessment should be conducted to determine the necessity for environmental baseline surveys prior to start of construction, to supplement secondary data available. If undertaken, the survey results shall be included in the CEMP and mitigation measures shall be adjusted accordingly based on the results. 278. CEMPs should be cleared by DPWH and ADB before civil works commence. The associated project facilities will also be subject to inspection by PMO and CSC to confirm that locations are

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination appropriate and will not cause significant environmental and social issues. The CEMP should clearly state that the project will comply with relevant Philippine laws and the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. The contractor will be responsible for CEMP compliance of the subcontractors. 279. COVID-19. The Philippine Government has issued guidelines to mitigate the spread of the virus, but each sector is also encouraged to develop its own set of guidelines suited to the sector activities. DPWH has issued construction safety guidelines for infrastructure projects being implemented under the COVID-19 pandemic. Contractors are required to adopt these guidelines in the workplace. These should be incorporated in the CEMP and resources should be allocated for its implementation.

B. Environmental Monitoring Plan

280. Monitoring the effectiveness of EMP entails environmental monitoring, which involves the collection of different environmental parameters (air, water noise, vibration, fauna and flora, and aquatic biota) to assess the impact of the project. Environmental monitoring entails the development and implementation of corrective actions if standards are breached, and disclosure of monitoring reports, as required in the SPS.

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Table 61 Environmental Management Plan Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs PRE-CONSTRUCTION 1 Resettlement / • Final RAP report with full • RAP consultant • DPWH- • No training • Prior to any To be based on Relocation of PAPs consensus of PAPs will be hired to UPMO and needed construction the final RAP oversee the ESSD. in each of commencement the 3 and completion of bridges. the resettlement/reloc ation 2 Local employment • Hiring of local workers should be • Contractor should • Main • No training • Prior to any Part of a priority get unskilled contractor needed construction construction cost workers from the and DPWH in each of community and UPMO/ESSD the 3 indicate this on bridges. scheduled DOLE report 3 Tree cutting • Compliance with conditions of • Identify vegetation • Environment • EMB/FMB for • Will Tree cutting permit DENR/LGU SLUP, Tree Cutting at the start al Unit (EU) assessment, commence and inventory from Permit, ROW, PCA Permit • EU to be updated • Homeowners • EU for once all tree DENR. Initial • Limit land clearing as much as on any tree cutting Association updating and cutting estimate at possible. • Get tree cutting • Barangay documentatio candidates PhP2M • Provide temporary fencing to permit from DENR Leaders n are vegetation that will be retained. for inspection and • EMB / FMB identified • Promote restoration of damaged evaluation submissions or destroyed vegetation where • Abide in all possible (e.g., road side tree conditions of the planting); tree cutting permit • Tree replacement based on • Environmental DENR MC No. 2012-02 for form for any timber/forest trees which violation requires planting of 100 • Self-Monitoring indigenous tree species in Reports replacement of every tree cut.

CONSTRUCTION

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs 1 Construction of • Transport, loading and • Air quality • Environment • No special • To be Part of temporary facilities unloading of loose and fill sampling al Unit (EU) training scheduled environmental and hauling of materials through covered (quarterly or semi- • Homeowners needed for once monitoring cost. equipment and vehicles. annual) to be Association stakeholders groundbrea materials may result • Paved approach roads. submitted to EMB- • Barangay • HOA and king is done Air quality to short-term air • Storage areas to be located DENR Leaders Barangay to sampling is quality deterioration downwind of the settlement. • Feedback from • EMB witness air estimated at PhP • Water spraying on earthworks, stakeholders submissions quality 2.9 Million unpaved haulage roads and coursed through sampling other dust prone areas. Barangay leaders • Provision of PPE to workers. or HOA • Schedule of water placed in logbook and signed by HOA or Barangay representative • Environmental form for any violation • Self-Monitoring Reports 2 Accidental spills to • No vehicles or equipment should • DPWH/Contractor • Environment • EU • EU to be -Placement of surface water be parked or refueled near water to follow the ECC al Unit (EU) representativ scheduled grease traps, bodies, specifically Marikina condition • Homeowners es may be once storage areas are River. establishing an Association trained to do groundbrea part of • Oil and grease traps and fueling Environmental • Barangay environmenta king is done construction cost. platforms to be provided at Unit (EU). Leaders l audit by • Contractor -Training for basic refueling locations. • EU to be • EMB ESSD/DPWH should auditing for EU • All chemicals and oil shall be composed of submissions or 3rd party provide a members will cost stored away from water and proponent, groups. Pollution PhP 1,500 per concreted platform with barangay • All equipment Control member catchment pit for spills representatives, operators, Officer and (honorarium and collection. HOA drivers, and Health and food). representatives, warehouse Safety City Environment personnel will group that Office be trained in will meet representatives immediate weekly Environmental response for form for any spill violation containment • EU to do monthly and eventual 199

