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Voigt Vilmos Óizlandi Irodalom És Kultúra Voigt Vilmos Óizlandi irodalom és kultúra Voigt Vilmos Óizlandi irodalom és kultúra Budapest 2016 Budapester Beiträge zur Germanistik 76 Szerkesztők: Manherz Károly és Ács Péter A sorozat felelső kiadója: Manherz Károly és Knipf Erzsébet ELTE Germanisztikai Intézet ISSN 0138 905x ISBN 978-963-284-833-4 Műszaki szerkesztő: Oláh Ágnes Nyomdai sokszorosítás: Komáromi Nyomda Kft. Budapest 2016 © ELTE Germanisztikai Intézet Címlapon: Odin ábrázolása, 18. századi izlandi kézirat. (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi) ELTE Germanisztikai Intézet H-1088 Budapest, Rákóczi út 5. tel.: (+36 1) 460-44-01 – fax: (+36 1) 460-44-09 – http://germanistik.elte.hu Tartalomjegyzék 0. Előszó .................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Bevezetés ............................................................................................................................. 12 Izland és története............................................................................................................ 14 Az óizlandi nyelv ............................................................................................................... 17 Magyar vonatkozású kapcsolattörténet és tudománytörténet ...................... 25 2. A Verses Edda ..................................................................................................................... 38 Általános áttekintés ......................................................................................................... 38 A Verses Edda anyaga ..................................................................................................... 40 Az egyes énekek ................................................................................................................ 41 Hősénekek ........................................................................................................................... 46 A szövegek térhez és időhöz kötése .......................................................................... 48 Az óizlandi költészet fejlődése és ennek belső rekonstruálása ....................... 50 Az újrafogalmazott mitológikus énekek .................................................................. 56 A későbbi hősepikai énekek ......................................................................................... 66 3. A Verses Edda tartalmi és formai jellemzői ............................................................. 71 Műfajok és műfajnevek ................................................................................................... 71 Verselés ................................................................................................................................. 76 Előadásmód ........................................................................................................................ 83 Tartalmi rendszerezések ................................................................................................. 86 4. Az óizlandi költészet kezdetei ...................................................................................... 91 5. A sagák világa .................................................................................................................... 106 Mi a saga?............................................................................................................................. 106 Négyféle tartalmű műfaj ................................................................................................ 109 Konungasögur ................................................................................................................... 111 Biskupasögur ...................................................................................................................... 117 Íslendingasögur ................................................................................................................. 120 Sturlunga saga ................................................................................................................... 129 Fornaldarsögur .................................................................................................................. 130 További saga-műfajok és -csoportok ........................................................................ 140 6. Skáldika ................................................................................................................................ 142 Általános áttekintés ......................................................................................................... 142 A skáldika kutatástörténete .......................................................................................... 146 A skáld költészet rendszerezése .................................................................................. 150 Versformák .......................................................................................................................... 152 A költői jelentés: kenning és heiti................................................................................. 164 A „fejedelmi műfaj“ .......................................................................................................... 171 A legelső skáldok .............................................................................................................. 180 A már izlandi skáldok ....................................................................................................... 189 „Romantikus“ skáld-életrajzok ..................................................................................... 190 Újabb skáldokról – röviden ........................................................................................... 198 Folytatás, új fénykor, hanyatlás? ................................................................................. 205 Volt-e lírája a skáldoknak? .............................................................................................. 209 Slömr: a skáld költészet értékelése ............................................................................. 216 7. A középkori próza ............................................................................................................. 217 Más fontos szöveg-műfajok a sagák mellett .......................................................... 217 A fordítások ......................................................................................................................... 225 8. Útsýn ..................................................................................................................................... 234 Egill ......................................................................................................................................... 237 Snorri ..................................................................................................................................... 239 9. Völuspá – rétegek és megközelítések .......................................................................... 242 10. Az istenek és az etika a Lokasennában ..................................................................... 258 Képek jegyzéke ............................................................................................................................... 269 Rövidítések jegyzéke .................................................................................................................... 277 Válogatott szakirodalom ............................................................................................................. 278 0. Előszó meiri ok minni mögu Heimdallar Összehasonlító filológiai érdeklődésem volt az oka annak, hogy az 1960-as évek legelejétől hallgattam az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Karán tanáraim, (néhai Lakó György és néhai Závodszky Ferenc) svéd óráit, majd néhai Hutterer Miklós óizlandi előadásait. Ez utóbbi azt jelentette, hogy egy őszi félévben a nyelvtan áttekintése után a tavaszi félévben a Verses Edda szövegeit kellett olvasnom, és persze – fordítanom. Az egyes szám jogos, hiszen én voltam az órák egyetlen hallgatója – ami a tanárt sem zavarta. Pár évvel egyetemi tanulmányaim befejezése (1963) után már én is elkezdtem tanítani az „óizlandi irodalom” tantárgyat, hasonlóan kevés számú, válogatott hallgatóság előtt. Nem lévén nyelvész, az óizlandi nyelvtant nem tanítottam, csak az „irodalmat”. Ez voltaképpen két féléven át tartott, ami azt jelentette, hogy a három émakörfő t : a Verses Edda, a saga-irodalom a és skáldok közül az utóbbi kettő csak vetésforgó-szerűen került sorra. Időnként még óangol szövegolvasást is tartottunk, Hutterer Miklóssal közösen – ugyancsak egyetlen hallgató számára. (Talán zárójelben hozzátehetem, hasonló, legtöbbször „privatisszimum”-formában hallgattam a már középiskolai osztályfőnökömként megismert néhai Mády Zoltán óír-kollégiumait is, aminek azóta sincs folytatása Karunkon, és amelynek tanulságait többször alkalmazni próbáltam az óizlandi szövegek értelmezése során is. És itt nem sorolom fel hasonló finnugrisztikai, majd baltisztikai stúdiumaimat sem.) Az 1960-as években korábban soha sem látott mértékben bontakozott ki egyetemünkön a skandinavisztika oktatása: a két fő nyelv (norvég, svéd) szerint választhatóan, és különböző mértékben a nyelvre vagy az irodalomra koncentrálva. Ekkor mát tucatnyi hallgató volt egy-egy évfolyamban. És minden skandináv szakos egyetemista hallgatott óizlandi irodalmat is, voltak ilyen témájú vizsgák, szigorlati kérdések, még szakdolgozatok is. A skandináv nyelvet később tanító kollégák
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