Green energy pdf file

Continue You have to see The Reno Apple, Nevada, data center from the inside to really understand how huge it is. It consists of five long white buildings sitting side by side on a dry bush landscape near I-80, and a corridor that connects them through the middle, a quarter of a mile long. On both sides are large, dark rooms-more than 50 of them filled with more than 200,000 identical servers, tiny lights winking in the dark from their front panels. Siri lives here. And iCloud. And Apple Music. And Apple Pay.Powering all these machines, and keeping them cool, takes a lot of energy to constant, continuous, overpower. In Reno's data center, this means 100% green energy from three different Apple solar farms. The Fort Churchill Solar Project provides 20 megawatts of clean energy to Apple's Reno data center. The closest, and first built, is Fort Churchill Solar Farm an hour southeast in a desert country near the town of Erington, Nevada, where there is nothing but flat, dry land bordered by low, jagged hills and blue desert skies. From the main road you can walk up to the fence and look down the seemingly endless line of solar modules on the other side, with long concave mirrors catching and focusing the sun's energy in a line of small black photo cells sitting right behind them. Churchill is a representative of the growing number of renewable energy sources that have spred up around Apple's data centers in recent years. Since these massive computing machines use more power than any other apple facility, the company has worked hard to get them powered by 100% renewable energy, reaching that goal in 2014.Now Apple says it has finished getting the rest of its facilities running 100% green energy from its new Apple Park headquarters, which has one of the largest solar roofs on the planet to its distribution centers and retail stores around the world. While the 100% figure only covers Apple's own operations, not those of suppliers and contract manufacturers who do most of the work of bringing their ideas to life, it has also convinced 23 companies in their supply chain to sign a commitment to get to 100% renewable energy for part of their business related to Apple products. At Apple Park, solar power, which rings on the roof, can be stored in batteries in place to help reduce costs from peak energy periods. (Photo: Carlos Chavarria) The achievement is the culmination of a furious effort over the past six years that involve financing, building or finding new renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind farms, near the company's facilities. Apple says that in Time has 25 active renewable energy projects, with 15 more currently in construction in 11 countries. Just eight years ago, only 16% of its facilities were powered by renewable energy. By 2015, this number Apple signaled its seriousness about green initiatives in 2013, hiring former EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson as vice president of environment, policy and social initiatives. CEO Tim Cook wanted Jackson to focus Apple's environmental initiatives and possibly speak as a respected emissary in Washington, D.C. She did both. According to Jackson, it would be easy enough for Apple to trumpet its landmark achievement in renewable energy earlier. If you look at our trajectory, over the last couple of years we've been close to 100%, she says. That's only four percent more, but that four percent did the right way. So this ad feels like a classic Apple product release. Like our products, we sweat the details, we have pretty strict standards and we prefer to wait and meet our standards than hurry up and make a statement. Lisa Jackson, Apple's vice president of environment, policy and social initiatives, led the Environmental Protection Agency under President Obama from 2009 to 2013. (Photo: Carlos Chavarria) I spoke to Jackson in one of the many well-designed but identical-looking meeting rooms of Apple Park, the large glass behind it revealing the curved outer shell of the spacecraft. The chemical engineer, who grew up in New Orleans, has a smooth vocal quality and a leisurely way of talking. First of all, it's clear. She avoids energy jargon and is frank about what she's seen and done at Apple over the past five years. Apple's main goal of going 100% green, of course, is to reduce harmful emissions from dirty fuel. The company says it has reduced greenhouse gas (CO2e) emissions by 58% since 2011, preventing 2.2 million metric tons of CO2e from entering the atmosphere. But Apple's own progress, as measured by numbers, is not the only point. In places where it has facilities, the company has often been a catalyst, working with local utilities and regulators to build new solar or wind farms that pump new green energy onto public networks. Jackson told me Apple especially likes to do this in markets where most existing energy comes from environmentally unfriendly sources such as coal or oil. It's an approach that's really important because you're growing a clean energy market around you, she says. Former Vice President Al Gore, author of An Inconvenient Truth and a board member of Apple since 2003, believes the company is sending a signal that environmental responsibility can be good business. This proves the business case that well-managed companies can reduce greenhouse gas emissions that climate crisis while reducing their energy costs, he said in a statement to Fast Company. His efforts are transforming the way the technology sector uses energy, both domestically and around air vents on the roof of the Apple Park water intake for HVAC building systems. The company expects that the facility will not require heating or air conditioning for nine months of the year. (Photo: Carlos Chavarria) It started with data centersNst Apple has reached its 100% goal, the more effort focused on some of its smallest, most remote offices and retail stores