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An Analysis of Norway's Identity Representations in Peace

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An Analysis of Norway's Identity Representations in Peace Natalia Duarte Neubern Peace discourse in Norwegian foreign policy: an analysis of Norway’s identity representations in peace facilitation and war engagements Dissertação de Mestrado Dissertation presented to the Programa de Pósgraduação em Informática of PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Relações Internacionais Advisor: Profa. Maíra Siman Gomes Rio de Janeiro February 2019 2 All rights reserved Natalia Duarte Neubern The author graduated in Social Communication - Journalism from Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) in 2004. She obtained a Latu Sensu Specialization in International Relations for Damásio Educacional in 2016 and attendend the Summer Course in Peace Studies by the University of Oslo (UiO) in partnership with the Peace Research Institute of Oslo (PRIO) in 2018. She served on the Defense Attaché of the Belgian Embassy in Brasilia. She currently works at the Royal Consulate General of Norway in Rio de Janeiro. Bibliographic data Neubern, Natalia Duarte Peace discourse in Norwegian foreign policy : an analysis of Norway’s identity representations in peace facilitation and war engagements / Natalia Duarte Neubern ; advisor: Maíra Siman Gomes ; co-advisor: Erica Simone Almeida Resende. – 2019. 181 f. : il. color. ; 30 cm Dissertação (mestrado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2019. Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações Internacionais – Teses. 2. Paz. 3. Noruega. 4. Discurso. 5. Identidade. 6. Política externa. I. Gomes, Maíra Siman. II. Resende, Erica Simone Almeida. III. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. IV. Título. CDD: 327 Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações Internacionais – Teses. 2. Paz. 3. Noruega. 4. Discurso. 5. Identidade. 6. Política externa. I. Gomes, Maíra Siman. II. Resende, Erica Simone Almeida. III. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. IV. Título. 3 To Fabro, moving power of this achievement 4 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I deeply thank Maíra Siman Gomes, who, beyond being my supervisor, has been my tightest bond to this department from the very start of my master’s degree journey. As a tutor that guides and advises my academic achievements with in-depth and inspiring problematizations, she has proved to be the perfect match to supervise me even before I ventured into this object. I appreciate that, even in between pregnancy sickness, she has had the guts to follow my prolific yet sometimes prolix lines. I hope her son Gabriel will not give her so much work as I gave to her. Maíra is, like her grandfather says, a “double-fiber” woman and an intellectual I deeply appreciate. I am truly grateful for the support of my co-supervisor, Erica Simone Resende, who granted me with core contributions on conceptual framings that guided my research along with useful literature and methods. Not least, I appreciate having had the opportunity to count on her enrichening perspectives on recent states and, most importantly, I must credit to her the insight of floating signifier to the case of Norway based on what I had written. Like she said, and like the saying goes (and with due modesty), “great minds think alike”. Erica definitely was a master mind in nailing down my object from the qualification phase. I thank Marta Fernández for her inspiring insights during my qualification, such as Norway’s institutional transparency. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES - Código de Financiamento 001 My recognition also goes to Kai Kenkel, who gave me the opportunity to learn with such a challenging teaching experience. I truly appreciate Lia Gonzalez, for all the practical support. The whole degree would not have been possible if it were not for Consul General of Norway in Rio de Janeiro Sissel Hodne Steen, who came up with a flexibilization of my work hours so that I could attend classes. I consequently thank my colleagues of the Consulate General, who understood it and adapted to our small team’s new 5 routine. I equally thank the Consulate General for the support in my learning of the Norwegian language. I owe many learnings to Peace Research Institute of Oslo and to the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. In PRIO, my especial thanks go to Kendra Dupuy and to Ida Roland Birkvad. In NUPI, I thank Morten Skumsrud Andersen and Halvard Leira for having granted me such enlightening hours of fruitful talk. I am also indebted to my “peace research gang”, my network of peace scholars around the world, especially to Hayk Smbatyan, whom I met in the International Summer School in Oslo and with whom I share not only the passion for Norway but also the interest in the concept of facilitation and identity. I equally thank my host family in Trondheim during ISFIT, and acknowledge contributions that ensued from a very insightful talk with Trine Galloway and Andrew McCain. I thank my closest Norwegian friends, for every exchange