Loch Etive Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan

Proposed Final Draft

January 2011

PROPOSED FINAL DRAFT Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Loch Etive

A Spatial Planning Framework for Future Development

Marine & Coastal Development Unit, Planning Services, Argyll & Bute Council

Funded by

Comment [MSOffice1]: Review Contents page numbers

Acknowledgements 4

Foreword 5

1. Introduction 6 1.1 National and International Context for Marine and Coastal Planning 6 1.2 Local Context for Coastal Planning 7 1.3 Integration with Other Plans and Policies 7 1.4 Aims of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 8 1.5 Loch Etive ICZM Group 9

2. Site Description 10 2.1 Physical Setting 10 2.2 Geology 10 2.2 Hydrography 10

3. Guide to using the Loch Etive ICZM Plan 3.1 Plan Outline 13 3.2 How can I use the Loch Etive ICZM Plan? 15

4. General Policies 17

5. Cross Cutting Environmental Themes 20 5.1 Natural Heritage Interests 21 5.2 Wild Migratory Salmonids 28 5.3 Archaeological and Historical Sites 30 5.4 Invasive Non-Native Marine Species 33 5.5 Water Quality 37 5.6 Climate Change 42

6. Activities and Infrastructure 44 6.1 Aquaculture 45 6.2 Commercial Fishing 54 6.3 Recreational Activities 58 6.4 Commercial Shipping 66 6.5 Coastal and Marine Infrastructure 68 6.6 Forestry and Agriculture 72 6.7 Marine Renewable Energy 74 6.8 Marine Science 78

7. Coastal Policy Zones 80 7.1 Introduction 80 7.2 Policy Zone Information 80

Policy Zone A: Ardmucknish Bay and Dunstaffnage Bay 82 Policy Zone B: North Connel to Achnacree Bay (Connel narrows) 90 Policy Zone C: Achnacree Bay to Achnacloich 101 Policy Zone D: Achnacloich to Bonawe Quarry 110 Policy Zone E: Bonawe Quarry to Ardmaddy Bay 119 Policy Zone F: Ardmaddy Bay to Glen Etive 129

8. Monitoring and Review 138 8.1 Implementation and Review 138 8.2 Monitoring 138

9. Action Plan 139

Glossary 142

References 148

Bibliography 151

Appendices Appendix I Summary of Local Authority Development Plan policies relevant to Loch Etive ICZM Plan 153 Appendix II Development of Policy Guidance for Policy Zones 157 Appendix III Development scenarios for aquaculture development 158 Appendix IV Details of wildlife recording schemes 159 Appendix V Sites, habitats and species of significance 160 Appendix VI Additional information on Invasive Non-Native Species 162 Appendix VII Statutory consultees for development consents/licences 164 Appendix VIII Contact details for non-statutory and statutory consultees for development applications 165 Appendix IX Summary of legislation, national policy and guidance relevant to Aquaculture in Scotland 167 Appendix X Codes of conduct and environmental programmes 169 Appendix XI Loch Etive ICZM Group – stakeholders involved in the development of the plan 171

Acknowledgements

The development of this plan would not have been possible without the participation and significant input from the Loch Etive Stakeholder Group, Argyll and Bute Council Planning Services and financial assistance from the following funding partners.

Foreword

The coastal area of Argyll and Bute is exceptional and is one of our prime assets. It provides a unique resource from which present and future economic, social, and environmental well-being can be derived. It is a living and working environment, home to a large proportion of Argyll and Bute‟s population, and hosts a great diversity of industrial and recreational activities, each playing an important role in the area‟s economy.

The Argyll and Bute Council Structure Plan outlines the Council‟s objectives for coastal planning and emphasises the necessity of working with all the relevant sectors to fully harness the productive capacity of the marine and coastal area, whilst safeguarding its unique environmental qualities through sustainable development.

This plan has been designed to complement the Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) and will be a significant piece of guidance for the use and development of the coastal zone of Loch Etive over the next five years. The plan aims to assist decision-making in relation to development proposals, help minimise conflicts of interest and guide future investment. The policies and recommendations have been formulated after reviewing the current use of the area and identifying key coastal management issues and development opportunities. Underpinning the entire process has been extensive consultations with local communities, stakeholders and relevant and competent authorities.

Our aspiration is that this plan will be used by these same groups and organisations, to guide sustainable management of the coastal and marine resource, in order to secure the future of both the natural environment and the economic needs of the communities that are dependent on it.

Councillor Robert MacIntyre Depute Leader, Argyll and Bute Council

1. Introduction

Marine planning and decision-making to date has been sector specific with limited joined-up thinking or consideration of other users of the area. Given the recent development pressures on coastal areas of Argyll and Bute, and the competition for space between sectors such as fishing, aquaculture, recreation and tourism, there is a need for a more integrated approach to deliver the sustainable use of our marine resources. There is also a need to take fuller account of the socio- economic characteristics of the coastal area and provide a framework for the promotion of local economic development.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a process by which these issues can be addressed:

The objective of ICZM is to establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity in our coastal areas while protecting the environment. It brings together all those involved in the development, management and use of the coast within a framework that facilitates the integration of their interests and responsibilities Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2006

Argyll and Bute Council initiated the Loch Etive ICZM project as a means of accomplishing the sustainable management of this significant marine area.

1.1 National and International Context for Marine and Coastal Planning

The UK and Scottish Government are subject to international obligations to protect and manage the marine environment under instruments such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development, OSPAR, EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Water Framework Directive, Birds and Habitats Directives and Convention on Biological Diversity.

On 10 March 2010, Scotland's Marine Bill received Royal Assent, making it the Marine (Scotland) Act. The Act provides a framework which will help balance competing demands on Scotland's seas. Its main measures include: a new statutory marine planning system to manage competing demands for the use of the sea whilst protecting the marine environment; a simpler licensing system, minimising the number of licences required for development in the marine environment to cut bureaucracy and encourage economic investment; improved marine nature and historic conservation with new powers to protect and manage areas of importance for marine wildlife, habitats and historic monuments; and improved protection for seals and a new licence system to ensure appropriate management when necessary.

Scottish Ministers must prepare and adopt a national marine plan and the Act also allows for a system of regional marine planning where Scottish waters would be divided into Scottish Marine Regions. Regional plans would then be developed by a Marine Planning Partnership made up of relevant local stakeholders. Marine planning at the scale of the Loch Etive ICZM plan would sit within the regional level of this proposed structure.

The National Planning Framework and consolidated Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) have been taken into account in the development of this plan. In addition, the Scottish Government has also developed national strategies and strategic frameworks for aquaculture, sea fisheries, agriculture and forestry, in order to promote rural development and sustainable resource management.

1.2 Local Context for Coastal Planning

The Argyll and Bute Structure Plan 2002 provides a strategic overview for future development of the land and sea area of Argyll and Bute and outlines the Council‟s objectives for coastal planning.

It recommends the preparation of Coastal Framework Plans for seven priority coastal areas, including Loch Etive, and sets out that these plans should be developed by working with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), the local enterprise companies, neighbouring authorities, other partner and community organisations and interest groups. The knowledge and expertise of existing coastal fora and the tripartite working groups should also be harnessed to contribute to the coastal framework planning process.

In line with the Structure Plan, the Local Plan supports the evolution of the coastal planning process to further inform the assessment of marine aquaculture development in Argyll & Bute. The Loch Etive ICZM plan will therefore be a material consideration in the determination of planning applications for aquaculture development.

While the Loch Etive ICZM Plan is an Argyll and Bute Council plan, the head of Loch Etive is actually part of Highland region. In order to develop a plan that followed the ecosystem approach it was agreed to include all of Loch Etive in the plan and therefore guidance for this part of the loch has been developed in partnership with Highland Council. A map showing the area of jurisdiction of each local authority is included in Appendix I.

The process of developing this plan and its policy guidance has been influenced by the following Guiding Principles, which together will help the Council to achieve an effective balance between the needs of our communities, and the development of the economy with minimum impact on the environment. (a) Developing, empowering and including our communities (b) Protecting, enhancing and managing natural resources and environment (c) Developing the economy using innovative and creative solutions (d) Taking an open, honest and accountable approach (e) Taking decisions that will maximise benefit and minimise impact across these areas

In addition the plan reflects priorities for the economy and environment set out in the Argyll and Bute Community Plan 2009 – 2013, which aims to deliver local and national outcomes through partnership working, as agreed in the Councils Single Outcome Agreement with the Scottish Government.

1.3 Integration with Other Plans and Policies

Integration with other plans and policies is vital to ensure compliance with the requirements of international, EU, UK and Scottish policy instruments and to avoid duplication of effort. The diagram below is a schematic representation of the relationship between the Loch Etive ICZM plan and other plans and policies at local, national and international levels.

Plans and policies taken into account in the development of this plan are listed in the SEA Environmental Report which supports the plan.

1.4 Aims and Objectives

The Loch Etive ICZM plan is non-statutory and aims to provide guidance for Argyll and Bute Council planners, other regulators and stakeholders on the future use and development of the marine waters and surrounding coast of Loch Etive for the next five years (2011 – 2016).

The objectives of the Loch Etive ICZM Plan are: 1) To provide guidance for local authority planners, regulators and stakeholders to guide future marine and coastal development to sustainable locations, and assist decision-making for development proposals. 2) To provide guidance and recommendations to help minimise conflicts of interest, assist management and future planning of marine and coastal activities and guide future investment. 3) To recognise, promote and help safeguard areas important for marine and coastal wildlife, habitats, landscape and historic heritage. 4) To ensure the views, aspirations and needs of local stakeholders and communities are captured and recognised, through maximising opportunities for stakeholder involvement in the plan development process.

This plan complements, and should be used in conjunction with the Argyll and Bute Development Plan (Structure & Local Plan) and Highland Council Development Plan, which includes policies relevant to various types of development in the coastal zone, including aquaculture, harbours, piers and marinas. An overview of Development Plan policies that are particularly relevant to this plan is provided in Appendix I.

Given the Council‟s new responsibilities for aquaculture, particular emphasis is placed on developing policies to help guide future aquaculture development to appropriate areas by taking account of other activities and environmental sensitivities. These policies and guidance on scale and location of new aquaculture development will be used by Argyll and Bute Council as supplementary guidance, and will be a material consideration in the determination of planning applications for new or modified aquaculture developments.

In addition, the plan identifies potential conflicts of interest between activities and highlights broader issues for the attention of the relevant agencies and marine users in the form of recommendations.

1.5 Loch Etive ICZM Group

A group with a broad community and stakeholder composition was established and coordinated by Argyll and Bute Council‟s Marine and Coastal Development Unit. This group was encouraged to become involved in a voluntary management process that facilitated the following: Identification and discussion of issues facing the coastal area; Development of co-operation between stakeholders, and Provision of co-ordinated action to generate sustainable development and integrated management.

The entire process has involved extensive consultation through public meetings, one to one meetings and correspondence. Information, agreements and recommendations from this group have been fed into the development of the plan.

2 Site Description

2.1 Physical Setting

Loch Etive is located 6 km north-east of Oban, in northern Argyll and extends 30km from its mouth at Ardmuckish Bay to Glen Etive at the head of the loch.

The loch extends from its mouth, which includes Dunstaffnage and Ardmucknish Bay, inland through the narrow strait of Connel to a sheltered, but expansive series of bays. Lower Loch Etive has a generally low lying landscape, punctuated by more prominent steep sided hills to the north. The steep sided enclosed upper loch is narrow and fjord like in character, feels relatively remote and undeveloped, with little habitation and minimal access (Grant 2006).

Settlement is focussed around the entrance to the loch and either side of Bonawe narrows. The landscape surrounding the loch supports a mixture of grazing, forestry and natural mixed forest of ash, oak, birch, hazel and rowan (Holt 1991), with salt-marsh, rocky and shingle shores (Barne et al. 1997).

2.2 Geology

Loch Etive can be described as a glacially-over-deepened trough (Boulton et al. 1991). The loch has been eroded by the flow of ice from successive glaciations over the last two million years (Howe et al. 2002).

The geomorphology of Loch Etive is responsible for the scenic qualities of the Loch and provides the essential physical framework for the biological processes that make the loch unique. Physical features of interest include the Falls of Lora; the deep basin north of Bonawe, the 'fjord-like' nature of the upper Loch Etive, with the rocky coastal edge flanked by Ben Cruachan and Ben Starav massifs and other mountains; and the fan-deltas at the mouth of Glen Kinglas, Glen Liver and Glen Noe.

Geologically, the loch basins are developed within a mixture of igneous and metamorphic rocks, dominated by the Etive igneous complex, which lies beneath the entire inner loch (Howe et al. 2002). The outer loch comprises intermediate (andesitic) and acidic lavas and tuffs of the Lorn Plateau of Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) age. The highest points form Ben Cruachan (1126 m) Deleted: The loch is divided into two and Ben Starav (1078 m). To the south and west the topography changes to low lying lava hills geologically dissimilar regions with the boundary cutting across it at Bonawe. which continue down to the south side of the mouth of the loch. (Holt 1991). To the north east of this boundary, granite masses associated with the high ground bordering the upper loch Fjords or sea lochs are the result of glacial scouring, producing relatively deep bodies of inshore form part of the Loch Etive Granite water which are of significant geological value. The rapid sedimentation rates of sea lochs can Complex. provide large volumes of fine-grained sediments which have the potential to provide valuable high- resolution records of climate change both on a large scale, long term (thousands of years) and short term (annual and decadal) (Howe et al. 2002). A high resolution seismic and gravity coring survey, conducted in September 2000 revealed a total sediment thickness of 30-60m that has accumulated on the floor of the upper loch since the last glacial re-advance.

2.3 Hydrography

Loch Etive is unique amongst other sea lochs in several respects: the combination of a very shallow sill at the entrance with one of the largest catchment areas of any of the sea lochs results in it being the most brackish sea loch on the west coast of Scotland (Holt 1991). However the loch was fully saline 6,500 to 7,000 years ago when sea levels were estimated to be 9 m higher than they are today, and has become more brackish over time.

At 1350 km2, the catchment provides a very high input of fresh water, primarily from the rivers Awe and Etive. This large inflow of water, together with the restrictions to water exchange with the Firth of Lorn, means that the salinity of the surface water in the loch is markedly reduced, except during o very dry periods (Austin & Inall, 2002). Surface salinity can drop to 1 /oo after periods of heavy o rainfall and rises to more than 26 /oo during dry spells (Holt 1991).

These brackish conditions influence the distribution of species and create salinity gradients where salinities decrease towards the head of the loch and increases in deeper water. The surface layers are permanently brackish with variable salinity, but in deeper water (over approximately 15m), conditions become more stable and salinity levels are generally higher (Holt 1991).

The loch has two contrasting basins (upper and lower) defined by shallow sills. The lower basin has a maximum depth of 70 m and experiences tidal mixing and permanently oxygenated bottom waters. The upper basin (145 m maximum depth) is more stratified, has greater terrestrial influence and poor deep-water circulation, due to the basin-dividing sill (13 m depth) and input from multiple rivers (Edwards & Edelsten 1977; Gage 1972a).

In the upper basin, seaward-flowing surface brackish water forms a strong stratification, effectively isolating the water below. The resulting bottom-water isolation leads to seasonal low oxygen levels (hypoxia). Flushing only occurs after prolonged periods of reduced runoff, allowing spring tides to push water over the sill that is dense enough to displace bottom waters in the upper basin. Turnover occurs on average every 16 months (Edwards & Edelsten 1977), though partial flushing may occur more frequently and seasonal change in bottom-water oxygen levels is observed in all years.

The Loch Etive tide lags 1.5 hours behind the tide in the Firth of Lorn and the mean spring tidal range of 3.2 m in the Firth is reduced by one third at the Falls of Lora sill (Holt 1991). Tidal streams run in a clock-wise direction in the lower basin on the flood and ebb tide. Tidal streams can range between 1.5 and 6 knots on average (Holt 1991).

Figure 2.1 Loch Etive and surrounding area

3 Guide to using the Loch Etive ICZM Plan

3.1 Plan Outline

The main parts of the Plan, following Section 2 (Site Description) are summarised below. How these parts link together with the policy framework of the plan is illustrated in Figure 3.1.

General Policies Two general polices have been developed as an overarching policy framework for the Loch Etive ICZM Plan. These must be given due consideration by all interests to ensure the use of the area is sustainable. Policy GEN1 (Development and Activity) sets out how marine and coastal developments will be considered and Policy INNS1 (Invasive Non Native Species) ensures that the potential risk of spread of Invasive Non Native Species is considered by activities and new developments.

Cross-cutting Environmental Topics This section describes key environmental topics that can influence, or are influenced by activities and development. These include Natural Heritage and Historic interests, Invasive Non Native Species and Climate Change, and the Plan makes recommendations that promote their understanding, consideration and protection. The environmental topics are also integrated into all parts of the Policy Framework of the Plan – General policies, Activity policy and Policy Zone Policy Guidance.

Activities An overview of the current status of all the major activities that take place either within, or adjacent to the loch is provided. Information is presented on economics, potential impacts/conflicts, existing management measures, future development considerations and recommendations on future management use and development. Area-wide policies have been developed where required to guide sustainable use and development of these activities.

Policy Zone Section – Area Policies and Guidance This is the main section of the plan and provides area guidance for the future use and development of Loch Etive. It should be used by local authority planners, regulators and stakeholders to assist decision- making in relation to development proposals; help minimise conflicts of interest, and guide future use and investment.

The policy zone section looks at Loch Etive in distinct areas of coast (policy zones) and describes the characteristics, current activities and uses. Opportunities and constraints for future development and use are identified. The methodology behind the determination of opportunities and constraints, and the development of Policy Guidance, including guidance for Aquaculture is described in Appendix II.

Guidance on aquaculture has been developed for aquaculture as this is an activity that now requires planning consent and therefore these policies will be used by Argyll and Bute and Highland Council as non-statutory supplementary guidance, and will be a material consideration in the determination of new applications for development. The guidance aims to help guide future aquaculture development to appropriate areas by taking account of other activities and environmental sensitivities.

If policy guidance is in favour of new development or expansion of existing sites, then guidance on the location and scale of potential development is given, based on the capacity of the landscape/seascape sensitivity and other interests. Further information on the scenarios used to determine scale can be found in Appendix III.

Section Contents Policy

Figure 3.1 Links between plan sections and policies

3.2 How can I use the Loch Etive ICZM Plan?

The Loch Etive ICZM Plan provides guidance which aims to assist decision making for developments and activities in the marine and coastal environment of Loch Etive. It considers all activities and is therefore intended for use by all stakeholders with an interest in the area.

The following flow charts outline how the Loch Etive ICZM Plan can be used as guidance by developers, users and regulators.

Figure 3.2 How developers and marine/coastal users can use the plan to inform and guide development and activity. Note that stages 2 and 3 apply to development proposals only.

Figure 3.3 How Local Authority planners and other regulators can use the plan as supplementary planning guidance to inform initial advice and determination of development proposals or consider activities.

4. General Policies

Two general policies have been developed to provide an over-arching policy framework for the Loch Etive ICZM Plan, which apply to all sectoral developments and activities. They bring together existing land use policy to manage and protect the Natural and Historic Environment, Wild Migratory Salmonids, Invasive Non Native Species and Water Quality, and to consider where practicable, how to manage Climate Change. These policies also encourage the involvement of local communities in the planning process.

POLICY LE GEN 1 – DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY

PART A – Policy Framework Marine and coastal developments and activities should be consistent with: relevant Argyll and Bute Development Plan policies, within the Argyll and Bute Council area of Loch Etive; relevant Highland Development Plan policies, within the Highland Council area of Loch Etive; additional policies for individual activities, detailed in Section 6; and policy guidance in the relevant Policy Zone (Section 7).

PART B – Other Development Requirements Marine and coastal developments are required to: take account of the likely effects of climate change including sea level rise, flooding, increased storm risk and effects on coastal erosion and sediment transport; ensure no deterioration of water body status under the Water Framework Directive and facilitate improvements to water body status wherever possible; Deleted: ensure no deterioration of water body status under the Water consider effects on marine and coastal areas used for marine science, particularly long term research Framework Directive stations; be consistent with Policy LE INNS 1; and obtain the necessary authorisations from other competent authorities to proceed.

PART C – Enhancing the Natural and Historic Environment The Loch Etive ICZM Plan: promotes and supports co-ordinated action to manage and remove marine litter and debris; supports existing measures to protect sensitive and ecologically important sites and areas, species and habitats in and around Loch Etive; encourages projects that will map the extent of known fragile species and habitats in the Plan area; recommends measures to further enhance visitor appreciation of natural and cultural sites of significance in the area such as improved access to, better interpretation, signed trails and guided tours; recognises that promotion, interpretation, improved access and facilities is appropriate only in some areas in order to maintain the wild and remote nature of the loch elsewhere; and encourages voluntary approaches to protecting important areas for marine and coastal biodiversity such as adherence to codes of conduct.

PART D – Community Development 1) Developers and competent authorities should seek to involve communities during the planning process, to allow informed decision making that accounts for their needs and aspirations. 2) Developments, activities and facilities that meet the following criteria are encouraged: highlight the natural and cultural assets of the area and its communities which make it distinct; assist in achieving sustainable development aspirations for the area and its communities;

provide economic and social benefits for local communities; further diversify the Argyll and Bute economy to provide job opportunities; and promote a culture of enterprise and provide conditions for sustainable business growth.

Justification Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plans should provide policies for the existing and future use and development of a specific coastal area to assist day-to-day planning decisions and management of interactions within the area. Two general policies have been developed to provide an overarching policy framework for the Loch Etive ICZM Plan and apply to all developments and activities.

This policy encourages sustainable development and activity that is consistent with existing Argyll and Bute and Highland Council policy and considers effects on natural heritage, historic interests, water quality, and the implications of climate change.

The policy encourages the involvement of local communities in the planning process and aims to safeguard features of interest which have been recognised as important to the area. The process of developing the draft Loch Etive ICZM plan has involved significant input from local stakeholders and this policy aims to assist activities achieve their full potential through sustainable growth, where appropriate, in line with the needs and aspirations of local communities.

POLICY LE INNS 1 - REDUCING THE RISK FROM MARINE INVASIVE NON-NATIVE SPECIES

All marine users (commercial and non-commercial) should consider the potential risks of spreading invasive non-native invasive species (INNS) particularly when moving equipment, boats or live stock (e.g. fish and shellfish) from one water body to another.

To reduce the spread of INNS it is not permitted to: release aquarium plants or animals into the environment; knowingly move INNS to new locations;

Marine users are encouraged to minimise the risk of introduction of new species and potential for further spread of established INNS by: maintaining boat hulls clear of fouling organisms, particularly when moving to and from new areas; cleaning boats and equipment before transporting them from one water body to another; cleaning and drying dive and fishing gear after use; reporting any sightings to the relevant organisations (see Appendix IV); and follow other existing good practice and codes of conduct identified in the relevant activity section of the Plan (Section X)

Where new developments or the use of them present a risk of introducing or increasing the spread of INNS, developers are encouraged to: promote awareness of non-native invasive species amongst their users; develop bio-security measures, such as protocols and risk assessments to manage introduction, spread and eradication of invasive non native species; and the developer should undertake awareness raising with customers and monitoring of vessels to allow early warning and develop protocols for the eradication of particularly damaging non native species.

Justification After habitat loss, non-native invasive species are considered to pose the greatest threat to biodiversity. Invasive non-native species can have significant effects on native species and habitats and can negatively

18 affect commercial activities such as aquaculture. Activities such as shipping, recreational boating or aquaculture can inadvertently introduce marine invasive species to our waters and some species can also be transported naturally by ocean currents or wind or may travel attached to floating objects such as seaweed or plastic containers.

This policy aims to promote necessary management and good practice required to minimise the risk of spreading or introducing INNS.

5 Cross cutting environmental themes

This section describes the following cross cutting environmental themes and includes recommendations that promote their understanding, consideration and protection: Natural Heritage; Wild Migratory Salmonids; the Historic Environment; Invasive Non Native Species; Water Quality; and Climate Change.

How marine and coastal activities interact with these environmental themes is detailed in section 6 of the Plan, and opportunities specific to a particular location identified where appropriate in the Policy Zone section of the Plan (section 7).

5.1 Natural Heritage Interests

Loch Etive is an area rich in scenery with a diverse range of marine and coastal habitats and wildlife which attract visitors to the area to appreciate its natural qualities. All of the designated sites, habitats and species in or bordering Loch Etive are of at least regional significance with many being of national or European importance. The relative importance of these interests is summarised in Appendix V.

5.1.1 Designated sites There are a number of sites around the immediate coast designated for species, habitats and landscape, and these are shown in Figure 5.1. A definition of the different types of designations can be found in the Glossary. Landscape designations are discussed in section 5.1.4.

Special Area of Conservation (SAC) There are eleven large areas that make up the Loch Etive Woods SAC in the vicinity of Loch Etive. This site of European importance is designated for Alder woodland on floodplains; mixed woodland on base- rich soils associated with rocky slopes; Western acidic oak woodland and Otter (Lutra lutra).

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) There are seven SSSI‟s bordering or immediately adjacent to Loch Etive. Airds Park and Coille Nathais; Ard Trilleachan; Barran Dubh; Bonawe to Cadderlie; and Kennacraig and Esragan Burn are notified for natural woodland with birch, oak and native Scots pine often with an abundance of oceanic species of ferns, mosses and liverworts. The Bonawe to Cadderlie SSSI is also notified for its geological interest. Clais Dhearg is notified for its woodland and open water habitat, and Glen Nant, part of which is a National Nature Reserve, is also notified for its woodland habitat.

Glen Etive and Glen Fyne Special Protection Area (SPA) Deleted: Proposed Glen Etive and Glen Fyne are of special nature conservation importance within Britain and the EU for regularly supporting a population of Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The site supports 19 pairs of golden eagle, slightly greater than 4.2% of the GB population.

National Nature Reserve (NNR) Glen Nant NNR is located south of Taynuilt and is part of the Glen Nant SSSI.

Marine Consultation Area (MCA) Loch Etive was identified as an MCA in 1990 for its physical and biological features and its conservation interest. These are described in more detail below. The MCA boundary encompasses Dunstaffnage Bay to Rubha Doire Làrach, upper Loch Etive.

5.1.2 Biodiversity Action Plan Species and Habitats Figure 5.2 shows the location of habitats and species of biodiversity interest. The most up to date published data and local knowledge has been used to produce this map. However, as is generally the case with the marine environment full, detailed sea bed survey coverage of the loch does not exist. As a result, there is a need to update much of the existing information on important areas for biodiversity.

Argyll and Bute Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) The current LBAP sets out actions for marine and coastal habitats and species. The following priority habitats and species listed in the Argyll and Bute LBAP are present in and around Loch Etive, and are of both national and regional importance. The LBAP is currently under review and the ICZM Plan will take account of any changes within the revised document.

Priority habitats – Mud Habitats in Deep Water, Mudflats, Coastal Saltmarsh, Tidal rapids, Sheltered muddy gravels Priority species – Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown/Sea Trout (Salmo trutta), European Otter (Lutra lutra)

Figure 5.1 Location of designated sites for habitats, species and landscape

Figure 5.2 Location of habitats and species of biodiversity interest, areas of biodiversity interest and wildfish rivers

UK List of Priority Species and Habitats In addition to the habitats and species listed in the Argyll and Bute LBAP the common seal (Phoca vitulina) and the fireworks anemone (Pachycerianthus multiplicatus) are present in Loch Etive and are identified as UK BAP priority species.

Priority Marine Features (PMF) This list of UK BAP habitats and species has been considered by SNH in drawing up a list of Priority Marine Features, which are believed to be of greatest conservation importance in Scottish territorial waters. The draft list contains 53 habitats and species and will be used to support the advice SNH give on marine biodiversity, playing a role in the delivery of new marine planning and licensing systems set out in the Marine (Scotland) Act. The list will also be used to guide future research and a subset of the PMFs will be used to underpin the selection of Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas.

Priority Marine Features (from draft list) known to be present in Loch Etive include: Deleted: ¶ Once this list has been finalised, the Habitats ICZM Plan will identify all Priority Burrowed mud (SpMeg, MegMax and Pachycerianthus multiplicatus)* Marine Features known to be present in Loch Etive.¶ Blue mussel beds* Inshore deep mud with burrowing heart urchins* Intertidal mudflats* Low or variable salinity habitats*

Species Northern featherstar (Leptometra celtica)* Iceland cyprine (Artica islandica)* Otter* Sand goby* Angler fish (juveniles) Atlantic mackerel Atlantic herring (juveniles and spawning adults) Cod Eel (marine part of life cycle) Ling Saithe (juveniles) Whiting (juveniles)

* PMFs considered for selection of Marine Protected Areas

5.1.3 Areas of Biodiversity Interest Marine habitats and species Loch Etive is of significant marine ecological interest because of the unusually high brackish influence and the effect this has on marine communities (Holt 1991). Although a limited range of sheltered brackish-influenced communities are present, many of them appear to be unique to this particular loch. These include very tide-swept communities on bedrock in the Falls of Lora, shallow, tide-swept, impoverished sediments in the Bonawe narrows, and vertical bedrock walls with variable salinity conditions in the upper loch (Holt 1991).

The gradation in salinity, both longitudinally and vertically, is reflected by the reduction in diversity of shore and shallow water species towards the head of the loch, and by the increase in diversity of marine species in deeper water. Shallow water communities have to contend with low and widely fluctuating salinities and temperatures, and as a consequence there seems to be some turnover of species in the shallow communities (Holt 1991).

Tide-swept communities Brackish tide-swept communities are present on either side of the Falls of Lora, through the Kilmaronaig narrows and in Bonawe narrows (Holt 1991).

At the entrance to Loch Etive a combination of shallow sill depth and constricted topography gives rise to the most spectacular tidal rapid system of any Scottish sea loch, with flow rates exceeding 8 knots in places (Wilding et. al 2005). A forest of short, stocky kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) was found in a region extending from the Falls of Lora, to the Kilmaronaig narrows and across the shallow part of Achnacree Bay following the path of the fastest tidal flow. While the understorey fauna in the kelp forest in the Falls of Lora is not particularly diverse, probably due to the high water speeds and low salinity, species present (hydroids, bryozoans, barnacles, seasquirts and sponges) were recorded at high densities (Holt 1991).

In the narrows above and below the Falls of Lora tidal speeds are slightly less extreme and the flow less turbulent. The more moderate conditions allow development of a more diverse community including turfs of the sponge Halichondria bowerbanki, bryozoans and a variety of solitary sea squirt species (Holt, 1991).

Seabed sediment communities A survey conducted by Holt (1991) recorded small numbers of the deep water fireworks anemone (Pachycerianthus multiplicatus) on soft mud in the upper basin of Loch Etive. Deep sediment communities between Bonawe and Ardmaddy also included the seapen (Pennatula phosphorea), and the deep water mollusc, Arctica Islandica was recorded throughout the soft sediments in the loch.

Sediment communities in the lower loch were characterised by the seapens (Virgularia mirabilis and Pennatula phosphorea) and brittlestars (Amphiura spp). Soft mud in Airds Bay was characterised by the seapen (Virgularia mirabilis) and the burrowing anemone (Cerianthus lloydii) along with brittlestars (Amphiura and Ophiura spp.).

Coastal habitats Coastal saltmarsh is present at a number of locations. This habitat supports a wide range of plant communities and is important for wading birds and wildfowl. It acts as a high-tide refuge for birds feeding on adjacent shoreline, as breeding sites for waders, gulls and terns, and as a source of food for passerine birds, particularly in autumn and winter. A Local Nature Conservation Site at An Sàilean, Ardmucknish Bay encompasses areas of saltmarsh which are at threat from the invasive non-native species, Common Cordgrass (see section 5.4.2). A management plan1 commissioned by the Scottish Agricultural College, on behalf of Lochnell Estate has been developed to maintain and enhance the biodiversity of saltmarsh at this location.

Sand dune habitats are found at Tralee and Ledaig, Ardmucknish Bay. In most cases the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential storm waves from the sea and providing niches for highly specialised plants and animals.

Seabirds Ornithological interests include eider ducks, winter migratory species, and both common tern and gull colonies. There are a number of sensitive bird breeding islands in Loch Etive, in particular Eilean Mor and Eilean Beag in Ardmucknish Bay, and the Kilmonaraig Islands and Abbot Islands in the lower loch. The breeding season commences in spring and continues into early summer (Craik 2000). The sand pits behind the beach, west of Port Selma, Benderloch are of local importance for a number of breeding birds including Moorhen and Water Rail, which are both scarce in Argyll and Bute.

Mammals Otters are common along the coast of Loch Etive and are a designated feature of Loch Etive Woods SAC. Small numbers of common seal (Phoca vitulina) use the loch to haul-out regularly, with the main haul-out at the skerries just north of Inverliver Bay in the upper loch. Seals are also regularly sighted feeding in and around the narrows at Connel, Kilmaronig and Bonawe. [Insert photo 5]

1 An t‟Sailean Saltmarsh: Management Plan 2008 - 2013

Predation by mink at seabird colonies in this area was first observed in 1983 and became widespread from 1989 onwards, seriously affecting the breeding success and breeding distribution of island-nesting colonial seabirds. The seabird species most affected by mink are those with smaller eggs and chicks, particularly terns (Sterna spp.), small gulls such as Common Gull and Black-headed Gull (L. ridibundus), and Black Guillemot (Cepphus grille) (Craik 1995, 1997 and unpublished results 1989-1997).

5.1.4 Landscape Loch Etive has a great diversity of landscape character with the lower loch extending from its mouth, which embraces Dunstaffnage and Ardmucknish Bay, and inland through the narrow straights of Connel to a sheltered, but expansive series of bays. Upper Loch Etive, which is narrow and fjord like in character, feels relatively remote and undeveloped, with little habitation and minimal access.

Landscape designations The importance and sensitivity of the landscape of upper Loch Etive is recognised in the northern section of the upper loch being part of the Ben Nevis and Glen Coe National Scenic Area. The southern part of the upper loch has been designated as an Area of Panoramic Quality by Argyll and Bute Council in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan (Structure & Local Plan). These areas are important for not only their physical landforms and for the flora and fauna which they support, but also for the environmental assets that they represent. The locations of these designations are presented in Figure 5.1.

In 2006, SNH under took a Landscape/Seascape carrying capacity study for aquaculture which assessed part of North Argyll including Ardmucknish Bay and Loch Etive. In addition to this, a further 2 Landscape/Seascape assessment has been undertaken by SNH in 2010. Both reports have been used Deleted: This to assess the sensitivity of stretches of coastline to aquaculture development and describe the Deleted: s landscape character in section 7 of the plan.

5.1.5 Additional information on Natural Heritage interests A wide range of further information is available from the following sources:

Scottish Natural Heritage (Sitelink) - Information on designated sites, http://www.snh.org.uk/snhi/ Argyll and Bute Council: Local Biodiversity Action Plan, http://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/biodiversity MarLIN: The Marine Life Information Network – Information on the sensitivity of marine habitats and species, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/bacs.php UKBAP website - UK List of Priority Species and Habitats & action plans, http://www.ukbap.org.uk/NewPriorityList.aspx RSPB - http://www.rspb.org.uk/ - Information on birds and wildlife Argyll Bird Club & County Bird Recorder - http://www.argyllbirdclub.org/bird_rec/bird_recorder.asp Wetland Birds Survey (WeBS) - http://blx1.bto.org/websonline/

5.1.6 Safeguarding Natural Heritage Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) is a statutory advisor on natural heritage, and provides advice, development guidance and undertakes research relating to the management of the land and sea, including fishing, aquaculture, non-native species, marine renewables and coastal development.

Under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004, all public bodies have a duty to further the conservation of biodiversity and the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. In addition to the policies set out in this plan, Appendix I outlines specific environmental policy that are relevant to marine and coastal developments that aim to safeguard key environmental assets and guide new development to locations that minimise environmental impacts.

2 Landscape reports for Loch Etive can be viewed at www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/lochetive

5.1.7 Local perspective on Natural Heritage Views on Natural Heritage, gathered during public meetings for the Loch Etive ICZM project included: lack of information on local wildlife; need for local interpretation panels promoting natural heritage interests; the unique ecosystem of Loch Etive should be preserved, including biology, hydrology and geology; visitors and locals should be encouraged to engage in wildlife recording schemes; need to preserve the wild and remote character of upper Loch Etive; and local websites could be used to improve local knowledge and raise awareness of wildlife sites.

5.1.8 Recommendations for Natural Heritage Further informal and formal marine survey work is encouraged, to build up a better understanding of the distribution and abundance of marine and coastal species and habitats, and further scientific research to assess their sensitivity to activities and development. All natural heritage datasets, including those gathered for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), should be made available for future revisions of the Loch Etive ICZM Plan.

The eradication of mink is encouraged in order to reduce predation and increase breeding success of Deleted: <#>Local knowledge and important seabird breeding colonies. awareness of wildlife sites should be improved through provision of information on local community Loch users are encouraged to report sightings of birds and marine mammals to the relevant websites, interpretation and improved agencies/conservation groups. Details of recording schemes and contact details can be found in access where appropriate.¶ Appendix IV.

Recommendations and Good Practice that promote understanding, consideration and protection of natural heritage, but are specific to particular marine and coastal activities, are included under the relevant activity section.

5.2 Wild Migratory Salmonids

Atlantic Salmon are widely distributed in Argyll, usually spending two years in rivers as fry and parr before migrating to sea as smolts. Most salmon (grilse) spend one winter at sea before returning, although some remain at sea for two or more years before returning to spawn; these are known as multi- sea winter salmon. Sea trout have a similar freshwater life history to salmon but differ in that they are understood to remain in local inshore marine waters for the growth phase of their life-cycle and therefore may be more susceptible to local development and use of marine resources compared to salmon (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009).

There are 10 rivers with a catchment over 5km2 that flow into Loch Etive, the largest catchments being the Awe/Orchy catchment (827km2), River Etive (161km2), River Kinglass (74km²) and Nant (46km²) that support salmon populations. Smaller rivers such as the Noe, Liver, Allt Easach, Abhainn Dalach and Esragan are primarily habitats for recruitment of sea trout. Most of the larger rivers are important fisheries. Loch Etive itself traditionally supported net fisheries and some rod fishing for sea trout (Argyll Deleted: , although the numbers of Fisheries Trust 2009). sea trout and salmon historically caught by fisheries have affected their operation and management. 5.2.1 Factors affecting migratory fish populations The fishery for wild salmonids in Loch Etive is greatly reduced since records of fishery catches in the Awe fisheries district began from the mid-20th Century, with many of the historical benefits to the local community and economy diminished (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009).

