Clays in Denizli Region (Southwestern Anatolia), Turkey
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GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 53, 2, BRATISLAVA, APRIL 2002 1–8 CLAYS IN DENIZLI REGION (SOUTHWESTERN ANATOLIA), TURKEY Y. ÖZPINAR , M. HANÇER and B. SEMIZ Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Kýnýklý, Denizli, Turkey Manuscript received October 4,2002; accepted in revised form December 13, 2002) Abstract: In this region, marine, continental and lacustrine clay deposits which are used as a raw material in the cement sector were investigated. It is seen that Upper Cretaceous-Upper Eocene aged shale representing marine deposition are found in Malidagi in economic quantities. However, their Na2O % and K2O % contents are higher than in other clays. The Oligocene aged Bayiralan clay representing marine deposition have abundant magnesian minerals. Because of its high MgO % content, this clay is not suitable cement standard. The areal extent of the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene aged Kizilburun clays represented fine sediments in the floodplain are widely situated. These may be used in cement sector, but they have reserve and environmental problems. The red coloured clays belonging to the Pliocene aged Sakizcilar Formation are sutitable for cement standard. To decreasing the transportation costs of the Denizli cement factory, the Malidagi clay and Sakizcilar clay may be used together in different proportions. If the Malidagi and Sakizcilar clays may be used, the contents of K2O % and Na2O % will decrease. Key words: Petrographic properties, different clay occurrences, suitable cement standard. Introduction All of these formations at the basement are overlain with an- gular disconformity by the Oligocene aged “Karadere Forma- The first studies related to a large part of the Denizli Region tion” represented by alluvial fan and deltaic deposits. This unit (Nebert 1958) describe the geology of the region in general is represented by conglomerates, sandstone and siltstone. Ka- (Fig. 1). The stratigraphical features of the Denizli Neogene radere Formation is conformably overlain by the Oligocene sediments were investigated by Taner (1973, 1974). AimBek aged “Bayiralan Formation”, made up of sandstone, marl, (1982) contributed the features of geothermal areas. The clay occurrences in the Neogene sediments were investigated by K Ovayurt (1984) and Özpinar et al. (1995), Gürel (1997), Özpi- nar & Hançer (2000a,b,c) for possible use as a raw material in the cement sector. Sun (1990), Konak et al. (1990), Sözbilir ANKARA (1994), Özpinar (1987, 1988, 1994) studied stratigraphical and structural features of Denizli and its surrounding areas. Al- DENÝZLÝ tunel & Hancock (1993) studied the Quaternary tectonics of 0 150 300 450 km the Pamukkale travertine. Okay (1989) divided the Honaz Mountain into several tectonic units differing from each other in term of their depositional conditions, stratigraphy, metamor- phism, rock types and structural positions. Güney Geological settings Buldan At the basement of the studied area, the Upper Cretaceous – Buharkent Baklan Upper Eocene aged Malidagi Formation is situated (Figs. 2, Sarayköy Pamukkale 3). The Malidagi Formation consists of laminated clay, lami- Çardak Kaklýk nated sandy clay, laminated silty clay, and intercalated sand- Babadað Kocabaþ Bozkurt Dereçiftlik stone and marl. This unit is autochthonous and is overlain by DENÝZLÝ the Jurassic-Cretaceous aged Çökelez Limestone with a tec- Honaz tonic boundary (Fig. 4). The Çökelez Limestone is overlain by the Karetepe mélange with a tectonic boundary. The Karatepe ý ý K z lcabölük 0 10 20 km mélange rocks are mainly composed of basic and ultrabasic Tavas Serinhisar rocks and huge blocks of crystalline limestones. The Karatepe mélange body was emplaced in this region in the Upper Creta- ceous (Campanian). Fig. 1. Location map. Figure 1. Location map 2 ÖZPINAR, HANÇER and SEMIZ limestone and claystones deposited in a shallow sea environ- croscope (8 sample). The chemical analyses of the clays were ment. These formations at the basement are overlain with an- carried out by XRF in the Denizli Cement Factory Laborato- gular disconformity by the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene aged ries, Turkey. The raw mix prepared by iron ore, limestone and “Kýzýlburun Formation” represented by conglomerate, sand- Malidagi shale was heated at different temperatures. At 1250 stone, siltstone and clay formed in alluvial fan and lacustrinal °C, 1350 °C and 1400 °C, the free lime amount was deter- fluvial environments. The Kizilburun Formation is conform- mined and mineralogical structure was obtained by X-ray pat- ably overlain by the Lower Pliocene aged “Sazak Formation” terns. made up of limestone, travertine, sandstone and clay repre- senting lacustrine environment sediments. The Sazak Forma- tion is conformably