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs meeting and clean-up. reporting • Emergency • EMB may response occasionally visit training for inspection • Environmental form for any violation • Self-Monitoring Reports 3 Accidental spills • Construction vehicles and • DPWH/Contractor • Environment • All equipment • EU to be Chemical storage when transporting equipment maintenance and to follow the ECC al Unit (EU) operators, scheduled for all sites are construction refueling will be conducted in a condition • Homeowners drivers, and once estimated at PhP materials particularly manner so as to avoid spills and establishing an Association warehouse groundbrea 150,000 per fuels and lubricants ground contamination. Environmental • Barangay personnel will king is done bridge could affect • Oil interceptors shall be provided Unit (EU). Leaders be trained in • Contractor groundwater quality at washdown and refueling • EU to be • EMB immediate should areas. composed of submissions response for provide a • Waste oil and oily rags shall be proponent, spill Pollution stored and disposed in barangay containment Control accordance with RA 6969. representatives, and eventual Officer and HOA clean-up. Health and representatives, • Emergency Safety City Environment response group that Office training will meet representatives weekly • EU to do at least monthly meeting and reporting • EMB may occasionally visit for inspection • Environmental form for any violation • Self-Monitoring Reports 4 Mobilization of • Construction equipment and • EU to coordinate • Environment • Health and • Start of • Provision of heavy equipment machinery to be fitted with with al Unit (EU) Safety group earthmoving mitigating and machineries will silencers and maintained proponent/contrac • Homeowners should be activities/Civ measures for increase noise level. properly. tor on agreed Association well versed in il works noise impact 200

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs • Only approved equipment shall noise monitoring • Barangay measuring are part of be used for construction schedule Leaders noise and construction activities. • Feedback from • EMB adept in cost • Timing of noisy activities shall be stakeholders on submissions discussing • Placement on done during night time and noise concerns with EU, EMB signs are weekends near schools and should also be and ADB minimal selected suitable times near monitored for Mission • Noise level churches when there are no possible representativ measuring visitors; concurrent noisy adjustments es device is operations may be separated to • Environmental around PhP reduce the total noise form for any 6000. generated, and if possible, violation • Provide 2. reroute traffic during • Self-Monitoring Total: PhP 12,000 construction to avoid the Reports accumulation of noise beyond standards. Otherwise, provide temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources. • Time regulation near residential, built up areas to daylight hours. • Honking restrictions near sensitive areas and • PPEs to workers. 5 Nuisance due to • Properly operate and maintain • EU to coordinate • Environment • Health and • Start of • Maintenance noise generation all noise sources (vehicles, with al Unit (EU) Safety group earthmoving of equipment gensets) proponent/contrac • Homeowners should be activities/Civ will be part of • Install, when applicable, the tor on agreed Association well versed in il works construction appropriate noise control noise monitoring • Barangay measuring cost devices (e.g. mufflers, silencer, schedule Leaders noise and sound barriers…) • Feedback from • EMB adept in Parapet height • Implement appropriate operating stakeholders on submissions discussing increase to hours noise concerns with EU, EMB address noise • Provide adequate buffer and/or should also be and ADB levels will form planting of trees monitored for Mission part of possible representativ construction adjustments es costs. It is • Environmental estimated to be form for any P8.7M violation • Self-Monitoring 201

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs Reports

6 Disturbance to - Properly operate and maintain all • EU to coordinate • Environment • Health and • Start of Part of human activities, vibration sources with al Unit (EU) Safety group earthmoving construction cost damage to nearby - Install, when applicable, the proponent/contrac • Homeowners should be activities/Civ buildings due to appropriate vibration control tor on agreed Association well versed in il works vibration from devices vibration • Barangay findings construction - Wear PPEs monitoring Leaders equipment, schedule • Laboratory operation, • Feedback from for particularly stakeholders on measuremen foundation piling vibration concerns ts should also be monitored for possible adjustments • Environmental form for any violation • Self-Monitoring Reports 7 Disturbance of • Avoid cutting of trees during • Report to EU if any • Environment • Biodiversity • To No cost potential avifaunal nesting period of birds habitats are found al Unit (EU) Management commence habitat, if any are • Homeowners Bureau, FMB, if any identified Association EMB and EU. habitats are • Barangay found Leaders • EMB / FMB 202

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs submissions

8 Soil Erosion • Provide erosion control and • Identify potential • Environment • Proponent • Prior to start Storage area for slope protection measures erosion problem al Unit (EU) and of any excavated soil • Designate a Spoils Storage areas • Homeowners Contractor activity in provision will be Area, with topsoil set aside for • Identify spoil Association should be exposed soil part of later use and allow maximum re- storage areas • Barangay adept and near construction cost use of spoils • Stabilize areas Leaders equipped in Marikina • Construct during dry season prior to any addressing River • Stabilize embankment with construction these issues grasses or other soil cover activity 9 Works may damage • Temporary access and • EU will coordinate • EU, City • City Traffic • Prior to civil Road safety roads used by local diversion, with proper drainage with City Traffic Traffic Group Group to works/activit awareness is and regional facilities shall be planned by the group on a provide ies estimated at population contractor and approved by EU monitoring contractors • Traffic signs P290,000 including City Engineer program assistance on / warnings / • Access to the schools, churches • City Traffic group proper traffic pamphlets Traffic personnel and other public places must be will guide management should be wages part of maintained when construction contractor on provided construction cost takes place near them. reporting • The traffic control plans shall document contain details of diversions; competent traffic personnel; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for night time traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials, if any. • The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. • On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. • Restriction of construction activity to only one side of the 203