Figure 5.3 Total catches of salmon and sea trout in Loch Etive between 1952 and 2001 (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009)

While there are many marine and freshwater based factors affecting migratory fish populations, it is the reduction of the number of smolts returning as adults from the sea that is understood to be the most significant factor influencing fishery catches. It is understood that the condition of local marine habitats are crucial to important phases of their life-cycle, particularly as post-smolts when the young fish leave the freshwater environment. At this stage when they enter the marine environment they are vulnerable to predation and potential infection by sea lice. Local and national studies indicate that the proximity of marine cage-based aquaculture can potentially increase infection levels of sea lice on post-smolts and reduce growth and survival.

Deleted: Salmon are also at risk from Containment of farm fish is crucial in preventing genetic dilution from the interbreeding between adult interaction with escapee farmed fish as wild fish and escaped farm fish or from salmon smolts returning as salmon from their migratory phase. this has implications for the long term In the case of rainbow trout, the impact of escapes is limited to competition for habitat/food and once health of wild populations due to breeding depression

28 entering rivers, escapees become a management issue that may impact on the value of the fishery. Initiatives have been undertaken to address the primary sea lice and containment issues related to aquaculture through the development of Area management Agreements (AMAs). This dialogue between aquaculture companies and wild fish interests has led to changes in the way fish are farmed improving the health of wild and farmed salmonids (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009).

Other potential reasons for the decline in the fishery such as a decrease in marine survival in the wider Atlantic Ocean for salmon are being investigated by studies currently being undertaken by international agencies. Findings from these studies will be used to inform national and local management of stocks in the future. A decrease in freshwater survival locally may be attributed to a range of land and water uses affecting habitats including commercial forestry, drainage, overgrazing, hydropower, and over exploitation in or near freshwater environments (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009). These factors are being addressed as part of the Water Framework Directive through the Argyll and Lochaber Area Management Deleted: & Plan ( Deleted: River

Deleted: Basin 5.2.2 Salmon and Trout Angling Deleted: Argyll Fisheries Trust Fisheries for migratory salmonids in Loch Etive and its rivers are managed locally by the Awe District Deleted: ). River Improvement Association (ADRIA) under the legal framework provided by the Argyll District Salmon Fisheries Board (ADSFB). Loch Etive and its rivers support potential for both recreational rod and line fisheries and commercial netting for salmon and sea trout. However, net fisheries are no longer operational in Loch Etive due to the relatively low number of migratory fish returning to the area and the increase in provision of fish for the retail markets by the development of aquaculture. Recreational rod and line angling fisheries are active in all larger rivers, with the salmon fisheries of the Awe and Orchy being the most productive in the region of Argyll. In response to falling numbers of migratory fish returning to local rivers, catch and release angling has been increasingly utilised on many rivers in an effort to safeguard and improve stocks (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009).

Management of the fishery potential in Loch Etive is less well developed, but awareness of the loch as a habitat for sea trout is growing and future management is likely to be required. Some protection for stocks in Loch Etive is provided under the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 2003, which states that it is an offence to fish for salmon and sea trout in any waters, including any part of the sea within 1.5 kilometres of mean low water springs, without the written permission of the person who owns the fishing rights to that water. Full details and legal requirements can be located on the Fish Britain website http://www.fishpal.com/Scotland/Legal.asp?dom=Britain.

Fisheries management advice is provided by The Argyll Fisheries Trust, which has conducted surveys of juvenile salmon and trout populations on most rivers in Loch Etive. The results of the surveys are used to inform management of the fisheries and fish habitats. The Awe Catchment Fishery Management Plan 2010-2015 is currently being developed with the aim of coordinating the management of all fisheries in the catchment and facilitating conservation and improvement activities (Argyll Fisheries Trust 2009).

5.2.3 Recommendations for Wild Migratory Salmonids Research is required to improve the understanding of the migratory route of wild migratory salmonids through Loch Etive. Efforts to improve the populations of wild salmon and sea trout returning to Loch Etive rivers should be fully supported by all relevant agencies and regulators. Continued AMA dialogue and participation by wild and farmed salmonid interests is encouraged. Any fisheries management and raising awareness of factors affecting fish and their habitats should be developed under guidance of;  Argyll & Islands Fishery Management Plan  Argyll & Islands Fishery Bio-security Management Plan  Awe Catchment Fishery Management Plan Recommendations and Good Practice that promote understanding, consideration and protection of Wild Migratory Salmonids, but are specific to particular marine and coastal activities, are included under the relevant activity section.

5.3 Archaeological and Historical Sites

Marine and coastal archaeological and historical interests are identified and mapped in the relevant Deleted: All marine policy zones (section 7) and have been considered in the development of guidance on future use and development for each zone. Further information on individual interests can be accessed from the Historic Scotland website: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/ and/or the Past Map website www.pastmap.org.

The setting of historic landmarks and features were included in the sensitivity analysis of the landscape/seascape capacity assessment for aquaculture, and have been considered in section 7, when determining development potential.

5.3.1 Coastal Interests Listed buildings, scheduled ancient monuments and their surroundings, historic gardens and designed landscapes, conservation areas, and special built environment areas are all subject to special protection measures to ensure that inappropriate or unsympathetic development does not damage the property or its setting.

A number of important archaeological and historical interests are present along the coastline3 of Loch Etive, including 30 Scheduled Ancient Monuments, 25 Listed Buildings, eight unscheduled monuments and two Gardens and Designed Landscapes. Some of the most important coastal interests are described in Table 5.1 and their location presented in Figure 5.4.

Table 5.1 Description of a selection of listed buildings and scheduled ancient monuments of high importance, in proximity to the coastline of Loch Etive. Information from Historic Scotland (http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk)

Site no. Name Description

1 Bonawe, Iron The scheduled ancient monument known as Bonawe, Iron Furnace, comprises the Furnace extensive and well preserved remains of the Bonawe Iron Works, encompassing 11 Listed Buildings. The scheduled area is in four distinct parts, of which includes: the pier, the furnace area and lade. Bonawe Furnace was established in 1753 to smelt iron ore imported from Cumbria, using charcoals made from the extensive woods in the Taynuilt area. This industry had a profound effect on the community until it was closed in the late 19th century, employing about 600 people. The buildings have been renovated and the furnace site is now operated as an historical attraction by the National Trust for Scotland.

2 Dunstaffnage Category A listed building and scheduled ancient monument that dates from 1250. Castle Ruinous, three storey‟s with curtain walls that has been built on a rocky outcrop. Comprises a Keep, a 17th century Gate-house behind the entrance, Tower and an 18th century Tower house.

3 Dunstaffnage Category A listed building and scheduled ancient monument that dates from 1250. Chapel Gothic, oblong and roofless. Moulded lancets and round-headed windows. Campbell of Dunstaffnage burial enclosure was added in 1740.

4 Ardchattan The B listed Ardchattan Priory Church is situated with a Garden and Designed Priory Landscape. Based on a monastic garden that probably dates back to the 13th century, the designed landscape has been improved in the 17th, 19th and 20th centuries.

5 Achnacloich The B Listed Acnacloich House is situated in a Garden and Designed Landscape. The House and notable gardens host an attractive collection of rhododendrons and other trees and Gardens shrubs. The wider 19th century designed landscape comprises parkland, woodland and architectural features.

3 Within 500 m of the high tide mark, except from around Taynuilt at 1 km from high tide mark.

Figure 5.4 Location of listed buildings and scheduled ancient monuments of high importance, in close proximity to the coastline of Loch Etive

5.3.2 Marine Interests Four ship wrecks, listed in the National Monument Record of Scotland are present in Loch Etive, but have no formal protection. The Historic Scotland website (http://www.historic- scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/wrecksites/guidance-for-marine-users.htm) provides information on what to do if you find a wreck that may be of historic importance and obligations to report material recovered from wrecks.

Historic Scotland are working towards the publication of a strategy for the protection, management and promotion of marine heritage by 2011, which will ensure the new marine planning system under the Marine (Scotland) Act will account for and safeguard the marine historic environment. Where there is the potential for impacts on unscheduled or unrecorded marine archaeology from development proposals, Historic Scotland generally recommend that any assessment of impacts consider onshore impacts to marine historic features within and beyond the proposed development site and offshore impacts to historic features on the seabed or at the coast edge within and beyond any proposed development areas .

5.3.3 Safeguarding Archaeological and Historic Interests Heritage assets are a finite and often irreplaceable resource and can be vulnerable to a wider range of human activities. Historic Scotland, an executive agency of the Scottish Government, is charged with safeguarding the nation‟s historic environment and promoting its understanding and enjoyment. Their main statutory remit is in regards to protecting designated heritage features, such as scheduled monuments and listed buildings, and their settings.

Local authorities have a responsibility to protect and support the retention of features or sites of archaeological and historical importance in the development plan process and will expect developers to take account of these interests when submitting planning applications. Relevant policy that aims to safeguard key archaeological and historic interests is detailed in Appendix I.

5.3.4 Local perspective on Historic Environment Views on the Historic Environment, gathered during public meetings for the Loch Etive ICZM project included: Difficult to get information about history and historical sites. Needs to be made more accessible locally and to visitors; Would like to see a local history centre; Access to many historic sites is difficult and people are not sure which sites they can access; Want to see local historic sites safeguarded from development, but where appropriate accessible for peoples‟ enjoyment; Local interpretation should include information on historic interests; and Local websites could be used to improve local knowledge and raise awareness of historic sites.

5.3.5 Recommendations for the Historic Environment Improve local knowledge and raise awareness of Historic sites through provision of information on websites and interpretation, where appropriate. Improve, where appropriate access to important Historic sites and promote those sites that are currently accessible. Deleted: <#>Integrate local history and Opportunities for enhanced management and/or interpretation of scheduled monuments should be culture into guided boat trips or coastal explored in order to improve awareness of Argyll‟s designated heritage. walks.¶ The possibility of a local history/cultural centre or central heritage hub for the wider area should be explored, that would provide greater links with tourism, recreation and education.

Recommendations and Good Practice that promote understanding, consideration and protection of the Historic Environment, but are specific to particular marine and coastal activities, are included under the relevant activity section.

5.4 Invasive non-native marine species

5.4.1 Background Invasive non-native species (INNS) are non-native organisms that successfully establish themselves, presenting a potential threat to the environment and the native species living there as they may out- compete the native species, change environmental conditions, or completely take over the new environment. Invasive non-native species are considered to be the second greatest threat to global biodiversity, after habitat destruction. It is estimated that there are around 79 marine and brackish non- native species present in Britain and around 24 of these are present in Scotland (Baxter et al. 2008).

5.4.2 Species already established Five terrestrial INNS are established in the coastal area of Loch Etive. Further information on these species including how they can be spread and the potential impacts they can have can be found in Appendix VI.

Common cord-grass Spartina anglica is a perennial salt marsh grass which has been planted in many areas for dune stabilisation and can spread by natural dispersal of seed. Its presence at An Sailean, Ardmucknish Bay appears to have resulted in significant change to the flora of the saltmarsh at this location but no sign of area loss. This is recognised by the WFD classification for the Firth of Lorn water body (which includes this area) and has been downgraded from high to good ecological status due to the presence of common cord-grass. On balance, Spartina is considered to have an adverse effect on invertebrate and bird populations, though it can increase roosting habitat for waders (Black 2008).

Japanese knotweed Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica has spread along the north shoreof Loch Etive, from Achnaba to Deleted: coastline Bonawe Narrows, in many places restricting views of the loch from the main road, competing with Deleted: in particular the north shore native species and preventing access to the shore from the road. This species can spread along rivers of the Loch between and the coast by movement of plant fragments in water, and through the movement of plant debris in Deleted: and Ardhattan Priory, where soil and on vehicles. It forms dense thickets to exclude native plants, prohibits regeneration, reduces it biodiversity and alters the habitat for wildlife (Proctor & Rafferty 2004). In order to control this species, Deleted: s there is an ongoing trial control demonstration throughout Argyll and Bute.

Himalayan Balsam Native to the western Himalayas, Himalayan Balsam Impatiens glandulifera is an invasive garden escapee, first introduced to Britain as an ornamental garden plant in the 1830‟s. It can spread rapidly through rivers and streams causing soil erosion, whilst once established it can out-compete through greater nectar production and shade out low level native plants, thus reducing diversity.

Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron ponticum is a non-native species and was introduced to the West Coast of Scotland by the Victorians, who often planted it as shelter around large estates. Over the years the species has spread out of these estates and now threatens large tracts of land throughout the Argyll. The species is particularly damaging to woodland biodiversity as it shades out native plants and mosses, and has a toxic root system which can lead to long term soil degradation. Rhododendron ponticum can be found spreading at Craig, Barrs and Glen Etive.

American Mink The American Mink Mustela vison spreads through migration and kills ground nesting birds, small mammals, juvenile salmon and trout. Local seabird populations at some important islands in Loch Etive have been affected by mink predation and mink have also caused damage at some of the trout farms in the Loch. As a result mink control is carried out at some locations but not at a level that might lead to eradication or control of this species.

5.4.3 Threats from introduction of new species The main threat from the introduction of new INNS to Loch Etive is from marine species, some of

33 which have already been recorded in Argyll.

Activities such as shipping, recreational boating or aquaculture can inadvertently introduce marine invasive species to our waters, and some species can also be transported naturally by ocean currents, wind or may travel attached to floating objects such as seaweed or plastic containers.

Information on these species is summarised below and additional information on these species, including pathways for introduction and potential environmental and economic impacts can be found in Appendix VI.

Sea squirts Carpet sea squirt The colonial sea squirt (Didemnum vexillum) has recently been found at Largs marina, Firth of Clyde (Beveridge et al. 2009). An eradication programme for D. vexillum is underway, with some signs of early success. The potential ecological and economic impacts from this species are significant and this species presents the greatest risk to Loch Etive in terms of economic impacts on the aquaculture industry and environmental impacts on marine species.

Didemnum vexillum colonies alter marine habitats by smothering them in thick, sheet-like growths. Because of this it interferes with fishery and aquaculture operations as well as impacting on biodiversity. Colonies are found on hard substrates that include dock structures, moorings and ropes, steel chain, gravel seabed (pebbles, cobbles, boulders), ship and boat hulls. It also grows over organisms such as other sea squirts, sponges, seaweeds and wild shellfish. The colonies have been found at water depths ranging from the intertidal to 65m. Since it is an imported species it has no natural predators, so once established there is little to stop it spreading.

Leathery sea squirt The Leathery sea squirt (Styela clava) is originally from the north western Pacific. It was introduced to the UK on ship hulls and large populations can dominate and displace other species through competition for food and space.

Algal species Wire weed Unattached fronds of the large brown seaweed (Sargassum muticum), also known as wireweed, were recorded in the Firth of Lorn and at Ganavan, near Oban in 2007 (Davison 2009). S. Muticum appears to be dispersing northwards along the west coast of Scotland. Northerly dispersal via natural drift is likely to be facilitated by the prevailing wind and current direction, although anthropogenic vectors, such as the movement of shellfish stock and recreational boating are likely to play important roles in its dispersal (Davision 2009). Wireweed causes problems by competing with native seaweeds and seagrasses through over-growing, shading and abrasion. It is considered a nuisance in harbours and shallow waters where large floating masses may become a hazard to commercial and recreational boating through entangling in propellers or blocking engine cooling systems. The floating mats can also affect water-sports such as swimming, wind surfing and sailing. Wireweed can also foul fishing nets and lines and can seriously impact on oyster beds and other aquaculture structures.

Other algal species The red algae (Heterosiphonia japonica) and green algae (Codium fragile) have been recorded at Oban Marina (Beveridge et al. 2009). These species can alter seabed communities and habitats and the latter can smother shellfish beds and artificial structures. Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) is an introduced species of brown seaweed (kelp) which has a rapid growth rate and the potential to overgrow and out-compete native species (Oakley 2007).

Other invertebrates Slipper limpet The slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicate) is typically found attached to shells and stones on soft substrata around the low water mark and the shallow sublittoral. It is often attached to the shells of mussels Mytilus edulis and oysters Ostrea edulis (Rayment 2008). It was introduced to the UK by hull fouling and contamination of oyster spat. It can smother seabed species, alter habitat structure and

34 complete for food and space with other filter-feeding species, including mussels.

Japanese skeleton shrimp The Japanese skeleton shrimp (Caprella mutica) is a relatively large, robust caprellid amphipod native to north-east Asia. This species is now widespread in Scottish coastal waters, occurring in high numbers on artificial structures such as mooring ropes and nets at aquaculture sites, and on pontoons and boat hulls in marinas (Cook 2005). C. mutica is also found on a range of natural substrata such as hydroids and algae. It is often found in association with S. Muticum (Oakley 2006). Impacts from this species are unknown.

Chinese mitten crab Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) are relatively large crustaceans, native to China. It was introduced by ship ballast water and hull fouling in 1935. This invasive species can cause degradation of river banks by burrowing and pose a significant threat to native communities in catchment systems. As a consequence, it has been placed on the IUCN 100 of the World's worst invasive alien species list (Neal 2005).

Parasites Gyrodactylus salaris (GS) The biggest current threat to Atlantic salmon populations and the fisheries they support is the parasite Gyrodactylus salaris. The potentially catastrophic consequences of its introduction mean that it is a priority for fisheries and aquaculture industries to identify and mitigate potential vectors (Kettle-White 2006). GS is a freshwater parasite and cannot thrive in sea water, meaning that it is most likely to be spread by wet equipment such as felt soled waders or wetsuits, fresh water inadvertently left in well boats or canoes and imported, untreated fish eggs.

It should be assumed that GS is present in all European Countries and endemic in Scandanavia. Anyone coming from European countries that have used rivers or lakes should take the following precautions: Dry equipment at a minimum of 20 degrees C for at least two days; Heat for at least 1 hour at temperatures of above 60 degrees C; Deep freeze for at least one day; Immerse in a solution suitable for killing GS, (Virkon/Wescodine/Aquatic at 1% dilution) sodium chloride (3%) sodium hydroxide (0.2%) for a minimum of 10 minutes.

Guidance on prevention is available from the Scottish Government web site. www.infoscotland.com/gsbug.

5.4.4 Existing management and controls

Legislation Risks are currently minimised through existing legislation, primarily the Wildlife and Countryside Act 19814 and the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act. In addition, the Scottish Parliament are currently consulting on the Wildlife and Natural Environmental (Scotland) Bill (August 2010) which seeks to prevent further releases of invasive non-native species and to ensure that, where they have already been released into the wild, they are controlled, contained and eradicated where possible. Prevention will be given highest priority due to the various difficulties, including cost, of control and eradication once a species has become established.

Plans, projects and strategies The Invasive Non-native Species Framework Strategy, launched on 28th May 2008, is intended to provide a strategic framework within which the actions of government departments, their related bodies and key stakeholders can be better coordinated and aims to minimise the risk posed, and reduce the negative impacts caused, by invasive non-native species in Great Britain.

4 Under section 14 of The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is prohibited to introduce any non-native or hybrid species to Great Britain.

The Scottish Association for Marine Science run a Marine Aliens Project5 that aims to map their current distribution, predict their spread and impact on native biodiversity, identify potential control methods and to raise awareness of their presence in UK coastal waters.

Argyll Fisheries Trust has developed a Bio-security Management Plan for Argyll and the Islands, that aims to establish a sustainable framework that will lead to the prevention, detection, control and eradication of invasive non-native species. This will be undertaken through the application of appropriate management activities, data collection, liaison, education and legislation. The Bio-security Management Plan can be viewed at: www.argyllfisheriestrust.co.uk/pdfs/argyllbiosecurityplan.pdf

SNH launched a Species Action Framework6 in 2007 which in part focuses on invasive non-native species including Wireweed and the American mink. Guidance on identifying and reporting sightings of invasive non-native marine species, including Wireweed can be found in Appendix IV. The Green Blue is the joint environment programme for the Royal Yachting Association and British Marine Federation and has produced considerable guidance and best practice for managing marine non native species for the recreational boating sector.

The River Basin Planning Invasive Non-Native Species Supplementary Plan is currently being prepared through a national advisory group involving SEPA, SNH, Marine Scotland, LINK (represented by RSPB), and the Scottish Government. The plan will tackle the issue of INNS and will be available in early 2011.

The Argyll and Bute Invasive Species Forum aims to establish a sustainable framework that will lead to the prevention, detection, control and eradication of invasive non-native species within the Argyll region. This will be undertaken through the application of appropriate management activities, data collection, liaison, education and legislation.

The Scottish Canoe Association also provides guidance and information on how to minimise the risk of spread of invasive non native species (see Appendix X).

Additional Information Further information on INNS and where to report sightings is detailed in Appendix VI and IV respectively.

5.4.6 Recommendations for invasive non-native species Local monitoring projects to collect data on distribution and abundance of INNS should be considered, including the potential to integrate other activities with the identification and reporting of INNS i.e. beach cleaning/mooring maintenance. Guidance should be developed to assist developers build bio-security measures into marine and coastal development proposals, including design structure, appropriate facilities and management protocols. Deleted: <#>Additional guidance is Measures to reduce the mink population should be funded and supported by the relevant needed on the following:¶ agencies, where appropriate. <#>How to best manage introduced INNS, including what stage of the Local initiatives to tackle established coastal INNS should be considered, however the preferred lifecycle eradication of species is option is for communities to raise funding and then employ trained Council staff, or local required i.e. removing species before they spawn.¶ contractors with relevant experience, to carry out eradication measures. <#>What species can and cannot be Projects that assist implementation of priorities/actions of Argyll Bio-security Plan should be moved from one place to another to avoid spread of INNS that may supported. hitchhike with other species. ¶ <#>What funding is available for Recommendations and Good Practice that promote understanding, consideration and management of organisations and individuals to assist invasive non-native species, but are specific to particular marine and coastal activities, are included in the eradication of INNS.¶ under the relevant activity section.

5 www.marlin.ac.uk/marine_aliens 6 http://www.snh.org.uk/speciesactionframework/saf-background.asp

5.5 Water Quality

The water environment of Loch Etive is very important for aquaculture, recreation, fisheries, biodiversity and transport. Many of these uses are economically dependent on a high quality water environment which makes its protection important. Aquaculture, in particular shellfish farming, relies on excellent water quality to support the growth of the species concerned and enable the final product to meet strict hygiene standards.

5.5.1 Local concerns about water quality During the development of this plan a number of local concerns were raised about water quality in Loch Etive. These included: Concerns about high E.coli counts at certain times of year affect Shellfish Growing Water; Scottish Water infrastructure not being sufficient for all houses in Connel to connect to public sewer; Potential effects of hydroelectric station and Awe barrage on wild fish and salinity of Loch Etive; and Control of sand blast materials entering loch during maintenance of Connel Bridge.

5.5.2 Factors affecting water quality in Loch Etive Diffuse pollution – Both agriculture and forestry can affect the water environment through diffuse pollution. Agriculture can be a source of nitrogen input and bacterial contamination to coastal waters and forestry operations can result in silt run off and acidification of water courses.

Point source pollution – Discharges There are a number of point source discharges around Loch Etive from commercial, wastewater treatment and private residential outfalls. In addition, there are many residential outfalls with no treatment that discharge directly into the loch. All new discharges will be treated and disposed of to land where practicable. Where this is not possible the level of treatment will be determined by location of outfall. Future developments may connect to the public sewer in accordance with Sewers for Scotland standards, at the developers cost with a contribution from Scottish Water. Fish farming also releases nutrients and waste materials into the loch (see Section 6.1).

Since 2006 Scottish Water has made a number of improvements to the management of sewage effluent discharges from settlements around Loch Etive including: Effluent from Connel and Dunbeg is now pumped to the sewage facility at Saulmore; Improvements made to Taynuilt Sewage Treatment Works (STW); First time sewerage at Bonawe; and UV disinfection process added to Taynuilt and Bonawe STWs.

Climate Change Rising water temperatures and greater nutrient run-off as a result of higher intensity rainfall events could exacerbate algal blooms, eutrophication and E. coli levels.

As described in section 2.3 of the plan, the upper basin of Loch Etive is more stratified than the lower basin and has poor deep-water circulation due to the shallow basin-dividing sill at Bonawe and significant fresh water input from multiple rivers. A brackish surface layer in the upper loch effectively isolates the bottom-water, resulting in seasonal low oxygen conditions.

Together with changes in precipitation patterns, higher temperatures will potentially increase stratification and reduce vertical oxygen transport to deeper waters and to the seafloor. Thus, predicted climate changes may very well increase the duration and severity of hypoxia (low oxygen conditions) in Loch Etive, a fjord that already is classed as one of the most sensitive Loch‟s in Scotland in terms of oxygen depletion (Gilibrand et al. 2007).

Litter and waste

About 80% of marine litter originates from land and up to 90% of the waste consists of plastics which may persist for considerable periods of time. Litter has an impact on wildlife the visual amenity of an area and can have an economic cost in terms of removing it. Coastal areas of Loch Etive affected by litter and debris were identified by local stakeholders during public meetings. Some of these areas are already targeted by local groups undertaking annual beach cleans and other areas affected by debris in locations that were less accessible were cleaned by the aquaculture industry.

Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Marine Scotland has specific requirements to meet regarding marine litter including ensuring that "properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment". Recognising that marine and coastal litter has multiple causes and is a challenging problem involving land and marine issues, Marine Scotland is leading the development of a Scottish marine litter strategy.

5.5.3 Water Quality for Shellfish Growing Bivalve molluscs such as mussels, scallops and oysters feed by filtering phytoplankton from the water and therefore pristine waters are essential for growing shellfish. Due to their filter feeding nature, shellfish will take up algal toxins, pathogens such as E.coli and other pollutants, which can accumulate in high levels in the tissue, making it unsuitable for human consumption. When considering the siting of new shellfish farms, it is important that developments are not close to any significant effluent discharges.

A research project investigating risk factors associated with cultured shellfish undertook a sanitary survey of Loch Etive in 2006/07. The Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF013) report found that the main source of bacterial contamination in Loch Etive was from agricultural run-off (Gillibrand et. al 2007). Local remediation was initiated by SEPA to address problem areas and improvements were made. However, current monitoring results of the Shellfish Growing Water do not appear to reflect improvements that can be directly attributed to this work. As part of the ongoing national diffuse pollution campaign, SEPA and partner organisations are promoting agricultural Best Management Practices and adherence to the diffuse pollution General Binding Rules (GBRs) under the Controlled Activities Regulations (CAR). Deleted: As part of an ongoing national Diffuse Pollution Initiative, SEPA is actively promoting agricultural The following designations aim to protect water quality for shellfish growing and the quality of shellfish Best Management Practices and is products for human consumption and their location is presented in Figure 5.5. developing new Diffuse Pollution GBRs to bolster the regulatory framework Shellfish Production Areas Shellfish Production Areas are designated under the EC Shellfish Hygiene Directive 91/492/EEC, and require monitoring to ensure that shellfish are fit for human consumption. These areas are classified by the Food Standards Agency Scotland on the basis of E. coli concentrations, from A to C according to the degree of contamination in samples of mollusc flesh. The regulations also states the degree of depuration treatment required before the produce can be marketed if the production area is classified as B or C.

Loch Etive has clean waters and has been listed as a category A from January to April 2010 and category B shellfish Harvesting Area from May to December. Detailed information can be found at the Food Standards Agency website7.

Shellfish Growing Waters Shellfish Growing Waters are designated under the EC Shellfish Waters Directive (2006/113 EC), which sets physical, chemical and microbiological water quality standards. This designation should contribute to improving and maintaining the quality of the shellfish that are harvested from these waters, protect the health of the people who consume them and thereby also assist the shellfish growing industry. Designation may also provide additional environmental benefits to local flora and fauna and other marine life, from cleaner water at these sites.

7 http://www.food.gov.uk/scotland/safetyhygienescot/shellmonitorscot/shellclassesscot/

Current SEPA Policy seeks to direct all new discharges of sewage effluent into soakaway arrangements wherever possible in an attempt to avoid direct discharges to designated areas, such as Shellfish Growing Waters. Where such discharges are unavoidable, licence conditions will be set to ensure the discharge is subject to an appropriate level of treatment that will allow the receiving waters to meet the relevant quality objectives and the relevant provisions of these Directives.

From 2013, Shellfish Growing Waters will no longer be designated and monitored under the Shellfish Waters Directive (2006) and will instead come under the WFD legislation. Exactly how this will work and the standards that will be applied have not yet been decided. However, irrespective of the details of the new regime, it is unlikely to be any less stringent than the current regime.

5.5.4 Management of the water environment SEPA has a duty to control discharges to surface water and tidal water out to the three-mile limit, and groundwater. This is done through legally binding authorisations issued to dischargers. Where they are assessed to be significant, discharges and their effects on the environment may be monitored by taking chemical or biological samples for laboratory analysis.

River Basin Planning SEPA has lead on the preparation of the River Basin Management Plan for the Scotland river basin Deleted: ed a district. River basin planning is a strategic decision-making process that integrates the management of land and water within river basin districts to deliver the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive. It aims to avoid deterioration and improve, where necessary, the ecological quality of rivers, lochs, estuaries, coastal and ground waters to good ecological status.

River basin planning in Argyll is being delivered by the Argyll and Lochaber Area Advisory Group who Deleted: Argyll Area Advisory Group has developed the Argyll and Lochaber Area Management Plan, which covers Loch Etive. This plan (AAG) provides an overview of the ecological status of all the water bodies in the area, the main pressures and the measures in place to improve water bodies to good ecological status and prevent deterioration as well as timescales for this. It also includes information on the pressures that are not subject to existing regulatory control such as aquatic and riparian non-native invasive plants and animals. An action plan and catchment summaries are being developed to provide more detailed and specific water body information to support this process. Further information and an interactive map showing the ecological status of all water bodies is available at www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_basin_planning.aspx

Scottish Water Asset Improvement Scottish Water‟s investment programme is planned in advance and includes upgrades to sewage works and public drinking water supply infrastructure. The planning of the investment programme is an on-going process undertaken in consultation with the wider public, which is known as Quality and Standards (Q & S). Many of the actions undertaken under Q and S will help to achieve improvements in water bodies which are currently failing the Water Framework Directive.

5.5.5 Current water quality status of Loch Etive As part of the River Basin Planning process, Scottish waters are required to be classified in accordance with their ecological status. Loch Etive itself is a transitional water body which is classified as being at good ecological status. Ardmucknish Bay and the west of the project area is within the Firth of Lorn (North) water body which is classified as moderate ecological status, but is predicted to improve to good status by 2015 or sooner subject to classification reviews.. Deleted: Most of Loch Etive is within the „Etive‟ coastal water-body which is classified as being at good ecological The Loch Etive Shellfish Growing Water is currently failing guideline standards, but is anticipated to status pass by 2021, following diffuse pollution priority catchment work. Deleted: The western part of the project is within the Firth of Lorn (North) There are a number of rivers flowing into Loch Etive which could influence its water quality. The River water-body, classified as being at Etive and the other tributaries are at good ecological status with the exception of Allt Nathais which is moderate status but is predicted to improve to good status by 2015. high ecological status, Allt Easach and Abhainn Dalach which are at moderate ecological status and the River Esragan which is at bad ecological status.

Figure 5.5 Location of Shellfish Growing Waters, Production Areas and monitoring points

5.5.6 Local agreement The following local agreement was discussed and agreed by the Loch Etive ICZM stakeholder group.

Shoreline debris and litter Issue Shoreline debris and litter was determined to be a potential problem at a number of locations in Loch Etive. Deleted: for aquaculture sites and Accumulation of general litter and occasional debris from aquaculture sites had been exacerbated by winter general litter storms in the past. Removal of litter/debris from problem areas has been undertaken by aquaculture Deleted: many sites companies and through existing local community beach cleans. Deleted: is Local management Agreement Deleted: Problem locations were identified and targeted Stakeholders should contact The GRAB Trust for advice and support if they would like to pursue clean-ups using the Marine Conservation Society method. Aquaculture companies agreed to collect any aquaculture Deleted: the debris if informed of their location by loch users. Contact details can be found in Appendix VII. Deleted: Deleted: Operators

5.5.7 Recommendations for Water Quality Home owners whose private sewage discharges into coastal waters or water courses that run into coastal waters, and do not have an authorisation to discharge (e.g. a Consent under the Control of Pollution Act, “COPA”) should register their discharge with SEPA under the Controlled Activities Regulations. If evidence comes to light that the current sea loch grouping of monitoring sites for classification of coastal water bodies including Loch Etive is not appropriate, the representativeness of monitoring points should be reviewed by SEPA. SEPA should be consulted prior to any future maintenance works on Connel Bridge, in order to encourage containment and good practice that will minimise the risk of losing sand blast material. The proposed diffuse pollution work on the candidate priority Loch Etive catchment, scheduled for 2015-2021 should be taken forward earlier if the opportunity arises. Scottish Water should reconsider undertaking a previously planned feasibility/scoping study to look at the problem of insufficient infrastructure to allow all houses in Connel to connect to the public sewer.

5.6 Climate Change

Due to the considerable maritime influences in Scotland, it is inevitable that changes in the seas caused by climate change will have environmental and socio-economic impacts on Scotland. Therefore, there is a need to improve confidence in both understanding what is happening, and in predicting the likely consequences of climate change within Scottish waters. Further research is required in order to monitor ongoing changes in local marine and coastal environments, and to better understand how future changes in climate may impact highly sensitive marine and coastal ecosystems and the services that they provide.

5.6.1 What are the risks to Loch Etive and its surrounding coast? It is clear that the potential effects of climate change are not well understood and the combination of different expected trends make it very difficult to estimate future risk and therefore appropriate management. However, there is strong evidence that in the short term, climate change can directly affect weather patterns increasing the frequency of storm and flooding events, and in the longer term, sea level rise and temperature increases.

The main potential effects from climate change on the human use of Loch Etive and its surrounding coast is summarised in Table 5.4. Currently some of the trends identified below are not being seen in Loch Etive, such as a predicted increase in water temperature and increased winter rainfall.

Table 5.4 Potential future effects of climate change relevant to Loch Etive8

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Coastal Future coastal flood risk in Scotland depends on a mix of global mean sea level rise, regional uplift flooding or depression of the land surface, tidal changes and changes in wave heights and the frequency and severity of storm surges.

Built Increased wave heights, sea-level rise and increased rates of erosion could increase damage to structures coastal structures.

Aquaculture Rising water temperatures could increase growth rates for some species (e.g. Atlantic salmon, mussels), but may also cause thermal stress for cold-water species (e.g. cod and Atlantic halibut) and intertidal shellfish (e.g. oysters). Farmed species may become more susceptible to a wider variety of diseases as temperatures increase. Increasing harmful algal and jellyfish blooms may lead to additional fish kills and closure of some shellfish production areas. Increased temperatures and more abundant plankton could also improve reproduction and settlement of „spat‟ at shellfish farms. Average precipitation may increase in winter months and become dryer in summer months over the next 50 years on the west coast of Scotland. This may lead to increased bacterial loading during the winter through increased volumes of sewage overflow discharges and land run-off.

Fisheries Ocean acidification may pose a significant threat to the UK shellfish industry, but more research is required. Changes in distribution shifts of fish stocks as a result of an increase in temperature may affect productivity and vulnerability of certain stocks to fishing fleets. Changes in climate may provide more favorable conditions for some fish stocks, particularly those that respond well to warmer waters, leading to enhanced fishing opportunities. Increased tendency for stratification could lead to offshore blooms including Karenia mikimotoi which has been associated with fish kills and benthic mortalities in coastal waters.

8 Data has been taken from the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership Annual Report Card 2010-2011 (http://www.mccip.org.uk/annual-report-card/2010-2011.aspx) and Scotland‟s Seas: Towards Understanding their State (Baxter et al. 2008).

Tourism Climate over the summer months is projected to become warmer and drier; with the potential to boost tourism and recreation opportunities for coastal communities. Increased visitor numbers could overwhelm small coastal communities with implications for energy, water and waste management and environmental degradation.

Biodiversity Together with changes in wind and precipitation patterns, higher temperatures will potentially increase stratification of sea lochs which could reduce oxygen transport to deeper waters and to the seafloor. Seabirds sit at the top of the marine food chain and will be impacted by changes in the availability of their prey. Models predict that the geographic range of the common gull and Arctic tern will shrink so that only Shetland and the most northerly tips of mainland Scotland will hold breeding colonies by 2100. Any increased storminess would reduce the amount of safe breeding habitat for shoreline-nesting species (e.g. terns) and create unfavourable foraging conditions at sea, which may lead to starvation of adults and chicks of some species. Increased coastal flood risk could affect seal haul-out and breeding sites in low-lying areas. Continued sea-level rise, and other climate change related factors are expected to have an impact on the extent, distribution and quality of various coastal habitats.

5.6.2 Coastal Flooding All Scottish mainland tide gauges have recorded sea-level rise over the last 100 years, however some regions will be more affected that others. Sea levels are also affected by meteorological conditions such as air pressure and winds which cause „surges‟ that can affect the predicted tide levels significantly. Future sea-level rise and a predicted increase in storm surges may increase the frequency and severity of coastal flooding around Loch Etive.

SEPA have developed the Indicative River and Coastal Flood Map (Scotland) which identifies areas of coast that are at risk of flooding from the sea. Areas estimated to have a 1 in 200 or greater chance of Deleted: SEPA have developed a being flooded in any given year are considered to be medium to high risk and have been considered predictive Flood Risk Map which identifies several areas of coast that are when developing policy guidance for each policy zone in section 7. Argyll and Bute Council require a at risk of flooding from the sea. „flood risk assessment‟ to be submitted with planning applications for vulnerable developments in these medium to high risk areas.

The main impacts from coastal flooding in the past has been flooding over the main roads (A85 and B845) and flooding of the sewage works at Taynuilt. In 2005 an embankment was washed away south of Achnaba on the B845.

Flood Risk Management SEPA is responsible for providing advice to local authorities on flood risk for planning purposes, and advice on flood prevention. The Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act places a duty on the Scottish Government, SEPA, Scottish Water and local authorities to better co-ordinate the assessment and management of flood risk. Whereas, current policy focuses on river and coastal flooding, the Act covers all sources of flooding, including overloaded sewers.