overlain by the Pliocene aged Sakizcilar Results and discussion Formations made up of sandstone, marl, silty claystone and clay representing alluvium fan and lacustrine sediments. There In the clays the following petrographical properties were are small clay deposits in Quaternary alluvium. One of these is identified by microscope, XRD and DTA methods (Figs. 5, 6 found in the area of the southwesthern part of Karapinar vil- and 7). lage. The laminated clay, laminated sandy clay and laminated silty clay of the Malidagi Formation investigated under the mi- croscope contain quartz (3–15 %), calcite (2–10 %), albite (2– Method of study 5 %), muscovite (0–2 %), opaque minerals (2–5 %), iron ox- ides (5 %), chlorite (5 %) and clay minerals (65–90 %). From The purpose of this paper is to report the results of detailed one location to other, the shale includes silty and sandy materi- study of clay in the Belevi, YokuBbaBi, Kaklik, Gürleyik and al made up of quartz, calcite and albite. The results of XRD KocabaB (Denizli regions) and its surrounding area (Fig. 1). In were the same with as results of polarizing microscope, which this study, an area of about 178 km2 was mapped in detail contains quartz, calcite, albite chlorite, montmorillonite and il- (1:25,000 scale). Then about 8 km2 of the Malidagi area was lite (Fig. 5a). In the laminated clay rocks, illite was obtained in mapped on a scale of 1:500, an about 12 km2 of the Kizilbu- abundance. Dark green laminated clay contains chlorite with run-Gürleyik, Kizilburun-Kaklik, Kizilburun-Belevi areas was illite and montmorillonite. In the gray laminated clay, chlorite mapped on a scale of 1:2000. 683 specimens obtained from was not obtained. drilling hole and opened channel were examined by micro- Oligocene aged Bayiralan clay contains abundant illite and scope, XRD, DTA, XRF and SEM. The clay minerals were a small amount of montmorillonite, as well as quartz, feldspar, determined by XRD and DTA (26 samples) and electron mi- dolomite, calcite, chlorite, clinochrysotile and opaque miner- Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of investigated area. CLAYS IN DENIZLI REGION 3 Fig. 3. Generalized tectono-stratigraphic section of the investigated area. 4 ÖZPINAR, HANÇER and 4 SEMIZ ÖZPINAR,HANÇERand Fig. 4. Simplified geological maps and locations taking specimens and their columnar sections. Malidagi shale (A), In the Denizli cement factory clay area, Kizilburun Kaklik-2 clay (B). CLAYS IN DENIZLI REGION 5 500 a Q 400 b Q Cps Cps d + Q M + il Ca Ca + Q Ca+Q Clk + d 300 Al Clk Chl Al Ca Q 200 d Ca Ca Clk Ca il Chl il+M il+M Ca Chl Q M il+M Chl Ca Q + + Q Chl Q Chl Q M f Chl il Q Chl Ca Q 0 0 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 50 2θ 2θ 180 c Ca d Q Cps Q 200 Q + Ca d d Cps Q +Ca Q Ca Q 100 Q Q Q Ca Ca il 100 Ca Q Q Ca Ca M M f M Ca Ca il il Ca 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 2 θ 2θ 400 e Q Cps Ca Ca il+Ca Ca Ca 200 Al Ca il Q Chl il d d d+Q Q Chl Q il Al Chl Ca 0 10 20 30 40 50 2θ Fig. 5. X-Ray diffractograms of Malidagi shale (a), Bayiralan clay (b), Kizilburun clay (c), Red colour clay of the Sakizcilar Formation (d) and Quaternary clay (e). Chl — Chlorite, il — Illite, Al — Albite, Ca — Calcite, Q — Quartz, M — Montmorillonite, d — Dolomite, Clk — Clinochrysotile, f — Feldspar, S — Sanidine. als (Fig. 5b). It can be seen that magnesian minerals such as dothermic peak shows between about 100 °C and 300 °C. chlorite, clinochrysotile have a negative effect on the chemical These peaks appear after the loss of crystal water from the clay compositions of the clays. minerals. The dehydroxylations of illite, montmorillonite and The Late Miocene-Early Pliocene aged Kizilburun clay con- chlorite begin at 400 °C. The loss of hydroxyls from illite be- tains illite, montmorillonite, quartz, feldspar (albite, sanidine), gins at about 400 °C and may continue to about 900 °C. In il- dolomite, chlorite (Fig. 5c). One of these clay occurrences lite dehydration appears to take place at about 550 °C. In named Kaklik–2 has been used in the Denizli cement factory montmorillonite, a second endothermic peak appears at about since 1986, but it may be used up in one or two years. Silty, 600 °C. The third endothermic peak appears between about sandy and gravelly levels and grains in clay levels and/or beds 870 °C and 877 °C. The third endothermic peak shows the cause changing of chemical compositions. structural change. The last endothermic peaks between about The mineralogical composition of the Pliocene aged Sak- 1197 °C and 1292 °C show the melting point. Both phases per- izcilar clay is same as the Kizilburun clay (Fig. 5d) but they sist up to 1292 °C. are red in colour and they are found with intercalated thin After doing detailed mapping of the promising areas such as limestone layers. On the other hand, the bottom of some loca- the area of Kaklik-2, Belevi, Gürleyik, Malidagi (Figs.