around the world to 100%. Over the past year, the company has been busy searching for and signing electricity purchase agreements (PPAs) with renewable energy projects in places such as Brazil, India, Israel, Mexico and Turkey. The hardest part was finding renewable energy projects small enough to serve limited needs of power operations such as tiny sales offices. Previously, however, the company was able to get most of the way up to 100% in large chunks. He did this by finding or creating renewable energy for the energy- intensive data centers he created as services such as Siri, iCloud and Apple Music became increasingly key to his future. Apple now has data centers in Maiden, North Carolina; Reno, Nevada; Mesa, Arizona; Newark, California, and Prineville, Oregon. The company announced plans for another data center in Waukee, Iowa, as well as one in Ireland, two in Denmark, and two in China.These sprawling facilities require a lot of energy to keep their thousands of servers buzzing together in their quiet corridors, and more energy to keep them all cool. Before it started building any data centers, Apple decided that it would run them on renewable energy. With its $285 billion cash reserves, Apple certainly has enough money to just buy up the existing green power to get to the 100% goal. But one of the strict standards that Jackson says Apple follows is what's called extras, or a preference for sponsoring the creation of new renewable energy sources. We want to put new, clean energy on the grid, so we don't suck all the clean energy that's out there, she says. Earlier, when the company began construction in the early 2010s, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and hydropower were seen by the energy industry as new and inefficient. So the offer in most places was limited and expensive. It soon became apparent that if Apple was serious about running its data centers on green energy, it would be actively involved in priming the market. That's what happened in North Carolina, where Apple built its first data center in 2009. Looking at local energy suppliers for sources and find none, he decided to build his own solar farm. In 2012, it hired Bay Area-based solar contractor SunPower, which built a 20-megawatt farm right across the street from the data center. (To give you a sense of scale, 20 megawatts would be enough to power about 3,300 homes.) Apple will eventually build three solar projects in north North North A 20-megawatt solar power plant and an 18-megawatt one, as well as a bio-gas fuel cell farm capable of generating 10 megawatts of green energy. In 2012, in California and Oregon, Apple began using a state-sanctioned program called Direct Access, which allows large electricity consumers to buy energy directly from a third-party renewable energy supplier instead of a local utility company. This has cleared the way for Apple to fund its own solar and wind projects, with the intention of being a major user of the energy generated by them. Apple points to this approach as a key reason for creating several energy projects that will power its data center in Prineville, Oregon. In 2017, the company agreed to purchase 200 megawatts of electricity from a new wind farm called the Montague Wind Power Project, which is due to go on sale in 2019. It also agreed to buy 56 megawatts of energy from the nearby solar star Oregon II Solar Farm, located a few miles from the data center. In addition, it has two micro-hydropower projects generating energy from several irrigation channels near Prineville, but those that supply less than one percent of the energy of the data center. The direct access program also made it possible for Apple to buy power for its Newark data center from the First Solar 130-megawatt California Flats Solar Project in Monterey County, California.When Apple prepares to build its data center near Reno, it again was looking for renewable energy options and found nothing close to what it needed. A local utility, NV Energy, at the time had very little experience with solar power. So Apple decided to do it alone again, signing a contract with SunPower to build a new solar farm. The result is the Fort Churchill Solar Photovoltaic Project, which sits on a 137-acre stretch of desert land and generates 18 megawatts of energy. Part of the resistance to building new clean energy projects in Nevada came from concern that the cost of development would increase energy prices for all power users. In response, Apple worked with NV Energy and the state Utility Commission to create a new regulatory framework called the Nevada Green Rider Program, which allows large green energy buyers such as Apple to pay the additional costs associated with renewable energy development. This cleared the way for Apple to build new renewable energy projects, sell electricity generated by NV Energy and then buy it back to retail. Green Rider program allowed Apple to purchase Nevada's other two solar farms, the 50-megawatt Boulder II solar battery and the 200-megawatt Techren Solar project, which is expected to be launched by the end of 2018.Apple also owns the 50-megawatt Bonnybrooke solar complex in Pinal County, Arizona, which provides electricity to its new command center in Mesa. The company worked with a local utility company, the Salt River Project, which currently manages the project and Apple plays a leading role in building green energy infrastructure, after all, it is a manufacturer of computing equipment, software and services, not an energy company. That's why he likes to collaborate with a local utility or independent green energy supplier who understands the electricity market and knows how to do things like balancing the energy load against supplies. Now that renewable energy sources are more basic and the cost of energy is much lower, local utilities, developers and green energy companies are willing to take on a greater role and