Local Transport Strategy 2007-2010. Includes actions relevant to managing the effects of climate change on the transport network. Monitor effects of climate change, (e.g. flooding, storm damage, coastal erosion), on the transport network and implement works as necessary.

5.6.3 Recommendations for Climate Change Support should be provided by relevant authorities to enable the aquaculture, fishing and leisure industries to take advantage of opportunities brought about by the effects of climate change and Deleted: Further research is required where possible safeguard against the negative effects. in order to monitor ongoing changes in local marine and coastal environments, and to better understand how future Recommendations and Good Practice that promote understanding, consideration and management of changes in climate may impact highly Climate Change, but are specific to particular marine and coastal activities, are included under the sensitive marine and coastal ecosystems and the services that they relevant activity section. provide.

6 Activities and Infrastructure

Within Loch Etive, a diverse range of activities occur such as aquaculture, commercial and recreational fishing, scuba diving, kayaking, sailing, charter boat operations and tourism. All of these activities depend to some degree on the health of the coastal and marine ecosystem, whilst other activities e.g. walking, rely more on the physical characteristics of the loch or the surrounding scenery. Therefore, all activities and their interaction with other interests need to be considered in an ICZM plan.

This section provides an overview of the current status of all the major activities that take place either within or adjacent to the loch is provided. Information is presented on the following: Economic value of the activity; Potential impacts and interactions; Existing management measures; and Considerations for future development and use.

Recommendations on future management, use and development have been developed based on information gathered and discussions with stakeholders and regulators throughout the development of this plan and marine and coastal users, developers and regulators are encouraged to take account of them. Specific actions following from them are presented in an Implementation Action plan in section 8.

Area-wide policies have been developed where required to guide sustainable use and development of these activities.

6.1 Aquaculture

6.1.1 Introduction Aquaculture is well established in Loch Etive, focussed on the culture of mussels and rainbow trout. Aquaculture production in Loch Etive began in the late 1970s and has been an important component of the local economy providing employment within the local area.

6.1.2 Existing Operators & Development Trout farming All rainbow trout farming in the loch is currently undertaken by Dawnfresh Farming Ltd. This Scottish Deleted: Dawnfresh Seafoods Ltd. owned and based seafood company is the largest supplier of trout and second largest of Scampi in Scotland, with trout farms also located in Loch Awe.

Dawnfresh has five sites in Loch Etive with up to three operating at any one time. The production cycle (grow out period) is approximately 18 months with a fallow period of 6 to 10 months for all sites. Deleted: and all sites other than To service the marine farms, the main shore-base is located at Inverawe and a smaller facility at Ardchattan are used in rotation with a fallow period of 6 to 10 months Ardchattan, adjacent to the pier. In 2009, Dawnfresh Farming Ltd. produced approximately 1500 tonnes of trout in Loch Etive. Deleted: Dawnfresh Seafoods Ltd. Deleted: 2,171 Mussel farming There are currently 14 individual mussel farm sites owned by five different companies. Muckairn Mussels and Celtic Sea own the largest number of sites, with Black Isles Seafoods, Kames and Forera owning the rest. Figure 6.1 shows the location of all existing aquaculture leases in Loch Etive.

6.1.3 Economics Aquaculture makes a significant contribution to the economy of Argyll and Bute and in particular to more remote and fragile areas. It is often the case within these areas that, although the actual numbers employed are low, the significance of them to the sustainability of these communities is very high. Aquaculture provides year round jobs which are important for coastal communities, although the increase in automation has resulted in a stabilising level of employment despite production increasing. Downstream jobs are also supported in transport, processing and support services and Scottish Government figures estimate that each aquaculture job supports a further 2.1 jobs in ancillary industries.

Loch Etive at one time produced 50% of the total Scottish production of Mytilus edulis, and at its peak in 2002, was producing 1000 tonnes and employing more than 30 people. By 2003-4, shells were noticeably thinner and the meat was of poor quality. A scientific study by Zbawicka et al. (2010) identified that these mussels were Mytilus trossulus, including hybrid species. The study suggests that this species may be a relic from the last ice age, although this is still questionable. Employment and production has since fallen dramatically to negligible levels.

Figure 6.1 Location of existing aquaculture leases and shore-bases 46

6.1.4 Potential Impacts and interactions between Aquaculture and other interests There is a range of potential effects on aquaculture development which are summarised in the table below.

Effects on Finfish Shellfish

Landscape Potential effects on landscape character, scenic quality and visual amenity

Water Quality Potential effects from release of nutrients, n/a occasional medicines and antifoulants

Benthic impacts Accumulation of solid wastes on the Accumulation of mussel shells on seabed, seabed particularly during grading.

Historic Potential effects on the setting of known coastal historic features and direct offshore impacts environment on shipwrecks

Wildfish Transfer of disease and parasites, and n/a populations effects from escapes of interbreeding and competition (see section 5.2 for more detail).

Marine wildlife Potential for operation of aquaculture sites Potential for the operation of the site to disturb to disturb marine mammals and seabirds wildlife and avian predators and interaction with predators

Spread of INNS n/a Invasive non-native species can be introduced through importation or translocation of shellfish stocks

Navigation Potential to create hazards to navigation

Other users Potential to compete for space with other sectors e.g. commercial fisheries and recreational anchoring

Existing Potential effects on the management of n/a aquaculture disease and parasites sites

Noise Potential to be a source of noise pollution due to activities associated with the construction and operation of the facility

In many cases, the potential for conflict can be removed or significantly minimised through: siting development in appropriate locations and at an appropriate scale; appropriate mitigation measures, and the adherence to codes of good practice and management agreements.

6.1.5 Existing Management and Controls for Finfish Aquaculture There is wide range of legislation, national policy and guidance that is relevant to the regulation and operation of aquaculture in Scotland, which has been summarised in Appendix IX. The existing management and controls that are specifically relevant to aquaculture in Loch Etive are discussed below.

Locational Guidelines for the Authorisation of Marine Fish Farms in Scottish Waters Loch Etive as a single water body is listed under the Scottish Government‟s Locational Guidelines as a Category 3 area. Designated areas are based on predictive modelling of nutrient enhancement and benthic impact conducted by the Fisheries Research Services. Category 3 areas are the least sensitive and show the lowest potential for environmental impact. Therefore, they offer the best prospects for obtaining permission for aquaculture development, although each case is still considered carefully and site-specific modelling is run for each application.

The upper basin water-body of Loch Etive is not mixed as regularly as the lower basin meaning that it

47 may be at a higher risk from nutrient enhancement. The Scottish Association for Marine Science has been undertaking research looking at hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions in aquatic ecosystems in relation to global warming and has found that the deep water of Loch Etive is turned over every 16 months. Therefore, the upper basin may be more susceptible to enrichment than the whole loch, as currently modelled.

Marine Scotland has re-modelled both basins separately to provide a better spatial resolution and the conclusions suggest that there is still capacity in both the upper and lower loch , based on nutrient discharges and benthic impacts and both the upper and lower loch, modelled as individual bodies of water, are still identified as Category 3. Landscape capacity will limit the maximum tonnage of finfish development in the upper and lower basins well before the level needed to change these basins to Category 1.

Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture Dawnfresh Farming Ltd. is an active British Trout Association (BTA) Member, and operates to the Deleted: Dawnfresh Seafoods Ltd. Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation Code of Good Practice (CoGP) for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture. The CoGP is incorporated into the BTA Quality Trout Standard and the company are audited on both.

Aquaculture and Fisheries (Scotland) Act 2007 This Act makes provision in relation to finfish farms for sea lice control and containment of fish. It gives Marine Scotland inspectors powers to inspect fish farms to ensure that satisfactory measures are in place for control of sea lice, containment of farmed fish, prevention of escapes and recovery of escaped fish.

Authorisation of Fish Farm Businesses All new fish farms are required to register with Marine Scotland which ensures that the fish health status of Scottish waters can be monitored, maintained and improved.

Area Management Agreements In Scotland, local Area Management Groups (AMGs) have been established, comprising representatives from local fish farming companies and local wild salmonid interests, with a goal to promote and maintain the good health of wild and farmed salmonids through an Area Management Agreement (AMA).

Loch Etive is now managed as part of one large management area that encompasses the Linnhe, Lorn Etive Sound of Mull & Sunart area. Dawnfresh and Argyll Fisheries Trust are members of the Area Management Group for this AMA. Due to the brackish nature of the loch, Sea lice are not Deleted: Sea lice is not currently a currently considered to be a problem on trout farms and sea lice treatments have not been used, problem at trout farms and sea lice treatments have never had to be used although as a precaution, SEPA discharge consents for lice treatments are in place on the majority of farms in Loch Etive and it is the intention of Dawnfresh to apply this to all sites.

Predator Control Top nets are used to control seabirds and mink are trapped on cages and close by on the adjacent shore. In relation to seals, heavy duty, well tensioned nets with a false bottom are used which provide greater resistance to seal attack. Acoustic deterrent devices are used if needed. Dawnfresh Seafood Ltd. is part of the Lismore Seal SAC Aquaculture and Fisheries Action Group and operates within a code of good conduct to try and exclude seals from damaging the nets and farmed fish. The last option, should all other measures fail, would be to shoot an individual persistent seal.

The Marine (Scotland) Act has repealed the Conservation of Seals Act 1970 and has brought in new arrangements for seal conservation and predator control options for fisheries and fish farmers. A licence is now required to shoot seals at any time of the year. Reporting and monitoring is a requirement of the licence. These new arrangements should improve the balance between seal conservation and seal management.

6.1.6 Existing Management and Controls for Shellfish Aquaculture Association of Scottish Shellfish Growers (ASSG) Code of Good Practice The majority of shellfish farmers in Loch Etive adhere to the ASSG Code of Good Practice9 which aims to ensure that „activities are managed in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner that is in harmony with the needs of other marine and shoreline users.‟ It covers establishing and locating a shellfish farm, environmental impacts, monitoring, husbandry, use of equipment and materials, waste management, health and safety, training and depuration.

Predator Control The main predators of farmed mussels in Loch Etive are Eider Ducks, Golden Eyes, crabs and starfish. Bird predators are controlled by having a presence on the water.

6.1.7 Required Consents for Finfish Development Aquaculture developments are subject to a range of complex regulatory and consenting procedures.

Required Finfish Shellfish Regulator Details Consents

Seabed Lease   The Crown Estate Where the foreshore/seabed is owned by The Crown Estate an operator must apply for a lease for the right to occupy the site.

Planning   Argyll and Bute Applications for new or modifications to existing Permission Council/Highland marine fish farms are made to the relevant Council planning authority.

CAR  Scottish SEPA regulate discharges through the Water Authorisation Environment Environment (Controlled Activities) Regulations Protection Agency 2005 by issuing CAR authorisations and monitor (SEPA) authorised discharges.

Coast   Scottish Section 34 consent is required for the installation Protection Act Government, of any new farm or modification of an existing 1949 - Section Ports and farm. The purpose of control under Section 34 is 34 Consent Harbours Division solely concerned with the safety of navigation.

Further information on the procedure for applying for planning permission for a new finfish farm or modification of an existing farm can be found on the Scottish Government website10.

6.1.8 Future Development Section 7 of the plan assesses the potential for new finfish development or expansion of existing sites across different areas of Loch Etive. Due to the amount of existing sites in Loch Etive, the loch is either at or approaching landscape capacity in many places, therefore little capacity for new development has been identified. Although some farm sites are not in use or not currently utilising the maximum amount of equipment (cages, rafts & longlines) that they are consented for, when assessing landscape capacity they have to be treated as if they are developed to their full capacity.

This means that there is currently existing unused capacity in Loch Etive, especially for mussel sites and there is likely to be opportunities to maximise the production of both trout and mussels in the loch through rationalisation of existing sites.

9 http://www.assg.co.uk/index.htm 10 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/Fish-Shellfish/18716

Future consolidation and swapping of sites Future consolidation/rationalisation of existing developments may offer the greatest opportunity for maximising production of trout and mussel farming in Loch Etive. Therefore, basic guidance is being developed to help companies maximise environmental and economic benefits should they choose to rationalise their operations. This guidance will look at potential benefits in terms of landscape, wild fish interactions, interaction with commercial fishing ground and navigation to help identify win-win opportunities. As part of this work, a new landscape assessment is underway that is looking at the capacity of Loch Etive as if no aquaculture development was present. However, consolidation has to be driven by and lead to economic benefits for the companies involved, due to the cost of relocating sites. This guidance will be separate to the plan but a link to it is included in the Aquaculture policy in section 6.1.9.

Trout farming Loch Etive is ideal for growing trout as they prefer brackish and freshwater conditions. As sea lice do not thrive in brackish water, there is a reduced risk for chemical bath treatments often associated with Deleted: there is no need for the finfish farming in full saltwater locations. Dawnfresh are keen to better utilise their existing sites and chemical bath treatments are considering the potential for mussel farmers to utilise trout farms that are fallowed for periods of up to 2 years. They would also be happy to farm as far up the loch as possible as lower salinity is beneficial for trout farming.

Interaction with wild migratory salmonids This plan does not discourage new finfish operators from applying for new finfish sites in Loch Etive. However, it does actively encourage operators to discuss new development proposals in detail with the existing Area Management Group (see section 6.1.4) and wild fish interests, prior to submitting a planning application. New applications would need to demonstrate that it would be possible to operate any new site to the same standards as are currently in place and that the existing aims and objectives of the AMA can be maintained.

Escapes from trout farms in Loch Etive have been an issue in the past and Dawnfresh have been improving equipment with all sites now using circular cages. Containment is a key priority for the finfish industry, wild fish interests and other regulators and new development proposals will need to demonstrate that all reasonable steps to prevent escapes of stock will be taken.

Shellfish farming Mussels Mussel farming in the loch is no longer economically viable due to the presence of Mytilus trossulus on existing mussel lines and rafts. The existing mussel farmers are seeking a solution to this problem through a Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF) research project working with the relevant government agencies. Through this project it is proposed to eradicate this species from artificial farming structures by stripping mussel ropes and letting natural predators consume them on the seabed.

Once existing sites have been cleared of this species, they will be kept fallow until monitoring of mussel spat indicates that the preferred mussel species (Mytilus edulis) will not be over-settled by Mytilus trossulus. During this period the existing companies have agreed not to apply for new or expansion to existing mussel sites.

Due to the current difficulties in growing mussels, existing shellfish companies may wish to change the existing use of sites to trout farming or look at developing polyculture (shellfish and algae grown together), or looking at the possibilities for algae farming trials. In addition, there is interest to look at the potential to collect and grow spat in shore-based hatcheries with associated genetic work on selection for growth, yield and immunity to algal toxins.

Currently there are no locational guidelines or standard models to assess the biological carrying capacity for shellfish development, although an ongoing SARF project is looking at the potential for such a model. A basic model used in Shetland to estimate the capacity of individual voes suggests if all shellfish sites were fully developed in Loch Etive they would be well below carrying capacity.

Other shellfish At present, mussels are the only species of shellfish grown in the loch. Views from existing shellfish growers in the area are that there is little potential for scallop or oyster culture in Loch Etive. Other than Ardmucknish Bay, the conditions in Loch Etive itself are generally not felt to be suitable for scallops. For oysters, where suitable substrate exists the shore is either too steeply sloping or is too exposed for culture of this species. Other areas like Dunstaffnage Bay and Airds Bay are too close to built up areas with a higher risk of contamination. Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe may have suitable shoreline, but the proximity to the existing boat moorings and potential for marina development would be conflicting.

Seaweed and polyculture Seaweed is currently being used as food source; fertiliser and animal feed in many countries, but may also have the potential to become a major source of biofuel. Growing biofuel in the sea has advantages over growing on land, as seaweed does not require soil and is already supplied with all the water it needs. In partnership with Irish researchers, the Scottish Association for Marine Science are undertaking a project (Biomara11) which aims to demonstrate the feasibility and viability of producing biofuel from seaweed and microalgae, as an alternative to agri-fuels production from terrestrial land plants.

Macroalgae can take up nitrogen from sea water at high rates and there is now a consensus that at least 80% of the total dissolved inorganic nitrogen from fish farming is plant-available. Removing nutrients generated by fish farming by harvesting macroalgae grown in the vicinity of cages would potentially alleviate local nutrient pollution and result in further net losses of nutrients from coastal ecosystems. By using macroalgae that are also of commercial value, as human or animal food, their cultivation will generate a secondary income for the fish farmer and an economic as well as an environmental incentive (Sanderson 2006).

There is interest from trout and shellfish companies in growing algae, either alongside existing production or as an alternative to mussel farming. At the moment the potential benefits from growing algae alongside finfish are not able to be considered by SEPA when determining the biomass of fish that can be grown in a particular location as part of the CAR licence. This removes a potential incentive for finfish farmers considering polyculture.

Undeveloped sites There is concern nationally about the number of finfish and shellfish sites that have a Crown Estate seabed lease, but have not been developed. Undeveloped sites can inhibit future development as they have to be treated as if they were fully developed when identifying the potential for new sites.

It is noted that some sites may no longer be economically viable to operate and in some situations owners of a lease may be reluctant to give it up as it is seen as an asset. Argyll and Bute Council is supportive of unused leases either being developed or relinquished in order to give others the opportunity to use these sites where appropriate. Allowances will however be made for mussel farm companies that are currently fallowing their sites in order to eradicate Mytilus trossulus. As discussed above Argyll and Bute Council encourage the consideration of options for consolidation of small uneconomical sites to fewer larger sites as a way of removing small uneconomical sites and maximising the capacity of an area.

Inactive developed or partially developed sites can fall into a state of disrepair and present a hazard to other users and the environment. Inactive or relinquished sites are encouraged to remove all surface equipment and seabed equipment where it is deemed necessary to allow safe use of the area by other interests and removal will not result in significant adverse environmental effects. Planning conditions will be added to all new aquaculture permissions in order to ensure sites are maintained and not left in a state of disrepair.

11 www.biomara.org

Other Finfish Species Cod Farming Although the industry is still new and much is still to be learned about the environmental impacts, the farming of cod shows potential for future expansion in Argyll. Research is currently being conducted into cod diseases and viruses, and cod do require to be vaccinated against the common disease, vibriosis. Organic cod may offer further market potential, however the cost of growing fewer fish to meet organic welfare standards is economically challenging.

Halibut Farming Halibut, once considered as by-catch, is a premium product with fishmongers and a popular choice of restaurants and the public. However, due to low stock levels, wild halibut is now considered an unsustainable species by the Marine Conservation Society with farmed halibut recommended as a sustainable alternative. Halibut have been farmed in Argyll since 1999 by Kames Ltd. at Kilmelford. Currently Otter Ferry Seafish, based in Loch Fyne, is the only halibut hatchery in Scotland that produces young fish. Therefore, with this local resource, there is potential to develop the industry in Argyll.

The brackish nature of Loch Etive is not thought to be a constraint to farming these species and farming of the flatfish, turbot has found that this species performs better in brackish water, rather than full strength seawater.

6.1.9 Aquaculture Policy

POLICY LE AQ1 – AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENT

PART A – Policy Framework There is general support for shellfish and finfish development subject to development proposals being consistent with: general policies (Policy LE GEN 1 & Policy LE INNS 1); policy guidance in the relevant policy zone (Section 7); relevant Argyll and Bute Development Plan policies, within the Argyll and Bute Council area of Loch Etive, in particular policy LP AQUA 1; and relevant Highland Development Plan policies, within the Highland Council area of Loch Etive.

PART B - Other considerations Proposals for finfish developments should take account of the Locational Guidelines for Loch Etive. Development applications for new sites or modifications to existing sites should consider SNH guidance on landscape - Siting and Design of Aquaculture (2000). Developers are encouraged to informally consult with the relevant Council Planning Service and relevant local stakeholders prior to submitting a planning application for a new or modified site.

PART C – Consolidation and reorganisation of existing sites Future proposals to consolidate or reorganise existing development sites will be supported where proposals are consistent with PART A of this policy.

Such proposals are encouraged to consider the following: any available spatial guidance on areas that are most suitable for development; potential environmental benefits, including landscape, habitats and species and wild migratory salmonids; potential benefits in terms of site management, including disease control and escapes; potential benefits to communities and commercial and recreational activities: and increased economic viability and socio-economic benefits

To allow proper assessment of consolidation proposals, all changes to existing sites that are part of a

52 single consolidation proposal should be dealt with through single planning applications for each new or amended site with all applications submitted at the same time. This will allow the consideration of 'net benefits' to be assessed as part of the proposals.

PART D – Voluntary/statutory management Aquaculture operators are encouraged to sign up to and operate under the following voluntary management and codes of conduct during their operation Association of Scottish Shellfish Growers Code of Good Practice; British Trout Association Quality Trout Standard; Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture; Linnhe, Lorn, Etive, Sound of Mull & Sunart Area Management Agreement. (See Appendix X for website links)

Justification This policy covers marine shellfish and finfish development in the coastal waters and intertidal area of Loch Etive, Dunstaffnage Bay and Ardmucknish Bay. The policy has taken account of the National Framework for Scottish Aquaculture, including the Renewed Framework for Scottish Aquaculture, Scottish Planning Policy, Scottish Government Locational Guidance and other sources of guidance. There is general support for aquaculture development as an important component of the economy, subject to proposals being consistent with relevant Argyll and Bute and Highland Development Plan polices and other policies in this plan, including specific policy guidance for each policy zone. This will help guide future aquaculture development to appropriate areas by taking account of other activities and environmental sensitivities. The policy sets out key guidance that should be considered when developing proposals and encourages pre-application consultation with relevant stakeholders and local authority planning officers. Consolidation and rationalisation of existing sites is supported in order to maximise the economic potential of the area and this policy encourages such proposals to consider available guidance and possible benefits for the environment and other users. Finally, the policy identifies important voluntary management agreements and codes of conducts that aquaculture operators are encouraged to sign up to and operate within, in order to minimise effects on the environment and other users.

6.1.10 Recommendations for Aquaculture To support consideration of future development proposals, including consolidation options, existing or new tidal stream data should be used to assist identification of areas that are both suitable and unsuitable for shellfish and finfish farming in Loch Etive. The development or relinquishment of undeveloped seabed leases for aquaculture sites should be encouraged, in order to give others the opportunity to use these sites. Inactive or relinquished sites are encouraged to remove all surface equipment and seabed equipment where it is deemed necessary to allow safe use of the area by other interests, and where removal will not result in significant adverse environmental effects. After a new farm has been installed, accurate GPS positions of anchors and equipment surface area should be taken and forwarded to the local authority, The Crown Estate and Scottish Government (Ports and Harbours) so that records can be updated. Guidance should be provided for recreational sea anglers on fishing close to aquaculture sites including advice on preventing damage to farm equipment and safety. The effect of new finfish development on wild migratory salmonids, monitored through the existing Area Management Agreement and work of its members should feed into subsequent planning decisions. As part of the work of the local AMA, a sea lice dispersion model should be developed for Loch Etive, to provide spatial guidance for finfish development and management.

6.2 Commercial Fishing

6.2.1 Introduction Argyll and Bute has the second highest proportion of fishermen as percentage of the total workforce in Scotland (Donnelley 2009). This region is therefore highly fishing-dependent, underlining economic and social importance of commercial fishing. The local fleet, once reliant on herring and whitefish, now targets shellfish species using a variety of fishing methods.

The fishery region of Loch Etive falls within the West of Scotland Fishery District, and the ICES fishing area VIa. The main fishing harbour for Loch Etive is Oban. The main target species is Nephrops norvegicus (otherwise known as prawns, langoustine or scampi), with other crab species also important in particular areas. Much of Loch Etive is Nephrops ground which is targeted by local creel boats. The most important area for commercial fishing is however Ardmucknish Bay which is frequently creel fished for prawns. In addition, velvet swimming crabs (Necora puber) are targeted on the north shore and green crab (Carcinus maenas) at other locations in the bay. Occasionally trawlers fish for Nephrops in Ardmucknish Bay and utilise the north of the bay as far as the wreck of the Breda.

In the past, trawlers have fished in Airds Bay on rare occasions but the distance required to steam this far up the loch makes this an uneconomical and therefore unattractive option compared to targeting other fishing grounds. Figure 6.2 provides a snapshot of approximate areas used for different methods of commercial fishing at the time of plan preparation.

6.2.2 Economics Providing an accurate assessment of fishing activity and fisheries statistics in Loch Etive is difficult as it is a small area within the Oban district port and the area is fished by both local and non local vessels. The following figures, taken from Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics for 2008 are therefore focussed on the Argyll and Bute region and Oban district12.

Argyll and Bute Oban district

Employment 513 268

Landings (weight) - 3,500 tonnes

Landings (value) £20.1 million £8.5 million

99% of weight and value of landings for the Oban district were for shellfish species with Nephrops making up 47% of landings.

6.2.3 Potential Impacts and interactions with other interests Potential Impacts Effects are dependent on the intensity and distribution of fishing, the type of fishing gear used and the sensitivity of the seabed habitats involved. • Trawling and creeling remove both the target species and result in bycatch of other species. • The use of benthic trawls can result disturbance to the seabed. Some seabed habitats and species are particularly sensitive to disturbance such as maerl beds, flame shell beds, the tall sea pen and fireworks anemones. While small numbers of the fireworks anemone have been recorded at the head of Loch Etive, trawling does not occur in this area. • Historic environment – trawling has the potential to affect ship wrecks, through direct contact and potential disturbance of sediments. It is however not in the interest of fishing vessels to fish over or in close vicinity of wrecks due to the risk of entanglement and gear damage and none of the wrecks in Loch Etive are currently designated.

12 Oban district includes the ports of Coll, Fort William, Loch Buie, Loch Scridain, Luing, Oban, Tiree & Tobermory

Figure 6.2 Location of fishing activity in Loch Etive 55

Loch Etive is an important area for spurdog, also known as spiny dogfish, and may be a pupping area for this species. Spurdog are especially susceptible to overexploitation and long lasting depletion due to their exceptionally slow growth, late maturity, and small litters. Long-lining targeting this species has occurred in the past, focusing on Loch Etive, the Sound of Mull and Loch Sunart.

Interactions New developments such as finfish or shellfish farms, marine renewable devices, or moorings have the potential to restrict access to existing fishing grounds. Although some developments may involve relatively small areas of seabed the cumulative effect of many developments can be considerable.

6.2.4 Existing Management and Controls Finfish fisheries and the Nephrops fishery are managed through the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The CFP sets Total Allowable Catches (TAC) for these fisheries and allocates quotas to Member States based on historic fishing rights. The CFP also includes a range of technical measures including fishing gear regulations and minimum landing sizes. The Scottish Government manages quota for fish stocks and controls the activities of fishing vessels and fishing effort (days spent at sea) out to 12 nautical miles. The spurdog is one of only a few species of sharks for which the EU limits catch. ICES has recommended ending targeted fisheries for spurdog in the Northeast Atlantic through a single Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limit of zero, applicable to all areas where spurdog are caught in the Northeast Atlantic. ICES scientists also advise the establishment of measures to reduce bycatch of spurdog to the lowest level possible.

Inshore Fisheries Within 12 nm of Scotland's coast the Scottish Government has the ability to take non-discriminatory conservation measures. Since 1984, inshore fisheries in Scotland have been regulated primarily through the Inshore Fishing (Scotland) Act 1984. This Act enables Ministers to regulate fishing in inshore waters by prohibiting combinations of the following: • all fishing for sea fish • fishing for a specified description of sea fish • fishing by a specified method • fishing from a specified description of fishing boat • fishing from or by means of any vehicle, or any vehicle of a specific description • fishing by means of a specified description of equipment

Inshore Fisheries Groups Recent developments in fisheries management includes the setting up of Inshore Fisheries Groups13 (IFGs). The aim of these groups is to put fishermen at the heart of decision making, draw on expertise that already exists within fishing communities, and to strike a fair balance between competing demands in Scotland's inshore waters. Each IFG is required to develop a Management Plan for their area. Whilst plans will reflect specific and localised priorities, they also need to fit with wider strategic national goals such as sustainable stocks, a healthy marine environment and a profitable fishing sector that supports strong coastal communities.

Loch Etive falls within the South West IFG area, which is one of many areas where a management group has yet to be set up. Two IFGs have already been set up as pilots in Argyll and Bute (Mull & the Small Isles and the Clyde) and the Scottish Government will be making a decision on if and how the remaining IFGs will be established once a review of these pilots is complete.

Enforcement Marine Scotland Compliance, formerly the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency (SFPA), co-ordinates an enforcement programme for the monitoring, control and surveillance of sea fishing activity. Marine Scotland Compliance also undertakes investigations and prosecutions when breaches of the regulations are identified.

13 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/Sea-Fisheries/InshoreFisheries/IFGsMap

6.2.5 Commercial Fishing Policy

POLICY LE FISH1 – COMMERCIAL SEA FISHING

In order to encourage sustainable inshore fishing activities, the Loch Etive ICZM Plan supports: the establishment of the South West Inshore Fisheries Group; the development of new and increased uptake of existing fishing measures and practices, such as measures to reduce bycatch and capture of undersized prawns; the needs of local commercial fishing interests being taken into account in proposals for harbour and waterfront development and projects; a presumption against long-lining in Loch Etive, in order to protect the important spurdog population in the loch.

Justification Commercial sea fishing is of cultural significance and is a key component of the rural economy of Argyll and Bute. It is important that this industry is managed sustainably for the benefit of local communities and the environment, and it is for these reasons that more local control and management of inshore fisheries is supported. There is also a need for ongoing investment in maintaining facilities such as ports, piers and jetties and access to these facilities has been identified as important to the industry. The spurdog population in Loch Etive is of significant biodiversity and recreational interest and is very vulnerable to targeted long-line fishing.

6.2.6 Recommendations for Commercial Fishing Long-lining in Loch Etive is discouraged in order to protect the important spurdog population in the loch and other vulnerable shark and ray species. Accreditation for sustainably fished products through schemes such as the Marine Stewardship Council is encouraged.

Deleted: <#>Support should be provided by relevant authorities to enable the aquaculture and fishing industries to take advantage of the positive effects of climate change and where possible safeguard against the negative effects.¶

6.3 Recreational Activities

There are a wide range of recreational activities occurring within the loch and along its shores such as sea angling, kayaking, scuba diving, sailing and walking. A number of local businesses are orientated around these activities and they are important to the wellbeing of those living by and visiting the loch.

The location of recreational activities and infrastructure is presented in the maps for each individual policy zone in section 7 of the plan.

6.3.1 Sea Angling Loch Etive is one of the most important and well known sea angling locations on the West coast of Scotland where angling is available year round from both boat and the shore. It is thought that around 20% of angling is from boats and 80% being conducted from the numerous fishing marks, particularly on the north shore (Radford et al. 2009).

The unique environment of the loch attracts a wide range of fish with a species division either side of Bonawe narrows. There are some excellent shore marks for pollack with fish around the 6lb mark fairly common. Bottom fishing from the shore will produce a wide variety of sea species but boat fishing will yield a greater number, with a total of 33 different species recorded as having been caught. Spurdog fishing in the loch is good with the Scottish shore record of 15lb 3oz was caught here in 1991.

Shore angling The lower loch is easily accessible from the A85 and the B845. The most popular marks on the northern shore are Ardchattan Priory and Bonawe Quarry. Further marks along the forestry road north of the Quarry can be accessed by foot via a rough coastal track and coastal paths. Popular southern Deleted: past shore marks include Connel Bridge, the bays west of Achnacloich, Airds Bay and Taynuilt Pier. Deleted: are accessed [Insert photo 12] Deleted: s

Boat angling Boat angling is popular and is the best way to access the upper loch. The main access points are Dunstaffnage Marina, Connel, Bonawe, Airds Bay and Taynuilt Jetty. The most important of these sites is Taynuilt as it is easy to the upper loch and boat launching is relatively easy.

The Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network (SSACN) holds annual angling competition competitions and tagging events, including the Spurdog Tagathon weekend, which takes place annually in late autumn and is centered on Lochs Sunart and Etive. This event aims to tag as many fish as possible from the shore and boat; to highlight the urgent need for shark conservation in Scottish waters.

The „Laura Dawn‟ operates half-day trips from Airds Bay and Firth of Lorn Charters („M.V Creagallan‟) based in Oban provides general sea angling charters in Loch Etive, departing and returning via Taynuilt.

6.3.2 Sea kayaking The Oban/Firth of Lorn area is recognised as a world class sea kayak venue with visitors from the UK and overseas coming to experience the sea lochs and tidal races. This activity has rapidly expanded in recent years and Oban now has one large, two medium and two small companies providing sea kayak coaching, guiding and rental. Many independent paddlers and club groups also come to the area for sea kayaking.

Loch Etive is an important sea kayak and open canoe venue and provides a sheltered environment for coaching beginners and intermediate paddlers and for trips for experienced paddlers when conditions make it unwise to go further out. In particular, the lower loch is sheltered in strong South East to South West winds and the upper loch reasonably sheltered in strong SE or NW winds. The scenery, wildlife and variety of conditions are all part of the kayaking experience.

The falls of Lora at the Connel narrows are considered to be of international importance as a site for challenging paddling conditions for both sea and white water paddlers14, where 8 knot currents and white water features on salt water are directly accessible by road. Although visited less than the lower loch, upper Loch Etive is still an important area and the whole length can be traversed end to end as a day trip, but more often as a two to three day trip.

The main access points for this activity are the car park at the Falls of Lora, Achnacloich and both Airds Bay and Taynuilt Pier. Groups visiting the Falls of Lora also park on the north side of Connel Bridge and walk down a steep slope to get to the shore. Achnacloich is a key access location for many of the local sea kayak providers as it is the most reliably sheltered.

6.3.3 Scuba Diving Most divers from outwith the area normally focus on the Firth of Lorn and Sound of Mull as the key locations in the Oban area. While Loch Etive offers a wide range of different dive sites with generally good visibility, most diving is undertaken by divers that are local to the area or have abandoned other dive sites for Loch Etive in bad weather.

There are at least 20 identified dives sites, offering a choice of intact wrecks, pinnacles, wall and drop- offs, many of which are promoted by dive guides such as „Dive West Scotland‟, dive club websites and local businesses. Some of the most spectacular diving can be found at the Falls of Lora, dived mostly at slack water but also as a drift dive, where there are abundant dahlia anemones, shell hash beds and sponges along the vertical walls. Other popular dives sites include vertical walls and cliff faces at McKinley's Cliff, which support a variety of colourful, diverse marine life, including cup corals and sea squirts, the wreck of the SS Breda in Ardmucknish Bay and an overhanging cliff face at Dunfuinary.

British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC) Dalriada Diving are based in Oban and provide guided dives for club members. Puffin Dive Centre operates out of Oban, offering instruction, tank refills and hire of their vessels for sports divers. Dive charters on the TSMV Gannet are also available, running out of Oban.

There are few places to launch dive boats along the loch, and boats are often launched from Ganavan, near Oban or Dunstaffnage Marina which offers services for divers including compressed air. Divers staying at Tralee Chalet Park or Ledaig Caravan Park can launch across the shore at these locations. The privately owned slip at Fisherman‟s Wharf (Camas Bruiach Ruiadhe) can also be used with permission. Taynuilt is also an important launching location as it provides the easiest access to dives sites in the upper loch. Boat access here is usually across the foreshore just before Taynulit pier.

6.3.4 Sailing, Marine Wildlife Watching and Other Water Sports Sailing and boating Argyll and the Islands are regarded by many as one of the finest sailing areas in the world. The plethora of islands ensures that sheltered waters are always available for a pleasant day sail, whilst for those seeking greater adventure it is also possible to undertake longer coastal and offshore passages.

While recreational boating is popular throughout the Loch Etive, the loch itself is not used greatly for sailing and activity focuses around the large marina in Dunstaffnage Bay, and adjacent bays west up to Connel bridge. Dunstaffnage is also the base for the charter company „Alba Sailing‟ which has 14 sail boats available for charter.

Access to the loch is constrained by the Falls of Lora, and although there are numerous private moorings in the sheltered bays in the lower loch, once beyond the narrows at Bonawe there is no infrastructure.

14 www.fallsoflora.info

There are many moorings located in the loch with association moorings at Dunstaffnage, Achnacree and Taynuilt. Private moorings are focussed at Camas Bruaich Ruiadhe, Connel, near Ardchattan Priory and Bonawe. Although there are a number of anchorages in the loch, the depth of many areas adjacent to the shore, particularly in the upper loch make anchoring difficult.

Dunstaffnage Marina and other coastal infrastructure are discussed in more detail in section 6.5.1.

Marine Wildlife Watching Etive Cruises and Coastal Connections offer day cruises/trips up Loch Etive, focussed on wildlife and scenery. In addition, many other recreational activities such as diving, kayaking, sailing, angling and coastal walking offer opportunities to view marine wildlife which are considered as an important part of the experience. The main wildlife species of interest above the water are otters, seals, golden eagles and other coastal birds.

Other Water Sports Jet skiing has increased in popularity over recent years and occasionally takes place in Ardmucknish Bay and Airds Bay. There has also been an increase in more powerful motor boats using the loch.

6.3.5 Coastal Walks and beach recreation There are a variety of paths around the shores of Loch Etive and in the neighbouring hills offering opportunities for walkers, cyclists, mountain bikers and horse riders. Many of these paths provide impressive views of the loch and Ben Cruachan, as well as opportunities to view local wildlife. Coastal paths are accessible on the both sides of the upper loch. However, the condition of the track/path on the east side of the loch is variable in stretches.

A number of existing coastal paths have been identified as proposed core paths by Argyll and Bute Council and Highland Council which are of importance to residents and visitors.

Tralee Bay at the north of Ardmucknish Bay is a long sandy beach, which leads to a pebble shore stretching round the coast to Ledaig Point. The beach is well used by local residents and visitors to the area and is accessible by vehicle or foot, via a rough single track road. A small car park is situated adjacent to the main road (Kiel road), opposite the track and limited parking is available at the top of the beach, above the high tide mark.

6.3.6 Economics Sea Angling In 2009, the Scottish Government undertook an economic assessment of recreational sea angling in Scotland15 and the following information is taken from this report. Argyll and Lochaber was identified as Scotland‟s second most important region for sea angling with Taynuilt identified as the third most important launch site. Table 5.1 compares estimated angler days, revenue and income, for Scotland, Argyll and Lochaber and Loch Etive.