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs existing road. • The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic. 10 Fugitive dust • Transport, loading and • EU to coordinate • Environment • Air quality • During civil PhP 2.9 M for all emission and fumes unloading of loose and fine with al Unit (EU) measurement works bridges. from civil works and materials through covered proponent/contrac • Homeowners to be done by construction vehicles vehicles. tor on agreed Association DENR • Paved approach roads. watering schedule • Barangay accredited • Storage areas to be located and to log/monitor Leaders laboratory downwind of the habitation area. such activity • Water spraying on earthworks, • Feedback from unpaved haulage roads and stakeholders on other dust prone areas such as dust concerns unpaved roads should also be • Provision of PPEs to workers. monitored for • Regular maintenance of possible machinery and equipment. adjustments • Environmental form for any violation 11 Air quality - Properly operate and maintain all • EU to coordinate • Environment • Air quality • During civil Monitoring cost degradation from emission sources with al Unit (EU) measurement works est. PhP 2.9 M for combustion and - Install appropriate air pollution proponent/contrac • Homeowners to be done by all bridges. fugitive emissions control device tor on agreed Association DENR - Strictly enforce good watering schedule • Barangay accredited housekeeping practices and to log/monitor Leaders laboratory - Control vehicle speed to lessen such activity suspension of road dust • Feedback from - Conduct water spraying to stakeholders on suppress dust sources and dust concerns minimize discomfort to nearby should also be residents monitored for - Use covered vehicles to deliver possible materials that may generate dust adjustments • Environmental form for any violation 12 Soil/Land - Provide and Implement an • EU will coordinate • Environment • Workers • Should Part of contamination due Ecological Solid Waste with City al Unit (EU) should be commence construction cost to improper solid Management Plan (ESWMP) Environment • Homeowners oriented on prior to any waste disposal group on a Association proper solid civil works, 204

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs - Implement re-use and recycling monitoring • Barangay waste even before of waste materials program Leaders management the setting - Implement proper segregation, • City Environment • EMB to guard up of collection and disposal of group will guide / against storage area domestic wastes in designated provide contractor impact on and areas on all local soil/land and barracks. - Implement proper collection, ordinances that water labeling and storage of should be followed hazardous waste aside from - Provide receptacles / bins for ESWMP solid wastes • Environmental - Engage third party form for any company for waste violation collection • Self-Monitoring Reports 13 Water Quality - Setup proper and adequate • EU will coordinate • Environment • Workers • Should Part of Degradation sanitary facilities with City al Unit (EU) should be commence construction cost. - Strictly require the contractor and Environment • Homeowners oriented on prior to any Increased siltation its workers to observe proper group on a Association proper solid civil works, Water quality due to project waste disposal and proper monitoring • Barangay waste even before monitoring part of activities sanitation program Leaders management the setting monitoring cost. - Strictly observe proper waste • City Environment • EMB to guard up of handling and disposal group will guide / against storage area - Establishment of construction provide contractor impact on and buffer zones and containment on all local soil/land and barracks. barriers ordinances that water should be followed aside from ESWMP • Environmental form for any violation • Self-Monitoring Reports 14 Depletion of Water • Observe water conservation • Monitor water bill • Environment • Part of • Civil works Part of Resources measures for the project al Unit (EU) purchasing start construction cost • Improve water management to (metered or • Homeowners prevent water logging, erosion, purchased from a Association and leaching 3rd Party) • Barangay Leaders • 205

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs 15 Increased • Use appropriate design for • Feedback from • Environment • Local • Prior and Part of occurrence of project facilities stakeholders on al Unit (EU) ordinances during civil construction cost flooding • Implement appropriate drainage dust concerns • Homeowners provided on works facilities should also be Association solid • Regularly remove debris and monitored for • Barangay waste/debris other materials that may obstruct possible Leaders water flow coming from paved improvements or streets cleaning needed 16 Disturbance to • Select • EU to coordinate • Environment • Properly • During civil Part of human activities, • Properly operate and maintain with al Unit (EU) trained works construction cost. damage to nearby all vibration sources proponent/contrac • Homeowners workers on buildings due to • Install, when applicable, the tor on agreed Association vibratory vibration from appropriate vibration control vibration • Barangay machines will construction devices monitoring Leaders be allowed to equipment, • Wear PPEs schedule operate in the operation, • Feedback from site. particularly stakeholders on foundation piling vibration concerns should also be monitored for possible adjustments 17 Impacts to • Follow IATF COVID 19 • EU to coordinate • Environment • Designation • Prior to civil Part of community, health Guidelines with al Unit (EU) of a nurse works construction cost and safety of • Regularly coordinate with LGU proponent/contrac • Homeowners and doctor workers • Provide appropriate warning tor on agreed Association signs, lighting and barricades, health and safety • Barangay whenever practicable. standards in Leaders • Observe proper housekeeping. coordination with • City Health • Participate in public awareness City Health Office programs on health and safety. officials • Implement appropriate safely programs for community and workers. POST – CONSTRUCTION / OPERATION 1 Clean-up • Contractor will prepare site • EU to coordinate • Environment • • During Part of Operations, restoration plans, which will be with al Unit (EU) punch- construction cost Restoration approved by the PMC proponent/contrac • Homeowners listing and • The clean-up and restoration tor on the status of Association activities operations are to be all impacted areas • Barangay 206