that inspired me to nail down Norway’s identity representation. My special thanks go to Helena Jaswik Tveerabak, Kine Flaaten, Tina Malén Andersen, Rolv Haakon Valle, Tore Næss, and Nancy Rotenberg. I thank my parents, Cíntia and Victor, for always having given me credence and caring. This is the most difficult expression of gratitude, as they are my two top jewels in life. Last but not least, I thank my partner Fabro Steibel, for always having encouraged me to achieve what I feared to be inconceivable. Fabro is the driving force for many of my leaps forward in the past years. Sharing life with this great man is a trustworthy source of mutual learning, support, admiration, confidence, plenitude, and growth, in a “win-win” relationship. Thank you for being “all ears” and “hands on” for this academic endeavour to become true. 6 Abstract Neubern, Natalia Duarte; Gomes, Maíra Siman (Advisor); Resende, Erica Simone Almeida (Co-advisor). Peace discourse in Norwegian foreign policy: an analysis of Norway’s identity representations in peace facilitation and war engagements. Rio de Janeiro, 2019, 181p. Dissertação de Mestrado - Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Historically, Norway has produced itself as a facilitator or a bridge builder between conflicting parties, thereby having achieved the ability to capitalize on the society’s belief that Norway is a ‘peace nation’. The existence of the so-called ‘Norwegian Model’ forms a paramount of a new public diplomacy, wherein domestic civil society remains both an audience and a driver of state public diplomacy efforts. At the same time, since the 1990s, Norway has increased its presence in military interventions abroad (mainly in Kosovo, in 1998, in Afghanistan, in 2001, in Iraq, in 2003, and in Libya, in 2011), an intense warfare that has not derailed the notion that other European countries are bellicose whereas Norway is constructed as peaceful. More recent articulations on the Norwegian military warfare in face of its peace identity representation reveal that Norway has achieved so much credence with its peace tradition that the country can purposively undertakes what has been called “peace trough war”. The extant literature on the evolution of the Norwegian Foreign Policy on Peace and Reconciliation unveils that peace has been an organizing concept for foreign action, being attached to defence, neutrality, engagement, development, human rights, environment, and even to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. By drawing on the work of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe (1985), this thesis discusses how, in the context of Norwegian public diplomacy efforts, “peace” has acted as a floating signifier that gives meaning and legitimizes foreign policy options such as conflict facilitations and military interventions. As a result, this thesis brackets the year of 2011 as the context of a triple “coincidence”: Norway’s conduct of preparatory facilitative talks in Colombia, the bombing of Libya and Norway’s domestic terrorist attack. With this in mind, this thesis aims to unpack and understand how Norway has represented 7 itself discursively as a “peace nation” and how peace, as a floating signifier, has allowed the country to engage in both peaceful and warful practices. Keywords Peace; Norway; discourse; identity; foreign policy. 8 Resumo Neubern, Natalia Duarte; Gomes, Maíra Siman (Orientadora); Resende, Erica Simone Almeida (Co-orientadora). Discurso de paz na política externa norueguesa: análise das representações de identidade da Noruega na facilitação de paz e nos engajamentos de guerra. Rio de Janeiro, 2019, 181p. Dissertação de Mestrado - Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. A Noruega tem historicamente assumido o papel de facilitadora ou de intermediadora entre partes em conflito, de modo que alcançou a capacidade de capitalizar a crença, na sociedade, de que é uma "nação da paz". A existência do chamado "Modelo Norueguês" constitui uma prioridade de uma nova diplomacia pública, em que a sociedade civil doméstica continua a ser tanto audiência quanto guia dos esforços da diplomacia pública do Estado. Ao mesmo tempo, desde a década de 1990, a Noruega aumentou sua presença em intervenções militares no exterior (principalmente no Kosovo, em 1998, no Afeganistão, em 2001, no Iraque, em 2003, e na Líbia, em 2011), em um intenso ativismo militar que não pôs em xeque a noção de que outros países europeus são belicosos enquanto a Noruega é construída como pacífica. Articulações mais recentes sobre a guerra militar norueguesa em face de sua representação de identidade de paz revelam que a Noruega alcançou tamanha credibilidade graças à sua tradição de paz, que o país pode propositalmente empreender o que tem sido chamado de “guerra pela paz”. A literatura existente sobre a evolução da Política Externa Norueguesa sobre Paz e Reconciliação revela que a paz tem sido um conceito organizador para a ação externa, vinculada a defesa, neutralidade, engajamento, desenvolvimento, direitos humanos, meio ambiente e até mesmo à Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte.
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