Table 5.1 Annual angler days, revenue and income for sea angling in Loch Etive

Angler days Revenue/expenditure Income supported (£million) (£million)

Scotland 252,600 141 69.7

Argyll and Lochaber 105,000 22.6 8.4

Loch Etive 44,300 4.1 1.5

15 Economic Impact of Recreational Sea Angling in Scotland (Radford et.al 2009) www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/07/31154700/0 It should be noted that the calculation of these estimates are extremely complex and figures for expenditure relate to both d irect and indirect costs, including fuel, food, bait, charter costs, accommodation, boat & rod hire, clothing and books.

In addition to general angling, the annual SSACN Tagathon event and a number of different angling competitions make a significant economic contribution to the area.

Sailing Figures of economic value for the geographical area covered by this plan are not available. Of all the water-based activity, sailing is considered to be the biggest generator of economic activity. In 2005 the British Marine Federation predicted that the UK leisure boating industry was on course to providing up to 30,000 jobs with a turnover of £2 billion, such was the growth in this sector across the UK. A study of the sailing industry in Scotland estimated that the marine leisure and tourism sector was worth £211 million (at 2001 prices) (Mackenzie Wilson Partnership Report, MWP, 2006).

Kayaking Oban has five companies providing sea kayak coaching, guiding and rental. There are also two shops in Oban that sell sea kayaks and equipment. Table 5.2 summarises the capacity in terms of clients and employment for all companies.

In all, around 13 people are employed some of whom are seasonal. All individual companies have increased their capacity between 2009 and 2010, with a total of 4000 client days annually for all companies together.

The majority of clients undertake day trips and prefer to stay in local bed and breakfast accommodation while a minority prefer to camp on local commercial camp sites. Most clients buy evening meals and packed lunches and many of those camping will eat out in Oban rather than cooking themselves.

An economic impact case study undertaken by one of the medium sized companies estimated that 550 client days in 2010 equated to approximately 320 accommodation nights, 60 campsite nights and 340 evening meals.

Table 5.2 Capacity and employment of local sea kayak businesses

Capacity (Clients per day) Staff employed (2010)

2009 2010 Full time Part time

45 62 8 5

Scuba Diving The TSMV Gannet operates out of Oban and advertises dives around Dunstaffnage, Falls of Lora and the SS Breda wreck. Some visiting clubs base themselves at Ledaig/Tralee and visit Ardmucknish Bay and Loch Creran. The area tends to get a rush of people coming up to train at Easter, although through the summer months there are more diving trips. Although no specific economic data is available for diving in the Loch Etive area, it is not considered to have a significant economic value compared to other areas in Argyll and is felt that currently little income is generated from diving within the loch.

6.3.7 Potential Impacts and interactions Potential impacts from recreational activities and development can include: Competition for space between moorings/anchorages and aquaculture development/ commercial fishing; Competition for berthing space between recreational vessels and commercial vessels where existing harbours or marinas are redeveloped; Reduced water quality – the discharge of untreated sewage from vessels concentrated in large numbers may have the potential to affect the high standard of water quality required for shellfish growing;

Inconsiderate behaviour: participants undertaking recreational activities such as angling, diving and kayaking can affect road traffic, road safety and private property if participants park in inappropriate areas such as passing places. Noise, litter, and a lack of changing and toilet facilities can also be an issue; Disturbance to marine and coastal wildlife; Disturbance of sensitive seabed habitats or historic heritage interests from anchoring and the scouring action of mooring chains; and Inappropriate use of jet skis and small power boats could be a safety risk or nuisance to other activities including kayakers, divers, fishing and commercial shipping vessels.

Conflicts with other interests: Sea anglers may catch wild salmon and sea trout which are subject to catch and release on many of the rivers in the Etive catchment. The Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 2003, states that it is an offence to fish for salmon and sea trout in any waters, including any part of the sea within 1.5 kilometres of mean low water springs, without the written permission of the person who owns the fishing rights to that water. Full details and legal requirements can be found at http://www.fishpal.com/Scotland/Legal.asp?dom=Britain. New marine development, such as aquaculture development, can affect safe navigation or safe entrance to designated anchorages;and Marine litter is seen as a threat to recreational activities and tourism and floating debris can be a hazard to leisure boats. Deleted: <#>Wash from large vessels, has the potential to affect the safety of 6.3.8 Existing Management and Controls other loch users e.g. divers and small vessels such as angling boats and Many of the potential conflicts listed above can be and have been fully or partially mitigated by a range kayakers.¶ of environmental programmes and codes of conduct. Further information on these codes and programmes can be found in Appendix X. Policy LE REC1, detailed in Section 6.3.11 encourages Deleted: 5 recreational users to follow this good practice. Deleted: 4

The Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA), on behalf of the UK Government, enforces the regulations to which vessels in UK territorial waters must adhere. The Merchant Shipping Regulations apply to all vessels (private and commercial) in UK waters and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (IRPCS or COLREGs) apply on or near the coast.

6.3.9 Required Consents for Recreational Development Section 6.5.4 provides details of the relevant consents required for developments such as moorings, pontoons, slipways and piers.

6.3.10 Future development and activity Loch Etive clearly has much strength as a marine leisure destination with rich scenic, cultural, historic and wildlife qualities as well as safe, largely sheltered waters. The biggest constraint to the development of marine and coastal recreation is the lack of facilities, and strategic coastal infrastructure development and/or improvements could bring significant economic development opportunities to the area.

There are however existing concerns about the current level of recreational activity in the area, in terms of parking and access, camping and litter and therefore any improvements to existing infrastructure and opportunities for new facilities will need to be considered carefully in order that recreation does not result in unacceptable impacts on the environment and local communities.

Access requirements for angling, kayaking and diving To enable improvement of access for recreational facilities and alleviate current access issues it is necessary to take a strategic approach and assess existing access points in order to identify the need for management and opportunities for access improvements or new development. The promotion of

62 dedicated access points could take pressure off other less suitable locations and provide economic benefit to nearby services. Opportunities16 to improve marine access or coastal infrastructure for recreational activities are identified in individual policy zones in section 7.

The Land Reform Scotland Act 2003 gives recreational users the right to pursue these activities but states that exercising these access rights must be done responsibly. Users have to ensure that they park legally and do not to cause problems for local residents. Occasionally irresponsible behaviour by a minority of individuals, can lead to restrictions or removal of vehicular access to areas that may be important to other recreational users. This not only makes using an important area difficult but can have an impact on local businesses providing that activity. Alongside provision of appropriate facilities at suitable locations it is therefore also necessary to promote responsible behaviour to individual recreational user groups, and many associations have developed codes of conduct for this purpose.

Access to marine waters for activities such as diving, angling and kayaking is poor in many places, with some existing infrastructure in a state of disrepair. There is clearly a lack of parking for vehicles and boat trailers, accessible piers and slipways and toilet and changing facilities. On some single track roads, turning areas for vehicles towing trailers would be advantageous.

For some activities such as kayaking and shore angling the only infrastructure required is adequate parking. While there are many places along the north shore of Loch Etive that would be suitable launch sites for kayaking, a lack of parking means they cannot be used.

There is an opportunity to include provision for improved access to the water and facilities for recreational users as part of new development proposals, including new businesses such as cafes or restaurants, or development of new and improvement to existing coastal infrastructure. Such proposals could explore the potential for allowing boaters/kayakers, divers and anglers to access proposed infrastructure or to provide additional parking, dedicated launching points or toilet facilities.

Motorised Water-sports It is possible that the level of power boating and jet skiing in Loch Etive may increase in the future, particularly if restrictions continue in fresh water lochs. If a significant increase in the use of Loch Etive occurs it may be appropriate to consider identifying appropriate areas for these activities in relation to other users and interests.

Sailing There have been a number of studies that have looked at the potential to develop sailing in Argyll and the Islands17. These studies highlighted the growth potential of the recreational sailing/marine leisure tourism industry and the requirement for infrastructure and facility improvements in order to facilitate that growth. Improved communications and collective promotion were also identified as means of improving business.

The Argyll and Bute Development Plan identifies Camas Bruaich Rhaidhe, near Connel, as a Potential Development Area (PDA) for marina related leisure development. This location offers potential for a large number of berths and alongside berths at Dunstaffnage Marina, would greatly increase the capacity of the area.

Loch Etive is not served well by good anchorages and visitor moorings at Taynuilt might encourage more local or visiting leisure boats to go up the loch. The potential for a small pontoon at Taynuilt pier for visiting boats has also been identified as well as potential for increased dingy sailing if appropriate facilities were available.

Priorities for access improvements and interpretation A number of opportunities for improved access and infrastructure for recreational activity and provision

16 Engineering feasibility or detailed economic justification for these development opportunities has not been assessed. 17 Overview of the Marine Leisure Tourism Sector in Argyll and the Islands – Stewart Miller Associates (July 2004); Sail West Project, 2007. A Strategic Programme for the Development of Marine Leisure Activities and Infrastructure in the Republic of I reland Border Region, Northern Ireland and the West of Scotland.

63 of interpretation are identified in the Policy Zones (section 7). These opportunities relate to specific needs identified by stakeholders, and some opportunities are of greater priority than others.

Existing access points at Connel, Taynuilt and Achnacloich are well used by recreational users and improvements to infrastructure and facilities at these locations should act to secure future access and improved management of these locations. The Plan therefore prioritises improvements to existing access points over development of new ones, with the key priorities identified as: improved access and access management at Connel (Falls of Lora), Taynuilt Pier and Achnacloich; a new access point for sea kayaking at the north end of the Connel Bridge; and retaining public access to the pier at Glen Etive.

In relation to provision of interpretation, four opportunities are identified, with interpretation at Taynuilt for sea anglers and at An Sailean relating to management of coastal saltmarsh a priority.

6.3.11 Recreation Policy Infrastructure required to support recreational use of Loch Etive is considered by the Coastal and Marine Infrastructure Policy (Policy LE INF1) in section 6.5.6.

POLICY LE REC1 – RECREATIONAL USE

PART A – Priorities for Recreational Activity The Loch Etive ICZM Plan encourages recreational activity that will: maintain and increase the attractiveness of the area for both visitors and local residents; lengthen the tourist season and encourage sustainable business development; incorporate historic, cultural and wildlife interests of the area into tours, trails and interpretation; enhance or make better use of existing attractions and facilities and promote the local character of an area; and make better use of existing infrastructure, including the re-use of redundant buildings, piers and other facilities.

PART B - Minimising Effects on the Environment and Other Users To minimise or prevent effects on the environment and other interests, recreational users are encouraged follow existing good practice and voluntary codes of conduct, in addition to any statutory codes or requirements: Scottish Outdoor Access Code; Scottish Marine Wildlife Watching Code; Wild Scotland Best Practice Guidelines; The Green Blue guidance for recreational boating; Scottish Canoe Association (SCA) guidance and codes of conduct; Scottish Sub-Aqua Club (SSAC) - Land Access Guidance for Divers; British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) - Respect Our Wrecks Code; Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) codes of practice; and Scottish Sea Anglers Conservation Network (SSACN) - guidance on catch & release and spurdog.

(See Appendix X for further details)

Justification Every area of Argyll and Bute has potential for tourism. In a fragile rural economy the tourism and recreation industry offers the prospect for real growth. The coastal area of Loch Etive is an important recreational resource and the potential contribution to the local economy is acknowledged.

The aim of this policy is to encourage recreational activity and maximise the local social and economic benefits, but at the same time protect residential amenity and our outstanding environment.

Recreational activities have the potential to affect the environment and other interests and significant work has been undertaken by associations representing specific activities in developing guidance and codes of conduct to minimise potential impacts. This policy recognises the importance of this guidance and encourages all recreational users to follow relevant good practice.

6.3.12 Recommendations for Recreational Activities The controlled use of antifouling for recreational and commercial vessels should be promoted in Deleted: <#>Once Argyll and Bute and order to minimise the risk to the environment from spread of invasive non-native species, which is Highland Council Core Path Plans are complete, opportunities to provide considered on balance to be greater than that from antifouling chemicals. interpretation that could promote activities and business in the Loch Etive New and existing marina developments should consider options for removing antifouling area as well as natural heritage and contamination from waste water generated by pressure washing boat hulls, including „closed loop historical interests should be explored, where appropriate.¶ boat wash down systems‟. If power boating/jet skiing increases significantly in the future it may be appropriate to consider identifying appropriate areas for these activities, in relation to other users and interests. Loch users are encouraged to report sightings of marine mammals to the relevant agencies/conservation groups. Details of recording schemes and contact details can be found in Appendix IV.

6.4 Commercial Shipping

6.4.1 Timber transhipment Planning permission to upgrade the pier at the head of Loch Etive for extraction of commercial timber from the forestry plantation at Glen Etive, was granted in 2008. Scottish Woodlands Ltd, are managing harvesting and timber extraction on behalf of Glen Etive Estate and initial extraction will continue over a three year period from 2010, shipping approximately 600 tonnes a week by barge. Deleted: annually

The Forestry Commission operate two areas of commercial forestry adjacent to Loch Etive: Barrs/Cadderlie and Inverawe Forest. The Forestry Commission wish to maximise the use of sea transport in association with feeder road transport and are interested in developing appropriate infrastructure or upgrading existing piers to enable timber transhipment from these forests. Future operations will probably ship timber from the old pier/jetty at Barrs using internal forest roads, as upgrading road access to the nearest public road would be prohibitive.

6.4.2 Bonawe quarry Breedon Aggregates, previously Ennstone Thistle operate the quarry at Bonawe. The quarry produces approximately 85,000 tonnes of quarried granite annually and these rock products are used mainly to construct transport infrastructure. The main part of the business is however the production of asphalt and an asphalt plant established in 2008, provides product for roads, pavements, car parks and airport runways.

The majority of material is transported by barge, although some material is transported via road. The quarry has a good berth for commercial vessels and the largest boat that has visited the quarry was the 86 m long cargo ship, MV Amanda, able to transportup to 1500 tonnes of aggregate. Deleted: 106 m Deleted: . This ship has a 6.14 m draft The size of vessels visiting Loch Etive is constrained by the height clearance of the Connel Bridge and and transports overhead cable at Bonawe. Large commercial vessels are only able to enter or exit the loch at high tide during slack water, and vessels occasionally use Achnacree Bay to anchor while waiting to exit the loch. Vessels of 3.4 m draught can exit the loch at low water.

6.4.3 Economics At Bonawe Quarry, Breedon Aggregates employ 2 laboratory technicians, 3-4 people for crushing operations and 2-8 lorry drivers. No other economic information is available for the shipping operations associated with commercial forestry or Bonawe Quarry.

6.4.4 Potential impacts and interactions with other interests Potential impacts from commercial shipping can include: risk of collision with other vessels, aquaculture sites or grounding, resulting in pollution incidents; risk of introduction of invasive non-native species in ballast water.

Sea transport has obvious benefits where there is community resistance to intrusive lorry movements through residential areas or via inadequate public roads, where congestion is likely. In Argyll and Bute, road freight traffic causes disproportionate damage to the road network and necessitates an increased maintenance effort to keep roads serviceable (Argyll and Bute Woodland and Forest Strategy 2010).

6.4.5 Existing Management and Controls Argyll and Bute Council have prepared an Oil Spill Contingency Plan which will be used by Argyll and Bute Council, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, SEPA, SNH, Port and Pier users and local interest groups when dealing with spills or the threat of spills within the Council area. The Argyll and Bute Council Oil Spill Contingency Plan consists of two volumes:

Volume 1 (Shoreline Protection Plan) includes the full arrangements for the management of and response to any oil spill within the council area and also includes details of response to pollution to the shoreline. Volume 2 (Ports and Piers Oil Spill Contingency Plan) includes the information necessary to plan for and respond to an oil spill occurring within the Council‟s statutory harbours and in the vicinity of the Council-owned piers.

International controls The Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA), on behalf of the UK Government, enforces the regulations to which vessels in UK territorial waters must adhere. The Merchant Shipping Regulations apply to all vessels (private and commercial) in UK waters and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (IRPCS or COLREGs) apply on or near the coast.

Following the agreement of „The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments‟ in 2004, ballast water standards have been introduced and new technologies are being developed to allow these standards to be met.

Existing International Maritime Organisation (IMO) guidelines on ballast water introductions have focused on preventative methods, with exchange of ballast in mid-oceanic water being the only recommended method currently available to reduce the level of non-native species introductions.

6.4.6 Commercial Shipping Policy The development of a specific policy for Commercial Shipping was not deemed necessary and this activity is guided by the following: Infrastructure required to support commercial marine traffic is considered by the Coastal and Marine Infrastructure Policy (Policy LE INF1) in section 6.5.6. The Argyll and Bute Local Transport Strategy18 and Argyll and Bute Woodland and Forestry Strategy19 encourage further transport of goods by sea to reduce environmental impacts and damage to road infrastructure.

18 http://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/content/roadsandtransport/transportationstrategy/movingforward2/ 19 http://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/content/planning/developmentpolicy/3271669/

6.5 Coastal and Marine Infrastructure

The location of coastal and marine infrastructure is mapped in each Policy Zone in section 7 of the Plan.

6.5.1 Coastal Infrastructure Dunstaffnage Marina Dunstaffnage Marina is located on the shores of Dunstaffnage Bay overlooking Dunstaffnage Castle at the entrance to Loch Etive and is easily accessible by road (A85), rail, ferry, or by air from Oban Airport. The marina provides a wide range of services which include: berthing (moorings, dry storage including lifting facilities), yacht service and repairs, chandlery and yacht charter, emergency services, and a professional brokerage service for both buyers and sellers of quality vessels.

The marina has 150 fully serviced berths and operates eight swinging moorings in the bay adjacent to the pontoons. Moorings are let either on an annual basis or for the summer season. The yard accommodates approximately 120 boats either on cradles or on the shore. Water and electricity pick- up points are available within the storage area.

Boats for other recreational activities can be launched at the marina‟s slip for a small charge. Additional services for scuba divers include: compressed air, launch ramp facilities, pontoon berthing, laundry and drying facilities, changing rooms, parking facilities, and sheltered waters for training if required.

Fisherman’s Wharf (Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe) There are a number of moorings, a jetty/pontoon and car parking facilities at the privately owned Fisherman‟s Wharf. Other facilities include: water, compressed air, equipment washing, engine flushing, trailer storage, and dinghy storage. Boats can be launched from this facility or moored overnight for a small charge.

Hyperbaric chamber A NHS registered hyperbaric chamber is located at the Scottish Marine Institute at Dunstaffnage, where divers can be treated from decompression illness.

Piers, jetties and slipways There are a considerable number of small piers, slipways, moorings and anchorages throughout Loch Etive. Some of the piers and slipways are in poor condition and in need of maintenance. Almost all of the piers and slipways are privately owned with access possible at some, with permission from the owner.

Road access & car parking The section of A85 that runs along from Taynuilt to Oban is part of the Argyll Coastal Tourist Route and is in general of higher carrying capacity for commercial, residential and tourist traffic, compared to the roads on the north side of the loch, which serve smaller communities, and for the majority of the coast, are only of B classification. Breedon Aggregates use the road network around the northern shore of the loch for transportation of asphalt and aggregate products from Bonawe quarry.

Existing parking provision is not adequate in many places, to allow the public to access the loch for recreation or for vehicles to stop and enjoy the view or explore the coastline.

Overhead cable A Scottish and Southern Energy cable crosses the Bonawe narrows, from Balure to Eilean Duirinnis, with a clearance above the water of 13m at its lowest point.

6.5.2 Marine Infrastructure Subsea Cables

There is an out of service subsea telecommunications cable that runs from Taynuilt to Bonawe. Subsea cables can restrict development and marine activities and have the potential to be damaged by moorings, anchoring and some fishing activities.

Pipelines Most of the pipelines present in Loch Etive are used for effluent discharge and are located near the settlements of Benderloch, Dunbeg, Connel, Taynuilt and Bonawe. The largest of these pipes discharges from the sewage treatment facility at Saulmore at Rubh‟ Aird nan Leum.

Navigation markers The Northern Lighthouse Board is responsible for the management of all lighthouses, buoys and beacons throughout Scotland, under Section 195 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995. They have various powers and responsibilities in connection with the provision, maintenance, alteration, inspection and control of lighthouses, buoys and beacons together with wreck removal powers. This also covers fish farm beacons, moorings etc.

6.5.3 Socio- Economic Profile Estimating the economic contribution of Coastal and Marine Infrastructure was not practicable, as most public infrastructure does collect direct revenue. However it is recognised that many activities in the Loch Etive rely on Coastal and Marine Infrastructure to operate, and thus it forms a vital part of the local economy.

6.5.4 Relevant Consents for Coastal Infrastructure Development

Required Regulator Details consents

Seabed Lease The Crown Estate Where the foreshore/seabed is owned by The Crown Estate an operator must apply for a lease for the right to occupy the area.

Planning Argyll and Bute Planning consent is required from the relevant planning authority Permission Council for coastal development above the mean low water mark.

Coast Scottish Government, Section 34 consent is required for any mooring or coastal Protection Act Ports and Harbours infrastructure development. The purpose of control under Section 1949 - Section Division 34 is solely concerned with the safety of navigation. 34 Consent

FEPA Licence Marine Scotland – Consent is required under Part II of the Food and Environment Science Protection Act 1985 (as amended) (FEPA) for the deposit or placement of substances, articles and materials that it is proposed to use during construction. FEPA consent is also required for dredging material.

Ports and Scottish Government, This consent aims to regulate harbour developments and Harbours Ports and Harbours activities. Orders Division

6.5.5 Future Development Overall, there is a lack of suitable infrastructure, particularly slipways and parking in many parts of Loch Etive. Future development needs for infrastructure to support recreational activities is discussed in section 6.3.10. Improving or adding to existing physical infrastructure is key to supporting and assisting the marine leisure industry and other commercial activities.

6.5.6 Coastal and Marine Infrastructure Policy

POLICY LE INF1 – COASTAL AND MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

PART A – Policy Framework

There is general support for coastal and marine infrastructure development in appropriate locations, subject to proposals being consistent with: general policies (Policy LE GEN 1 & Policy LE INNS 1); policy guidance detailed in the relevant policy zone (Section 7); and relevant Argyll and Bute and Highland Council Development Plan policies (see Appendix I).

Existing commercial and recreational infrastructure should be safeguarded from development and activity that is likely to adversely affect its use and condition.

Development proposals for new or existing infrastructure should consider opportunities to contribute to: Deleted: will be considered favourably where the development contributes to greater transportation of goods by sea; one or more of the following: improved recreational and commercial access to the area; improved public access to Loch Etive; and increased facilities that can take advantage of the growing leisure cruising market.

PART B - Other Considerations New Marina development should consider design structure of pontoons and other equipment to allow efficient and effective cleaning to aid the eradication of INNS and requirements for self contained cleaning facilities to allow cleaning of vessels and safe removal of biological growth and antifouling contamination. Proposals for new infrastructure or upgrading of existing infrastructure should consider the potential to provide access and facilities for other recreational and commercial users, including provision of additional parking, dedicated launching points or toilet facilities. Marina or large mooring developments should give particular consideration to the potential to affect water quality that may pose a risk to existing shellfish farms, Shellfish Growing Waters and Shellfish Production Areas. Toilet pump-out facilities for recreational vessels should be considered in any large scale marina development or redevelopment of existing facilities.

Justification Coastal infrastructure such as moorings, pontoons, slipways, piers and harbours are all essential for coastal recreation and commercial marine activities such as fishing, aquaculture and shipping. Marine infrastructure such as telecommunications and power cables are important for providing vital services. There is therefore a need to safeguard these types of infrastructure from inappropriate development and activity.

Improving or adding to existing physical infrastructure is key to supporting and assisting the marine leisure industry and other commercial activities. However, new facilities must complement or be compatible with the character of an area. The aim of this policy is to encourage development but at the same time protect residential amenity and the environment.

The largest volumes of freight in Argyll and Bute are associated with the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries. Much of this freight is transported by road over long distances in large vehicles. This traffic causes disproportionate damage to the road network and necessitates an increased maintenance effort to keep roads serviceable. The shipment of timber and quarry aggregate by sea and rail can relieve pressure on the road network and is therefore supported by this plan.

Large mooring development or marinas may have the potential in specific circumstances, to affect coastal areas reliant on a high standard of water quality, such as protected areas for shellfish growing. The size and location of development should take account of the sensitivity of the adjacent coastal waters to small

70 changes in water quality. Marina developments have the potential to increase the risk of introduction and spread of INNS. The environment and important aquaculture industry in Loch Etive could be significantly affected by the introduction of INNS, in particular the invasive carpet sea squirt. Appropriate design, facilities and management will be key to minimising these risks.

6.6 Forestry & Agriculture

6.6.1 Forestry Lower Loch Etive and Ardmucknish Bay There are several forested areas making up the Loch Etive catchment. Parts of Fearnoch and Barcaldine forests which are managed with timber production as a major objective are included, along with Glen Nant, which is in the process of being restored to an extensive area of native woodland habitat. In addition, the lower basin has several areas of non-commercial mixed woodland.

Upper Loch Etive There are 3 areas of commercial forestry in the upper basin and several areas of woodland that are currently being managed as native woodland. Bars/Cadderlie and Inverawe Forest are managed by the Forestry Commission. The forestry block beyond the head of the loch is operated by Scottish Woodlands (Ltd) on behalf of Glen Etive Estate. The Barrs and Cadderlie area is a fairly young forest and as yet there have been no harvesting or major felling activities. Inverawe Forest has seen sustained harvesting activities over the past decade (Magill et al. 2008).

The forest estate has potential to add value to and provide opportunities for private or community business ventures and some local businesses already derive indirect benefits from recreational forest visitors. There is potential for further development in this area, particularly in relation to walking, equestrian use, cycle hire, archery and paddle-sports (Lorne Forest District – Strategic Plan (2007 – 2017)).

6.6.2 Agriculture Agriculture in the Etive catchment is dominated by livestock grazing for sheep and cattle. In excess of 5000 ewes and 500 cattle graze within the immediate catchment. Sheep numbers during the summer months, when lambs are present, may be approximately double this estimate. Much of the grazing areas are in close proximity to the shoreline (Magill et al. 2008). The main areas utilised by agriculture within the Etive catchment are Ardconnel & Saulmore, Achnacloich & Muckairn, Achnacree & Ardchattan, Glen Lonan and Glennoe.

6.6.3 Potential impacts and interactions with other interests Agriculture and forestry operations have the potential to affect the water environment through diffuse pollution. Run-off from forestry plantations can cause acidification of water courses and silt run-off from operations can affect habitats for migratory salmon and trout. Run off from agriculture can result in bacterial contamination of coastal waters. These potential impacts can be effectively managed by the existing management and controls listed below.

6.6.4 Existing Management and Controls River Basin Planning (Argyll and Lochaber Area Management Plan) SEPA and the Forestry Commission are working together through the River Basin Planning Process to ensure that future forestry plantations meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive.

General Binding Rules (GBRs) Under the Water Environment (Diffuse Pollution) (Scotland) Regulations 2008, GBRs came into force in April 2008. They provide a statutory baseline for good practice and their implementation will help to improve water quality. GBRs cover activities such as storage and application of fertilisers, keeping of livestock, cultivation of land, discharge of surface water run-off, construction of water-bound roads and tracks, application of pesticide and operation of sheep dipping facilities. Further information can be found at SEPA's diffuse pollution webpage20.

Forest and Water Guidelines (4th Edition 2003) These guidelines give guidance to forest managers on how forests should be designed and operations

20 http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/diffuse_pollution.aspx

72 planned, and to practitioners on how field operations should be carried out in order to protect and enhance the water environment.

West Argyll Forest District Strategic Plan 2009-201321 This plan identifies actions that will be undertaken by Forestry Commission Scotland under each of the seven themes of the Scottish Forestry Strategy. Actions relevant to Loch Etive include:

Climate Change WA 1.06 - Continue to identify opportunities in existing forests and potential acquisitions for improving habitat networks. Widen this to take a wider scale approach with Scottish Natural Heritage and adjacent landowners and include as a key component of the forest design plan process. Complexes of forest blocks e.g. Loch Etive side will be targeted for this work as design plans are updated. WA 1.08 - Comply with the latest Forestry Commission Scotland forests and water guidelines in a competent and effective manner. We will audit our operations on production of the 5th edition and modify local practices within six months to ensure we conform to the update. WA 1.09 - Work with neighbours, water body management groups and other agencies to implement appropriate catchment management plans. Extra sensitive silvicultural techniques and additional site check procedures will be implemented during operations in erosion sensitive areas.

Business Development WA 3.12 - Be open to new business ideas that match wider social and environmental standards and consider positively proposals that will assist growth or development of local businesses.

Environmental Quality WA 6.01 - Use detailed site planning and consultation with key stakeholders, particularly the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and fisheries groups, to identify site and downstream issues for inclusion in subsequent operations. A summary of consultation will be filed in association with each design plan. WA 6.02 - Work with the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage on delivery of the EU water framework directive and protection of special areas for conservation on rivers and their tributaries. We will draw up a programme of prioritised improvements to engineering structures in relation to the water framework directive by 2011. WA 6.03 - Areas of unstable ground or with slope stability issues will be treated especially sensitively and will receive additional monitoring to make sure that all guidelines are adhered to or exceeded.

6.6.5 Forestry and Agriculture Policy The development of a specific policy for Forestry and Agriculture was not deemed necessary and these activities are guided by the following: Forest District Plans Argyll and Bute Woodland & Forestry Strategy Argyll and Lochaber Area Management Plan (River Basin Planning) Existing management and controls detailed in section 6.6.4. Infrastructure required to support the transport of commercial timber by sea is considered by the Coastal and Marine Infrastructure Policy (Policy LE INF1) in section 6.5.

6.6.6 Recommendations Existing measures to minimise affects on water quality from diffuse pollution from agriculture and forestry, including adherence to General Binding Rules and good practice such as the Forests and Water Guidelines should be continued.

21 http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/WestArgyll.pdf/$FILE/WestArgyll.pdf

6.7 Marine Renewable Energy

6.7.1. Introduction Argyll and Bute has significant renewable resource of hydro, wind, wave, tidal and biomass, and a long history of renewable energy development. This area therefore has a significant role to play in both the UK and Scottish Climate Change Programme targets for renewable energy. Argyll and Bute Council aim to promote the full range of renewable energy resources available, and to achieve this, partnerships are being developed with renewable energy companies to maximise the benefits for communities throughout Argyll and Bute.

The Scottish Government has a target of meeting 50% of Scottish demand for electricity from renewables by 2020. To do so will require the effective and successful development of new renewable technologies, and it is expected that the contribution of developing sectors like wave, tidal and offshore wind will become increasingly important. The scale of Scotland's marine renewable potential is vast. The total wave resource is estimated at 14 GW (10% of EU total) with 7.5 GW of tidal power (25% of EU total). Scottish Ministers are committed to seeing 10MW of wave and tidal energy deployed by 2010.

A Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)22 of the development of wave and tidal power around the West and North coasts of Scotland has been conducted. The SEA examines the possible environmental impacts and effects associated with the deployment of a range and number of wave and tidal devices in the context of where the best resources are to be found.

6.7.2 Energy resource in Loch Etive The only marine energy resource in Loch Etive is tidal. The main areas of tidal flow are at the Falls of Lora, Kilmaronaig narrows and Bonawe narrows. While the total tidal energy resource in the loch has not been estimated, tidal speeds of up to 8 knots occur (ebb spring tide) at the Falls of Lora with speeds of 5-6 knots continuing through to Kilmaronaig Narrows. Currents can reach 2.5 knots at Bonawe narrows.

6.7.3 Potential Impacts/Conflicts – Tidal development Arrays of tidal marine renewable devices have the potential to restrict navigational or access for fishing vessels, shipping and leisure craft. However, many tidal devices are submerged, which may not restrict boat traffic. Tidal development may also compete for space with activities like commercial fishing and aquaculture.

Habitats that experience rapid tidal flows, but not extremes of wave action, often host particularly diverse communities. As a result of this and their relative scarcity, they have been designated as a UK BAP priority habitat and are listed in the Argyll and Bute LBAP.

The UK BAP for tidal rapids23 states that: Tidal rapid species rely on strong water currents to carry food in, and waste materials and fine sediments away. Any obstruction to water flow can be expected to have adverse effects on the fauna and flora. Depending on scale and local circumstances, tidal generation could have a devastating effect on communities in rapids and within enclosed bodies of water. Existing tidal barriers have generally been built across small, shallow rapids connecting brackish lochs with the sea, and may well have changed the ecology of the lochs considerably through restriction of seawater influence and consequent changes in salinity.

22 http://www.seaenergyscotland.co.uk/ 23 http://www.ukbap.org.uk/UKPlans.aspx?ID=39#2

Whether significant changes in community structure would occur and whether they would be considered deleterious would depend on the degree of change and the nature of the receiving environment. Reduction of downstream water flow, if it occurs, will be more significant in straits, tidal rapids and other constricted areas like the Falls of Lora, than along broad areas of open coastline.

6.7.4 Required Consents for Marine Renewable Development

Required Regulator Details consents

Electricity Act Scottish Government – Consent required for construction, extension and operation 1989 – Section 36 Energy Consents Unit of a wave or tidal power generating station with capacity of 1 Consent MW or more.

FEPA Licence Marine Scotland Consent required under Section 5 the Food and Environment Science Protection Act 1985 (as amended) (FEPA) for the deposit or placement of substances, articles and materials that it is proposed to use during construction.

Coast Protection Scottish Government, The purpose of control under Section 34 is solely concerned Act 1949 - Section Ports and Harbours with the safety of navigation. 34 Consent Division

6.7.5 Future Development Benefits from marine renewable development In addition to the obvious benefits of generating power from renewable resources, there can be significant economic benefits in terms of employment, investment and downstream expenditure. Development may also provide a local supply of renewable energy and other community benefits.

Commercial scale tidal development The potential for utilising tidal energy at the Falls of Lora has been suggested in the past, but no detailed assessment of the resource potential and the technical feasibility has been undertaken.

A tidal power fact file produced by Institute of Engineering and Technology24 states that as a guide to judging the economic feasibility of power generation from a barrage, the minimum mean tidal range should be at least 5 metres. The tidal range of Loch Etive is 1.95 metres. Based on this tidal range and a length of tidal area of 300 metres, a total capacity of 28 MW was identified for Loch Etive, which equates to an annual output 55 GWh.

The main requirements for power generation from marine currents are: fast following water; a relatively uniform seabed to minimise turbulence; sufficient depth of water to allow large enough turbines to be installed; suitable conditions extending over as wide an area as possible to make development cost effective; free from shipping constraints; and near enough to a shore-based electricity supply network capable of taking the power delivered.

Assessment of potential at the Falls of Lora While there may be strong enough currents at the Falls of Lora, the seabed is not particularly uniform and turbulence is likely to be an issue. The water depth is likely to be too shallow for commercial scale tidal devices and the area of resource is not extensive.

24 Tidal Power – A Factfile provided by the Institute of Engineering and Technology (www.theiet.org/factfiles)

Environmental constraints relevant to the Falls of Lora include effects on tidal communities from a restriction of water flow, potential changes to the ecology of the loch as a result of restriction of seawater influence and consequent changes in salinity and potential implications on the migration of wild salmonids.

Socio-economic constraints include possible impacts on safe navigation through the deeper narrow channel at the falls for commercial and recreational vessels, effects on shellfish and trout farming as a result of ecological changes in the loch, and the entire tidal resource area being heavily used for recreational sea and white-water kayaking, including training. In addition, the Falls are also a locally important tourist attraction.

While the Council is generally supportive of marine renewable energy it is considered that the potential constraints and impacts of commercial scale tidal development are likely to outweigh the benefits at this location. Policy Guidance detailed in Policy Zone B therefore identifies a presumption against commercial scale tidal development in this area.

Small scale development There may be potential for small scale development that would not adversely affect the environment and social and economic activity. Small scale energy generation could assist in meeting the energy needs for specific developments e.g. aquaculture or marina facilities.

There are currently no commercially available small scale tidal devices, although some prototype devices are currently being tested. One such device is the Oceanflow 35, which pending consents will be deployed at a tidal stream site in Sanda Sound off the South Kintyre coast in 2011. Oceanflow 35 is a 35 KW version of the company‟s Evopod technology and can work as part of a community energy scheme for remote coastal communities.

6.7.6 Policy for Marine Renewable Energy Development

POLICY LE MREN 1 – MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

PART A – Policy Framework There is general support for marine renewable energy development, subject to proposals being consistent with: general policies (Policy LE GEN 1 & Policy LE INNS 1); policy guidance in the relevant policy zone (Section 7); and relevant Argyll and Bute Development Plan policies, particularly Policy LP REN 3.

PART B - Priorities

The Loch Etive ICZM Plan encourages marine renewable energy developments that will: contribute to an increase in renewable energy use by local communities; maximise local benefit from environmental assessment, construction and maintenance of marine and offshore infrastructure; and provide a sustainable energy supply to existing commercial businesses.

Justification Argyll and Bute has significant marine renewable resource and a long history of renewable energy development. This area therefore has a significant role to play in both the UK and Scottish Climate Change Programme targets for renewable energy.

The Council is committed to supporting a diverse range of renewable energy technologies at all scales and to encourage the development of emerging and new technologies. The council is likewise committed to the principles of sustainable development and, within that overarching framework, it will seek to maximise the environmental, economic and social benefits which can accrue to the development of renewable energy resources at all scales and in appropriate locations.

Within the context of that general encouragement, the council recognises its obligations to protect designated areas, species and habitats and the historic environment from inappropriate forms of development and to ensure impacts on local communities and other interests are satisfactorily addressed.

6.7.7 Recommendations A detailed resource assessment of Loch Etive for small scale tidal energy development should be undertaken in order to identify any opportunities available to local communities to benefit from marine renewable energy. The development of micro-renewable technology for tidal energy exploitation is encouraged.

6.8 Marine Science

6.8.1 Scottish Association for Marine Science The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) is based at the Scottish Marine Institute, overlooking Dunstaffnage Bay. SAMS is one of the UK‟s leading independent marine research institutes employing around 140 staff. Research on climate change, marine renewable energy, sustainable use of the marine environment, mitigation of resource extraction, and the Arctic system, helps to guide policy, industry and other marine user groups. SAMS also delivers higher education, undertakes commercial research contracts, and is a learned society.

SAMS operates two wholly owned subsidiary companies: SAMS Research Services Ltd delivers commercial activities, while the European Centre for Marine Biotechnology is a business incubator facility that supports the growth of marine biotechnology companies.