risk in building new energy projects; Apple's main role is often to commit to buying electricity for up to 20 years. This commitment not only helps green energy project developers secure funding, but also gives Apple low and predictable energy rates for years to come. And it will only require more energy. Apple's service business is growing rapidly, as is the number and size of data centers. For example, the company predicts in a filing with the Nevada Public Utilities Commission that it expects its Reno data center's energy consumption to increase by 45% from 2017 to 2019. It is reasonable to think that other data centers will see similar growth. Apple has turned the cobbled area in its new Cupertino campus back into natural environments. (Photo: Carlos Chavarria) Apple's Greenwashing Not AllowedWhen says that 100% of its facilities are now powered by renewable energy, that doesn't mean it has built a new solar or wind power plant to directly feed the energy of each of its data centers, stores and offices. This is more complicated than this, because of the nature of today's energy markets. Some large corporations have taken advantage of this complexity to make claims of environmental responsibility that may outpace reality. Apple deserves credit for resisting this temptation. These days, not many green energy manufacturers get power directly from the solar panel on the roof. The vast majority of renewable energy producers (and consumers) are connected to the state grid. Once green energy is delivered to the grid, these electrons go where they want to go, and they mix with other electrons generated from dirty resources such as coal and oil. The energy consumer can't say: I only want green electrons, not brown ones. Thus, a currency called Renewable Energy Certificates (or RECs) has been designed to help differentiate clean energy from dirty energy on the grid. One REC equals one megawatt generated from renewable energy sources. This gives green energy producers such as Apple a way to prove that it has produced a certain amount of green energy from its renewable energy projects in a particular market. With this number established, it is possible for a company to show that its facilities in the same market consume less energy than green production projects. But the plot thickens. It turns out that RECs (e.g. carbon credits) can be sold regardless of the energy itself. Thus, it is also possible for a major energy consumer to buy only RECs rather than power from a renewable energy project and use them to offset its use of dirty energy at one of its own facilities. This facility may be in another part of the world from a renewable energy project that generates energy provided by the REC. There's a name for it: Greenwashing.Japanese supplier Ibiden has built a floating solar farm that will generate more energy than the company uses to produce Apple. (Photo: courtesy of Apple) Apple, on the other hand, has been very consistent about keeping its RECs closely related to actual energy. This could mean the energy created by Apple's green energy project. In other cases, this means a green energy company is buying through a long-term electricity purchase agreement with renewable energy projects located near the Apple facility. You can go out and buy carbon credits and offset-no, says Jackson firmly. You can go and wait for other people to do projects and say: Can I have some of them please? How much will you charge me for some of your clean energy? No, no, no, no, no, no, no, Jackson explains that Apple prefers to buy electricity from renewable energy projects, where the company has played a role, either by investing capital in the future or by buying energy produced there for a long time, sometimes decades. I don't know about any other company that uses the same rigor to make sure the sheer power that they invest in or purchases on the regional network where it is used, it boasts. But she acknowledges that there are still places in the world where this is impossible, although this may have more to do with the reality of food markets than the choices Apple has made. In some cases, the company had to sign long- term contracts to acquire RECs from a new project that it helped create elsewhere in the same region. So it was recently in a Chilean office of two people. There was no suitable green energy source nearby, so Apple is now compensating for the brown energy used in this office with RECs from one of its green energy projects in Brazil.Apple is not the only tech company moving fast on green initiatives. And because Google, Facebook and Amazon businesses are more reliant on Internet services than Apple, they buy far more energy than Apple. Google was one of the first corporate engines on renewable energy; says it is the world's largest buyer of renewable energy and has purchased enough RECs in 2017 to cover all of its operations. Facebook says it has exceeded its goal of powering its data centers with 25% renewable energy and is now running towards 50% by the end of 2018. Amazon Web Services is working on 100% green energy for data centers, announcing that it passed the 40% mark in 2016. (Clarification: Google spokeswoman Amy Atlas points out that her company is buying green energy, which is bundled with RECs. While some state and local governments, corporations, and even solar companies have abused RECs for playing the system, it's the big tech companies that have been better behaved, said Kevin Jones, director of the Institute for Energy and Environment at Vermont Law School. Companies like Apple and Google are really setting the gold standard for how governments and legal entities should meet their renewable goals, he argues. They are moving forward on this issue by signing initial agreements to purchase electricity and properly keeping in the RECs. A less conscientious alternative is the sale of IEDs and the use of the proceeds to offset the