MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR /

MONTANA REPERTORY THEATRE STUDY GUIDE by F. SCOTT Anna Dulba Barnett, M.A. Bernadette Sweeney, Ph.D. FITZGERALD’S

CONTENTS:

PAGE THREE SYNOPSIS

PAGE FOUR THE PLAYWRIGHT CAST / CHARACTERS

PAGE FIVE DIRECTOR’S NOTE

PAGE SIX DESIGN AND PRODUCTION Adapted for the stage by PAGE TEN SIMON LEVY WORLD WAR 1 THE ROARING TWENTIES

PAGE ELEVEN NOTES ABOUT THE GREAT GATSBY 2015 NATIONAL TOUR UMARTS College of Visual and Performing Arts School of Theatre & Dance

University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59812

MISSION

Montana Repertory Theatre tells the great stories of our world to enlighten, develop, and celebrate the human spirit in MONTANA REP is funded in part by a an ever-expanding grant from the Montana Arts Council (an agency of state government), with support from the community. Montana State Legislature, the University of Montana, the Montana Cultural Trust, Dr. Cathy Capps, Dr. Sandy Sheppard, The Dramatist Guild, and The Shubert Foundation. PHOTO BY TERRY J. CYR PAGE 2 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S

“That is part of the “beauty of literature. You discover that your longings are universal longings, that you’re not lonely and isolated from Adapted for the stage by anyone. You belong.” SIMON LEVY F. SCOTT FITZGERALD

I think I can safely say I love The Great Gatsby. The power of the narrative, the accurate, haunting, and heartfelt snapshot of the Roaring Twenties, and the sheer beauty of the prose still take my breath away. I’ve discovered and rediscovered this masterpiece over the years with new perspective, joy, and appreciation. I first read The Great Gatsby in one thrilling afternoon on the Jersey shore during high school, and I have long dreamed of bringing the novel to the stage. Only recently has this become possible, with the publication of Simon Levy’s masterful adaptation. Although there are several movie versions of varying artistic merit, the stage offers a new, exciting, and fertile ground for the story. On the stage we can feel the energy of , the sensual allure of , and the Everyman complexity of Carraway. As Montana Rep continues telling great American stories, we approach The Great Gatsby with all the honor and care such an outstanding work of art deserves. We’re pleased to reintroduce and reinvigorate this classic, bringing the beauty and poetry of this masterpiece–– living and breathing on stage––to a new generation of theatergoers.

~ GREG JOHNSON, ARTISTIC DIRECTOR PAGE 3 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