Research, education, and commercial activities are supported by two research vessels with an array of field and sampling equipment, a diving centre, a modern aquarium, conference facilities, numerous well-equipped laboratories, a culture collection of microalgae and protozoa, an experimental artificial reef and a research library.

6.8.2 Dunstaffnage Marine Science Park Highlands & Islands Enterprise is leading the development of a Marine Science Park at Dunstaffnage, which is estimated to bring up to 270 direct full-time high value jobs to the Argyll area through support to life sciences companies with growth potential.

6.8.3 Economic importance The significant economic importance of Marine Science both locally and within Argyll and Bute is recognised in the Council‟s Economic Development Action Plan (EDAP). The EDAP includes a key priority to „assist partners to progress their plans for the development of SAMS, UHI, the Marine Science Park and the proposed development of the wider Dunbeg area‟ under the Argyll Marine Science Initiative.

6.8.3 Scientific research in Loch Etive Close proximity to the Scottish Marine Institute coupled with the unique fjordic nature of the loch, its large fresh water input, relative shelter and isolated upper basin make Loch Etive an important site for marine scientific research.

Loch Etive is of significant marine ecological interest because of the brackish-influenced and tide- swept communities and has seen a large amount of marine biological work from the late 1960s to the early 1990‟s, which has focussed on sediment and intertidal communities, brackish-tolerant populations of the starfish (Asterias rubens), Arctic relict species and fish populations.

Tralee Bay, in Ardmucknish Bay has been and continues to be an important study site looking at the ecology of fish populations, particularly flatfish.

The deep water of Loch Etive in the upper basin is isolated from adjacent coastal waters and has been the focus of research looking at the processes of deep water renewal and its links to hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions. These relatively deep bodies of inshore water are also of significant geological value. Rapid sedimentation rates of sea lochs can provide large volumes of fine-grained sediments which have the potential to provide valuable high-resolution records of climate change both on a large scale, long term (thousands of years) and short term (annual and decadal) (Howe et al. 2002). Loch Etive has been the focus, therefore of research looking at post-glacial deposition and biogeochemical comparison of deep water sediments.

In addition there have been a range of other scientific studies focussing on physical processes

(mixing, stratification, tidal exchange), phytoplankton growth, management of mussel species (Mytilus), and a SARF project25 which undertook a detailed sanitary survey of Loch Etive, discussed in more detail in section 5.5.3.

Some of this research work has used and continues to use key locations in the loch which would benefit from being safeguarded from future development or activities that may affect their future use. Such long-term research stations are not only important for science but can also be of benefit to the local users of the loch.

6.8.4 Other marine science work relevant to the Loch Etive ICZM Plan There are a number of other research projects that have been considered during the development of this plan and are referred to where appropriate in sections 5 and 6. Current projects of interest that have yet to report but will be considered in future revisions of the plan include the following two SARF research projects: SARF053 - A systematic assessment of the environmental impact of Scottish shellfish farms, including benthos, water column and relevant special interactions; and SARF064 – Mytilus trossulus: managing impact on sustainable mussel production in Scotland.

6.8.5 Policy for Marine Science The development of a specific policy for Marine Science was not deemed necessary and any future marine science developments or proposals for research in Loch Etive should consider the General Policies in Section 4 of the plan.

6.8.6 Recommendations Deleted: where appropriate Argyll and Bute Council should consider current and future scientific research projects that may be able to further inform the management and future use of Loch Etive and its surrounding coast.

Recommendations for future research to improve understanding and assessment of interactions between existing activities and the environment are included where appropriate under earlier individual activity sections.

25 Risk Factors Associated with Cultured Shellfish – Project SARF013 (www.sarf.org.uk)

7. Coastal Policy Zones

7.1 Introduction

Coastal planning policy zones have been identified for Loch Etive, based on landscape and coastal characteristics and other spatial information such as settlements, wildlife interests and marine activities. The marine and coastal area of Loch Etive has been split into six policy zones. The location of these policy zones is shown in Figure 7.1.

The purpose of these policy zones is to break the loch into smaller areas to enable the collation, presentation and assessment of information gathered at a manageable scale.

7.2 Policy Zone Information

Information and guidance is presented in a standard format for each policy zone to produce a basic framework of guidance:

Area Description The area is described in terms of landscape and seascape characteristics, visual amenity, access, settlements, current uses, designations, wildlife and historical features.

Policy Zone Maps Three maps are provided, one showing current uses and activities, the second showing, historic Deleted: Two interests, wildlife interests, local authority Development Plan designations and the third showing Deleted: and another statutory designated sites for nature conservation and landscape. It should be noted that the spatial accuracy of mapped information on activities is variable, depending on the source of data and these maps should not be used for navigation purposes.

Opportunities and Constraints Policy considerations in terms of opportunities and constraints for future use and development are then presented in tables. Opportunities for future use and development are also listed by type, i.e. recreation, aquaculture. These opportunities are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere. It is important to note that the Policy Zones are identifying opportunities that could be taken forward by communities, businesses, local organisations and others, rather than specific development proposals that will be taken forward by the Council.

Constraints for future use and developments are listed by type of constraint i.e. landscape, infrastructure. In relation to development proposals, these potential constraints should be considered by regulators and developers. In many cases these constraints may be overcome through the agreement of satisfactory negotiation and mitigation with relevant interests

Policy Guidance and Aquaculture Development Policies The final part of the policy zone forms the Policy Guidance for future use and development. This guidance comprises the following: Policy Guidance identifying priorities for future use and development and safeguarding of key interests; Development policies for finfish, shellfish and on-shore aquaculture development; Guidance on location and scale if development potential identified; Guidance on development potential should existing development be relinquished; Where development potential is identified, a list of individuals and organisations that should be consulted by developers and Argyll and Bute Planning Officers, if a new development is proposed (see Appendix VIII for contact details of consultees).

Figure 7.1 Coastal Planning Policy Zones for Loch Etive 81

POLICY ZONE A: ARDMUCKNISH BAY AND DUNSTAFFNAGE BAY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS Ardmucknish Bay is defined by a low lying landform, with steep slopes of the Garbh Àrd point and the prominent peak of Ben Lora. Woodland encloses the north and western coasts, but rough grassland extends around Ledaig Point. Dunstaffnage Bay has a well developed coastline backed by some low hills. Key historic features with a visual setting include Dunstaffnage Castle, Lochnell House and archaeological sites at Port Selma.

SEASCAPE CHARACTERISTICS The seascape is open and exposed, dominated by the expanse of sea and distant views to the open sea, Mull, Lismore and Loch Linnhe. A simple, sweeping coastline with shingle and sandy beaches becomes more indented and rocky south of Ledaig point. Considerable marine activity occurs on the water and the shoreline and coast is well developed in terms of settlement, commercial development at Dunstaffnage Bay, Oban Airport and caravan and chalet developments.

ACCESS The shoreline is largely accessible with the exception of Garbh Àrd. Within Ardmucknish Bay there is a private slipway at Tralee Bay and access to the beach is via a private single track road. At Dunstaffnage Bay there is a private jetty at Dunstaffnage Castle, a commercial slipway below the Scottish Marine Institute and a slipway and pontoons at Dunstaffnage Marina. Just west of the marina is a private slipway below Poppies garden centre.

VISUAL AMENITY Views of Ardmucknish Bay from the road between Connel Bridge and North Ledaig are limited by woodland. A lay-by just south of the village of Benderloch offers open views of Ardmuckish across to the Sound of Mull. The settlements of Benderloch, North Connel (Lora View) and Dunbeg overlook Ardmucknish Bay and Dunstaffnage Bay, as do Tralee Bay Holidays, Ledaig Caravan Park, and Dunstaffnage Marina.

SETTLEMENTS The shoreline is quite well developed, with settlements at Benderloch and Dunbeg. Along the A828 from Benderloch to North Connel there are a number of isolated dwellings.

CURRENT USES Refer to policy zone A map for locations of current activities. Aquaculture There are no aquaculture operations within this policy zone. There is however a salmon farm, operated by Scottish Sea Farms, to the south of the Policy Zone and a Crown Estate lease for a shellfish farm to the north of the Policy Zone at Camas Nathais.

Fishing This part of Loch Etive is of particular importance to commercial fishermen. All of Ardmucknish Bay is fished for prawns with creels, and occasionally trawled west of the wreck of the Breda. The north shore of the bay on the Garb Àrd peninsula is also fished for Velvet Swimming Crabs.

Recreation This policy zone is a key area for recreation and Tralee Bay is one of only two well used sandy beaches in the Oban area. Holiday Parks Two large holiday park developments are located on the coast of Ardmucknish Bay. Tralee Bay Holidays is a caravan and chalet park, located adjacent to Tralee Bay, and North Ledaig Caravan Park is situated at Ledaig, just south of Benderloch. Both of these sites have facilities for their customers to launch boats and kayaks.

Angling The wreck of the SS Breda is buoyed and regularly fished by boat anglers and Ledaig point is a popular shore angling mark. Boating Ardmucknish Bay and Dunstaffnage Bay are busy areas for recreational boat traffic. Visitor and association moorings are concentrated at Dunstaffnage Bay Dunstaffnage Marina has excellent facilities with 150 fully serviced pontoon berths for yachts or motor vessels up to 25 m length. The marina also provides winter storage ashore for up to 120 vessels and workshop facilities cater for servicing and maintenance. Other water sports Motorised water sports including jet skiing occur in Ardmucknish Bay. Windsurfing, kite surfing and kayaking also take place with users accessing the water mainly from Benderloch and Tralee Bay. Diving There are three scenic deep dives, one shallow and one wreck dive in this policy zone: Garbh Ard Peninsula; Dunstaffnage Headland; Rubha Ard nam Leum; Eilean Mor and the SS Breda. Dive access can be sought from Dunstaffnage Marina for a small fee and Tralee Chalet Park and Ledaig Caravan Park allow residents to launch from their ground. Coastal Paths The proposed core path (Oban to Fort William National Cycle Network) follows the majority of the coastline in this policy zone. This path also links with other proposed core paths at Ledaig beach, Beinn Lora and routes from Benderloch to Tralee.

Commercial Shipping Quarry and timber transhipment vessels pass through Policy Zone A, whilst en-route to their resource facilities at Bonawe and Glen Etive Estate, respectively. Vessels awaiting slack water at the Falls of Lora frequently anchor in Tralee Bay, near to Lochnell House.

Infrastructure and Discharges There are number of slipways, jetties, and moorings which are mostly concentrated in Dunstaffnage and Tralee Bays, although most of these are either privately owned or used commercially. Dunstaffange Marina operates several pontoons, a slipway and manages visitor moorings which are publicly accessible for a fee.

The main discharge point from the sewage treatment works serving, Dunbeg and Connel is located at Rubh Aird nan Leum. The Benderloch Waste Water Treatment Works discharges into Ardmucknish Bay, below Port Selma.

Marine Science The Scottish Association for Marine Science is based at Dunstaffnage Bay and a Marine Science Park is in the process of being developed at this location.

Airport Oban airport is located at North Connel, offering flights to Coll, Tiree and Colonsay.

DESIGNATIONS Refer to policy zone A map for areas covered. Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) Designations The coastline of Garbh Àrd peninsula to Tralee and South Ledaig to North Connel is classified as Sensitive Countryside. Tralee, port Selma and Dunstaffnage are classified as an area of Countryside around Settlement. Eilean Mor and Eilean Beag are classified as Very Sensitive Countryside. There are two strategic Areas for Action (AFA) in this policy zone. AFA 5/6 is located adjacent to Ledaig Point and is identified for air transport development. AFA 5/5 (Dunstaffnage Bay) extends between the island of Eilean Mòr and Connel Bridge, and is identified for harbour/leisure development. Adjacent to Oban Airport two Potential Development Areas (PDA 5/71 & 5/72) are identified for business, industry, tourism, leisure and housing. An Sàilen at Benderloch and the island of Eilean Mòr are both identified as Local Nature Conservation Sites.

Areas of land around Dunstaffnage Bay, Dunstaffnage headland and between Tralee Bay and Ledaig are designated as Open Space Protection Areas. The tourism chalet and caravan site developments at Ledaig and Tralee are designated as Primary Tourism Areas.

Other Designations The peninsula of Garbh Àrd lies within the Lynn of Lorn National Scenic Area (NSA). This encompasses the coastline stretching from Garbh Aird peninsula to Tralee. The „Dunstaffnage‟ Shellfish Growing Water surrounds the bay Camas Rubha na Liathaig. The Loch Etive Marine Consultation Area extends east from the mouth of Loch Etive encompassing Dunstaffnage Bay and the islands of Eilean Mor and Eilean Beag.

BIODIVERSITY Eilean Mor and Eilean Beag are sensitive breeding sites for a number of seabird species including Herring, Common, Lesser Black-backed and Great Black-backed Gulls, Eider Duck and Oyster Catcher. Eilean Mòr supported an estimated 1000 breeding pairs in 2005. Camas Bruaich Ruaich headland is an important breeding and nesting site for Greylag Geese in autumn and winter. Waders and wildfowl are a common sighting at Dunstaffnage Bay and An Sailean. The sand pits behind the beach, west of Port Selma, Benderloch are of local importance for a number of breeding birds including Moorhen and Water Rail, which are both scarce in Argyll and Bute. Sand dune habitat is an important feature in Tralee Bay and on the South Ledaig coast. These habitats host rare plant species, including fungi and invertebrates, and act as a natural coastal defence protecting the land behind from flooding and erosion. Coastal saltmarsh is present in Dunstaffnage Bay, at Saulmore and An Sailean and these areas are well used by a range of waders and other birds. The saltmarsh at An Sailean is being managed to minimise the effects of the invasive non-native species, Common Cordgrass.

HISTORICAL FEATURES

Coastal and marine historic features identified within and adjacent to this policy zone are: Deleted: The key historic features Lochnell Observatory (St. Margaret‟s Tower) Lochnell Policies – category A listed building. include: Lochnell House, Ardmucknish Bay - category A listed building. Built for Sir Duncan Campbell, the 7th earl of Lochnell. Earlier 18th century. Lochnell House, Ardmucknish Bay, Steading - category B listed building. Lochnell House, Ardmucknish Bay, Barn (Bull House) - category C(S) listed building. Dun Mac Sniachan, forts and dun, Benderloch - a scheduled ancient monument. New Selma, standing stone - a scheduled ancient monument. North Ledaig Old School House, cairn - a scheduled ancient monument. South Ledaig, earthwork - a scheduled ancient monument. Eilean Mor, fort, Dunstaffnage - a scheduled ancient monument. Dunstaffnage Castle - category A listed building and scheduled ancient monument. Dunstaffnage Chapel - category A listed building and scheduled ancient monument. Dunstaffnage Mains - category B listed building. Cladh Uaine, chapel and burial ground 570m East, South East of Pennyfuir Cottage. Tom a'Chrochaidh, Saulmore – unscheduled indeterminate remains. Wreck of the SS Breda, a 7000 ton wartime convoy vessel which was bombed and beached, then slid back into 30m of water in 1942.

POLICY ZONE A MAP – Current Uses & Activities

POLICY ZONE A MAP – Designations

POLICY ZONE A MAP – Biodiversity Interests & Historic Features

OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FUTURE USE AND DEVELOPMENT

Opportunities26

Future Use

Historic Potential to open up access to the Dun Mac Sniachan, forts and dun at Benderloch, allowing interests the public to view and enjoy this scheduled ancient monument.

Access Access provision at Tralee Bay could be improved by increasing the size of the car park on the Kiel road, in order to minimise the number of vehicles parking at the top of the beach.

Deleted: There is a need for both road - improvements and more parking at Dunstaffnage for visitors. Recreation Scope for increased use of Ardmucknish Bay for kite surfing and windsurfing.

Wildlife Potential to provide a viewing area and interpretation on the biodiversity of the shoreline and Deleted: s islands of Eilean Mòr and Eilean Beag, adjacent to Poppies Garden Centre, avoiding disturbance to saltmarsh and bird interests at this location. Deleted: and at Ledaig Point.

Potential for an interpretive panel at An Sailean informing visitors of the physical features of the saltmarsh habitat and reasons for management.

Marketing Better promotion of established coastal paths and walking routes in the area. Deleted: area for Deleted: and eco-tourism Use of Oban There may be potential to use Oban airport to transport seafood and/or aquaculture products Airport to and from the larger islands such as Tiree and Islay or directly to markets on the continent. The PDA adjacent to the airport could be utilised as a handling/processing area.

Marina There is significant growth potential for the recreational sailing/marine leisure tourism industry expansion which requires infrastructure and access improvements in order to facilitate growth. Any proposed increase in the number of pontoon berths available at Dunstaffnage Marina would need to ensure that safe navigation in and out of Dunstaffnage Bay and the use of existing private moorings is not compromised.

Development

Finfish/shellfish Potential for aquaculture development in Ardmucknish Bay that does not adversely affect aquaculture access to commercial fishing grounds, recreational interests and the unscheduled wreck of the SS Breda. The expansive scale of the seascape of Ardmucknish Bay can accommodate some development, even of moderate to large scale, without dominating the water surface. The wooded shores and bands of rock of the Garbh Àrd penninsula would allow development to merge into the background.

Deleted: Onshore aquaculture development Deleted: Onshore aquaculture Constraints development such as an aquaculture shore base could be located within the PDA immediately adjacent to the Future Use airport, which is allocated for business and industry development. Coastal habitats Saltmarsh and sand dunes are particularly sensitive to physical damage resulting from erosion by foot or vehicle access directly across these habitats.

26 Opportunities identified are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere.

Access A lack of available parking at Dunstaffnage when the Castle is closed restricts recreational use of this area.

Access to toilet and changing facilities for the general public would be advantageous at Tralee Bay.

The size of the car park on the main road and space for vehicles above the high water mark limit vehicular access to Tralee Bay.

Seabird High speed motorised water-sports, other water craft and people landing on the islands of breeding sites Eilean Mòr and Eilean Beag could disturb seabirds, particular during the breeding season.

Development

Commercial Ardmucknish Bay is the most important area of commercial fishing ground within the Loch fishing Etive plan area and marine development has the potential to exclude local fishermen from key fishing areas and reduce their economic value. Mallaig & North West Fishermens Association and local creel fishermen are likely to object to any development proposal in this policy zone.

Coastal habitats Saltmarsh and sand dunes are habitats that are particularly sensitive to coastal development.

Landscape Much of the marine area of the policy zone is overlooked by settlement and recreational development. Any unsympathetic development could affect visual amenity.

The peninsula of Garbh Àrd lies with a National Scenic Area, although the focus of scenic quality lies to the west.

Recreational Significant use of the policy zone for marine recreation limits the potential for marine use developments adjacent to accessible shoreline, and near the wreck of the Breda.

Historic Dunstaffnage castle, Lochnell House and archaeological sites at Port Selma and Eilean Interests Mor, fort, Dunstaffnage are all sensitive to development within their setting. Marine development immediately adjacent to the unscheduled wreck of the SS Breda could affect the structure of and access to this local important historic interest.

Seabird The islands of Eilean Mòr and Eilean Beag would be sensitive to marine development in breeding sites their immediate vicinity. Coastal development is unlikely to be permitted as the islands are identified as very sensitive countryside.

Navigation The entrance to Loch Etive, between Ledaig Point and Eilean Beag is narrow and would be significantly affected by marine development in this area. The passage between Eilean Mor and Dunstaffnage is also used by commercial vessels in bad weather if the tide is right, and therefore should not be obstructed.

To avoid navigational issues, new aquaculture development would need to be located away from recognised anchorages, moorings and pontoons in Dunstaffage Bay.

Local Nature Development would need to be consistent with Argyll and Bute Development Plan policy – Conservation Policy LP ENV 8 – Development Impact on Local Nature Conservation Sites. Sites

Wild Migratory A salmon farm in Ardmucknish Bay may increase sea lice densities, potentially harming wild Salmonids salmonid populations. All migratory Atlantic salmon populations from Loch Etive catchments will migrate through the loch to the sea, which could bring them into contact with all and any salmon farms. A salmon farm in Ardmucknish Bay, in combination with the existing farm near Ganavan may increase the risk to wild salmonids.

Water Quality Future requirements for increased sewage treatment and discharge to coastal waters as a result of planned housing and commercial development around Dunbeg and Dunstaffnage has potential to make the coastline between Camas Rubha na Liathaig and Rubh Aird nan Leum unsuitable for shellfish farming.

Open Space Land around Dunstaffnage Bay, Dunstaffnage headland and between Tralee Bay and Protection Ledaig are identified as Open Space Protection Areas in the Argyll and Bute Development Areas Plan, where a presumption against develop aims to safeguard these areas of valued open space.

POLICY GUIDANCE27

Where the following policy guidance indicates general support or a presumption in favour of development, this will be subject to any proposal being consistent with the general policies detailed in Section 4 of this plan.

Justification/comments

1. General presumption in favour of finfish, mussel Large scale development could be accommodated or scallop development adjacent to the Garbh close to the shore of the Garbh Àrd peninsula without Àrd peninsula, subject to no significant adverse adversely affecting landscape and seascape effects. character and the recreational use of the area. Development may affect access to commercial fishing ground and the implications would need to be carefully assessed for any development proposal.

2. High speed motorised vessels should avoid the Recreational activity has the potential to disturb Islands of Eilean Mòr and Eilean Beag and important seabird colonies, particularly during the landing on the island by all marine users is seabird breeding season. Marine users should follow discouraged from April to July. the SMWWC (see Appendix X).

3. Presumption against marine development Tralee Bay is a significant recreational asset for local immediately adjacent to Tralee Bay to safeguard residents and visitors to the area, as well as a long the recreational use of this area and its use for term study site. The use of this resource could be scientific research. affected by marine development.

4. General support for improvements to access There is significant growth potential for the and infrastructure for coastal recreational recreational sailing/marine leisure tourism industry activities at appropriate locations. which requires infrastructure and access improvements in order to facilitate growth.

5. Vehicular and foot access across areas of Saltmarsh is a priority UKBAP and LBAP habitat saltmarsh habitat is discouraged. which can be damaged by vehicular access and access by foot across it.

6. Safe navigational access to recognised If sited inappropriately, marine development could moorings and designated anchorages should be affect safe navigation and use of existing moorings maintained. and anchorages.

7. Camas Rubha na Liathaig should be Sea water for SAMS aquarium facilities is taken from safeguarded from development and activities an intake pipe in the bay at Camas Rubha na that could compromise a high standard of water Liathaig. The aquarium requires a high standard of quality required by the Shellfish Growing Water. water quality.

8. Areas of high recreational use should be This policy zone is an important area for marine and

27 Policies do not preclude the submission of development applications in areas where presumption against development has been identified.

safeguarded from marine and coastal coastal recreation which should not be compromised development. by development.

9. Maintain safe channel of navigation between Development in this narrow entrance to Loch Etive Ledaig Point and Eilean Beag. would restrict navigational access.

ADDITONAL GUIDANCE ON DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

TABLE PZA - Guidance on location, scale and other considerations

Development Location Suggested Comments Type Maximum Scale

New shellfish Coastline of Large Development proposals should give particular consideration to farm Garbh Àrd effects on existing commercial fishing ground, landscape peninsula impacts, the setting of historic interests and interaction with (SW of Lady recreational activity. Margaret‟s Development should use a wooded backdrop as an immediate Tower setting and structures should be aligned parallel to coastal towards the edge and located close to shore. dive site)

New finfish Coastline of Large Development proposals should give particular consideration to farm Garbh Àrd effects on existing commercial fishing ground, landscape peninsula impacts, the setting of historic interests, interaction with (SW of Lady recreational activity and wild fish interests. Margaret‟s Development should use a wooded backdrop as an immediate Tower setting and structures should be aligned parallel to coastal towards the edge and located close to shore. dive site) Any new site would need to operate within and coordinate with the existing Area Management Agreement. For salmon development, operators would need to demonstrate that sea lice management can be adequately controlled within levels dictated by best practice guidance prescribed in the Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture, and support on-going monitoring of wild fish health and survival.

Deleted: Marina expansion Deleted: Dunstaffnage Marina Deleted: Any increase in the number of pontoon berths would need to ensure that safe navigation in and out of Dunstaffnage Bay and the use of existing private moorings is not CONSULTATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES compromised. Deleted: On-shore aquaculture Prospective developers (during pre-application scoping) and Council planning officers (during assessment of development applications) are encouraged to consult with the following individuals and organisations in addition to the normal Deleted: North Ledaig Caravan Park statutory consultees. A list of statutory consultees for different development consents and licences is listed in to Oban Airport Appendix VII. Contact details for statutory and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix VIII. Deleted: This area of coast is designated as „Sensitive Countryside‟ in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan Non-statutory consultees Aquaculture Marina and Local Plan Policy LP CST 2 would expansion be a key consideration (see Appendix I).¶ Preference for development would be Ardchattan Community Council  within the PDA immediately adjacent to the Airport. Argyll Bird Club   Deleted: C

Argyll District Salmon Fishery Board 

Argyll Fisheries Trust 

Dunbeg Boat Owners Association 

Dunbeg Community Council 

Dunstaffnage Bay Moorings Association 

Dunstaffnage Estate 

Dunstaffnage Marina 

John and Ronnie Campbell (Marine Pilots)  

Ledaig Caravan Park 

Linnhe/Lorn etc Area Management Group 

Lochnell Estate 

Mallaig & North West Fishermens Association 

Royal Yachting Association  

Scottish Association for Marine Science

Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers 

Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network 

Tralee Chalet Park 

POLICY ZONE B: NORTH CONNEL TO ACHNACREE BAY (CONNEL NARROWS)

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS This zone has a diverse range of adjacent coastal vegetation, including small cultivated fields and woodlands. A well developed hinterland contrasts with the simple uncluttered water surface and largely undeveloped shoreline. Settlement is broadly linear and parallel with the coast throughout the policy zone.

SEASCAPE CHARACTERISTICS The seascape is characterised by a narrow elongated fast moving tidal channel, with some subtle bays west of Connel Bridge on the southern side of the Loch. Under the Connel Bridge, the tidal Falls of Lora are recognised as a major natural heritage feature and are a tourist attraction in their own right. Generally the water surface has a feeling of enclosure as the area is contained by low but pronounced slopes and the almost continuous presence of fast moving currents. However a maritime presence is also reflected in the movement of boats, and the occasional view of open sea.

ACCESS Access can be sought at a number of locations throughout this policy zone. There is good access to Ardmucknish Bay from the pontoon at Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe, although prior permission to use this pontoon must be sought. Access to Falls of Lora is via the two old ferry slipways. The slip at Connel opposite the Oyster Inn has limited car parking facilities and is suitable for shore divers and kayakers, however boats cannot be Deleted: good launched from this slip. Boat launching is possible at the North Connel slip with prior permission from the Lochnell Arms Hotel. Kayakers also use the old road section on the north side of the Connel Bridge to access Deleted: car park the shore at this point.

VISUAL AMENITY The loch is overlooked by elevated views from the Connel Bridge and by housing on both coastlines.

SETTLEMENTS The village of Connel is the main focal point and overlooks most of the policy zone. On the northern shore the villages of North Connel and Black Crofts overlook the loch.

CURRENT USES Refer to policy zone B map for locations of current activities. Recreation Kayaking The falls of Lora at the Connel narrows are considered to be of international importance as a site for challenging paddling conditions for both sea and white water paddlers28, where 8 knot currents and white water features on salt water are directly accessible by road.

Angling Shore angling is popular on either side of the Falls of Lora, directly under the Connel Bridge and the shoreline below the airport at North Connel is a popular shore fishing mark.

Sailing Sailing is a common occurrence in this policy zone, with a significant numbers of vessels based at moorings in Camas Bruaidh Ruaidhe, and at both Connel and North Connel. Vessels also transit the policy zone to access the inner Loch.

Diving There are three scenic dives and one wreck site in this policy zone: Rubha Riabhach; Falls of Lora; Dunfuinary Point and the Earl of Carrack (wreck of the Puffer). Access to Rubha Riabhach and the Earl of Carrack can be from the privately owned slip at Fishermen‟s Wharf (Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe), although permission is required. Access to the Falls of Lora can be made from the shore at the car park opposite the Oyster Inn. Access to Dunfuinary Point with prior permission, can be made from the steps next to the private house at Dunfuinary.

28 www.fallsoflora.info

Coastal Paths A number of proposed core paths intersect at Connel. These routes include „Oban to Connel via Glen Cruitten‟, „Oban to Fort William (National Cycle Network) and „Black Lochs, Kilvaree, Connel‟. Part of the Oban to Appin route can link up with the coastal path location at Black Crofts.

Commercial Shipping Quarry and timber transhipment vessels that are operated by Breedon Aggregates and Scottish Woodlands Ltd transit through Policy Zone B, whilst en-route to their respective destinations at Bonawe and the Glen Etive Estate.

Infrastructure and Discharges Private infrastructure in this policy zone includes the pontoon at Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe and the old ferry slip at North Connel. The old ferry slip opposite the Oyster Inn is still in public ownership. There are also many commercial, private and association moorings in this policy zone, mostly around Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe, Connel, and North Connel.

Four public sewage discharges and associated emergency/combined sewage overflows are located at North Connel, Connel and Connel. There are also a number of private sewage discharges concentrated around Connel and Black Crofts.

DESIGNATIONS Refer to policy zone B map for areas covered. Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) Designations The coastline of North Connel, Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe and stretch of coast at Kilmaronaig are classified as an area of Sensitive Countryside. The land on the outskirts of Connel to Dunfuinary and North Connel to Black Crofts are classified as Countryside around Settlement. The Kilmaronaig Islands are classified as Very Sensitive Countryside and are a Local Nature Conservation Site. Areas for Action - AFA 5/5 (Dunstaffnage Bay) encompasses the marine area from western boundary of the policy zone to Connel Bridge and is identified for harbour/leisure development. The Potential Development Areas - PDA 5/54 is located around the bay at Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe and is identified for marina/golf course/leisure development.

Other Designations The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water commences from Kilmaronaig Islands and extends to the upper loch. The Loch Etive Marine Consultation Area covers the entire marine area of this policy zone.

BIODIVERSITY The Kilmaronaig Islands are a sensitive breeding site for seabirds, estimated to support 500 pairs of breeding birds in 2005. The main species are Herring Gull, Common Gull with Mute Swan, Greater Black-backed Gull, Eider Duck, Oyster Catcher and other smaller species present. These islands are used by European Otters and Deleted: also as an occasional haul-out for Common Seals which can frequently be seen feeding within the narrows. Deleted: use these islands and

HISTORICAL FEATURES Comment [MSOffice2]: Check that all unscheduled sites included here Coastal and marine historic features identified within and adjacent to this policy zone are: and on map North Connel, barrow - a scheduled ancient monument. Connel Bridge, Loch Etive – Iron cantilevered bridge, constructed in 1903. Category B listed building. Deleted: The key historic features St. Oran‟s Church of Scotland, Connel - category B listed building. include: Lochan na Beithe Farmhouse, cairns - a scheduled ancient monument. Achaleven, cairn - a scheduled ancient monument. Kilmaronaig, buildings and enclosures - a scheduled ancient monument. Achnacree Moss, enclosure at South West end of Lochan nan Rath - a scheduled ancient monument. Achnacree Moss, cairn 135 m East of South end of Lochan nan Rath - a scheduled ancient monument. The undesignated wreck of the Earl of Carrick puffer is located in the middle of the channel between Black Crofts and Dunfuniary at 10 metres depth. Unsheduled site - Archaeological Watching Brief: Black Croft, North Connel.

POLICY ZONE B MAP – Current Uses & Activities

POLICY ZONE B MAP – Designations

POLICY ZONE B MAP – Biodiversity Interests & Historic Features

OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FUTURE USE AND DEVELOPMENT

Opportunities29

Future Use

Deleted: Provision of toilet and Recreation . changing facilities for divers, sea kayakers and anglers Deleted: Potential for small sign at start of Ghilles path at North Connel Access/Coastal Extending the car park at the Falls of Lora (Connel) and repairing the slipway would improve alerting recreational anglers to the Infrastructure recreational access to the water and allow visiting yachts people to come ashore by dingy to requirement for permission of the fishing rights owner, to catch and retain enjoy the viewpoint and the Oyster Inn. Space to extend the car park is very limited however salmon and sea trout. and improvements to the slipway would be maximisedif car park expansion allowed vehicular access to the slipway. Deleted: only be useful

Use of tidal There may be potential for small scale tidal energy development that would not adversely energy affect the environment and social and economic activity.

Development

Marina Potential for marina development as identified by the Area for Action and Potential Development Development Area in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan.

Dedicated Kayaking and canoeing user groups have identified a need for a dedicated access point for Deleted: There is access point kayakers using the Falls of Lora, on the north side of the Connel narrows, below the bridge. for kayaking Such an access point could include a parking area adjacent to the main road, safe path to the shore, toilet and changing facilities and a viewing area. This access point could also be used by others wishing to access the shore, including anglers and divers.

Constraints

Future Use

Tidal currents Tidal speeds of up to 8 knots occur (ebb spring tide) at the Falls of Lora with speeds of 5-6 knots continuing through to Kilmaronaig Narrows which make the area unsuitable for most recreational activities other than diving and kayaking.

Larger vessels required to wait for slack water to enter or exit Loch Etive via the Falls of Lora.

Shipping/boating Connel bridge restricts access to Loch Etive for commercial and recreational vessels with a clearance of 16 m at high water. Deleted: greater than Deleted: 13 Access Access to the shore on the north side of Connel Narrows (west side of Connel Bridge) for sea kayakers is poor.

Condition of The slipway at Connel in not useable due to its poor structural condition and lack of space Coastal to reverse a boat trailer on to it. The car park at Connel is small and parking at the slip Infrastructure below the Lochnell Hotel is limited.

Areas sensitive Kilmaronaig Islands are an important site for breeding seabirds and otters. Common seals to disturbance are also regularly seen feeding in this area. These interests could be disturbed by high speed motorised water-sports and other water craft, and people landing on the islands.

29 Opportunities identified are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere.

95 Development

Landscape Narrow stretch of limited water surface could become quickly dominated by structures. Setting of the Falls of Lora, a dramatic and variable water features, occupies an extensive stretch of this strait. Views along the straits in both directions focus on the Falls of Lora, the Connel Bridge and their setting: development on the water may detract from this.

The water in this policy zone is overlooked by housing and elevated views from the bridge.

Navigation To avoid navigational issues, marine development would need to be located away from recognised anchorages and moorings at Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe, Connel and North Connel, and from the narrow channel used for boat passage under the bridge, towards the south shore.

Hydrography Much of the policy zone is too shallow and tidal flows too strong for aquaculture development.

Most of the area of tidal resource is too shallow for commercial scale tidal turbines. The seabed is not uniform and tidal flow experiences significant turbulence which is not favourable for tidal energy development.

Ecology Restriction of water flow from tidal energy development at the Falls of Lora has the potential to affect tide swept marine communities, migration of wild salmonids and the ecology of the loch, as a result of restriction of water flow, and seawater influence with consequent changes in salinity.

Recreational The Falls of Lora, either side of Connel Bridge is heavily used by sea kayaks and marine Use development in this area could adversely affect recreational use of this area.

Water Quality A number of private sewage outfalls from the settlements of Connel and North Connel, and occasional discharges from Scottish Water emergency overflows may cumulatively affect water quality within this policy zone. Any effluent however is likely to be well dispersed. Deleted: at these locations

POLICY GUIDANCE30

Where the following policy guidance indicates a presumption in favour of development, this will be subject to any development proposal being consistent with the general policies detailed in Section 4 of this plan.

Justification/comments

1. General presumption in favour of marina This bay is adequately sheltered, has a suitable depth development at Camas Bruaich Ruaidhe, of water and is large enough to accommodate a large subject to no significant adverse effects. marina (pontoon berths) and anchorage area without adversely affecting safe navigation and other interests. This bay is already identified as a strategic location for marina/leisure development in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan.

2. General presumption against aquaculture Potential for the landscape to accommodate development in this policy zone. aquaculture development in this policy zone was not identified, due to the high sensitivities associated with the setting of the Falls of Lora, views to and from the Connel Bridge and extensive overlooking of the narrows by settlement.

30 Policies do not preclude the submission of development applications in areas where presumption against development has been identified.

98 Water depth, strong currents, potential to affect navigation and conflict with moorings and recreational activity make this area unsuitable for aquaculture development.

3. General presumption against commercial scale While the Council is generally supportive of marine tidal energy development in this policy zone. renewable energy it is considered that the potential constraints and impacts of commercial scale tidal development in this policy zone are likely to outweigh the benefits. See section 6.7.5 for more details.

4. Small scale tidal energy development that A detailed resource assessment for small scale tidal would not adversely affect the environment energy development would identify any opportunities and social and economic activity, is supported. available to local communities to benefit from marine renewable energy in Loch Etive.

5. Access to Kilmaronaig Islands by marine Recreational activity has the potential to disturb vessel or foot is discouraged between April important seabird colonies and other wildlife, and July. particularly during the seabird breeding season. Marine users should follow the SMWWC (see Appendix X).

6. General support for improvements to access The need for improved access and facilities has been for coastal recreational activities. identified by recreational user groups.

7. Safe navigational access to recognised If sited inappropriately, marine development could moorings and designated anchorages should affect safe navigation and use of existing moorings and be maintained. anchorages.

8. Maintain safe channel of navigation through Marine development in this narrow part of Loch Etive Connel and Kilmaronaig narrows. could restrict navigational access.

ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ON DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

TABLE PZB - Guidance on location, scale and other considerations

Development Location Suggested Comments Type Maximum

Scale

Marina Camas One third of Development should be within the confines of the bay and not Development Bruaich the total encroach on the main channel, affecting safe navigation. Ruaidhe bay area Pontoon development should be configured to allow safe navigation in and out of the bay at all states of the tide. Consideration should be given to incorporating a safe route of navigation around any pontoon structures for sea kayakers trying to avoid the strong currents in the main channel while heading towards Connel Bridge. Any onshore development associated with the marina should avoid the natural foreshore on the west of the bay. Consideration should be given to the design of any proposed marina structures to ensure they facilitate monitoring and eradication of high-risk marine invasive non-native species (INNS) and to the need for self-contained cleaning facilities, which would allow vessels to be lifted, and cleaned without the risk of INNS entering the sea.