costs of green energy. Apple has planted more than 9,000 trees in Apple Park. (Photo: Carlos Chavarria) As extensive as Apple's own business is, its network of component suppliers and contract manufacturers is even bigger. Given that Apple does not have large-scale manufacturing operations of its own, these companies are doing most of the hard work of making products such as the iPhone possible. Persuading them to go green is an opportunity, and a challenge of their own. In 2015, Apple launched a program to shift suppliers to green energy. Last year, 14 such companies pledged to work to manage parts of their operations that serve Apple 100% renewable energy. Today Apple announced that nine more of its suppliers have promised to achieve this goal. And this party includes some big names. Pegatron assembles iPhone and other Apple plants in Shanghai and Kunshan, China. The company Kuanta Computer manufactures MacBook Air, MacBook Pro and Apple Watch in Taiwan. California Finisar makes lasers that power the iPhone X in Face ID facial recognition. Even one of the materials provider for the Apple Watch group Ecco Leather has made a commitment. Apple says that using clean energy from its renewable energy projects to its suppliers avoids releasing more than 1.5 million metric tons of CO2e into the air in 2017. This is equivalent to removing more than 300,000 vehicles from the road, the company said in a statement. However, there is a very big name missing from the list of suppliers that have taken 100% collateral-Foxconn, which uses more energy than any other Apple supplier, and is likely larger than Apple itself, and its manufacturing plants in China. Not that it's sandboxing. As part of Apple's 2015 initiative, Foxconn agreed to build solar projects that produce 400 megawatts of energy, starting in Henan Province by 2018. She also stated that According to Jackson, suppliers were surprisingly receptive to the announcement to use 100% green energy. Apple has a long history of adopting suppliers and getting to world class together, and that's just part of being world class, she says. The truth is, Apple has a lot of leverage to push its suppliers to renewable energy. In particular, since Tim Cook joined the company to oversee operations in 1998, the company has been known as a tough negotiator and demanding client. Now he throws his weight around in the interest of protecting the environment. I asked Jackson to describe how Apple was going about persuading the supplier to switch to renewable energy, and it was blunt. The conversation, she says, can go something like hey, that's something that's becoming increasingly important to us, so get a foot on the person who's going to try to get this business off you. Clear your power to act now. At this point, this conversation involves a healthy dose of education. What we're saying is that we'll be there with you, Jackson says. We will help you scout out deals, we will help you assess whether they are real, we will help you know what to negotiate because most of these people, they are trying to do a part, and so what we can do for them is sort of have them in the house of a consulting firm. But she adds that the time is likely to come when Apple will require suppliers to run their clean energy business as a business condition. Even now, a Greenpeace report last year noted Apple is unique among major technology companies for tracking information about their green energy suppliers' progress. Apple has so far been quite aggressive in achieving its 2020 goal of deploying 4GW renewable energy in its supply chain, Greenpeace said in a report, and has made significant progress with its suppliers as well. Inside the apple park is a strikingly modern look, there is plenty of outdoor. (Photo: Carlos Chavarria) Back at Apple Park in Cupertino, the company's commitment to the environment is tangible in a way it has never been on the old campus 1 Infinite Loop a few miles away. Aside from the frank design language of the structure itself, the place seems to seek zen harmony between the futuristic, high-tech building and the renovated local environment in which it sits. The dominant colors are silver and black, surrounded by a lot of green. Eighty percent of the campus is open space. Walk inside the building and you can smell the trees outside of the 9,000 of them, planted in areas that were once more- and grasses that are native to the area. The building itself is mostly cooled by a natural airflow. The solar panels on the roof provide some of the for all the company has made in Apple Park, its data centers, and beyond, get to 100% renewable energy less of a happy ending than one important, albeit big in the company's ongoing environmental quest. He said he wants to stop using extracted rare minerals in his products, an industry-wide practice with its own set of deeply serious environmental flaws. And while it has already done much to push local utilities and regulators to prepare for a time when coal and oil are no longer tolerant (or even affordable) energy sources, that drive will have to continue, at a time when the Trump administration seems intent on actively undermining efforts to combat global warming. (Last year, Tim Cook told Apple employees that he had tried unsuccessfully to persuade President Trump to stay in the Paris climate agreement.) Much remains uncertain, but Lisa Jackson is optimistic about the renewable energy future. As markets continue to develop, I don't see anything that stops the trajectory towards low-carbon energy around the world, she says. At some point, you'll just see countries doing it. When they can, Apple, along with other tech giants, deserve some of the credit for getting a flywheel going to contribute to a better humanity that may well be as meaningful as any new gadget it will sell in its stores. Shops. green energy pdf file

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