SYNOPSIS

ACT ONE: The Great Gatsby is set on Long Island, New ACT TWO: Act II opens on another big party at Gatsby’s York in the summer of 1922. tells the story mansion, however, this time both Daisy and Tom are of his enigmatic neighbor Gatsby. The play does not have present. The love affair between Gatsby and Daisy is in traditional scenes but rather each sequence shifts into the full bloom. Tom becomes increasingly suspicious of the next as the stage is transformed into different locations and mysterious Gatsby’s intentions toward his wife. Daisy settings. reveals to Nick and Jordan her plan to leave her husband As the play opens, Nick introduces Gatsby as a person and run away with Gatsby. with “a gift for hope, a romantic readiness.” Nick visits The next scene is at Tom and Daisy’s house where Nick, his cousin Daisy, the wife of a wealthy man named Tom Jordan and Gatsby are all present. The atmosphere between Buchanan. While visiting, Nick also meets Jordan Baker the lovers and the suspicious husband becomes more and who is a friend of Daisy’s staying with her for the summer. more intense. Daisy tries to avoid the tension by suggesting During their conversation Nick describes the big parties they all go into the city. They take two cars, with Gatsby that Gatsby is throwing regularly at his mansion which is driving Tom’s car and Tom driving Gatsby’s car. across the bay from the Buchanan’s property. After Jordan They gather in a hot stuffy hotel room in New York. hints that Tom is cheating on his wife, Daisy opens up to Tom begins to get drunk and more aggressive toward Nick about her unhappy marriage. Gatsby. Finally, Gatsby breaks the news to Tom about his The stage then transforms to present three key scenes, romance with Daisy. In order to avoid a brewing fight, Daisy which build the narrative. The first is the auto-shop and gas storms out of the hotel and gets into Gatsby’s car. Gatsby station of Wilson and his wife Myrtle. Tom discusses buying jumps in the car as well and frantically they speed off back Wilson’s car, and it is made clear by the furtive glances to Long Island. Along the way the car passes Wilson’s auto and secret conversation while Wilson is out, that Tom and shop, where Myrtle and her husband have been fighting. Myrtle are having an affair. The second scene transforms When Myrtle sees Gatsby’s car approaching, she thinks it is the stage from Wilson’s garage to a New York apartment, Tom, because he had been driving that car earlier, and she where we see a secret party thrown by Tom and Myrtle. As rushes out in front of the car to stop Tom. Instead Gatsby’s the alcohol flows freely a dispute arises between Tom and car hits Myrtle, but doesn’t stop. Tom is following behind Myrtle and Tom strikes her. The stage then transforms a with Nick and Jordan in his car. They come upon the third time to Gatsby’s mansion where a huge party is taking accident scene and see that Myrtle is dead. place. Nick has been personally invited by Gatsby and, At Daisy’s house, Gatsby assures Daisy that he will wait while unaware of exactly who Gatsby is, Nick discusses for her to give him a sign that she is ready to run away with with Gatsby their experiences during World War I. Across him. After they say goodnight, Nick and Jordan arrive. the bay Daisy stares out from her dock and observes from Gatsby reveals to Nick that Daisy was the one that was afar the lights of Gatsby’s party. She longs to be a part of driving his car when Myrtle was killed. the nightlife of the Long Island residents, but her husband The stage transforms back into Gatsby’s mansion. Gatsby disregards her desires. reveals to Nick the true story of his life and that the Great As the action of the play progresses, Gatsby and Nick Gatsby is just an invention. He insists, however, that take a ride in Gatsby’s hydroplane. During the flight Gatsby his love for Daisy is true. Nick says goodbye and leaves. describes his life to Nick. Later over lunch Gatsby wants to Meanwhile, Wilson comes to Gatsby’s home bent on make a request of Nick but, since the matter of his appeal revenge. He brings a gun and, finding Gatsby defenselessly is so delicate, he has Jordan participate in the conversation. floating on an air mattress in the pool, shoots him and then Jordan reveals to Nick the details of a romance that once turns the gun on himself. bloomed between Gatsby and Daisy and tells him how, The play ends with Nick’s narration describing Gatsby’s while Gatsby was off fighting in World War I, Daisy married funeral. No one showed up to mourn him, not even Daisy. Tom. Now Gatsby wants Nick to help him reunite with All the crowds that had gathered at Gatsby’s mansion to Daisy. party during his life failed to gather when it was time to Nick invites Daisy to his house, where Gatsby anxiously honor him in death. Nick ends with a reflection on Gatsby’s awaits her arrival. As Gatsby and Daisy meet the old spark romantic faith in possibilities. Gatsby had picked the site of love is reignited and the lovers make new plans to for his mansion deliberately to be across the bay from the arrange a future together and “repeat the past.” green light that blinked at the end of the dock on Daisy’s property. “Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter—tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arm farther …. So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly ceaselessly into the past.” PAGE 4 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