Dedicated East of n/a The short section of old road at the north end of the bridge could be access point Connel utilised as a parking area. Any toilet changing facilities should

99 for kayaking Bridge ideally be located within the car parking area. (North Any path and/or viewing area should be sensitive to the amenity of Connel) local residents and design should fit with local character. This area of land is designated as „Countryside around Settlements‟ in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan and Local Plan Policy LP CST 1 would be a key consideration (see Appendix I).

CONSULTATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Prospective developers (during pre-application scoping) and Council planning officers (during assessment of applications) are encouraged to consult with the following individuals and organisations in addition to the normal statutory consultees. A list of statutory consultees for different development consents and licences is listed in Deleted: Contact details for statutory Appendix VII. Contact details for statutory and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix VIII. and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix VII.¶ Consultees Marina Access point

Ardchattan Community Council 

Connel Community Council 

Connel Bridge Moorings Association  

Dalriada Diving  

Dunstaffnage Estate 

Dunstaffnage Marina 

John and Ronnie Campbell (Marine Pilots) 

Lochnell Estate  

Royal Yachting Association  

Scottish Canoe Association  

Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers 

Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network 

Scottish Sub-Aqua Club  

West Connel Mooring Owners Association  

100 POLICY ZONE C: ACHNACREE BAY TO ACHNACLOICH

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS From the Kilmaronaig narrows the loch becomes more expansive, which is further emphasised by low relief and gently undulating terrain of the immediate hinterland. The vegetation pattern includes small pockets of shoreline woodland, semi-natural vegetation, and the occasional small grazed field. There is an attractive contrast between the expanse of the loch and the rugged foreshore at Abbots Isles.

SEASCAPE CHARACTERISTICS This part of Loch Etive is sheltered and expansive, but with no view of the open sea. The maritime influence is limited to the presence of a narrow intertidal strip. The loch is wide and open, characterised by a series of sweeping, pronounced bays along both shores, occasionally further defined by scattered small islands. The shoreline is mainly pebble with occasional rocky inlets, with the exception of the shoreline to the south east of the Kilmaronaig Islands, where mud and sand feature.

ACCESS Shore access is limited in this policy zone, other than the shoreline at Achnaba. There is a private jetty on the north shore of Achnacree Bay and one below Achnacloich House. Anglers use a short track opposite Ardachy farm to access the shore. Access beyond the end of this track is by foot only, as access rights do not permit vehicular access across private land or the foreshore without the owners consent.

VISUAL AMENITY The road and railway run parallel to much of the coastline and afford occasional panoramic views from elevated positions. Achnacree Bay is immediately overlooked by settlement, and elevated views from Achnacairn and Achnacloich Gardens offer panoramic views of the loch. Travelling westward on the A85, the approach to Linne na Craige Bay offers an important first sea view of Loch Etive.

SETTLEMENTS Settlement along the north shore is focussed around the west and north shores of Achnacree Bay. Individual dwellings adjacent to the coast are focused around Achnaba.

CURRENT USES Refer to policy zone C map for locations of current activities. Recreation Angling Shore angling is popular at Achnaba and Ardachy. There have been recurring access issues at Ardachy, on occasion resulting in damage to private property. These issues relate to inappropriate behaviour, camping on private ground without consent, and vehicular access across private land and the foreshore.

Sailing Boating activities such as sailing occur around the north shore in this policy zone. Achnacree Moorings Association has 30 association moorings in Achnacree Bay and there are three anchorages in this part of the loch, located at the Achnacree Bay, Abbot‟s Isles, and Linne na Craige.

Diving There are two scenic dives and one wreck site in this policy zone: North East of Achnacree Bay; the Abbot‟s Isles and an old sailing ship (Achnacree Bay). Diving from a boat is recommended for these sites and boats can be launched from facilities in policy zones A and B.

Kayaking Sea kayaking occurs throughout this zone having launched from elsewhere in the loch.

Coastal Paths A proposed core path follows the „Coffin Trail‟, a route of historic significance that commences at Barcaldine and finishes at Achnacree Bay, North Connel.

101 Commercial Shipping Quarry and timber transhipment vessels often anchor in Achnacree Bay, waiting for suitable tidal conditions that will allow them to exit the loch via Falls of Lora.

Infrastructure and Discharges In addition to the private jetty and association moorings in Achnacree Bay, there are several private moorings along the north shore. Several private consented sewage discharges are concentrated around Achnacree Bay.

DESIGNATIONS Refer to policy zone C map for areas covered. Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) Designations The coastal strip, south east of Achnaba to south east of Ardachy, and the stretch of coastline between Kilmaronaig and Rubha a‟ Chairn Bhig are classified as Sensitive Countryside. The land stretching just north of the coastline (Achnacreebeag to Ardachy) and south east of Kilmaronaig to Stonefield are Rural Opportunity Areas. The coastline from Achnacree Bay to south east of Achnaba is classified as Countryside around Settlement). Abbot‟s Isles are classified as Very Sensitive Countryside an identified as a Local Nature Conservation Site.

Other Designations The area directly south of Kilmaronaig is part of the Loch Etive Woods Special Area of Conservation (SAC), designated for its broad-leaved, western acidic Oak woodland, mixed and Yew woodland. Clais Dhearg is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), notified for biological interest. Achnacloich Gardens are listed in the inventory of Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes. The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water commences from Achnacree Bay and extends to the upper loch. The Loch Etive Marine Consultation Area covers the entire marine area of this policy zone.

BIODIVERSITY Abbot's Isles are a sensitive seabird breeding site, estimated to support 300 pairs of breeding birds in 2005. Key species are Herring Gull, Common Gull, Mute Swan, Great Black-Backed Gull, Eider Duck, Mallard, Rock Pipit, Ringed Plovers, Canada Goose and Greylag Goose. Ardachy Islands support less than 20 breeding pairs of Common Gull, Great Black-Backed Gull, Eider, Mute Swan and Oyster Catcher. West of Ardachy is an important breeding and nesting site for greylag geese. Grey Herons nest in numbers to the rear of Ardachy Deleted: South of Ardachy Grey House and are a common sighting south of Ardachy. Herons are a common sighting.

HISTORICAL FEATURES Comment [MSOffice3]: Check that all unscheduled sites included here Coastal and marine historic features identified within and adjacent to this policy zone are:A series of cairns and on map at Achnacree Moss, Dalvuie and Achnaba and chambered cairns at Carn Ban and Achnacreebeag, all of which are scheduled ancient monuments. Deleted: The key historic features Ardchattan Kirk Achnaba - category B listed building. include:¶ Achnacloich House (Stonefield) - category B listed building. The Achnacloich Historic Garden and Designed Landscape incorporates three designed viewpoints which encompass views westward along the loch. Scheduled Ancient Monument Dun Creagach, dun 145m NW of Achnacloich. The wreck of an undesignated sailing ship lies in Achnacree Bay at 25 metres depth. Unsheduled site - Lag an Tairbh Enclosure.

102 POLICY ZONE C MAP – Current Uses & Activities

103 POLICY ZONE C MAP – Designations

104 POLICY ZONE C MAP – Biodiversity Interests & Historic Features

105 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FUTURE USE AND DEVELOPMENT

Opportunities31

Future Use

Shellfish The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water extends throughout the length of the Aquaculture policy zone and coastal water quality should be maintained at an appropriate standard for shellfish growing.

Recreation Improve view from road and passing places to shore through management of Japanese Knotweed stands along the north shore of this policy zone.

Potential to incorporate historic, cultural and wildife interests of the area into wildlife tours and boat trips. Deleted: Coastal trail or sailing/kayaking trail incorporating historic/archaeological sites and areas of wildlife/habitats. Historic Promote historic cairns that can be seen from the proposed core path at Achnaba through Deleted: Potential for small sign at car Interests appropriate sign posting and interpretation. park adjacent to Achnaba Church alerting recreational anglers to the requirement for permission of the fishing rights owner, to catch and retain salmon and sea trout.

Deleted: Wildlife watching Development Deleted: Potential to provide a viewing area and/or interpretation on the Access Recreational users have identified a need for an access point for kayakers and scuba divers on biodiversity of the shoreline and Abbot‟s the north shore of Loch Etive between Achnacree and Bonawe, which would require a small Isles and the layby at Linnhe na Craige parking area or layby and a either a slipway or access across the foreshore for launching of on the A85. small vessels. Note – although this opportunity is also identified in Policy Zone D, it relates to a Deleted: dive boats single access point (between Achnacree and Bonawe).

Aquaculture Potential for aquaculture development along short length of coastline at Kilmaronaig.

Constraints

Future Use

Access Provision of parking spaces for recreational users is limited by the poor provision of road infrastructure in this zone. Access to the shore is limited and there is no suitable access point including parking space on the north shore of the policy zone, which would be suitable for kayakers or divers.

Natural Abbot‟s Isles and to a lesser degree Ardachy Islands are important sites for breeding seabirds. Heritage These interests could be disturbed by boats and other water craft, and people landing on the islands.

Recreation Large stands of Japanese Knotweed along the north shore impair the view of the loch from the road and parking places.

Coastal Several short stretches of the A85 between Kilmaronaig and Achnacloich Bridge are at risk of flooding coastal flooding.

Development

Landscape Achnacloich, Ardchattan Kirk, Abbot‟s Isles and the Scheduled Ancient Monument Dun Deleted: and the Creagach, are sensitive to development within their setting.

31 Opportunities identified are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere.

106 Achnacree Bay is immediately overlooked by settlement.

The bays between Kilmaronaig and Achnacloich are sensitive to marine development as they are of high aesthetic quality and particularly visible from the A83 where the first panoramic view of the loch is experienced travelling west.

Navigation To avoid navigational issues, marine development would need to be located away from recognised anchorages and moorings.

Natural Abbot‟s Isles and to a lesser degree Ardachy Islands are important sites for breeding seabirds. Heritage These interests could be disturbed by marine development immediately adjacent to the islands.

POLICY GUIDANCE32

Justification/comments

Safe navigational access to association In addition to 30 association moorings, Achnacree Bay is moorings and designated anchorages used as an anchorage for recreational and commercial should be maintained. vessels. If sited inappropriately, marine development could affect safe navigation and use of existing moorings and anchorages.

Protect the setting of Achnacloich Garden These important historic and wildlife features are all and Designed Landscape, Ardchattan sensitive to development within their setting. Kirk, Dun Creagach, dun 145m NW of Auchnacloich and Abbot’s Isle from inappropriate marine development in order to maintain the integrity of their setting.

Presumption in favour of finfish, mussel Small scale development could be accommodated close or scallop development adjacent to shore to the shore at Kilmaronaig along a short stretch of coast at Kilmaronaig. (1km) where views of the loch are screened by trees on the shore-side of the A85. Finfish and mussel/scallop development is not considered to be suitable elsewhere in this policy zone due to the landscape sensitivities detailed above and the presences of moorings and anchorages. In addition to the landscape sensitivities at Abbots‟ Isle, marine development could affect the seabird interest, dive site and anchorage at this location. Oyster farming is not considered to be feasible in Loch Etive.

General support for improvements to The need for parking and a slipway for divers and access for coastal recreational activities kayakers has been identified by recreational user groups. at appropriate locations.

Deleted: Promotion of the natural and historic features of the area is encouraged. Access to Abbot’s Isles by marine vessel Recreational activity has the potential to disturb important Deleted: A lack of information on or foot is discouraged between April and seabird colonies and other wildlife, particularly during the natural and historic features, including July. seabird breeding season. Marine users should follow the whether they are accessible or not was identified by the Loch Etive Stakeholder Group. 32 Policies do not preclude the submission of development applications in areas where presumption against development has been identified.

107 SMWWC (see Appendix X).

ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ON DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

TABLE PZC - Guidance on location, scale and other considerations

Development Location Suggested Comments Type Maximum

Scale

Access North shore Small A small parking area is all that is needed for an access point Improvements (Achnaba for sea kayakers. For divers a small slipway, or access across to Ardachy) the foreshore for a small boat trailer is required, in addition to parking. Any development would need to fit with local character and be sensitive to the amenity of local residents. This area of coast is designated as „Sensitive Countryside‟ in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan and Local Plan Policy LP CST 2 would be a key consideration (see Appendix I).

Finfish/ Short Small Finfish development proposals should give particular shellfish stretch of consideration to interactions with wild migratory salmonids. development coast Development should be located so as to avoid focal views of where Abbot‟s Isles and use existing screening for eastward-views woodland from A85. Structures should be aligned parallel to coastal edge screens the and located close to shore. loch from A85 at For salmon development, operators would need to Kilmaronaig demonstrate that sea lice management can be adequately controlled within levels dictated by best practice guidance prescribed in the Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture, and support on-going monitoring of wild fish health and survival. It should be noted that additional aquaculture development in policy zones D and E, through consolidation and rationalisation, is considered to be of preference to new development in this Policy Zone.

CONSULTATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES Prospective developers (during pre-application scoping) and Council planning officers (during assessment of applications) are encouraged to consult with the following individuals and organisations in addition to the normal statutory consultees. A list of statutory consultees for different development consents and licences is listed in Deleted: Contact details for statutory Appendix VII. Contact details for statutory and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix VIII. and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix VII. Consultees Access Improvements Aquaculture

Ardchattan Community Council  

Argyll District Salmon Fishery Board 

Argyll Fisheries Trust 

Celtic Sea Ltd. 

Connel Community Council 

Dalriada Diving  

108 John and Ronnie Campbell (Marine Pilots) 

Kilmaronaig Estate 

Landowner 

Royal Yachting Association 

Scottish Canoe Association  

Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers 

Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network 

Scottish Sub-Aqua Club  

109 POLICY ZONE D: ACHNACLOICH TO BONAWE QUARRY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS The landscape on the south side of the policy zone is for the most part a mixture of dense shoreline woodland at Muckairn and Airds Park, semi-natural vegetation and the occasional small pasture field. Airds Park and Coille Nathais form one of the most extensive areas of Oak and Birch dominated semi-natural woodland in Argyll, extending inland over a series of low hills to an altitude of 100 metres. Development is concentrated around Airds Bay. On the north side of the policy zone the landscape is mostly developed pasture between Ardachy and Balrcreen, and beyond this is dominated by ancient Oak, Birch and Scots Pine woodland as far as Bonawe. Scattered development, concentrated in some locations provides a settled feel.

SEASCAPE CHARACTERISTICS Policy Zone D is characterised by a series of sweeping, pronounced bays along both shores, occasionally further defined by scattered small islands. The shoreline is a mix of mud, sand and pebble with occasional rocky inlets. With no views present of the open sea, maritime influence is limited to a moderate tidal reach and occasional marine based activity. There are several existing fin and shell fish farms occupying the bays in Policy Zone D, with onshore development concentrated around Taynuilt and Bonawe.

ACCESS Foot access to the shoreline in this policy zone is possible from the B845 and from the North Connel – Bonawe Road. Coastal infrastructure in this policy zone is privately owned, although many of the facilities can be used with prior permission. The most important access sites are as follows: Achnacloich – Extensively used by kayakers as is a safe and sheltered area. Taynuilt – Both the Taynuilt Pier (north pier next to River Awe mouth) and Kelly‟s Pier (at B845 road end) are important sites for kayakers, divers and anglers. Boats can be launched from the shoreline at Kelly‟s Pier. Airds Bay House – Used by anglers and kayakers as boats can be launched from the shore and a number of piers are also present.

VISUAL AMENITY Low level views of the loch are present from the North Connel to Bonawe road although in places these are screened by shoreline trees. Elevated views of the east end of the policy zone are available from the B845 descending from Gleann Salach. Scattered housing and settlement at Bonawe and Airds Bay also has views down the loch, and of the opposite shoreline. Views of Bonawe quarry are prominent from Taynuilt, in particular Taynuilt Pier.

SETTLEMENTS Settlement along the north shore is focussed around Bonawe, with Airds Bay and Taynuilt situated along the south shore. Scattered housing outside of these areas is also present, mostly on the north side of the loch.

CURRENT USES

Refer to policy zone D map for locations of current activities.

Aquaculture A large number of aquaculture sites are present in this policy zone, see table below for details. On shore developments include shore base and depuration facilities at Achnacloich (Muckairn Mussels) and Taynuilt Pier (Celtic Sea), and a small shore base at Ardchattan, utlised by Dawnfresh Farming Ltd.

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Current Aquaculture Sites Development Location/Site Species Consented Equipment Maximum Operator Shore-base Status Name Biomass Location

Rubha a Chairn Mussels 12 x10 msq mussel rafts Muckairn Achnacloich Fallowed/ not Bhig Mussels active

SE of Rubha a Mussels 10 x10 msq mussel rafts Muckairn Achnacloich Fallowed/ not Chairn Bhig Mussels active

West of Rubha Mussels 5 x10 msq mussel rafts + Muckairn Achnacloich Fallowed/ not nan Carn 4 longlines at 800 m Mussels active length in total

Rubha nan Mussels 10 x 10 msq mussel rafts Muckairn Achnacloich Fallowed/ not Carn + total of 700 m longline Mussels active length

Muckairn Mussels Site 2 – 3 x 220 m Muckairn Achnacloich Fallowed/ not longlines Mussels active

West of Airds Mussels 3 x 200 m longlines Muckairn Achnacloich Fallowed/ not Point headland Mussels active

East of Airds Mussels 4 x 400 m longlines Celtic Sea Taynuilt Pier Fallowed/ not Park Ltd. active

Airds Point Trout 10 x 80 m circumference 966 tonnes Dawnfresh Inverawe Active cages Farming (Port na Mine) Ltd.

Ardchattan Trout 8 x (15 m x 15 m) + 2 x 350 tonnes Dawnfresh Ardchattan Active Priory (8.5 m x 8.5 m) cages Farming Ltd.

Fishing Creeling activities occur in the central part of the loch, extending from north of Muckairn to Airds Bay.

Recreation Angling Airds Bay is a popular shore angling mark, and shore angling is also common on the north side of the loch at points accessible from the North Connel – Bonawe Road. Taynuilt Pier is also frequently used. Taynuilt and Airds Bay are important sites for launching sea angling vessels that use other areas of the loch.

Sailing Dinghy sailing and motorised water sports occur in the area of Ardchattan, with general yacht sailing and boating north east of Rubha nan Carn and in Airds Bay. There are a number of private moorings throughout this policy zone, with the highest concentration just east of Bonawe. In addition, there are 40 association moorings in Airds Bay.

Kayaking Sea kayaking occurs throughout this zone either passing through the area or having launched from Achnacloich or Airds Bay.

Charter Boats The „Laura Dawn‟ operates half day angling trips from Airds Bay. The MV Claudia is built for sea angling and works out of Oban and from Taynuilt for general fishing on Loch Etive. The Mara (Loch Etive Cruises) provides scenic wildlife cruises from Kelly‟s Pier, Airds Bay to Glen Etive.

Diving There are three scenic dive sites and one wreck site in this policy zone: Ardchattan Priory, Bonawe Slip, Eilean nam Meann and Bonawe Harbour (collapsed creel boat wreck). Ardchattan Priory and Bonawe Slip are accessed from the pier and the right-hand side of the slipway respectively. Access permission must be sought for Ardchattan Priory and Eilean nam Meann sites. It is currently difficult to launch hard boats from

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Taynuilt Pier due to permissions and depth restrictions; an alternative launch point is across the shore, adjacent to the pier.

Coastal Paths A number of proposed core paths intersect at Taynuilt. These routes include: Kilchrenan to Taynuilt Achlonan to Taynuilt Jetty Taynuilt - Airds circular Shore Cottage, Brochroy to Inverawe Taynuilt to Oban

In addition a proposed core path/coastal path commences at Bonawe and finishes at Glen Etive, National Cycle Route 78 (Oban to Campbeltown) passes through Taynuilt village, and a number of signed mountain biking trails routes are present in Fearnoch forest.

Commercial Shipping Aggregate vessels also transit the policy zone, berthing at Bonawe Quarry. Timber transhipment vessels pass through Policy Zone D, whilst en-route to the trans-shipment pier Glen Etive.

Coastal Industry The quarry at Bonawe produces quarried granite products and a specialised plant produces asphalt, giving an industrial look to this part of the coast. Recreational anglers fish from the edge of the quarry.

Infrastructure and Discharges There are a number of piers, jetties and slipways spread throughout this policy zone, all of which are privately owned. Commercial, private and association moorings are also present multiple locations, with the greatest concentration in Airds Bay.

Two subsea power cables are present at Eilean Duirinnis, and within the River Etive. An out of service submarine telecommunications cables runs between Taynuilt and Bonawe.

Private and public waste water treatment discharge points are present at Airds Bay, Bonawe, Eilean Duirinnis and Taynuilt.

DESIGNATIONS Refer to policy zone D map for areas covered. Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) Designations The coastline of Rubha a‟ Chairn Bhig to Airds Bay (Eilean Duirinnis) is classified as Sensitive Countryside. The land stretching just north of the coastline (Ardachy to Blarcreen) and south east of Rubha a‟ Chairn Bhig are Rural Opportunity Area‟s. Airds Bay (Bonawe & Taynuilt) is classified as Countryside around Settlement. The coastal hinterland is part of the North West Loch Etive Coast Area of Panoramic Quality.

Other Designations Airds Park and the area directly north and south east of Inveresragan is part of the Loch Etive Woods Special Area of Conservation (SAC), designated for its broad-leaved, western acidic Oak woodland, mixed and Yew woodland. Airds Park and Coille Nathais, Kennacraig and Esragan Burn, and Glen Nant are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), notified for their biological interest. Glen Nant is also designated as a National Nature Reserve. Ardchattan Priory and Achnacloich Garden are listed in the inventory of Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes. The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water commences from Achnacree Bay and extends to the upper loch.

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BIODIVERSITY The mouth of the River Awe is known to be an important migratory river for Sea Trout and Atlantic Salmon. The catchment of the River Awe is arguably the most valuable fishery on the West coast of Deleted: River Awe is Scotland, and as a consequence the fishery and catchment area management is extremely important. Deleted: the most valuable fishery on Bonawe Furnace and Blarcreen are sensitive breeding sites in autumn and winter for Greylag Geese. the west coast of Scotland Sand Martins are common north of Inveresragan. Osprey can be sighted along the Ardchattan coast. Deleted: it Airds Bay and the coastline from Muckairn to Airds Point are an important area for waders, Eider Duck, Oyster Catcher, Osprey, Mute Swan, Common and Arctic Tern, Common Gull, Black-headed Gull, and Grey Heron. Tern populations vary annually with an uncertain trend, however overall numbers appear to be increasing. Mink control is likely to have assisted in increasing numbers. Harbour Seal and European Otter can be sighted along the Muckairn to Airds Point coastline and seals occasionally haul-out on the south and south western tip of Eilean Duirinnis. Significant stands of salt marsh at Brochroy and Blarcreen are an important habitat for wading birds.

HISTORICAL FEATURES Comment [MSOffice4]: Check that all unscheduled sites included here Coastal and marine historic features identified within and adjacent to this policy zone are:Dun Chathach, and on map dun 630 m East of Auchnacloich Railway Station - a scheduled ancient monument. Ardchattan House - category B listed building. Deleted: The key historic features Ardchattan Priory, priory, burial ground and cross slab - a scheduled ancient monument. include: ¶ Baile Mhaodain, church - a scheduled ancient monument. Ardchattan Manse - category C(S) listed building. Old Ardchattan Kirk (Kilmodan) Baile Mhaodan - category C(S) listed building. Dun Mor, dun, Inverawe - a scheduled ancient monument. Bonawe, Iron Furnace - a scheduled ancient monument comprises the extensive and well preserved remains of the Bonawe Iron Works. Also encompassing 11 Listed Buildings, the scheduled area is in four distinct parts including: Kelly‟s Pier, the furnace area and lade. Taynuilt Inn, Taynuilt - category B listed building. Muckairn Kirk, Taynuilt - category B listed building. Taynuilt, Old Parish Church of Muckairn, tombstones and burial ground - a scheduled ancient monument. Nelson Monument, Taynuilt - category B listed building. Nelson Monument, inscribed stone, Taynuilt - a scheduled ancient monument. Muckairn Manse Taynuilt - category B listed building. Taynuilt, standing stone - a scheduled ancient monument.

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POLICY ZONE D MAP – Current Uses & Activities

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POLICY ZONE D MAP – Designations

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POLICY ZONE D MAP – Biodiversity Interests & Historic Features

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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FUTURE USE AND DEVELOPMENT

Opportunities33

Future Use

Aquaculture The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water extends throughout the length of the policy zone and coastal water quality should be maintained at an appropriate standard for shellfish growing or ranching.

Recreation Scope for increased use of this policy zone for water-based recreation, particularly when weather limits access to open sea (kayaking, leisure boating, sailing, sea angling).

Improve view from road and passing places to shore through management of Japanese Knotweed stands along the north shore of this policy zone.

Deleted: Coastal trail or sailing/kayaking trail incorporating historic/archaeological sites and areas Better promotion of established coastal paths and walking routes in the area and potential to of wildlife/habitats. incorporate historic, cultural and wildlife interests into wildlife tours and boat trips. Deleted: Better promotion of area for walking and eco-tourism and Linking the core path (Bonawe to Glen Etive) with the West Highland Way, National Cycle incorporation of historic, cultural and wildlife interests of the area into tours, Route at Taynuilt and Oban to Fort William cycle route, as a circular off-road cycle route. trails and interpretation. This could be considered as a potential aspirational route in the Argyll and Bute Core Path Plan.

Potential for small sign at Taynuilt Pier, alerting recreational anglers to the requirement for permission of the fishing rights owner, to catch and retain salmon and sea trout. Any signage should emphasise both salmon and sea trout as important LBAP species which are under threat and if caught they should be carefully returned to allow them to spawn.

Access Access for recreational activities in this policy zone could be improved through: Positive management of key access locations at Achnacloich which allows continued access to the area, subject to responsible behaviour by users; Changing and toilet facilities at Achnacloich and Taynuilt; Dedicated parking area at Taynuilt Pier and improved road access; Small dedicated parking areas on the B845; Slipway and small pontoon development at Taynuilt Pier; Visitor moorings in Airds Bay; and Maintenance to the existing Piers at Taynuilt.

Use of tidal There may be potential for small scale tidal energy development at Bonawe Narrows that energy would not adversely affect the environment and social and economic activity.

Development

Aquaculture Opportunity to maximise operations and production in this part of the loch through consolidation or rationalisation of existing sites.

Taynuilt Pier Redevelopment options for Taynuilt Pier and land adjacent could include, a dedicated parking Deleted: of area, slipway, small pontoon, toilet and changing facilities, small café and interpretation on Deleted: encompassing a local wildlife and historic interests. Deleted: dedicated parking area,

Access point Recreational users have identified a need for an access point for kayakers and scuba divers on the north shore of Loch Etive between Achnacree and Bonawe, which would require a small parking area or lay by and either a slipway or access across the foreshore to allow

33 Opportunities identified are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere.

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launching of small vessels.Note – although this opportunity is also identified in Policy Zone C, Deleted: for launching small dive boats it relates to a single access point (between Achnacree and Bonawe). Deleted:

Constraints

Future Use

Access Provision of parking spaces for recreational users is limited by the poor provision of road infrastructure in this zone. A lack of parking for vehicles and boat trailers, accessible piers and slipways and toilet and changing facilities restrict recreational use of the area.

Infrastructure The overhead power cable crossing the Bonawe narrows limits vessels from entering the upper loch which have a clearance greater than 16 metres over the deep-water channel in Deleted: 13 the narrows. Clearance of 13 metres occurs at the low point, over shallow water.

The out of service subsea telecommunication cable and in-service power cable could be damaged anchoring of commercial and recreational vessels.

Historic Options for maintenance/improvement of Kelly‟s Pier at Taynuilt may be affected by the listed Interests building designation which may make improvements to its structure difficult.

Natural Coastal salt marsh is particularly sensitive to physical damage resulting from erosion by foot heritage or vehicle access directly across these habitats.

Coastal Several parts of the North Connel to Bonawe road, particularly at Ardachy and Ardchattan are flooding at risk of coastal flooding.

Development

Landscape The coastline around Airds Bay is and directly adjacent to Bonawe village is overlooked by settlement.

Developing the majority of bays along the shoreline could lead to an impact on sequential experience when travelling either along the public road or on the water.

The expanse of the open water can be quickly narrowed by development encroaching from each shore.

The setting of Ardchattan Priory is sensitive to poorly located development.

Coastal The shoreline adjacent to Airds Bay is at risk of coastal flooding and any development in this Flooding area would need to be designed and constructed to be operational during floods.

Navigation To avoid navigational issues, marine development would need to be located away from recognised anchorages and moorings at Airds Bay and Bonawe narrows.

Hydrography Current speeds are too fast to support aquaculture development around Bonawe narrows and may be too high for shellfish development along the shore from Airds Bay to Airds Point.

Loch Etive Any coastal development within the Loch Etive Woods SAC would need to be consistent with Woods SAC the conservation objectives of this designated site.

Wild Migratory New salmon or trout farms in this policy zone would increase the risk of interactions between Salmonids farmed and wild salmonids, from disease and escapes.

Infrastructure Subsea cables could be damaged by new moorings or the anchoring/mooring of new finfish or shellfish farms. Aquaculture development or new moorings would not be permitted directly

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over or immediately adjacent to the in-service power cables at Eilean Duirnniss.

Commercial Access to creel fishing ground could be restricted by additional marine development. fishing

POLICY GUIDANCE34

Justification/comments

1. Support efforts of mussel farming companies in The eradication and management of Mytilus management of Mytilus trossulus. trossulus is key to the future of a sustainable mussel farming industry in Loch Etive.

2. The culture of seaweed and use of polyculture is There is interest from some existing encouraged. aquaculture companies in growing algae, either alongside existing production or as an alternative to mussel farming.

3. Future proposals to consolidate or reorganise Future consolidation/rationalisation of existing existing development sites will be supported where developments may offer the greatest proposals are consistent with Policy LE AQUA 1. opportunity for maximising production of trout and mussel farming in Loch Etive.

4. Presumption against new aquaculture Potential to accommodate additional marine developments in addition to existing sites. aquaculture development has not been identified in this policy zone, largely due to number of existing sites (developed & undeveloped). These sites largely occupy the most appropriate locations for development, and generally avoid the key landscape sensitivities in this part of the loch.

5. Continued transport of products from Bonawe Transport of goods by sea can reduce Quarry by sea is supported. environmental impacts and damage to road infrastructure. Sea transport also has benefits where there is community resistance to intrusive lorry movements through residential areas or via inadequate public roads, where congestion is likely.

6. General support for improvements to access for The need for improved access and facilities at recreational and commercial activities at Taynuilt and Achnacloich has been identified by appropriate locations. recreational user groups. Improving or adding to existing physical infrastructure is key to supporting and assisting the marine leisure industry and other commercial activities.

7. Maintain safe channel of navigation through Marine development in this narrow part of Loch Bonawe narrows. Etive could restrict navigational access.

8. Small scale tidal energy development that would A detailed resource assessment for small scale

34 Policies do not preclude the submission of development applications in areas where presumption against development has been identified.

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not adversely affect the environment and social tidal energy development would identify any and economic activity is supported. opportunities available to local communities to benefit from marine renewable energy in Loch Etive.

9. Protect the settings of Ardchattan Inventory These important historic features are sensitive Garden and Designed Landscape and Dun Mor, to development within their setting. dun, Inverawe from inappropriate marine development in order to maintain the integrity of their setting.

ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ON DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

TABLE PZD - Guidance on location, scale and other considerations

Development Location Suggested Comments Type Maximum

Scale

Aquaculture n/a n/a Proposals should be consistent with Policy LE AQUA 1. consolidation/ Particular consideration should be given to: rationalisation any available spatial guidance on areas that are most suitable for development; potential environmental benefits, including landscape, habitats and species and wild migratory salmonids; potential benefits in terms of site management, including disease control and escapes; potential benefits to communities and commercial and recreational activities; and increased economic viability and socio-economic benefits.

Taynuilt Pier Taynuilt - Taynuilt Pier has been identified by sea anglers, kayakers and scuba divers as the most important access point in Loch Etive. Continued inappropriate use of this location could result in access restrictions. Development of a dedicated access point would improve access and management of this area. Any development would need to fit with local character; and be sensitive to the amenity of local residents and would need to allow continued commercial use. The pier and land around it are at risk from coastal flooding, as identified by the SEPA flood map (1:200 probability) and any development proposals would need to be consistent with the Argyll and Bute Development Plan Policy LP SERV 8 (see Appendix I). Opportunities for new facilities will need to be considered carefully in order that recreation does not result in unacceptable impacts on the environment and local communities. This area of land is designated as „Countryside around Settlements‟ in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan and Local Plan Policy LP CST 1 would be a key consideration (see Appendix I).

Access Point North shore Small A small parking area is all that is needed for an access point for (Achnaba to sea kayakers. For divers a small slipway is required, in addition Ardachy) to parking. Any development would need to fit with local character and be

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sensitive to the amenity of local residents. Opportunities for new facilities will need to be considered carefully in order that recreation does not result in unacceptable impacts on the environment and local communities.

CONSULTATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Prospective developers (during pre-application scoping) and Council planning officers (during assessment of applications) are encouraged to consult with the following individuals and organisations in addition to the normal statutory consultees. A list of statutory consultees for different development consents and licences is Deleted: Contact details for statutory listed in Appendix VII. Contact details for statutory and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix and non-statutory consultees are VIII. provided in Appendix VII.

Consultees Aquaculture Taynuilt Pier Access Point

Ardchattan Community Council   

Argyll District Salmon Fishery Board 

Argyll Fisheries Trust  

Celtic Sea Ltd.  

Connel Community Council 

Dalriada Diving   

Dawnfresh Farming Ltd. 

Inverawe Estate 

John and Ronnie Campbell (Marine Pilots)  

Kilmaronaig Estate  

Muckairn Mussels 

Scottish Canoe Association   

Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers   

Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network   

Scottish Sub-Aqua Club   

Taynuilt Community Council  

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POLICY ZONE E: BONAWE QUARRY TO ARDMADDY BAY

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS The landscape in Policy Zone E is sheltered, narrow fjord like with relatively still water, although strongly north and west winds can funnel up the glen. The northern shore is particularly wooded, with modest areas of semi- natural woodland and some commercial forest. The southern shore has some areas of unimproved pasture around the River Noe and Inverliver Bay. The rugged landscape has a strong sense of naturalness, and the sense of remoteness increases as the loch extends inland away from Taynuilt. The quarry and shoreline development features as part of the landscape at the south western end of loch.

SEASCAPE CHARACTERISTICS Policy Zone E has an enclosed and sheltered feel. The maritime character is limited to a small intertidal reach and presence of shell fish lines and some modest marine based activity. The rocky coastal edge rises steeply from the water directly to high mountains creating a strong sense of enclosure. The indented shoreline, with well defined small scale bays is emphasised by promontories and occasional islands. Sections of coast have a mix of mud, sand and pebble.

ACCESS Accessibility is limited to rough private coastal roads on either side of the loch and via boat. There are a number of private slipways/piers in this zone, including a slipway/pier at Port na Mine, asmall jetty south of Deleted: Dawnfresh Seafoods Port an Dobhrain, a slipway at Inverliver Bay, and a pier near Dail. Deleted: lease the private

Deleted: . There is a VISUAL AMENITY Deleted: private The views focus along the length of loch, and are frequently elevated, encountering each bay individually in Deleted: private sequence. Dramatic peaks rise directly from the water‟s edge and are reflected in the loch surface with frequent panoramic views. Deleted: private

SETTLEMENTS Settlement is very sparse, limited to a few individual houses on the south side of the loch. A bothy at Cadderlie is run by the Mountain Bothies Association.

CURRENT USES

Refer to policy zone E map for locations of current activities.

Aquaculture A considerable number of shellfish and finfish leases are present in this policy zone. Details for each site are listed in the following table. Dawnfresh Farming Ltd. operate their trout farm sites from a shore base at Inverawe (Port na mine).

Current Aquaculture Sites

Location/Site Species Consented Maximum Operator Shore-base Development Name Equipment Biomass Location Status

Port na Mine Trout 10 x 60 m 455 Dawnfresh Inverawe Active circumference cages Farming Ltd. plus 4 x feeder rafts

*Inverawe East Trout 6 x 50 m circumference Dawnfresh Inverawe Active cages, plus 4 x (10 m x 250 Farming Ltd. 10 m) cages for trout, plus 7 x 12 msq mussel rafts and 4 x 220 m longlines, for shellfish

*Inverawe West Trout Equipment as above 250 Dawnfresh Inverawe Active Farming Ltd.

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Current Aquaculture Sites

Location/Site Species Consented Equipment Maximum Operator Shore-base Development Name Biomass Location Status

North of Barran Mussels 6 x 300 m plus 2 x 200 m Celtic Sea Taynuilt Fallowed/ not Dubh longlines Ltd. active

Sròn nam Mussels 1 x 9 msq mussel raft, plus Kames - Fallowed/ not Feannag 3 x 220 m and 2 x 180 m active longlines

South west of Mussels 17 x 12 msq mussel rafts Forera - Fallowed/ not Sgeir Lag active Choan

North east of Mussels 8 x 150 m longlines Black Isles - Fallowed/ not Sgeir Lag Seafoods active Choan (Craig Point)

Craig Bay and Mussels 2 sites with 23 x 200 m Celtic Sea Taynuilt Fallowed/ not Camas na longlines (over both sites) Ltd. active Cùirte

Port Mor Mussels 6 x 12msq mussel rafts Black Isles - Fallowed/ not plus 5 x 100 m longlines Seafoods active

*All equipment at Inverawe East and West is in rotation.

Fishing Creeling activities occur close to the shore, north from Balure and Rubh‟ Àird an Droighinn coastlines leading up to Aird Trilleachan in Policy Zone F.

Recreation Angling Sea angling is common at the south end of the policy zone, and a number of shore based marks are present on the north side of the loch. These are accessed from the private road to Barrs. A number of these locations have been affected by litter left by anglers/campers. Boat angling is also popular in this part of Loch Etive with charter, hire and private boats normally launching from Taynuilt.

Sailing Recreational boating and to a lesser extent, sailing occur throughout the policy zone. Charter boats also utilise this part of the loch. There are four recognised anchorages.