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs Rehabilitation will implemented by the contractor to make sure of its Leaders lead to solid waste, prior to demobilization. cleanliness post • City eroded sites and so • All construction zones including construction Engineering on. river-beds, culverts, road-side • Feedback from and areas, camps, batching plant stakeholders on Environment sites and any other area cleanliness al Office used/affected by the project will concerns should be left clean and tidy, at the also be monitored contractor's expense, to the for possible satisfaction of the EU additional activity • All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated and PMC will certify in this regard. 2 Risk of injury to • Training to workers on safety • Feedback from • DPWH, City • BOSH, • From soft Road safety Pedestrians using procedures and precautions. LGU and Traffic, City COSH and opening campaign the bridge, accidents • Mandatory appointment of Barangay Engineering, First Aid computed at PhP from and to road safety officer. Monitoring on City Health Training 1.22 Million users. Maintenance • All regulations regarding safe injuries and Office works safety scaffolding, ladders, working accidents concerns. platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with. • Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials. • Emergency plan (to be approved by engineer) shall be prepared to respond to any accidents or emergencies. Temporary access and diversion, with proper drainage facilities. • Access to the schools, churches and other public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them. 3 Increase in traffic - Provide appropriate • Feedback from • LGU Traffic • • During Part of operation volume and traffic/warning signs, lightings LGU, Barangay operation cost worsening traffic leaders and road flow users 207

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Capacity Environmental Cost estimates Description of Institutional development Implementation No. Environmental Proposed mitigation measures monitoring and to implement the arrangement and training schedule Effects or Concerns reporting EMP needs 4 Air quality • Maintain an adequate vehicle • 3rd Party DENR • DPWH, • • During Part of air quality deterioration from road capacity as congestion Accredited DENR or operation monitoring cost vehicular emissions decreases vehicle speed, Laboratory for air LGU (only during 1st deteriorates fuel efficiency, and sampling year of opn) increases emissions per kilometer travel. • Maintain optimum range of vehicle speed within the bridges and roads. CO2 emissions drastically increases when vehicles are travelling less than 30 kph and faster than 70 kph. • Maintain good riding quality of the bridges. 5 Induced Impact of - Discussion with residents • Environmental • EU to report • No training • Once bridge Part of operation opening the Villages prior to operation on what Unit to coordinate to DPWH and needed opens cost to traffic such as they should expect when with Barangay LGU officials traffic, noise, air bridges become leaders on emission operational. complaints and document them • Provide appropriate signages for discussion with the DPWH and Mayor’s office

Table 62. Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental Method / Frequency / Approximate Cost Location/s Parameters Standards Submission Supervision Indicators Guidelines Duration (PhP) CONSTRUCTION*

Air: St. Mary Avenue, Clean Air Act PM10, PM2.5, SO2 NO2, CO Quarterly Clean Air Act PhP 4.0 Million for Environmental CONTRACTOR Bridge 1 San Antonio de Padua Guidelines Guidelines Bridge 1 during Unit, ADB and (PCO) Church, Under Marcos (EMB-DENR) (EMB-DENR) construction EMB NCR Highway (2 sites) Noise: St. Mary Avenue, IFC/WB dBA Quarterly IFC/WB CONTRACTOR Bridge 1 San Antonio de Padua Guidelines Guidelines (PCO) Church, Under Marcos Highway (2 sites)

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 62. Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental Method / Frequency / Approximate Cost Location/s Parameters Standards Submission Supervision Indicators Guidelines Duration (PhP) Vibration: St. Mary Avenue, Acceleration Quarterly CONTRACTOR Bridge 1 San Antonio de Padua (PCO) Church, Under Marcos Highway (2 sites) Water: Marikina River (banks) Clean Water BOD, Chloride, Color, Dissolved Quarterly Clean Water CONTRACTOR Bridge 1 nearest approaches (2 Act (EMB- Oxygen (minimum), Fecal Act (EMB- (PCO) sites) DENR) Coliform, pH (range), Phosphate, DENR) Temperature, and Oil and Grease

Air: Homeowners Drive Clean Air Act PM10, PM2.5, SO2 NO2, CO Quarterly Clean Air Act PhP 2.6 Million for Environmental CONTRACTOR Bridge 2 Lopez Jaena St., near Guidelines Guidelines Bridge 2 during Unit, ADB and (PCO) Flores (2 sites) (EMB-DENR) (EMB-DENR) construction EMB NCR Noise: Homeowners Drive IFC/WB dBA Quarterly IFC/WB CONTRACTOR Bridge 2 Lopez Jaena St., near Guidelines Guidelines (PCO) Flores(2 sites) Vibration: Homeowners Drive Acceleration Quarterly CONTRACTOR Bridge 2 Lopez Jaena St., near (PCO) Flores (2 sites) Water: Marikina River (banks) Clean Water BOD, Chloride, Color, Dissolved Quarterly Clean Water CONTRACTOR Bridge 2 nearest approaches (2 Act (EMB- Oxygen (minimum), Fecal Act (EMB- (PCO) sites) DENR) Coliform, pH (range), Phosphate, DENR) Temperature, and Oil and Grease