THE AUTHOR THE CHARACTERS F. SCOTT FITZGERALD

FRANCIS SCOTT KEY JAY GATSBY FITZGERALD (September 24, 1896 “there was something … gorgeous about him … – December 21, 1940) is considered one some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life. of the greatest American authors of the He has an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic 20th century. He wrote four novels The readiness such as I never found in any other person” Great Gatsby, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, and Tender Is the This is Nick Carraway’s description of Jay Gatsby at the Night. Of these, The Great Gatsby is the beginning of the play. Gatsby is a striking, mysterious and most famous. intriguing man. He reveals himself to the audience little Fitzgerald’s own ambitions and those of his wife Zelda by little, but only at the end of the play does his true story pushed him to more lucrative forms of writing such as short become known. Gatsby invented himself, his biography and stories and Hollywood screenplays. He received much his achievements. The image he carefully constructs is that criticism as a writer, but the success of The Great Gatsby of a man from a wealthy San Francisco family. He claims proved his indisputable talent. to have inherited a great deal of money from his parents Many of his novels and short stories have been adapted and this has allowed him to travel and live all over Europe. for the screen including The Curious Case of Benjamin He has served in the military during World War I and was Button and six versions of The Great Gatsby including the decorated for his participation in the famous battle of the 2013 version directed by , starring Leonardo Argonne Forest. Before the War he met and fell in love DiCaprio as Gatsby. An opera of The Great Gatsby was with Daisy Buchanan, but their budding relationship was commissioned and staged by the New York Metropolitan cut short by his deployment. Opera in 1999. This play adaptation was written by Simon Gatsby’s family history is mere invention. His actual Levy in 2012, by exclusive permission of the Fitzgerald family name is Gatz and his parents were poor farmers Estate. in North Dakota. At the age of seventeen he decided to invent the persona of Jay Gatsby and went on to generate extraordinary wealth through organized crime and bootlegging. His wealth accrued, he moved across the water from where Daisy lived with her husband, in pursuit of his lost love. THE CAST NICK CARRAWAY is the narrator of the story of Jay Gatsby. Carraway was born into a well-situated family in Minnesota. His family sponsored his education at Yale Jay Gatsby ...... Mark Kuntz* University. Having finished his education, he traveled to Daisy Buchanan...... Kelly Campbell* Europe and participated in World War I. After the War, Nick Carraway ...... Mason Wagner he decides to study finance in New York and becomes a Tom Buchanan ...... Hugh Bickley successful bond specialist. He rents a small house next to Jordan Baker ...... Amber Rose Mason* Jay Gatsby’s mansion. His cousin is Daisy Buchanan and this family relationship makes him a valuable friend to Myrtle Wilson ...... Jourdan Nokleby Gatsby, who plans to reunite with his love. George Wilson ...... Hugh Butterfield Meyer/Mr. McKee/Cop/Dancer...... Colton Hochhalter Mrs. McKee/Mrs. Michaelis/Dancer... Elizabeth Bennett

* Member of Actors’ Equity Association

ACTORS’ EQUITY ASSOCIATION (AEA), founded in 1913, represents more than 45,000 actors and stage managers in the United States. Equity seeks to advance, promote, and foster the art of live theatre as an essential component of our society. Equity negotiates wages and working conditions, providing a wide range of benefits, including health and pension plans. AEA is a member of the AFL-CIO and is affiliated with FIA, an international organization of performing arts unions. The Equity emblem is our mark of excellence. www.actorsequity.org PAGE 5 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

THE CHARACTERS continued from page 4 DIRECTOR’S NOTE GREG JOHNSON DAISY BUCHANAN comes from a wealthy family in “The center cannot hold.” Kentucky. At the age of 17 she met Jay Gatsby, with whom ~ WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS 1921 she had a relationship until he was deployed to Europe to fight in WWI. In Gatsby’s absence she married a very rich The Great Gatsby is an icon of American and world man named Tom Buchanan. On the day of her wedding to literature. As such one approaches it with awe and Tom she received a letter from Gatsby, stating that he was trepidation. Most Americans know well the story of Nick, returning from Europe and that he hoped for reunion, but Jordan, Jay Gatsby and Daisy, it is in our blood. Most instead Daisy decided to proceed with the wedding to Tom. students have read it by their senior year in High School. She now has a daughter with her husband and she lives a Add to this, the films based or loosely based on the material life of luxury. She is rather careless and frivolous, and the and we realize that The Great Gatsby has been deeply price she pays for her lifestyle is being married to a brutish, ingrained in our American culture. driven husband who is not faithful to her. It deserves all this attention. First of all it is the quintessential and essential snapshot of the period, the TOM BUCHANAN. Like Nick, Tom is a Yale graduate. signature piece of that comet of a decade called the He comes from a rich family, he is strong physically “Roaring Twenties.” During this reckless party between and financially, and he exerts his influence over his the first world war and the Great Depression the country environment. He cheats on his wife Daisy with another was running as fast as it could from that catastrophic war, woman, Myrtle Wilson, and does not hesitate to physically hell bent on dulling the nation’s psychic pain, all the while abuse Myrtle during their fights. Tom regularly tests the running headlong into the depression. The Great Gatsby men that surround him including Nick and Gatsby. at once reflects, predicts and answers all the compelling He is short-tempered and uses his wealth to achieve his questions that war, avarice, capitalism, caprice and social goals. hedonism were asking in 1922. The text is pure poetry, some of the best and thrilling JORDAN BAKER is an independent and athletic woman sentences, paragraphs, pages and chapters ever written by and symbolizes a new type of woman in the post WWI an American. era. Jordan is a friend of Daisy’s and is often a guest at So now it is theatre’s turn. There have been numerous the Buchanan house. Contrary to her female friends, she productions of Simon Levy’s adaptation of The Great does not allow any men to dominate her. She does enter a Gatsby since The Fitzgerald estate granted permission for a relationship with Nick, but at no point do either of them theatrical license in 2005. We feel the theatre is remarkably talk about love for or commitment to each other. well suited to tell this story. The sheer humanness of the theatre, the living and breathing presence of the actors, MYRTLE WILSON is married to George, who owns a highlight these remarkable personalities as only live theatre small gas station, but she aspires to a wealthy lifestyle. She can. The conflicts, the poetry, and the vehement action are is also Tom Buchanan’s lover. Tom mistreats her, but she all enhanced by the live experience of the theatrical event. allows his abuse as long as he provides her with access to luxuries and entertainment. She despises her husband. She dies tragically when hit by a car.