Diving There are six scenic dive sites and two wrecks in this policy zone: Rubh' Àird an Droighinn; Island of Sgeir Lag Choan; McKinley's Cliff; Rubha na Creige; Port na Mine Cliff-Face and the seal haul-out site at Àird Eilein. The first wreck is located at Rubh' Àird an Droighinn and the second at Port na Dobhrain. Boat access is generally advisable for the majority of upper loch dive and wreck sites, although McKinley's Cliff, Rubha na Creige and Port na Mine Cliff-Face can be accessed via the shore.

Coastal Paths A proposed core path/coastal path commences at Bonawe and finishes at Glen Etive. There is also a coastal path (right of way) to Port Na Mine that commences from Inverawe Country Park.

Commercial Shipping Timber transhipment vessels, operated by Scottish Woodlands Ltd pass through Policy Zone E, whilst en-route to the transshipment pier at Glen Etive.

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Infrastructure and Discharges Coastal infrastructure in this policy zone is all privately owned and there are no consented discharges via sea outfalls present. There are four private moorings at Rubh' Àird an Droighinn. The Scottish Association for Marine Science have a scientific monitoring buoy, located in the Bonawe deep basin, which is connected by cable to the shore as part of an ongoing long-term monitoring project35.

DESIGNATIONS Refer to policy zone E map for areas covered. Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) Designations The entire coastline (south of Rubha and Ardmaddy Bay Barr to Rubh‟ Àird an Droighinn) is classified as Sensitive Countryside. The land stretching south east of Balure to Inverawe Country Park is a Rural Opportunity Area. The coastal hinterland adjacent to this policy zone is part of the North Argyll Area of Panoramic Quality.

Other Designations The coastal strip, Rubh Àird an Droighainn to Cadderlie and Barran Dubh of is part of the Loch Etive Woods Special Area of Conservation (SAC), designated for its broad-leaved, western acidic Oak woodland, mixed and Yew woodland. Bonawe to Cadderlie SSSI is notified for its upland oak woodland and Caledonian igneous rock and Barran Dubh SSSI for its upland Oak Woodland and bryophyte assemblage. The Loch Etive Marine Consultation Area covers the entire marine area of this policy zone. The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water and Loch Etive Shellfish production Area encompasses the entire marine areas of this policy zone.

BIODIVERSITY The River Kinglass is the largest river in this policy zone and supports sea trout and salmon. The smaller rivers Noe and Liver, Abhain Dalach and Alt Easach are primarily habitats for recruitment of sea trout. The skerries at Àird Eilein (Currachd Liath & Sgeirean Inverliver) are an important haul-out site for common seals, with 27 seals counted by the Sea Mammal Research Unit in August 2007. Otter and seabirds are often sighted along the coast at Àird Eilein close to Inverliver Bay. East of Dun Mor is a sensitive breeding site for Grey Heron. The Barran Dubh SSSI is one of the remaining fragments of ancient semi-natural upland oak woodland around Loch Etive. Steep bedrock cliffs are present just south of Rubha na Creige. Known as Mackinley‟s cliff, this rock wall and boulder slope extends to over 40 m depth and supports shallow water communities of mussels and filamentous green algae, followed in deeper water by a community characterised by the brachiopod Neocrania anomala and solitary ascidians (seasquirts), sea anemones, cup corals and polychaetes. Rhododendron ponticum can be found spreading at Barrs and Glen Etive on the west shore of this policy zone.

HISTORICAL FEATURES Comment [MSOffice5]: Check that all unscheduled sites included here Coastal and marine historic features identified within and adjacent to this policy zone are:Dun Leigh, dun and on map 200 m East, North East of Balure - a scheduled ancient monument. Deleted: The key historic features Inverawe House - category B listed building. include: ¶ Unscheduled sites include: Glen Kinglass, Furnace; Aird Eilean Enclosure; and Corn drying kiln, Inverliver.

35 http://www.hypox.net/

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POLICY ZONE E MAP – Current Uses & Activities

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POLICY ZONE E MAP – Designations

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POLICY ZONE E MAP – Biodiversity Interests & Historic Features

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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FUTURE USE AND DEVELOPMENT

Opportunities36

Future Use

Forestry Deconiferise the Cadderlie forest area after felling and revert to native woodland and open management ground, leading to improvements for landscape and biodiversity.

Recreation Better promotion of established coastal paths and walking routes in the area and potential to incorporate historic, cultural and wildlife interests into wildlife tours and boat trips. Deleted: Better promotion of area for walking and eco-tourism and incorporation of historic, cultural and Linking the core path (Bonawe to Glen Etive) with the West Highland Way, National Cycle wildlife interests of the area into tours, Route at Taynuilt and Oban to Fort William cycle route, as a circular off-road cycle route. trails and interpretation. This could be considered as a potential aspirational route in the Argyll and Bute Core Path Plan.

Promote the need for responsible behaviour in order to manage and reduce existing problems of litter from recreational users.

Deleted: Coastal trail or sailing/kayaking trail incorporating historic/archaeological sites and areas Access Collection and drop off of visitors by boat wishing to walk or cycle part of the area. of wildlife/habitats.

Scientific Continued monitoring of the deep water basin east of Bonawe narrows as an observatory Research site looking at the effect of bottom water renewal frequency and duration on climate-driven hypoxia (low oxygen conditions) in a sea loch with limited tidal exchange.

Development

Aquaculture Opportunity to maximise operations and production in this part of the loch through consolidation or rationalisation of existing sites.

Timber Upgrading of old pier/jetty at Barrs or Dail to transport timber by barge from the Forestry Transhipment Commission plantations at Cadderlie and Barrs.

Constraints

Future Use

Height Air draught restriction at Connel Bridge and at Bonawe Narrows limits the size and design restriction of commercial vessels which can visit this part of the loch for timber extraction. (Boat access)

Wildlife Recreational and commercial activities need to ensure they do not adversely affect the (Habitats and important features of the Loch Etive Woods SAC, Barran Dubh and Bonawe to Cadderlie species) SSSI, and sensitive wildlife such as otters. The protection and preservation of existing flora and fauna may be enhanced by the level of inaccessibility.

Access Timber extraction in this policy zone is restricted to transport by sea as upgrading road access to the nearest public road would be prohibitive.

36 Opportunities identified are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere.

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Vehicular access to the shore is restricted to single lane tracks of variable quality running up to Barrs on the north side of the loch and Glen Kinglass on the south.

Recreational There are no access points for launching boats or moorings in this policy zone. boating

Areas Common seals and seabirds utilising the skerries at Ard Eilein could be disturbed by boats sensitive to and other water craft, and people landing on the islands. disturbance

Development

Landscape The intimate scale of small bays are easily dominated by marine development.

The remote rugged landscape, generally undeveloped and relatively inaccessible is dominated by a sense of naturalness which can be compromised by marine development.

Panoramic views from elevated footpaths, particularly on the south shore of the policy zone are sensitive to marine development.

Organic forms and irregular shape characterise this landscape and geometric structures are therefore more prominent.

Existing aquaculture development is already very extensive, occupying almost every bay and the foreground to most views.

Historic The coastal setting of Dun Leigh, dun 200m ENE of Balure is sensitive to poorly sighted interests marine and coastal development.

Wild Migratory New salmon or trout farms in this policy zone would increase the risk of interactions Salmonids between farmed and wild salmonids, from disease and escapes.

Hydrography The sides of the loch slope steeply in the western part of this policy zone, making anchoring of aquaculture sites difficult and the stability of sediments may be an issue.

Water Limited water exchange in this policy zone may restrict aquaculture development in terms of exchange availability of plankton for shellfish and flushing of excess waste/nutrients from finfish farming.

Natural Seals and seabirds could be disturbed by marine development immediately adjacent to the Heritage skerries at Àird Eilein (Currachd Liath and Sgeirean Inverliver).

Commercial Access to creel fishing ground could be restricted by additional marine development. fishing

POLICY GUIDANCE37

Justification/comments

1. Support efforts of mussel farming companies in The eradication and management of Mytilus management of Mytilus trossulus. trossulus is key to the future of a sustainable

37 Policies do not preclude the submission of development applications in areas where presumption against development has been identified.

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mussel farming industry in Loch Etive.

4. Presumption against new aquaculture Potential to accommodate additional marine developments in addition to existing sites. aquaculture development has not been identified in this policy zone, largely due to number of existing sites (developed & undeveloped) and this part of the loch is therefore considered to have reached landscape capacity. The most appropriate locations are already developed and some existing development occupies locations which are considered to be sensitive to development.

5. Safeguard SAMS research buoy in Bonawe deep In order to avoid damage to research water basin. equipment, recreational or commercial vessels should not tie up to this buoy.

6. Support for timber transhipment from Cadderlie Current road infrastructure is not suitable for and Barrs. timber transport by road.

7. Presumption against marine development These skerries are a haul out site for up to 30 immediately adjacent the skerries Currachd Liath common seals and are visited regularly by local and Sgeirean Inverliver. tour boat operators. Marine development close to these skerries may disturb this species.

ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ON DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

TABLE PZE - Guidance on location, scale and other considerations

Development Location Suggested Comments Type Maximum

Scale

Aquaculture n/a n/a Proposals should be consistent with Policy LE AQUA 1. consolidation/ Particular consideration should be given to: rationalisation opportunities to reduce the number of developed bays while maintaining production by increasing the size of other sites; any available spatial guidance on areas that are most suitable for development; potential environmental benefits, including landscape, habitats and species and wild migratory salmonids; potential benefits in terms of site management, including disease control and escapes; potential benefits to communities and commercial and recreational activities; and

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increased economic viability and socio-economic benefits. The west of this zone is a transitional landscape leading from the economic activity around Taynulit/Bonawe to a more remote and rugged landscape to the east. The easternmost density of aquaculture compromises the more remote qualities. Preference therefore for reducing development in the eastern part of this policy zone alongside increasing development in the western part. Any proposal to significantly increase trout farming in this policy zone should consider whether the increased nutrient and waste input would exacerbate naturally occurring low dissolved oxygen levels.

Timber Barrs/Dail n/a Any improvements to or redevelopment of the existing pier/jetty transhipment should take account of existing recreational use of this infrastructure.

CONSULTATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Prospective developers (during pre-application scoping) and Council planning officers (during assessment of applications) are encouraged to consult with the following individuals and organisations in addition to the normal statutory consultees. A list of statutory consultees for different development consents and licences is Deleted: Contact details for statutory listed in Appendix VII. Contact details for statutory and non-statutory consultees are provided in Appendix and non-statutory consultees are VIII. provided in Appendix VII.

Consultees Aquaculture Timber transhipment

Ardchattan Community Council  

Argyll District Salmon Fishery Board 

Argyll Fisheries Trust 

Black Isles Seafoods 

Celtic Sea Ltd  Deleted: Farms

Dalriada Diving 

Dawnfresh Farming Ltd.  Deleted: Seafoods

Forera Ltd 

Inverawe Estate 

John and Ronnie Campbell (Marine Pilots)  

Kames 

Petard Investments Limited 

Scottish Canoe Association 

Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers  

Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network  

Scottish Sub-Aqua Club 

Taynuilt Community Council 

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POLICY ZONE F: ARDMADDY BAY TO GLEN ETIVE

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS Policy Zone F comprises the narrow, uppermost section of the loch which is bounded by steep hill slopes on both sides. This narrow, fjord-like environment, extending far inland, is relatively sheltered with an enclosed feel, although southwesterly winds can funnel up the loch. The western shore is well wooded, with commercial forest present at the southern end and in Glen Etive immediately north of the head of the loch. However, semi-natural woodland clothes most of the western shore in the northern part of this policy zone. The eastern shore is largely bare of tree cover, with only isolated fragments of native woodland. The landscape is rugged with substantial rocky peaks on both sides. The graceful Ben Starav to the east has some of the highest, continuously steep slopes on Scotland‟s western seaboard. Beinn Trilleachan is more rounded but particularly notable for its extensive areas of rocky slabs. The area is virtually uninhabited, with a strong sense of isolation and wildness, and this adds to the area‟s appeal for climbers, walkers, and canoeists. This policy zone lies within the Ben Nevis and Glencoe National Scenic Area and partly within an SNH search area for wild land.

SEASCAPE CHARACTERISTICS This policy zone is enclosed and sheltered, and its maritime character is generally calm with a limited intertidal reach. The rocky coastal edge rises steeply from the water directly to high mountains creating a strong sense of enclosure. The shoreline is more regular, with subtly defined bays.

ACCESS Access to the head of the loch is possible by road from Glencoe, though it is single-track for the whole length of Glen Etive. The rest of the policy zone is only accessible by rough coastal footpaths on either side of the loch or by boat. There are two small piers at Barrs, both in a state of disrepair and one at Ardmaddy Bay. The old wooden pier at the head of the loch has recently been redeveloped to allow timber from Glen Etive estate to be extracted by barge. As part of this development, the existing car park and ground between this area and the river edge has been re-graded to allow direct access to the loch for canoeists, kayakers and other members of the public. In addition a footpath through this area is to be completed.

VISUAL AMENITY Overall, the scenic quality is high, emphasised by simple contrasting elements of rugged, vertical mountains and the horizontal loch surface with a sense of wildness and semi-natural features. Views focus along the length of loch with close views from the lochside track and occasional elevated views from mountain peaks.

Marine litter (general litter and aquaculture debris) can accumulate by wind and tide at the north end of Ardmaddy Bay.

SETTLEMENTS The area is quiet and tranquil with minor settlement limited to the head of the loch.

CURRENT USES Refer to policy zone F map for locations of current activities. Aquaculture There are no aquaculture operations within this policy zone.

Fishing Prawn creeling ground occurs across the breadth of this policy zone, north from Rubha Bharr and Ardmaddy Bay up to Aird Trilleachan.

Recreation Angling Sea angling by boat occasionally occurs in the southern part of this policy zone, south-west of Inverghiusachan Point. Sailing

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Limited sailing and boating occurs in the upper loch, however charter boats such as Loch Etive Cruises do take visitors on scenic trips to the head of the loch. There is an anchorage located close to the western shore at the head of the loch. Diving There are no listed dive sites within this policy zone. Canoeing/Kayaking Sea kayaks visit the head of the loch, having travelled from the lower loch. Canoeists visiting the river Etive use the car park at by the redeveloped pier and may also utilise this part of the loch. Walking/Climbing The Argyll and Bute Council/Highland Council proposed core path from Bonawe to Glen Etive runs along the western shore of this policy zone. A coastal path from Taynuilt to the head of the Loch is also present on the eastern shore. Three hill walks start from the head of the loch which all have views of Loch Etive. On the east flank of Beinn Trilleachan down Glen Etive lie unique pink granite slabs set at about 40 degrees providing exciting and serious friction climbing.

Commercial Forestry Cadderlie forest, owned and managed by Forest Enterprise (Scotland) is located along much of the north shore of this policy zone. At the head of the loch, Glen Etive Estate own and manage private commercial forestry.

Commercial Shipping During periods of forest harvesting, timber transhipment vessels operated by Scottish Woodlands Ltd will collect timber at the head of the loch and transport it out of Loch Etive.

Infrastructure and Discharges Piers and jetties within this policy zone are all privately owned. There are no known discharges via sea outfalls within this policy zone.

DESIGNATIONS Refer to policy zone F map for areas covered. Argyll & Bute Development Plan (Structure and Local Plan) Designations The majority of coastline with the Argyll and Bute region of this zone is classified as Very Sensitive Countryside. The remaining coastline, south of Barrs and Rubha Aird Rainich is classified as Sensitive Countryside.

Highland Coastal Development Strategy The entire coastline in the Highland region of this zone, north of Rubha Doire Larach to Rubha Aird Rainich is classified as „Isolated‟.

Other Designations The entire coastline of this policy zone lies within the Ben Nevis and Glencoe NSA. The coastal strip, Rubha Barr to Barrs and from Rubha na h-oisinne stretching to the head of the loch is part of the Loch Etive Woods SAC, designated for its broad-leaved, mixed and Yew woodland and Otters. Ard Trilleachan is a SSSI, notified for its Caledonian Pinewood forest and upland Oak wood. The Loch Etive Marine Consultation Area extends as far as Rubha Doire Làrach. The Glen Etive and Glen Fyne SPA for Golden Eagles covers most of the land bordering the coast of Deleted: Proposed Loch Etive in this policy zone (Refer to Figure 5.1 for the SPA boundary area, it is not shown on the Policy Zone Designation 1 map due to visual restrictions). The „Loch Etive Coastal Strip‟ Shellfish Growing Water extends across the whole of the marine area of this policy zone. The Loch Etive Shellfish Production Area extends into the policy zone, only as far as Rubha Áird Rainich.

BIODIVERSITY The focal point for wildlife in this policy zone is the mouth of River Etive, which is known to be a good spawning burn for Sea Trout and Salmon. The head of the loch is considered to be an important nursery area for these species and the benthic marine communities in this area are particularly influenced by reduced salinity conditions.

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Small numbers of the deep water Fireworks Anemone (Pachycerianthus multiplicatus) have been recorded on soft mud in the deeper water of this policy zone. The coastal area at the head of the loch is attractive for wildlife because of the varied terrestrial habitats, including montane, woodland and salt marsh. Rhododendron ponticum can be found spreading at Craig on the west shore of this policy zone.

HISTORICAL FEATURES Comment [MSOffice6]: Check that all unscheduled sites included here Coastal and marine historic features identified within and adjacent to this policy zone are and on map

Scheduled ancient monument, Gualachulain, cairn at the head of the loch.The remains of a church at Inverghiusachan are an unscheduled ancient monument dating from the mid-19th century, although a Deleted: There are no listed buildings or scheduled ancient monuments within church was established at this location before 1793. this policy zone.¶ Evidence of several post-medieval charcoal-burning platforms has been recorded between Barrs Point and Glen Etive. The surrounding area has not however been comprehensively surveyed. Deleted: near the head of the loch on the west side

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POLICY ZONE F MAP – Current Uses & Activities

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POLICY ZONE F MAP – Designations

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POLICY ZONE F MAP – Biodiversity Interests & Historic Features

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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FUTURE USE AND DEVELOPMENT

Opportunities38

Future Use

Forestry There are significant opportunities for restructuring the extensive commercial forest near the management head of Loch Etive, which dates from the 1970‟s. Opportunities exist for improvements in Deleted: and o landscape and biodiversity, resulting from harvesting and restructuring of this conifer plantation in line with the Forest Design Plan developed by Glen Etive Estate. Deleted: eventual removal of pockets of conifer plantation from the 1970‟s Timber Continuation of planned timber transhipment from Glen Etive Estate from the pier at the and future management aiming to replicate the native Atlantic and pine Transhipment head of the loch and potential for further timber transport by sea from Barrs/Cadderlie woodland found on the loch shore Forest. according to site type.

Deleted: Scope for increased use of Recreation loch for water-based recreation, particularly when weather limits access The sense of wildness, isolated nature, scenic quality and wildlife, including golden eagles, to open sea (kayaking, leisure boating, otters and native woodland, has the potential to attract additional local and visiting charter sailing, sea angling). boats to this part of the Loch.

Better promotion of established coastal paths and walking routes in the area and potential to incorporate historic, cultural and wildlife interests into wildlife tours and boat trips. Deleted: Better promotion of area for walking and eco-tourism and provision Linking the core path (Bonawe to Glen Etive) with the West Highland Way, National Cycle of interpretation of wildlife interests on Route at Taynuilt and Oban to Fort William cycle route, as a circular off-road cycle route. coastal trails. This could be considered as a potential aspirational route in the Argyll and Bute Core Path Plan.

Access Retain redeveloped pier for recreational access, following completion of timber operations.

Collection and drop off of visitors by boat wishing to walk or cycle part of the area.

Scientific Loch Etive has unique marine communities influenced by the brackish nature of the loch Research and as such is of interest to scientific researchers.

Constraints

Future Use

Access The existing single track road at Glen Etive is not suitable for transporting timber by lorry and therefore timber extraction in this policy zone is restricted to transport by sea.

Taynuilt is the nearest easily accessible boat access point with services and amenities in close proximity. Boat access is also possible from Gualachulain at the head of the loch. The distance and relative isolation of the main access points limits the recreational boat use of this policy zone.

Landscape/ Remote and tranquil character makes this area inappropriate for motorised water sports remote character such as power boating and jet skiing.

Wildlife (Habitats Recreational and commercial activities need to ensure they do not adversely affect the and species) important features of the Loch Etive Woods SAC and Ard Trilleachan SSSI, and sensitive wildlife such as otters. The protection and preservation of existing flora and fauna may be enhanced by the level of inaccessibility.

Height restriction Air draught restriction at Connel Bridge and at Bonawe Narrows limits the size and (Boat access) design of commercial vessels which can visit the head of the loch for timber extraction.

38 Opportunities identified are indicative, subject to obtaining the required consents, and do not preclude development applications and activities elsewhere.

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Development

Landscape The entire coastline surrounding this policy zone is set within the Ben Nevis and Glencoe NSA, reflecting the high scenic quality of the landscape, and is therefore sensitive to marine and onshore development.

The majority of the coastline is classified as an area of „Isolated Coast‟ in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan and Highland Council Development Strategy where there is a presumption against development.

The narrowness, steep hillsides and enclosed nature of this part of Loch Etive could be quickly dominated by aquaculture structures located on the water surface.

The inaccessibility of this area from the land, and absence of onshore development, gives a sense of wildness which could be significantly affected by marine or onshore development.

Views from the elevated coastal footpaths and popular nearby Munro summits make this zone sensitive to marine and coastal development. Although not seen by large numbers, this area is visited largely by those who value views of wild undeveloped land.

The coastal setting of the scheduled ancient monument Gualachulain cairn is sensitive to inappropriately sighted development.

Access Lack of road access to much of this policy zone and distance from main population limits potential for commercial coastal development.

Navigation This policy zone is narrow, with its width confined to 4-500m north of Inverghiusachan Point. Marine development in this stretch of coast is likely to affect commercial boat traffic to the head of the loch and potentially recreational boat traffic.

Commercial New aquaculture development may restrict access to existing prawn creeling ground. Fishing

Water exchange Limited water exchange in this policy zone may restrict aquaculture development in terms of availability of plankton for shellfish and flushing of excess waste/nutrients from finfish farming.

Salinity This zone is most affected by fresh water input and therefore salinity is too low for farming shellfish.

Exposure Other than the shoreline just north of Rubha Doire Larach, the coastline of this policy zone is very exposed to occasional prevailing south westerly winds and may not be suitable for aquaculture development.

POLICY GUIDANCE39

Justification/comments

1. Safeguard the high scenic quality of the Ben Insensitive development could damage the Nevis and Glencoe National Scenic Area and the scenic qualities and character of this area. wild and remote character of the upper loch.

39 Policies do not preclude the submission of development applications in areas where presumption against development has been identified.

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2. Activities which diminish the tranquil character of Motorised water sports such as jet skiing and this remote part of the loch are discouraged. power boating would impact on the tranquil and remote nature of this policy zone.

3. Maintain safe channel of navigation through Development in this narrow part of Loch Etive upper reaches of the loch. would potentially restrict navigational access

4. Safeguard coastal wildlife interests, salt marsh Recreational activity, if not undertaken habitat and populations of the fireworks responsibly and good practice not followed can anemone. affect sensitive wildlife interests. The nationally scarce fireworks anemone is a priority UKBAP species that is sensitive to physical disturbance of the seabed. Salt marsh is a priority UKBAP and LBAP habitat which can be damaged by vehicular access and access by foot across it.

5. Retention of the pier structure at the head of the For the purposes of maintaining recreational use loch, following the conclusion of timber of this area. extraction is encouraged.

6. Support for continued timber transhipment from Current road infrastructure is not suitable for Glen Etive Estate and for additional timber timber transport by road and transhipment by sea transport by sea from Forestry Commission reduces the pressure on the road network. Forests.

7. General presumption against finfish and shellfish There are high sensitivities in this area development. associated with the character, relative wildness and high aesthetic quality of the landscape (Grant 2006). The introduction of offshore structures or large numbers of buoys visible on the loch surface would conflict with this special landscape quality. New finfish developments are likely to affect safe navigation of commercial boat traffic in this narrow section of the loch. Salinity is likely to be too low to grow shellfish (Marine and Coastal Development Unit 2010).

8. General presumption against on-shore The majority of land adjacent to this policy zone aquaculture developments on land adjacent to is classified as very sensitive countryside and is policy zone F. therefore considered inappropriate for commercial land based developments. There is no road access to the shore for much of the coastline to support any new aquaculture development.

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8. Monitoring and Review

This plan needs to be flexible with an ability to adapt to changing pressures such as climate change, new technologies, new information and legislation.

The Marine (Scotland) Act introduces a new system of marine planning for Scotland which requires a National Marine Plan and allows Regional Marine Plans to be developed. Marine planning at the regional level may be undertaken Marine Planning Partnerships for specific Scottish Marine Regions and this plan will be integrated into any future planning system.

8.1 Implementation and Review The Loch Etive ICZM plan aims to provide guidance for Local Authority planners, other regulators, and stakeholders on the future use and development of the marine waters and surrounding coast of Loch Etive for the next five years (2011 – 2016).

Argyll and Bute Council‟s Marine and Coastal Development Unit will undertake the following throughout the plan period: Continue to coordinate the Loch Etive ICZM group and organise and facilitate meetings where appropriate; Facilitate implementation of plan recommendations; Update and revise the plan where necessary; Encourage and assist in the development of research projects that will aid future management of Loch Etive, and Continue to increase awareness and understanding of Loch Etive and its management.

8.2 Monitoring Argyll and Bute Council will monitor the implementation of this plan and its effectiveness on an ongoing basis. The monitoring will assess: Development applications for marine and coastal development in the coastal zone of Loch Etive to determine whether they were consistent with plan policies; Feedback on the extent to which the plan has been used and referred to by developers and regulatory authorities, and Feedback from local stakeholders, communities, developers, and regulatory authorities on how useful and user-friendly the plan is.

It is anticipated that a short monitoring report will be produced by the Marine and Coastal Development Unit on an annual basis to assist frequent review of the plan.

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9. Action Plan

The following actions have been identified from recommendations detailed in sections 5 and 6 of the plan and the requirements for monitoring and review outlined in Section 7. This five year action plan will be reviewed annually and implemented by the Council‟s Marine & Coastal Development Unit (MCDU) in partnership with relevant regulators, stakeholders and other Council departments. Inclusion of actions in this plan does not guarantee that funding will be available.

Implementation and review of plan

Lead & Target Action Detail (relevant Resources delivery partners) 1 Continue to coordinate the Loch Future liaison and occasional MCDU Ongoing Officer time Deleted: Future Etive ICZM group and organise meetings with the ICZM group will (Loch Etive (MCDU) Deleted: and liaison and facilitate meetings where be necessary to monitor, ICZM group) Deleted: is group appropriate implement and revise the plan 2 Produce an annual monitoring & Development decisions, level of MCDU Annually Officer time implementation report use and usability will be (MCDU) monitored where practical to allow the effectiveness of the plan to be measured 3 Update and revise the plan The plan will be revised where MCDU Annually Officer time where necessary necessary in light of the annual (relevant (MCDU) monitoring and implementation regulators & report, new information, research stakeholders) and changes in technology 4 Produce Data Management It is important that the spatial MCDU & March Officer time Plans to ensure spatial data information on which the plans Development 2011 (MCDU & used in the plan is updated at guidance and policies are based Services GIS GIS) appropriate intervals is kept up to date team 5 Make the plan and its spatial This will make the plan available MCDU & March Officer time information publically available in an interactive format, where the Development 2011 GIS project through the web-based most up to date information and Services GIS (MCDU & interactive GIS system individual layers of spatial data team GIS) (Localview) or online Local Plan can be viewed via an interactive system One Spatial GIS tool 6 Undertake full review and This detailed 5 year review will MCDU 2015 Officer time update of the plan involve all stakeholders and be (Loch Etive (MCDU) subject to public consultation ICZM group) 7 Encourage the use of the plan to The plan will be distributed to MCDU Ongoing Officer time ensure well-informed relevant stakeholders and (relevant (MCDU) development applications and regulators, and made accessible regulators & well-balanced decisions are on the Council website stakeholders) made during the development application process

Improving knowledge

Lead & Target Resources Action Detail relevant delivery partners 8 Encourage and assist the Further research is required to MCDU Ongoing Officer time development of research inform and improve planning and (relevant (MCDU)

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projects that will aid future management for coastal areas, in agencies) management of Loch Etive particular the research needs identified by plan recommendations 9 Explore the potential to assist The ability to map the distribution MCDU, AFT, June Officer time the objectives of the Argyll Bio- and spread of INNS is essential in A&B 2011 (MCDU) security Plan in the collection of developing effective control and Biodiversity data on distribution and eradication programmes. Any abundance of marine and proposals would need to meet the coastal invasive non-native objectives of the Argyll Bio- species in and around Loch security Plan and Argyll Invasive Etive Species Forum 10 Undertake a detailed resource A resource assessment would MCDU, June assessment for tidal energy in identify whether there are any Scottish 2011 Loch Etive. opportunities for local Government, communities to benefit from tidal Energy energy development. companies 11 Collate existing, or if required Tidal date would assist MCDU, March new, tidal data for Loch Etive to identification of areas that are SAMS, AFT 2011 assist identification technically both suitable and unsuitable for viable areas for aquaculture finfish and shellfish development development. in Loch Etive. 12 Support and assist where Such a project could improve Local AMG Ongoing Officer time appropriate, the development of knowledge and potentially provide MCDU (MCDU) a sea lice dispersion model for additional guidance for this plan in Loch Etive relation to assessing the risk of the transfer of sea lice from farmed to wild salmonids

Sustainable use/development

Lead & Target Resources Action Detail relevant delivery partners 13 Assist landowners and Work with relevant stakeholders MCDU, A&B Dec Officer time recreational users in managing to address existing access issues Access 2010 (MCDU/ access to the coast, where and to help identify solutions or (relevant Access) appropriate. opportunities for improved access stakeholders) for recreational activities.

14 Develop guidance to assist Guidance would assist developers MCDU, June Officer time Deleted: Investigate opportunities to developers build in bio-security manage the risk associated with SAMS, The 2011 (MCDU) provide interpretation on the final core measures into marine and spreading and introducing Green Blue, path network that could promote activities and business, as well as coastal development proposals. invasive non-native species. SNH, SEPA natural and historical heritage¶ 15 Deleted: Most existing coastal interpretation focuses on natural heritage and historic interests and there is an opportunity to promote the Integration with other plans & planning processes existing activities and industries that are important in Loch Etive Lead & Target Resources Deleted: MCDU, A&B access¶ Action Detail relevant delivery (relevant stakeholders) partners Deleted: Dec¶ 2011 16 Ensure the integration of the Argyll and Bute Council is a MCDU, Ongoing Officer time Deleted: Officer time (MCDU) Loch Etive ICZM Plan with other member of the Argyll and SEPA, IFG (MCDU) planning processes, including Lochaber Area Advisory Group Deleted: are River Basin Planning and the and would be represented on the Deleted: p work of any future Inshore Advisory Group of any future IFG. Deleted: ,

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Fisheries Group (IFG) This will ensure the policies and Deleted: and recommendations set out in this Plan are considered where Deleted: p appropriate in the development and implementation of the Argyll Deleted: SEPA and Lochaber Area Management Plan, and the future South West Deleted: Argyll Area Management IFG management Plan. Plan Deleted: p

Voluntary management

Lead & Target Resources Action Detail relevant delivery partners 17 Produce guidance for Guidance would be targeted at MCDU, June Officer time recreational sea anglers on sea angling groups and SSACN, NLB 2011 (MCDU) fishing close to aquaculture associations in order to highlight sites. the hazards associated with fishing near aquaculture equipment.

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Glossary

Algae: Marine plants that include the macro-algae, commonly known as seaweed, and the microscopic algae known as phytoplankton and phytobenthos.

Alluvial Fan: An alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast-flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically onto a flatter plain.

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP): A human illness caused by consumption of the marine biotoxin called domoic acid.

Antifoulant: To coat the hull of a vessel with a poisonous paint that prevents it from becoming encrusted with barnacles and other organisms.

Aquaculture: The artificial rearing and husbandry of aquatic organisms; fish, shellfish and seaweed.

Area for action (AFA): Areas in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan (2009) which, subject to resource availability during the plan-period, will be the focus for partnership or community action.

Area of Panoramic Quality: These are areas of regional importance in terms of their landscape quality, identified in the Argyll and Bute Development Plan (2009).

Assemblage: A mixed grouping of animals and/or plants that are associated with a particular environment and can be used as an identifying characteristic of that environment.

Benthic: A description for animals, plants – the benthos and habitats associated with the seabed.

Bern Convention: The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern 1979). The convention offers protection to plants, invertebrates and all vertebrates and is binding on all signatories, which includes the UK.

Biodiversity: The variability among living organisms from all sources including, among others, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species and ecosystems (CBD 1992).

Biodiversity Convention: The UN Convention on Biodiversity signed at the UNCED „Earth Summit‟ in Rio de Janeiro 1992 to safeguard the total variety of animals, plants and all other living matter on Earth, i.e. the biodiversity, and their habitats.

Biogeochemical: The study of the distribution of elements between organisms and their surroundings.

Biomass: The total weight of living matter, either by species or all species combined, also referred to as the standing stock.

Biota: Any living organisms, both animals and plants.

Biotope: The physical habitat with its associated, distinctive biological communities. The smallest unit of a habitat that can be delineated conveniently and is characterised by the community of plants, and animals living there.

Birds Directive: The EU Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds (79/409/ EEC) seeks to protect all wild birds and the habitats of listed species, in particular through the designation of special protection areas (SPA).

Brackish: Slightly salty water

Bryophyte: A non-flowering plant, often growing in damp places, that has separate gamete-bearing and spore- bearing forms, e.g. moss.

Cetacea: Marine mammals that give birth at sea, e.g. dolphins, porpoises and whales.

Coastal Framework Plans: A framework plan with a multi-agency remit extending beyond planning jurisdiction and which relates to specific seaward and landward areas of coast (e.g. a sea loch), and which may embrace area management agreements. A coastal framework plan can be proposed by local plans or may emerge through an allied partnership process.

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Coastal Zone: The space in which land-based activities and terrestrial environments influence the marine environment and vice versa, but there is no universally recognised definition for the coastal zone. Pragmatically, the seaward boundary to the coastal zone is usually set by the limits of enabling legislation; e.g. the Territorial Sea (national legislation), or 6 miles – the area covered by national legislation and local byelaws, and the waters within which only UK registered vessels may fish.

Coliform Bacteria: Rod shaped bacteria, e.g. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella, whose presence in coastal waters are indicative of faecal pollution.

Conservation Areas: Areas proposed by Local Plans or through a parallel process; they have a statutory basis (currently in the Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1977) as areas of special architectural or historic interest and containing key features which it is desirable to conserve, sustain and enhance; a heightened value can be placed on a conservation area by Historic Scotland conferring „outstanding‟ status;

Countryside Around Settlements: A development control zone which, under the Argyll and Bute Development Plan 2009, frames the area around settlements and settlement plans. Within this zone a co-ordinated and planned approach to development is appropriate, whilst allowing for small scale infill, rounding-off redevelopment and change of use of buildings to take place on an appropriate basis.

Creel: An alternative name for a crab or lobster pot.

Creeling: A method used for catching crabs, lobsters and Nephrops, whereby baited pots are laid on the seabed.

Demersal Trawling: Demersal trawls are used to catch fish or prawns that live on the bottom of the ocean. Trawlers targeting finfish often use one net (this is called a single-trawl) or two nets (twin-trawl), whereas prawn trawlers may use a twin-rig (towing two nets) or quad-rig (towing four nets). Both demersal and mid-water trawls use otter-boards to keep the mouth of the net open.

Depuration: The purification of bivalve molluscs by holding the live animals for a prescribed period in circulating seawater that is continuously sterilized, e.g. by an ultraviolet light source. During the process, the bivalves purge their guts of food and any coliform bacteria that may have collected there.

Development Control Zones: Argyll and Bute Development Plan designations which include: main towns small towns and villages minor settlements countryside around settlement greenbelt rural opportunity areas sensitive countryside very sensitive countryside

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP): A temporary illness caused by eating bivalve molluscan shellfish that have accumulated toxins from dinoflagellates (Dinophysis spp.) in the phytoplankton.

Dredging: A method for catching molluscs that live on or in the sea bed, e.g. clams, native oysters, scallops. Boats tow groups – „gangs‟ – of dredges, each dredge rarely more than a metre in width. They are made of a robust steel frame, often with a toothed bar across the lower edge, and a heavily reinforced or chain link bag.

Endemic: A natural or naturalized population that is normally found in a particular area.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): An assessment which is required by formal Environmental Assessment Regulations or by the planning authority to inform the determination of a planning application and which describes the impact of development on natural and built heritage resources and on land use along with any other environmental impact.

Epifauna: Animals that live on the surface of the seabed or other substratum.

Fallowing: Practice of leaving cages empty of fish for a period of time to break cycles of disease and/or to allow the seabed to recover.

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Furunculosis: Caused by Aeromonas salmonicida; characterized by bacteremia, septicemia and sometimes accompanied by deep necrotic lesions on the sides and backs of fish.

Good Ecological Status (Water Framework Directive): The level of quality that each river, loch, estuary, coast or ground water aims to achieve. The determination of ecological status in all marine surface waters includes the consideration of not only water quality but also marine ecology and alterations to hydromorphology caused by coastal development.

Gross Value Added (GVA): GVA measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector in the United Kingdom.

Habitat: The place where an organism lives, as characterised by the physical features. For example, rocky reefs, sandbanks and mud holes all provide particular habitats that are occupied by animals adapted to live in or on one of them but probably cannot thrive, or even survive in the others.

Habitats (and Species) Directive: Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild flora and fauna requires EU member states to protect scheduled species and to designate and manage special areas of conservation (SAC) for the protection of specific habitats and species identified in Annex I and II of the Directive.

Hypoxia: Low oxygen levels

ICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone Management, the co-ordination of all activities, regulatory and management functions to safeguard all natural resources and processes found in and affecting the coastal zone.

Intertidal: The foreshore or area of seabed between high water mark and low water mark which is exposed each day as the tide rises and falls, also known as the littoral zone.

Invasive: An invasive species is a non-native species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human, animal, or plant health.

Karenia mikimotoi: One of the most common red tide causative dinoflagellates.