Air: Katipunan Extension and Clean Air Act PM10, PM2.5, SO2 NO2, CO Quarterly Clean Air Act PhP 3.2 Million for Environmental CONTRACTOR Bridge 3 Kabayani – Ilang-Ilang (3 Guidelines Guidelines Bridge 3 during Unit, ADB and (PCO) sites) (EMB-DENR) (EMB-DENR) construction EMB NCR Noise: Katipunan Extension and IFC/WB dBA Quarterly IFC/WB CONTRACTOR Bridge 3 Kabayani – Ilang-Ilang Guidelines Guidelines (PCO) Ilang (3 sites) Vibration: Katipunan Extension and Acceleration Quarterly CONTRACTOR Bridge 3 Kabayani – Ilang-Ilang (PCO) Ilang (3 sites) Water: Marikina River (banks) Clean Water BOD, Chloride, Color, Dissolved Quarterly Clean Water CONTRACTOR Bridge 3 nearest approaches (3 Act (EMB- Oxygen (minimum), Fecal Act (EMB- (PCO) sites) DENR) Coliform, Fecal Coliform, pH DENR) (range), Phosphate, Temperature, and Oil and Grease OPERATION PHASE

Air: St. Mary Avenue, Clean Air Act PM10, PM2.5, SO2 NO2, CO Semi-Annual Clean Air Act PhP0 .6 Million for Environmental DPWH / ESSD Bridge 1 San Antonio de Padua Guidelines Guidelines Air, Noise, Vibration Unit, ADB and Church, Under Marcos (EMB-DENR) (EMB-DENR) and Water EMB NCR Highway

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 62. Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental Method / Frequency / Approximate Cost Location/s Parameters Standards Submission Supervision Indicators Guidelines Duration (PhP) Noise: St. Mary Avenue, IFC/WB dBA Semi-Annual IFC/WB DPWH / ESSD Bridge 1 San Antonio de Padua Guidelines Guidelines Church, Under Marcos Highway Vibration: St. Mary Avenue, Acceleration Semi-Annual DPWH / ESSD Bridge 1 San Antonio de Padua Church, Under Marcos Highway Water: Marikina River (banks) Clean Water BOD, Chloride, Color, Dissolved Semi-Annual Clean Water DPWH / ESSD) Bridge 1 nearest approaches Act (EMB- Oxygen (minimum), Fecal Act (EMB- DENR) Coliform, pH (range), Phosphate, DENR) Temperature, and Oil and Grease

Air: Homeowners Drive Clean Air Act PM10, PM2.5, SO2 NO2, CO Semi-Annual Clean Air Act PhP0 .5 Million for Environmental DPWH / ESSD Bridge 2 Lopez Jaena St., near Guidelines Guidelines Air, Noise, Vibration Unit, ADB and Flores (EMB-DENR) (EMB-DENR) and Water EMB NCR Noise: Homeowners Drive IFC/WB dBA Semi-Annual IFC/WB DPWH / ESSD Bridge 2 Lopez Jaena St., near Guidelines Guidelines Flores Vibration: Homeowners Drive Acceleration Semi-Annual DPWH / ESSD Bridge 2 Lopez Jaena St., near Flores Water: Marikina River (banks) Clean Water BOD, Chloride, Color, Dissolved Semi-Annual Clean Water DPWH / ESSD) Bridge 2 nearest approaches Act (EMB- Oxygen (minimum), Fecal Act (EMB- DENR) Coliform, pH (range), Phosphate, DENR) Temperature, and Oil and Grease

Air: Katipunan Extension and Clean Air Act PM10, PM2.5, SO2 NO2, CO Semi-Annual PhP0 .5 Million for Environmental DPWH / ESSD Bridge 3 Kabayani – Ilang-Ilang Guidelines Air, Noise, Vibration Unit, ADB and (EMB-DENR) and Water EMB NCR Noise: Katipunan Extension and IFC/WB dBA Semi-Annual DPWH / ESSD Bridge 3 Kabayani – Ilang-Ilang Guidelines Vibration: Katipunan Extension and Acceleration Semi-Annual DPWH / ESSD Bridge 3 Kabayani – Ilang-Ilang Water: Marikina River (banks) Clean Water BOD, Chloride, Color, Dissolved Semi-Annual DPWH / ESSD) Bridge 3 nearest approaches Act (EMB- Oxygen (minimum), Fecal DENR) Coliform, pH (range), Phosphate, Temperature, and Oil and Grease *Note: an allocation for baseline monitoring for all sampling sites is included.

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

C. Organizational Set-up

281. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is the Executing Agency (EA) for the project while the Unified Project Management Office – Bridges Management Cluster (UPMO- BMC) is the Implementing Agency (IA). The UPMO-BMC with its environment staff will be responsible for the compliance of the project to all the provisions of the IEE, including its environmental management plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (EmoP),and overall compliance to ADB SPS 2009, national and local government unit’s regulations. The DPWH Environment and Social Safeguard Division (ESSD) will provide support, supervision, and control. The UPMO-BMC will be supported by a Construction Supervision Consultant -Environment Specialist. 282. The UPMO-BMC will be responsible for the following: - Ensure the EMP and EMoP are incorporated in the bidding documents; - Ensure compliance with all environment-related statutory requirements; - Ensure the conduct of necessary training and workshops on environmental management to include site induction of all staff and workers involved in the construction. These include all staff and laborers of all contractors; - Endorse/sign key documents and file tree cutting permit, site development clearance, quarry and borrow area clearances, and other permits from relevant agencies; - Ensure that all Contractors have complete permits and clearances for the workers’ camp, operation of mixing plant, borrow areas and quarries, among others, prior to implementation of construction activities; - Take proactive and timely measures to address any environment safeguards related challenges at the national or local levels such as delays in processing of clearances during pre-construction stage and significant grievances (during construction stage); - Help resolve grievances filed by affected stakeholders through the grievance redress mechanism set-up for the project. - Review with the support of the CSC-Environment Specialist and approve all subplans identified in the EMP that contractor will prepare, such as solid waste management plan, wastewater management plan, camp layout plan, traffic management plan, and borrow area management plan; - Review with the support of the CSC-Environment Specialist and approve monthly environmental monitoring reports prepared by the Contractor’s Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) expert; - Conduct periodic site and follow – up inspections 45 to verify the submitted monthly monitoring reports from the Contractor and direct contractor to follow EMP and EMoP in coordination with the CSC-Environment Specialist and the Contractors’ SHE - Lead the conduct of compliance conference with the Contractor to discuss non- compliance and agree on corrective measures with guidance from CSC; - Ensure preparation, submission, and review of semi-annual environmental monitoring reports and seek approval from the ESSD for disclosure on ADB and DPWH websites;