GEORGE WILSON is a poor working man who runs his own auto garage and gas station. He is seemingly unaware that Tom Buchanan’s frequent visits to his garage are less about cars and more about Tom’s affair with George’s wife Myrtle.

MEYER WOLFSHEI played a key role in creating The Great Gatsby myth by helping Jay become rich after he returned from World War I. He is an influential man in the worlds of illegal trade and gambling. He is believed to have been responsible for fixing the World Series in 1919. PAGE 6 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

DESIGN AND SCENIC PRODUCTION DESIGN

This production of The Great Gatsby has been over a year The physical staging and atmospheric requirements for the in the making, although the rehearsal process did not begin theatrical presentation of The Great Gatsby create unusual until just over a month before the production opens. At the challenges for the director and the designer. A set is a time this study guide was going to press, rehearsals had not playground for movement, for the story’s pantomime and yet begun, but the play was cast and the design process was dance as represented by the physicality of the actors. The well under way. What we have therefore decided to include written words of the script for The Great Gatsby require a here are some elements of the scenic, costume, and media fluidity of motion that carries from scene to scene, with a design, with insights from the designers on their process. minimum of staging interruptions and set changes. Returning to the “scene of the crime” meant researching the visual history of the Gold Coast, the great enclave of American wealth on the North Shore of Long Island at the turn of the century until the Great Depression. It was Director...... Greg Johnson another world of pastoral splendor and artificial gentility that the rich of Manhattan aspired to escape to, as well Scenic Designer ...... John Shaffner as to the mansions further away in Newport Road Island. Costume Designer ...... Karen Hummel Kinsley During the depression many of these vast estates began to Lighting Designer ...... Mark Dean decay, and after World War II, the era of the North Shore Sound Designer ...... Zach Hamersley was over. Too expensive to maintain, and out of step in the Media Designer...... Hugh Bickley modern times of the 1950’s the decay continued and one by one the great mansions fell to the bulldozer. Of the many mansions that stood, few remain today, some subdivided, others living on as schools, convents, museums, with very few remaining in private hands. An enchanted world of architecture, decoration, and landscaping is gone. Among the many styles presented, neoclassic revival was one of the most popular, and English and French styles dominated. Through research we discovered wonderful photographs of some of these homes in ruins, as they collapsed in disrepair, were vandalized, and ultimately bulldozed away. So our set is the decaying ballroom of a grand mansion, the ghost of another time, the visual metaphor of ruin, with views through the big window; a view of the sound, the valley of ashes, of Manhattan and sometimes into the hearts and emotions of the characters and even the tone of the story through abstract color and design. The ballroom furnishings from the past become our props to move and set about as needed, with additional elements as required, to tell the story of Daisy, Gatsby, and Tom.

~ JOHN SHAFFNER, SCENIC DESIGNER

Set model by John Shaffner PAGE 7 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

SCENIC DESIGN continued from page 6

Long Island Gold Coast mansions. DREAMSTIME.COM / DAVID BIAGI (TOP) / LITTLENY (ABOVE)

Scenic design plans JOHN SHAFFNER PAGE 8 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

MEDIA The mist, the blur, the reflections, the color spectrum. Media design I created this image with this thought in mind. It will be fully versatile DESIGN HUGH BICKLEY and shimmering for the projection on stage.