Keystone Species: A species that forms an essential part of a community or assemblage of species without which the rest of the community cannot exist. For example, reef building species such as the colonial worm Sabellaria spp or the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus are keystone species that provide specific habitats within which many other species live.

Listed Buildings: Buildings which are statutorily protected (currently under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997) as buildings of special architectural or historic interest and in relation to which it is a criminal offence to affect the appearance and characteristics without first having obtained the necessary listed building consent; these buildings are currently categorised as A, B and C in descending value and have descriptive lists and other information associated with them.

Littoral: The edge of the sea, but particularly the intertidal zone.

Local Biodiversity Action Plan: A multiagency action plan, which is currently being led by Argyll and Bute Council with the core objective of informing, influencing and engaging with agencies, organisations, businesses, communities and individuals to support and sustain biodiversity in Argyll and Bute.

Local Plan: A statutory plan, which has a detailed area and subject basis and which sits under a strategic Structure Plan.

Marine Consultation Area (MCA): A non-statutory nature conservation designation for Scotland. It identifies areas of nature conservation interest for which widespread consultation is desirable before any development takes place.

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC): A non-governmental organisation that encourages consumers to purchase fish taken only from environmentally responsible and sustainable fisheries. All fish products that MSC judge to be from such sustainable fisheries, will be permitted to carry an „eco-friendly‟ seal of approval.

Material Considerations: Considerations or factors relating to the use and development of land, which are relevant and valid to consider in relation to the taking of a decision on an application for planning permission.

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National Scenic Area: A conservation designation specifically for Scotland, administered by Scottish Natural Heritage. NSAs are defined as having outstanding scenic interest or unsurpassed attractiveness. They are the Scottish equivalent of AONBs (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England, Wales and Northern Ireland).

Natura 2000: The EU-wide network of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) established under the Birds Directive and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) established under the Habitats Directive.

Non-native: An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous species is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental.

OSPAR: A combination (1992) of two earlier conventions (Oslo and Paris) to create the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic. Annexes to the convention address specific issues: 1. Annex I prevention and elimination of pollution from land based sources; 2. Annex II prevention and elimination of pollution by dumping or incineration; 3. Annex III prevention and elimination of pollution from offshore sources; 4. Annex IV assessment of the quality of the marine environment; 5. Annex V protection and conservation of ecosystems and biological diversity.

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP): Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is a natural algal poison, which filter feeding shellfish can concentrate.

Parr: A young salmon up to two years old that has dark transverse bands (parr marks) and lives in fresh water.

Phytoplankton: Very small free-floating plants, e.g. one-celled algae, found in plankton.

Plankton: The animals and plants that float in mid water and drift with the tides.

Polyculture: Polyculture is the practice of culturing more than one species of aquatic organism.

Ramsar Convention: The international Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, Iran 1971).

Recreational Fisheries: Any fishery that is undertaken for pleasure rather than income; most frequently it is represented by beach and boat angling. Recreational sea fishing is not licensed, but it is subject to minimum landing size (MLS) regulations and its activities can be curtailed by quota restrictions.

Regulating Order: A variation in the public right to fish for molluscs otherwise guaranteed by Magna Carta (1215). The Order is usually granted to a public body, e.g. Sea Fisheries Committee (SFC), to manage a wild stock mollusc fishery. The species covered by each order are named. Licenses are then issued to individuals granting them the right to fish the named species within the area covered by the order. The order does not affect the public right to fish within the regulated area for species not named in the order.

River Basin Management Plans: Plans produced as one of the requirements of the European Union's Water Framework Directive to ensure that public sector bodies, businesses and individuals work together to protect the water environment and address significant impacts by coordinating all aspects of water management for the next 6 years. The plans will be reviewed and updated in 2015.

Salmonid: Belonging to, or characteristic of the family Salmonidae, which includes the salmon, trout, and whitefish.

Salt marsh: A maritime habitat found in temperate regions, but typically associated with tropical and subtropical mangrove swamps, in which excess sodium chloride is the predominant environmental feature.

Scheduled Ancient Monuments: Monuments protected by statute where within the scheduled area, development requiring planning permission is subordinated to scheduled monument consent legislation.

Sea lice: Lepeoptheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, natural marine ectoparasites of salmon.

Settlement: Main towns, small towns and villages, and minor settlements (six adjoining houses and above represent a settlement).

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Several Order: An order removing the public right to fish for named shellfish normally guaranteed by Magna Carta (1215). The Order assigns exclusive rights to an individual or organisation to improve and manage an area of seabed and ownership of named species of shellfish living on it. The chosen method of management is usually through cultivation (mariculture), but it includes stock enhancement. The order does not affect the public right to fish within the area for species not named in the order.

Shellfish Growing Water: An area where coastal water quality is monitored/maintained by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) at an appropriate standard for shellfish growing.

Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI): For the purposes of this plan, these are sites which are designated by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) under the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and in accordance with specific guidelines to protect the special interest of the site from change or deterioration. These areas are special because of their marine conservation and wildlife importance and the nature conservation value of the plants, animals or habitats as well as any rock formations and can include rivers, freshwater and intertidal areas as far as the low water mark; SSSI status does not change the use of the land but the Council, owners and occupiers must consult with SNH on any developments or activities which may affect the site.

Smolts: Juvenile salmon (known as parr) spend most of their freshwater life in shallow riffles, mostly at the southern end of their range, until they reach 12–15 cm in length, when they transform themselves into smolts and are ready for migration in spring the first year after hatching.

Soakaway: A hole where waste water can drain away by filtering down through the soil.

Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Areas designated by Government to accord with the EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora and to safeguard rare and threatened species and habitats listed in the Directive; terrestrial SACs are normally, but not exclusively, SSSIs which together with SPAs form the Natura 2000 network.

Special Protection Areas (SPAs): Strictly protected sites that are classified in accordance with Article 4 of the EC Birds Directive, which came into force in April 1979. They are classified for rare and vulnerable birds (as listed on Annex I of the Directive), and for regularly occurring migratory species.

Species Action Plans (SAP): Species Action Plans form part of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) to protect UK priority species and habitats. Marine priority species for which plans have been published (UKBG 1999) include: baleen whales, harbour (common) porpoise, small dolphins, toothed whales, marine turtles, basking sharks, common skate, selected commercial fish species‟, „selected deep-water fishes‟, native oyster, 12 non-commercial invertebrate species and two seaweeds.

Statutory Instrument: A document bringing into force, usually as a result of an Order in Council, a variation to existing legislation without the need for Parliament to amend the primary legislation.

Stratified: Forming or depositing in layers

Structure Plan: The strategic tier of the development plan, which establishes the framework for the local plan (s) - the current Structure Plan for the whole of the Argyll and Bute territory, is the Argyll and Bute Structure Plan approved November 2002.

Sublittoral: Depths greater than the intertidal zone.

Supplementary Planning Guidance: Planning guidance that is adopted in connection with a strategic development plan, or in connection with a local development plan, and which therefore forms part of the development plan.

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED 1987 – The Brundtland Report).

Thermocline: Depth at which the rate of decrease of temperature with increase of depth is the largest. In general, the sea water temperature decreases from the surface to the deepest levels, except in high latitudes where the configuration can be more complex.

The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 (CAR): Regulations which require authorisation to be obtained from SEPA for any activity which may affect Scotland‟s water environment.

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This includes discharges, disposal to land, abstractions, impoundments and engineering works in the water environment.

Tidal currents: A tidal current is a steady, permanent, horizontal movement of water, like a broad river running through the open ocean.

Tidal Stream: A tidal stream is a horizontal movement of water, but its speed and direction vary frequently and regularly according to the state of the tide.

Trawl: A large, funnel-shaped net that is towed through the water by single or paired boats. The mouth of the net is held open by a beam (beam trawl) or floats along the headline, weights along the ground rope and is pulled open laterally either by the doors attached to the towing wires (warps) or two boats pulling one warp each.

UKBAP: The UK Biodiversity Action Plan, the Government‟s programme aimed at meeting some of its obligations under the UN Convention on Biodiversity (1992). A wide range of habitat action plans (HAP) and species action plans (SAP) are being implemented to help safeguard and improve the conservation status of priority habitats and priority species.

Vibrioisis: Vibriosis is a disease caused by an infection with bacteria of the Vibrio genus, most commonly Vibrio parahemolyticus or Vibrio vulnificus. Vibrio bacteria cause diarrhea, skin infections, and/or blood infections.

Visual carrying capacity: The degree to which a particular landscape or area is able to accommodate development or change without significant effects on the character for which it is particularly valued by people or without causing an overall change to its landscape character type; this capacity will vary according to the type and nature of the development or change that is proposed.

Voe: A sheltered bay or inlet between two land masses in Shetland.

Water Bodies (River Basin Management Planning): SEPA have divided the larger rivers, lochs, estuaries, coasts and ground waters into smaller parts called water bodies. A water body may be a single burn or loch, or it could be a stretch of a river or an area of ground water.

Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003 (WEWS Act): Legislation translating the Water Framework Directive into Scottish law which gave Scottish Ministers powers to introduce regulatory controls over water activities, in order to protect, improve and promote sustainable use of Scotland‟s water environment. This includes wetlands, rivers, lochs, transitional waters (estuaries), coastal waters and groundwater.

Water Framework Directive (Council Directive 2000/60/EC): Requires Member States to establish systems for managing their water environments, underpinned by extensive environmental monitoring and scientific investigation, by identifying natural River Basin Districts (RBDs) and developing River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs). Member states must also recover the costs of water services to encourage sustainable water use.

Wellboat: Used for a range of functions including transferring of fish for harvest.

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The Marine Life Information Network for Britain and Ireland (MarLIN), 2010. Marine Aliens - Caprella mutica Available from: http://www.marlin.ac.uk/marine_aliens/species.asp?SpID=20#Life [Accessed 13 January 2010].

The Scottish Government, 2009. Statistical Bulletin, Scottish Salmon and Sea Trout Catches, 2008. Fisheries series No. Fis/2009/1 September 2009.

The Scottish Government, 2000. Policy Guidance Note – Locational Guidelines for the Authorisation of Marine Fish Farms in Scottish Waters. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1062/0000280.pdf [Accessed 22 September 2010].

The Scottish Government, 2010. Consideration of Climatic Factors within Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).pp 24. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/03/18102927/0 [Accessed July 2010].

UK Biodiversity Group, 1999. Tranche 2 Action Plans - Volume V: Maritime species and habitats. pp. 71. UK priority habitats and species, 2010. Available from: http://www.ukbap-reporting.org.uk/plans/priority.asp [Accessed July 2010].

Warrer-Hansen, I., 2005. Kames Fish Farming Limited – Environmental Statement for a Proposed Modification of a Mussel Farm in Loch Etive to a Rainbow Trout Farm. A report prepared by Warrer-Hansen, Environmental Engineering Company, County Dublin, Ireland.

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Appendix I – Summary of Local Authority Development Plan policies particularly relevant to the Loch Etive ICZM Plan

The following tables list Argyll and Bute Council, and Highland Council development plan policies most relevant to marine and coastal development and activity in and around Loch Etive. This is not a full list of policies and other policies maybe relevant to a specific policy. Therefore it is essential that the individual Development Plans listed below are referred to in relation to development proposals.

The map below identifies the marine area of Loch Etive under the jurisdiction of each Local Authority.

The Argyll and Bute Council Development Plan comprises the Structure Plan and Local Plan and these documents can be viewed at: Structure Plan – http://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/content/planning/developmentpolicy/structureplan Local Plan - http://www.argyll-bute.gov.uk/content/planning/developmentpolicy/localplan/

The Highland Council Development Plan comprises the Highland Structure Plan and the West Highlands & Islands Local Plan which can be viewed at: Structure Plan - http://www.highland.gov.uk/yourenvironment/planning/developmentplans/structureplan/thehighlandstructureplan.htm West Highlands & Islands Local Plan - http://www.highland.gov.uk/yourenvironment/planning/developmentplans/localplans/whilp.htm

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Argyll & Bute Council Structure Plan Inshore Aquaculture Recreation & Shipping & Coastal/Marine Natural & Historic Water Quality Marine POLICIES Fisheries Tourism Transport Infrastructure Environment & Waste Renewables

REC CP 2 – Sea Fishing Interests        REC TOUR 1 – Water Related   Tourism Opportunities STRAT CP 1 – Coastal Transhipment        Development REC CP 1 – Coastal Framework Plans        

Argyll & Bute Council Local Plan Inshore Aquaculture Recreation & Shipping & Coastal/Marine Natural & Historic Water Quality Marine POLICIES Fisheries Tourism Transport Infrastructure Environment & Waste Renewables LP AQUA 1 – Shell Fish and Fin Fish  Farming LP REC 1 – Sport, Leisure and  Recreation LP REC 2 – Safeguarding of Recreational Land and Important   Open Spaces LP TOUR 2 – Safeguarding of   Primary Tourist Areas LP SERV 1 – Private Sewage     Treatment Plans and Wastewater LP SERV 2 – Incorporation of Natural Features/ Sustainable Drainage      Systems (SuDS) LP SERV 3 – Drainage Impact     Assessment (DIA) LP SERV 5 – Waste Related Development and Waste     Management in Developments LP SERV 8 – Flooding and Land Erosion – The Risk Framework for     Development

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LP TRAN 8 – Piers and Harbours     

LP ENV 1 - Development Impact on         the General Environment LP ENV 2 - Development Impact on         Biodiversity (i.e. biological diversity) LP ENV 3 - Development Impact on         European and Ramsar Sites LP ENV 5 – Development Impact on Sites of Special Scientific Interest         (SSSIs) LP ENV 6 – Development Impact on         Habitats and Species LP ENV 8 – Development Impact on      Local Nature Conservation Sites LP ENV 10 - Development Impact on         Areas of Panoramic Quality LP ENV 11 - Development Impact on Historic Gardens and Designed         Landscapes LP ENV 12 – Water Quality and         Environment LP ENV 16 - Development Impact on         Scheduled Ancient Monuments LP ENV 17 - Development Impact on         Sites of Archaeological Importance LP CST 1 – Coastal Development on the Developed Coast (Settlements     and Countryside around Settlements) LP CST 2 – Coastal Development on the Undeveloped Coast (Sensitive     Countryside Zone) LP CST 3 – Coastal Development on the Isolated Coast (Very Sensitive     Countryside Zone) LP CST 4 – Development Impact on     the Natural Foreshore

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Highland Council Structure Plan Inshore Aquaculture Recreation & Shipping & Coastal/Marine Natural & Historic Water Quality Marine Fisheries Tourism Transport Infrastructure Environment & Waste Renewables

G2 – Design for sustainability        N/A RD1 – Area sustainable development        N/A strategies SR4 – Launch and mooring facilities    N/A N1 – Nature conservation        N/A L4 – Landscape character     N/A BC2 – Archaeology, tourism and   N/A education TC7 – Transportation of timber   N/A TC15 – Ferry services    N/A TC16 – Improvements to port      N/A facilities TC17 – Harbour improvements      N/A W2 – Waste minimisation     N/A W3 – Reuse and recycling     N/A

West Highland and Islands Local Plan Inshore Aquaculture Recreation & Shipping & Coastal/Marine Natural & Historic Water Quality Marine Fisheries Tourism Transport Infrastructure Environment & Waste Renewables POLICY 1 – Settlement Development     N/A Areas POLICY 4 – Natural, Built and      N/A Cultural Heritage POLICY 11 – Protected Species        N/A POLICY 13 – Important Habitats        N/A POLICY 14 – Surface Water Drainage     N/A (SuDS)

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Appendix II – Development of Policy Guidance for Policy Zones

1. Assessing Policy Zones

Spatial data For each policy zone, two types of spatial information have been mapped. This information has been provided by stakeholders and regulators and where relevant, field assessments have been carried out to verify information. Static features and interests, such as: Submarine cables, moorings, aquaculture developments, dive sites, sensitive habitats/wildlife areas, historic features, designated sites and landscape/seascape character. Mobile features and interests, such as: Fishing activity, recreational activities, commercial boat traffic.

Landscape assessment A Landscape/Seascape carrying capacity assessment, undertaken by SNH in 2006 considered the capacity for aquaculture development in relation to the surroundings. Consideration is given to the type of development and appropriate scales of development within given areas of the loch. The results from this work have been used as an additional layer of information, complementing the spatial data.

2. Developing Policy Zone Guidance and Aquaculture policies

In order to develop robust Policy Guidance and to determine development potential for aquaculture in each policy zone, the following stages were followed:

1) A marine spatial planning process using spatial information supplied by stakeholders and regulators, identified where different activities and interests occur and therefore the sensitivity of different parts of the coast to activities and development, including where potential conflict may occur. 2) Opportunities and constraints to future use and development were identified based on the information gathered for each policy zone. 3) This then informed the development of Policy Guidance, including priorities for future use and development and safeguarding of important interests and features. Aquaculture polices were developed by assessing the compatibility of aquaculture development against a number of criteria that are based on Scottish Planning Policy and the Argyll and Bute Development Plan policy LPAQUA1 (see Appendix VI).

The results of the landscape/seascape capacity analysis were used to consider the capacity for aquaculture development in relation to the surroundings. Although the landscape analysis focussed on the capacity for future aquaculture development, the assessment of sensitivity of different parts of the coastline has also informed the identification of opportunities and constraints for the future use of specific areas and the potential for other forms of marine and coastal development.

The Policy Guidance take account of all information gathered for each policy zone and a justification is provided for each policy or policy statement. Where it is clear at a strategic level that there is likely to be a significant adverse effect the development policy will be a presumption against development. In cases where it is felt impacts could be mitigated or it is not possible to determine the significance of impacts at a strategic level, policies are a presumption in favour, but constraints and supplementary guidance provides a steer on what potential constraints need to be overcome. Where a presumption against development has been identified, development policies for aquaculture do not preclude the submission of applications for shellfish or finfish development in these areas.

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Appendix III: Development scenarios for aquaculture development

Guidance on the scale of aquaculture development, presented in the Policy Zone section is based on the following development scenarios which were used to focus thinking on the potential effects of development on the seascape, as part of the Landscape/seascape capacity assessment for aquaculture development in Loch Etive.

These Development Scenarios are indicative, and are intended to be used as a guide for discussion between the developer and local planning authority. They represent the general size, range of components and layout of developments. They cannot however, aim to cover all variables in the design, size and layout of aquaculture structures.

Three broad scenarios were used, differentiated by size:

Small scale Up to six circular cages (80 m circumference) or equivalent cage surface area of square cages or other sizes of circular cages. As a guide, this equates to a maximum cage surface area of around 3000 m2, which is roughly equivalent to up to six square cages (23 x 23 m), up to eight (70 m circumference) cages or up to four (100 m circumference cages). Up to four mussel lines or rafts occupying up to one third of the length of a bay, with no additional infrastructure. Generally, the lines are likely to be about 100 m – 200 m in length, but it is the proportion to the length of bay, or defined coastline which is the overriding consideration. Oyster trestles which occupy up to one tenth of the length of a bay (or defined area), when the intertidal is revealed at low tide. Scallop lines which require up to fifty buoys to be visible.

Medium scale Up to twelve circular cages (80 m circumference) or equivalent cage surface area of square cages or other sizes of circular cages. As a guide this equates to a maximum cage surface area of around 6000 m2, which is roughly equivalent to up to twelve square cages (23 x 23 m), up to sixteen (70 m circumference) cages or up to eight (100 m circumference cages). Up to six mussel lines or rafts, occupying up to two thirds of the length of a bay, with associated offshore infrastructure. Generally, the lines are likely to be about 200 m – 440 m in length, but it is the proportion to the length of bay or defined coastline which is the overriding consideration. Oyster trestles which occupy up to one quarter of the length of a bay (or defined area), when the intertidal is revealed at low tide. Scallop lines which require between fifty and two hundred buoys to be visible.

Large scale More than twelve circular cages (80 m circumference) or equivalent cage surface area of square cages or other sizes of circular cages. As a guide, this equates to a cage surface area of more than 6000 m2, which is roughly equivalent to more than twelve square cages (23 x 23 m), sixteen (70 m circumference) cages or eight (100 m circumference cages). More than six mussel lines or rafts, occupying more than two thirds of the length of a bay, with associated offshore infrastructure. Generally the lines are likely to be about 440 m in length or even longer, but it is the proportion to the length of bay or defined coastline, which is the overriding consideration. Oyster trestles which occupy more than one quarter of the length of a bay (or defined area), when the intertidal is revealed at low tide. Scallop lines which require more than two hundred buoys to be visible.

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Appendix IV: Details of wildlife recording schemes

A number of biological public recording schemes have been set up through a various conservation agencies. These are listed below together with their contact details.

Marine and coastal species Information on identifying and recording marine species/habitats can be found on the Seasearch website: http://www.seasearch.co.uk/

Whales & dolphins Information on cetacean sightings can be found through the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust (HWDT) and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) websites respectively: http://www.whaledolphintrust.co.uk/research/sightings-summary-2000-2003.asp; http://www.wdcs.org.uk/

Bird Species Bird sightings can be reported to the County Bird Recorder, which is hosted on the Argyll Bird Club website at http://www.argyllbirdclub.org/bird_rec/bird_recorder.asp

Non-native species Information on identifying invasive marine non-native species and how to report a sighting can be found on the following websites:

Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH): www.snh.org.uk/wireweed Marlin: http://www.marlin.ac.uk/marine_aliens/marine_aliens.htm The Green Blue: http://www.thegreenblue.org.uk/boat_users/antifoul_and_invasive_species.aspx http://www.thegreenblue.org.uk/boat_users/antifoul_and_invasive_species/boater_best_practice_antifoul.aspx The Scottish Canoe Association: http://www.canoescotland.org/access/Environment/Biosecurity.aspx The Argyll Fisheries Trust: http://www.invasivespeciesscotland.org.uk/FileLibrary/Plans/Argyll%20Biosecurity%20Management%20Plan.p df RAFTS Invasive Species and Bio-security Programme: http://www.invasivespeciesscotland.org.uk/biosecurity_programme/biosecurity_plans.asp

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Appendix V - Sites, Habitats and Species of Significance

European or wider National significance Regional/Local significance significance

European OSPAR National UK BAP Priority Argyll and Other Protected Species/ Designated Priority Marine Bute sensitive Species or Habitat Site Species/ Features LBAP area, habitat Site40 Habitat or species Designated Sites Loch Etive Woods SAC   Airds Park & Coille Nathais SSSI  Ard Trilleachan SSSI  Barran Dubh SSSI  Bonawe to Cadderlie SSSI  Kennacraig and Esragan Burn  SSSI Clais Dhearg SSSI  Glen Nant SSSI  Glen Nant National Nature  Reserve Loch Etive MCA  Biodiversity Action Plan habitats Blue mussel beds   Mud habitats in Deep Water   Burrowed Mud (SpMeg, MegMax)  Inshore deep mud with burrowing  hear t urchin Intertidal Mudflats    Sheltered Muddy Gravels   Kelp and seaweed communities  on sublittoral sediment Low or variable salinity habitats   Tide-swept algal communities  Coastal salt marsh    Coastal sand dunes  Tidal rapids   Biodiversity Action Plan species European otter (Lutra lutra)    Common seal (Phoca vitulina)   Common skate (Dipturis flossada  & D. intermedia) Atlantic herring (Clupea   harengus) Spurdog (Squalus acanthias)   Icelandic Cyprine (Arctica   Islandica) Northern featherstar (Leprometra  celtica) Sand Goby  Angler fish (juveniles) 

40 Protected under Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) or Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) 160

Cod  Eel (marine part of life cycle)  Ling  Saithe (juveniles)  Whiting (juveniles)  Fireworks Anemone  (Pachycerianthus multiplicatus) Atlantic mackerel (Scomber   scombrus) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)    Sea trout (Salmo trutta)    Important sensitive areas Wildfish rivers   Haul-out areas for common seals  (Phoca vitulina) Important seabird breeding sites 

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Appendix VI – Additional information on marine and coastal Invasive Non Native Species

1. Marine and coastal INNS known to be present in or on the adjacent shores of Loch Etive

Species Pathways for further spread Impacts

American Mink Spread through migration Detrimental impacts on nesting colonial sea (Mustela vision) birds, and aquatic mammals May account for large proportion of salmonid mortality in some river systems Impact on economic activities - fin-fish farming, river fisheries, game shooting, poultry farming and, indirectly, tourism industries

Japanese Movement of plant Once established can exclude native Knotweed fragments by wind or water vegetation and prohibit regeneration of (Fallopia Movement of contaminated riparian areas. japonica) soil Can reduce diversity and alters habitat for Plant debris on vehicles can wildlife. introduce species to new Can grow through tarmac and concrete areas Fragments transported by water through river systems and spread by tide Coastal Himalayan Escape from gardens Can shade out low level native plants Balsam Natural dispersal reducing diversity and denuding riverbanks (Impatiens Contaminated soil of understory vegetation glandulifera) Winter dieback exposes soil to erosion Greater nectar production makes flowers more attractive to bumblebees resulting in less pollination of native species

Rhododendron Planted in gardens, parks Can out-compete native plants for space (Rhododendron and demesnes. and resources, especially sunlight ponticum) Natural dispersal by seed Can impacts fish and invertebrate and vegetative means communities Prevention of access to sites

Common cord Planted for dune Invasion and spread creates mono-specific grass (Spartina stabilisation stands in the upper intertidal areas often anglica) Natural dispersal by seed occupied by Zostera and expansion through the This is can reduce feeding areas for bird rhizomes. Seeds can remain species such as Brent geese that depend on dormant for several years this habitat for food

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2. Marine and coastal INNS that present the greatest threat if introduced to Loch Etive

Species Risk Entry Pathway Impacts

Carpet Sea high Fouling of sea going vessels Local economy & environment – Squirt and/or contamination of can overgrow other species & (Didemnum aquaculture produce seabed habitats, and artificial vexillum) Once established, can spread by structures such as moorings, sexual reproduction and asexually pontoons and aquaculture by fragmentation of colonies equipment Could become established through movement of shellfish for the aquaculture industry

Chinese high Ship ballast water and hull fouling May compete for space & Mitten Crab Live food trade and smuggling resources with native brown (Eriocheir Can colonise new river systems by seaweeds sinensis) walking over land Distribution through water transfer of planktonic stage

Slipper ? Hull fouling Can smother seabed spp. & alter Limpet Contamination of oyster spat seabed habitat structure (Crepidula Can compete for food and space fornicate) with other filter-feeding species including mussels Foul commercially farmed marine species and man-made structures/equipment

Wireweed med Natural dispersal Will eventually become a Marine (Sargassu Contaminant of oyster spat naturalised species throughout m muticum) Fouling on boats and other marine UK equipment Will change community structure

Wakame ? Recreational boating – hull Potential to overgrow and out- (Undaria fouling? compete native species pinnatifida) Leathery ? Hull fouling Large populations can dominate Sea Squirt & displace other species through (Styela competition for food & space Clava) Fouling pest on ship hulls & aquaculture equipment

Green sea ? Already recorded in Argyll Can alter seabed communities fingers Fouling pest on ship hulls & and habitats. (Codium aquaculture equipment Can foul shellfish beds and fragile) artificial structures.

Red algae Already recorded in Argyll May change composition of (Heterosiph Aquaculture (movement of macroalgal communities onia shellfish) and ship ballast water japonica)

Japanese ? Associated with human activity – Unknown skeleton marina pontoons, boat hulls, shrimp mooring ropes, fish farm structures (Caprella mutica)

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Appendix VII: Statutory consultees for development consents/licences

To be completed

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Appendix VIII: Contact details for statutory and non-statutory consultees for development applications Contact details being collated

Loch Etive Organisations & Contact Details Consultees

Ardchattan Community Council

Argyll and Bute Council Planning

Argyll and District Salmon Fisheries Board

Argyll Fisheries Trust

Celtic Sea Farms

Clyde AMG Group

Clyde Inshore Fisheries Group

Connel Community Council

Dalriada Diving

Dawnfresh Farming Ltd.

Dunbeg Community Council

Dunstaffnage Estate

Dunstaffnage Marina

Forestry Commission Scotland

Historic Scotland

Inverawe Estate

Kilmaronaig Estate

Linnhe/Lorn etc Area Management Group

Lochnell Estate

Mallaig & North West Fishermen‟s Association

Marine Scotland

Muckairn Mussels

National Trust for Scotland

Northern Lighthouse Board

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Royal Yachting Association Scotland

Scottish Association for Marine Science

Scottish Canoe Association

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Scottish Creelers and Divers Association

Scottish Environment Protection Agency

Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers

Scottish Natural Heritage

Scottish Sea Angling Conservation Network

Scottish Water

Taynuilt Community Council

The Crown Estate

The Scottish Sub-Aqua Club

West Connel Moorings Association

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Appendix IX: Summary of national policy and guidance relevant to Aquaculture in Scotland

1 National Policy/Guidance

A Fresh Start: The renewed Strategic Framework for Scottish Aquaculture 2009 The renewed framework is based on six themes: Healthier fish and shellfish; Improved systems for licensing aquaculture developments; Improved containment; Better marketing and improved image; Improved access to finance Shellfish Forum

The framework sets out plans for a refocused Ministerial Group on Aquaculture (MGA) to oversee the work of six sub-groups working on critical themes for the industry. The Strategic Framework for Scottish Aquaculture (SFSA) was published in March 2003 and based on four guiding principles: economic; environmental; social and stewardship. It is the main policy instrument to deliver a diverse, competitive but sustainable aquaculture industry in Scotland and provides a set of parameters within which industry can balance socio-economic benefits against environmental impact. The Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF) was created to promote, encourage and support research and development in aquaculture. SARF is an independent company whose main aim is to support research into aquaculture and related areas.

Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) Following the extension of planning controls to marine fish farming, SPP sets out the Scottish Government‟s national planning policy for marine and freshwater fish farming. It provides guidance on how planning authorities should plan for fish farming development and respond to development proposals for fish farming. It seeks to ensure that they take a strategic long term approach to planning for fish farming and explains how developers, planners and other interests should work towards achieving this. All relevant documents can be downloaded from the Scottish Government‟s web-pages: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/02/03132605/0

Locational Guidelines for the Authorisation of Marine Fish Farms in Scottish Waters (not relevant to shellfish aquaculture) Loch Etive is listed under the Scottish Executive‟s Locational Guidelines for the Authorisation of Marine Fish Farms in Scottish Waters as a category 3 area. Areas are designated based on predictive modelling of nutrient enhancement and benthic impact conducted by the Fisheries Research Services. Category 3 areas are the least sensitive and show the lowest potential for environmental impact. Therefore, they offer the best prospects for obtaining permission for aquaculture development although each case is still considered carefully and modelling is run for each application.

Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture (not relevant to shellfish aquaculture) Dawnfresh Ltd. adhere to the Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture, which was established to ensure all farmers adhere to relevant legislation; manage their sites in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable way; meet specified standards, e.g. in stock health and welfare; provide assurance to other interest groups on fish farming practices; and provide an alternative to further regulation of the industry.

Tripartite Working Group (not relevant to shellfish aquaculture) The Tripartite Working Group (TWG) was established in 1999 and is composed of representatives from the Scottish Government Marine Directorate, Fisheries Research Services, the salmon farming industry and wild fisheries interest groups. The aim of the TWG was to address problems and to seek solutions between the industry, and wild fish interest groups that will help maintain wild salmonid stocks and promote a sustainable aquaculture industry. At a local level, Area Management Groups were established, composed of representatives from local fish farming companies, local wild salmonid interests (District Salmon Fishery Boards/Fishery Trusts), with a goal to promote and maintain the good health of wild and farmed salmonids through an Area Management Agreement (AMA).

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2 Relevant regulations Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (not relevant to shellfish aquaculture) The Environmental Impact Assessment (Scotland) Regulations 1999 (SSI 1999/1) as amended, implement the Council Directives (85/337/EEC and 97/11/EC) on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment. Under the 1999 Regulations as amended, an EIA; an assessment of the impact of the project on the environment, must be undertaken where any proposed finfish development is to be carried out in a sensitive area, designed to hold a biomass of 100 tonnes or greater or will extend to 0.1 hectare, or more of the surface area of the marine waters, including any proposed structures or excavations. EIA Guidance and Templates A series of Practical Guidelines have been developed, which are designed to assist developers, planners, environmental practitioners and regulators in their approach to marine fish farm Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). The Guidelines are accompanied by a series of templates for use by applicants, and are the result of a collaborative process directed and assisted by a steering group, and input from a number of key individuals from industry, government and regulators. All relevant documents can be downloaded from the SARF web-pages: http://www.sarf.org.uk/index.html.

Registration of Fish Farms Under the Registration of Fish Farming and Shellfish Farming Businesses Order 1985, all fish farming and shellfish farming businesses are required to register with Fisheries Research Services, on behalf of the Scottish Government Marine Directive, for fish health purposes to help maintain and improve the fish health status of Scottish Waters.

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Appendix X – Codes of conduct and environmental programmes

Recreation & Tourism

Scottish Outdoor Access Code The Scottish Outdoor Access Code (SOAC) provides detailed guidance on the public‟s responsibilities when exercising access rights and management of land and water. The complete version is available at: http://www.outdooraccess-scotland.com/outdoors-responsibly/access-code-and-advice/soac/ http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A309336.pdf

Scottish Marine Wildlife Watching Code The Scottish Marine Wildlife Watching Code (SMWWC) is intended to be a concise code of conduct that comprises a set of broad principles, followed by three user codes: On the coast, On the sea, and In the sea. Detailed information is available at: http://www.outdooraccess-scotland.com/outdoors-responsibly/access-code- and-advice/marine-wildlife-code/ http://www.marinecode.org/

BSAC ‘Respect Our Wrecks Code’ The British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC) has developed a Respect Our Wrecks code of practice for wreck divers. Detailed information is available at: http://www.bsac.com/page.asp?section=3200§ionTitle=Protected+Wrecks

SCOTSAC – Land Access Guidance for Divers SCOTSAC have developed an access guidance code and is available through either website address: www.scotsac.com; http://www.scotsac.com/PDF-downloads/board/land%20access%20guidance.pdf

Scottish Canoe Association – Paddlers Access Code & Associated Links The Scottish Canoe Association (SCA) is the recognised governing body of canoe sport and recreation in Scotland. The SCA Paddlers Access Code is available from: http://www.canoescotland.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=4dmGhPy4OWo%3d&tabid=228&mid=1188

Related information and Guidance Notes are additionally available from: http://www.canoescotland.org/access/Access/ResponsibleAccess/PaddlersAccessCode.aspx

The Sea Kayaking - A Guide to Good Environmental Practice is available from: http://www.canoescotland.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=NA6_sTm125g%3D&tabid=604

Wild Camping Advice for Canoeists is available from: http://www.canoescotland.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=nVfPogAE3CI%3d&tabid=636

Wild Scotland Best Practice Guidelines Wild Scotland provides advice and guidance to its members on responsible wildlife-watching operations. The guidelines are available from: http://www.wild-scotland.org.uk/wsbp.aspx

Green Blue Environmental Initiative The Green Blue is an environmental awareness initiative by the British Marine Federation and the Royal Yachting Association. The Green Blue aims to educate and inform the recreational boating community about our environmental impacts, emphasising how these can be minimised. Guidance notes are available from: http://www.thegreenblue.org.uk/

Scottish Sea Anglers Conservation Network (SSACN) The SSACN Code of Best Practice for the capture and release of Spurdog, including general species for recreational anglers is available from: http://www.tagsharks.com/spurdog-code-of-best-practice http://www.ssacn.org/give-fish-a-chance-gfac-2/catch-and-release

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Aquaculture

Farmed Fish and Shellfish Information on the salmonid parasite Gyrodactylus salaris and the Scottish Government‟s Code of Good Practice is available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/Fish-Shellfish/18610/diseases/notifiableDisease/g- salaris

Marine Aquaculture and the Landscape: The siting and design of marine aquaculture developments in the landscape http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/heritagemanagement/marineaquaculture.pdf

Association of Shellfish Growers Code of Good Practice The Association of Shellfish Growers Code of Good Practice and related information is available from: http://assg.org.uk/code-of-practice/4536619829

Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture The Code of Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture is available from the link below: http://www.scottishsalmon.co.uk/dlDocs/CoGp.pdf

Shipping & Transport

Maritime and Coastguard Agency Codes of Practice are available from: http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/shipsandcargoes/mcga-shiptype/mcga- pleasurecraftandsmallships/mcga-dqs-cvs-newsletter.htm

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Appendix XI: Loch Etive ICZM Group – Stakeholders involved/kept informed during development of the plan

Achnacree Fishers Oban Sea Kayak Guides Achnacree Moorings Association Ports and Harbour Branch Ardchattan Community Council Rowland Woollven Ardchattan Priory RSPB Argyll Charter Boat Association RYA Scotland Argyll District Salmon Fisheries Board Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Argyll Fisheries Trust Scottish Canoe Association Black Isle Seafoods Scottish Environment Protection Agency Boat Hire Scottish Federation of Sea Anglers Clyde & West Region Breedon Aggregates/ Ennstone Thistle Scottish Natural Heritage Celtic Sea Scottish Seafarms Clyde Fishermen's Association Scottish Sub Aqua Club Connel Community Council Scottish Water Dalriada Diving Scottish Wildlife Trust Dawnfresh Farming Ltd Seafreedom Kayak Dunbeg Community Council Seil Natural History Group Dunstaffnage Marina SEPA Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory SSACN Environmental Health (Argyll & Bute Council) Sustainable Oban Forera Ltd Taynuilt Community Council Forest Enterprise The Crown Estate Forestry Commission Scotland The Oban Times Glencoe and Glen Etive Community Council Tralee Bay Holidays GRAB Trust West Connel Moorings Association Hebridean Partnership West Highland Anchorages & Moorings Association Highlands & Islands Enterprise (WHAM) Highland Council And 45 individual stakeholders Historic Scotland Kames Fish Farming Place Number Local Creel Fisherman Achnacloich 2 Loch Etive Cruises Ardchattan 1 Ballachullish 1 Loch Etive Shellfish Growers Association Benderloch 2 Mallaig & North West Fishermen‟s Association Bonawe 3 Marine Scotland Connel 3 Moorings Association Dunbeg 2 National Kayak School Inverawe 1 North Ledaig Caravan Park Inverliever 1 Northern Lighthouse Board North Connel 9 Oban Airport, Argyll & Bute Council North Ledaig/Ledaig 3 Oban Canoe Club Oban 4 Taynuilt/Airds Bay 11 E-mail address only 2

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