45 Inspections may be announced or un-announced 211

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

283. The ESSD responsibilities are the following: - Guide, review, and approve the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) prior to the start of construction, with support from the CSC-Environment Specialist and the UPMO-BMC Environment Unit - ESSD will review and approve all environment related safeguards documents such as IEE46, periodic monitoring report, and recommend revisions and request clarifications from CSC and Contractor on submitted documents; - Supervise through the CSC-Environment Specialist the implementation of EMP and EMoP by the Contractors; - Review and approve the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports endorsed by the UPMO-BMC and prepared by the CSC-ES for submission to the to the ADB and DPWH for disclosures in their websites; - Assist periodic site and follow – up inspections47 to verify the submitted monthly monitoring reports from the Contractor and direct contractor to follow EMP and EMoP in coordination with the CSC-Environment Specialist and the Contractors’ SHE - Recommend sanctions to UPMO-BMC in case the contractor is not complying with contract provisions.

284. Construction Supervision Consultant – Environment Specialist (CSC-ES). Will assist the UPMO-BMC and the ESSD in implementing the EMP and EMoP and all other environment- related provisions of the civil works contract. The CSC-ES will be responsible for the following: - Lead the preparation of the CEMPs guided by the general EMP and based on the more detailed survey for approval of the ESSD. This will include the preparation of templates to be followed by the Contractors and conduct of workshops with the Contractor’s SHE expert; - Advise the Contractor on the needed revisions on the CEMP and EMoP based on the changes on the engineering design and construction methodologies; - Guide the preparation and conduct review all sub-plans identified in the IEE and EMP to be prepared by the Contactor to include camp layout, drainage plan, solid waste management plan, traffic management plan, site restoration, and emergency plans, among others; - Ensure all Contractors secure permits and clearances in a timely manner and complies with the requirements of permits and clearances; - Lead the conduct regular environmental site induction training to all contractors and site engineers to ensure understanding of the EMP, domestic environmental laws and regulations requirements particularly on the required clearances and permits, training on

46 In case a revised IEE is required by the ADB in cases of material changes in the project design or identification of unanticipated impacts, among other reasons 47 Inspections may be announced or un-announced 212

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

occupational and community health and safety, timely mobilization of the Contractor’s SHE48; - Conduct specialized trainings for the ESSD and UPMO-BMC on environmental monitoring, occupational and community health and safety; - Provide necessary technical assistance to the UPMO-BMC and Contractors in the effective implementation of the EMP and EMoP; - Supervise the conduct of ambient monitoring of the Contractors to ensure compliance to the sampling and analysis protocols; - Validate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures based on the results of the EMoP, site-inspections, and grievances; - Recommend immediate corrective measures to be implemented by the Contractors when non-compliances are identified; - Monitor the status of compliance of the Project with the conditions stated in the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) throughout the period of the consultancy and make the necessary recommendations on environmental mitigation measures to DPWH and the Contractor; - Review the Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to ensure it meets all project objectives with respect to environmental and social issues; - Prepare environmental monitoring report proforma for Contractor’s environmental self- monitoring reports; - Prepare summary monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual monitoring reports from the monthly SHE self-monitoring reports, findings from the compliance inspections, results of ambient monitoring, and grievance and redress for the review and guidance of the BMC- PMO and ESSD - Lead the preparation of semi-annual environmental monitoring reports required by ADB for public disclosure; - Lead the conduct compliance conference with the Contractor to discuss non-compliance and agree on corrective measures; - Advise the Contractor through the UPMO-BMC/ESSD how to comply with requirements to address non-compliances; - report apparent unanticipated impacts, recommend mitigation measures to be implemented by the UPMO-BMC and update the IEE report; and - recommend to ESSD sanctions in case of recalcitrant contractors

285. Contractor. The Contractor, through its Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) expert is primarily responsible for implementing the EMP and EMoP during the preconstruction and construction phases of the project. The responsibilities of the Contractor include: - Appoint Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) expert and attend the site induction training to be organized by the CSC-ES;

48 Site induction training includes but not limited to: i) discussion and review of EMP and EMoP detailing how specific environmental risks associated with their Scope of Work will be managed legal compliance, inspection and audits, and progress tracking and reporting; ii) environmental training and awareness needs shall be determined and documented via a training needs analysis prior to commencement; iii) Health and Safety Awareness Course, which details general environmental awareness and specific performance requirements expected on site; and iv) GRM. 213

PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

- Obtain necessary environmental license(s), permits etc. from relevant agencies for associated facilities for bridges works, quarries, hot-mix plant etc. prior to commencement of civil works contracts; - Prepare the CEMP with guidance from the CSC-ES and UPMO; - Revise the CEMP and EMoP, as advised by the CSC-ES and UPMO based on changes in the engineering design, construction methodology, grievances, and occurrences of unanticipated impacts; - Implement all mitigation measures in the CEMP and activities in the EMoP; - Submit monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual self-monitoring reports to the CSC-ES and ESSD for their review and approval; - Ensure that all workers, including site supervisors and managers participate in training sessions conducted by CSC-ES; - Ensure compliance with environmental statutory requirements and contractual obligations; - Participate in resolving issues as a member of the GRC; - Respond promptly to grievances raised by the local community or any stakeholder and implement environmental corrective actions or additional environmental mitigation measures as necessary; - Based on the results of EMP monitoring, cooperate with the CSC-ES and ESSD to implement environmental corrective actions and corrective action plans, as necessary.

286. The succeeding Figure illustrates the functional relationships between these units in implementing the EMP and overall environmental safeguards requirements of the Project.

Department of Public Works and Highways Asian Development Bank

DPWH Environment and Unified Project Management Office - Bridges Social Safeguards Divison Management Cluster

Environment staff

Construction Supervision Consultant

Environment Specialist

Bridge No 1 Contractor Bridge No 2 Contractor Bridge No 3 Contractor

Safety, Health, and Safety, Health, and Safety, Health, and Environment Expert Environment Expert Environment Expert

Figure 89: Institutional Arrangement for EMP Implementation

287. Budget to Implement EMP is provided below.

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 63 Preliminary EMP Budget for Bridge 1 Environmental Cost for BRIDGE 1 ITEM DESCRIPTION Quantity Unit Rate Amount Responsibility A Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring

1 Ambient air quality 3 locations $/site $490 $22,050 Contractor / PMC monitoring during 6 mos/yr DPWH-ESSD and construction 2.5 yrs BMC 2 Ambient noise level 3 locations $/mo $380 $34,200 Contractor / PMC monitoring during monthly DPWH-ESSD and construction 30 mos BMC 3 Vibration monitoring 3 locations $/qrtr $1,010 $30,300 qrtrly Contractor / PMC 2.5 yrs DPWH-ESSD and BMC

4 Water Quality 3 locations $/site $200 $9,000 Contractor / PMC Monitoring 6 mos/yr DPWH-ESSD and 2.5 yrs BMC 5 Visual inspection of 30 months Part of Site engineer's tasks bridge structure imemdiately after typhoon event 6 Water spraying on 1 sites x PHP/truck $140 $126,000 Contractor / PMC earthworks during 3 mos/yr x 4 DPWH-ESSD and excavation and dry trucks/day x 30 BMC season days 2.5 yrs 7 Inspection of Traffic 30 months x 4 PHP/mo $150 $18,000 Contractor / PMC Management including weeks DPWH-ESSD and road repairs BMC

8 Noise Mitigation 200m x 2 sides x sq.m $450 $180,000 Contractor Measures (parapet 1m height on 1m wall=200m) conc barrier B Compensatory Tree-Planting 1 Bridge 1 118 trees PHP/seedling $1.3 $15,340 Contractor / PMC 100 seedlings DPWH-ESSD and /tree BMC

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

C DPWH ESSD Capability No. of Pax Details Building 1 Training on 3 participants Local: Environmental $3,000 environmental monitoring stay-in monitoring 3 staff x 5 days x $200/day = $3,000 2 Training on occupational 3 participants Local: stay-in $1,800 health and safety 3 staff x 3 days x $200/day = $1,800 3 SPS 2009 Training 3 participants ADB In-house TOTAL COST $439,690

Table 64 Preliminary EMP Budget for Bridge 2 Environmental Cost for Bridge 2 ITEM DESCRIPTION Quantity Unit Rate Amount Responsibility A Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring 1 Ambient air quality 2 locations $/site $490 $14,700 Contractor / PMC monitoring during 6 mos/yr DPWH-ESSD and construction 2.5 yrs BMC 2 Ambient noise level 2 locations $/mo $380 $22,800 Contractor / PMC monitoring during monthly DPWH-ESSD and construction 30 mos BMC 3 Vibration monitoring 2 locations $/qrtr $1,010 $20,200 Contractor / PMC qrtrly DPWH-ESSD and 2.5 yrs BMC 4 Water Quality 2 locations $/site $200 $6,000 Contractor / PMC Monitoring 6 mos/yr DPWH-ESSD and 2.5 yrs BMC 5 Visual inspection of 30 months Part of Site engineer's tasks bridge structure imemdiately after typhoon event 6 Water spraying on 1 site x PHP/truck $140 $126,000 Contractor / PMC earthworks during 3 mos/yr x 4 DPWH-ESSD and excavation and dry trucks/day x 30 BMC season days 2.5 yrs 7 Inspection of Traffic 30 months x 4 PHP/mo $150 $18,000 Contractor / PMC Management including weeks DPWH-ESSD and road repairs BMC 8 Noise Mitigation 200m x 2 sides x sq.m $450 $180,000 Contractor Measures (parapet 1m height on 1m wall=200m) conc barrier B Compensatory Tree-Planting 1 Bridge 2 38 trees PHP/seedling $1.3 $4,940 Contractor / PMC 100 seedlings DPWH-ESSD and /tree BMC C DPWH ESSD Capability No. of Pax Details Building 1 Training on 3 participants Local: Environmental $3,000 environmental monitoring stay-in monitoring 3 staff x 5 days x $200/day = $3,000

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

2 raining on occupational 3 participants Local: stay-in $1,800 health and safety 3 staff x 3 days x $200/day = $1,800 3 SPS 2009 Training 3 participants ADB In-house TOTAL COST $397,440

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 65 Preliminary EMP Budget for Bridge 3 Environmental Cost for Bridge 3

ITEM DESCRIPTION Quantity Unit Rate Amount Responsibility A Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring 1 Ambient air quality 2 locations $/site $490 $17,640 Contractor / PMC monitoring during 6 mos/yr DPWH-ESSD and construction 3 yrs BMC 2 Ambient noise level 2 locations $/mo $380 $27,360 Contractor / PMC monitoring during monthly DPWH-ESSD and construction 36 mos BMC 3 Vibration monitoring 2 locations $/qrtr $1,010 $24,240 Contractor / PMC qrtrly DPWH-ESSD and 3 yrs BMC 4 Water Quality 2 sites $/site $200 $7,200 Contractor / PMC Monitoring 6 mos/yr DPWH-ESSD and 3 yrs BMC 5 Visual inspection of 36 months Part of Site engineer's tasks bridge structure imemdiately after typhoon event 6 Water spraying on 1 site x PHP/truck $140 $151,200 Contractor / PMC earthworks during 3 mos/yr x 4 DPWH-ESSD and excavation and dry trucks/day x 30 BMC season days 3 yrs 7 Inspection of Traffic 36 months x 4 PHP/mo $150 $21,600 Contractor / PMC Management including weeks DPWH-ESSD and road repairs BMC 8 Noise Mitigation - sq.m Contractor Measures (parapet wall=200m) B Compensatory Tree-Planting 1 Bridge 3 22 trees PHP/seedling $1.3 $2,860 Contractor / PMC 100 seedlings DPWH-ESSD and /tree BMC C DPWH ESSD Capability No. of Pax Details Building 1 Training on 4 participants Local: Environmental $4,000 environmental monitoring stay-in monitoring 4 staff x 5 days x $200/day = $4,000 2 raining on occupational 4 participants Local: stay-in $2,400 health and safety 4 staff x 3 days x $200/day = $2,400 3 SPS 2009 Training 4 participants ADB In-house TOTAL COST $258,500

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PHI: Metro Manila Bridges Project Initial Environmental Examination

X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

288. Results of the initial environmental examination show that the project will not cause significant environmental impacts. Adverse impacts that will be experienced during site works are mainly due to dust and noise emissions. 289. To mitigate negative impacts arising from the Project, an environmental management plan detailing mitigation measures, monitoring activities and responsibilities for implementation has been prepared as part of the IEE. 290. Public consultations involving affected people and local officials have been conducted through the Stakeholder Consultation Meetings in compliance with ADB’s information disclosure and consultation requirements. Since inception, the project has already undergone several changes in alignment that has significantly reduced the potential social impacts from displacement of residents. This was an outcome of DPWH’s continuous consultations with the stakeholders, more specifically the LGU. 291. ADB’s preliminary climate risk screening has identified flooding as a significant concern for the project. Through a Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, the project’s climate vulnerability has been assessed and the climate adaptation measures recommended include an increase in design flood levels resulting in increase in the bridges’ height. The cost of this adaptation measure was placed at $4.23M or around 3.21% of Project Cost. 292. DPWH will include the EMP in the bid and tender documents for civil works to ensure that the Project will be carried out consistent with the EMP requirements. During construction, DPWH will be assisted by a construction supervision consultant who will also undertake monitoring of the environmental performance of contractors. 293. Should there be significant changes in the project design or the scope of work, the IEE, environmental assessment and EMP will be updated or a new IEE and EMP will be prepared to assess the potential impacts, evaluate the alternatives, and outline mitigation measures and resources to address those impacts. The updated or newly prepared documents will be submitted to ADB for review, clearance and public disclosure.

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Department of Public Works and Highway 2018. Pasig – Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase IV). Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement System.

Environmental Management Bureau. National Air Quality Status Report (2008 – 2015). Visayas Avenue, Quezon City. Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Environmental Management Bureau.

Environmental Management Bureau. 2014. National Water Quality Status Report 2006 -2013. Visayas Avenue, Quezon City. Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Environmental Management Bureau. 76pp.

Philippine Statistics Authority. 2015 Census of Population.

Kun WANG, Yali TONG, Tianhui CAO, Chenlong WANG, Renjie WANG, Jiajia GAO & Yuan LIU (2020) Vehicle emissions calculation for urban roads based on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram method and real-time traffic information, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science. Letters, 13:2, 89-96, DOI: 10.1080/16742834.2019.1710106.

Marinella Giunta, Dario Lo Bosco, Giovanni Leonardi and Francesco Scopelliti. Estimation of Gas and Dust Emissions in Construction Sites of a Motorway Project. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7218; doi:10.3390/su11247218.

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