As Fitzgerald shepherded The Great Gatsby through its With Fitzgerald’s continuous marriage of light to illusion, many drafts, an unheralded Spanish artist by the name of it’s no wonder that Jay Gatsby’s dreams are physicalized in a offered him an illustration for the book’s green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. When he tells Daisy cover that so impressed its author that it earned a place in about the light, however, it occurs to him “that the colossal the novel itself. “…don’t give anyone that jacket you’re significance of that light had now vanished forever.” saving for me,” Fitzgerald wrote to his editor, “I’ve written it Compared to the great distance that had separated him into the book.” from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching The iconic image continues to adorn the novel ninety her. It had seemed as close as a star to the moon. Now it years into its print, as instantly recognizable as it is was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted mysterious. Perhaps this image prompted the creation of Dr. objects had diminished by one. T.J. Eckleburg: “blue and gigantic — their irises are one yard In an emerging culture of materialism, advertising, high. They look out of no face, but, instead, from a pair of and post-war celebration, Fitzgerald mesmerizes us with enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a nonexistent the blurred and glimmering lights of this American nose,” or, since the face is a woman’s, Nick’s description of Dreamscape, only to focus his lens and reveal its underbelly, Daisy as a “girl whose disembodied face floated along the the crimes of its carelessness, the ash heaps that are left in dark cornices and blinding signs….” Though it’s impossible the wake of personal conquests. to determine what passage, precisely, this image inspired in As Projection Designer, I take my cues from this delicate The Great Gatsby, it has similarly wielded its influence over illusion, constructed so carefully by painter and by author, my own design concept as I embark upon designing media and intend to take full advantage of the distorted and for the novel’s stage adaptation. illusory landscapes that Fitzgerald abandons us in before pulling it all down on our heads.

~ HUGH BICKLEY, MEDIA DESIGNER PAGE 9 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

COSTUME The Great Gatsby Book cover illustration by Francis Cugat. DESIGN

The fashions of The Great Gatsby are the visual representation of a seismic break from women’s clothing styles prior to 1920. Before the Great War, Paris had been the epicenter of world fashion. Women of means or social status would travel once or twice a year to Paris to purchase seasonal wardrobes that were created especially for them. With the advent of the war, the limited contact between the United States and Europe choked the influence of dominant fashion houses and opened the door for a number of new French designers to create fashions that were more simplistic in design and that consequently appealed to the American public. The tubular style that emerged in the early 1920s could be copied, produced, and sold to a woman from any level of society. Because the garments glided over the body and were not contoured to it, the style could be mass produced in a seemingly endless variety of fabric, prints, color combinations and adornments.

~ KAREN HUMMEL KINSLEY, COSTUME DESIGNER

MYRTLE

TOM

MRS. McKEE

Costume sketches KAREN HUMMEL KINSLEY

DAISY GATSBY WILSON JORDAN PAGE 10 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

WORLD WAR I THE ROARING TWENTIES

World War I, known as The Great War, was a global military conflict that lasted from 1914-1918. The war cost 18 million lives (9 million combatants and 7 million civilians killed). The human toll made it one of the most deadly wars in the history. F. Scott Fitzgerald believed, as did many others, that World War I would be the “war to end all wars” and yet he was not able to serve overseas and he greatly regretted this. The war became an ever present motif in his writing. Characters Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby talk about the war with a certain level of nostalgia and they treat it as a defining moment in their young lives: NICK: The war? Yes I think I enjoyed it so much I came back restless. Made going home pretty dull.

GATSBY: I know what you mean. I doubt most people of the people here have any idea what it’s Roaring twenties flappers. like to be in the trenches. PUBLIC DOMAIN

NICK: Then came the war, old sport. It was a great America during the 1920s was marked by financial relief and I tried very hard prosperity, heightened patriotism, the creation of jazz music, to die but I seemed to bear changes in the role of women in society and an overall an enchanted life. sense of economic and social progress. The automobile became popular, art deco was a leading trend and motion pictures were gaining prominence in American culture. The sale and manufacture of alcohol was prohibited. The country, especially its urban cities like New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New Orleans, was swept up in the feeling of progress, a desire to forget the war, a fascination with the future, and a desire to break with the past and all its rigid rules. It was an era of heroes and celebrities due to the emerging power of the media. The “roaring twenties” was a colorful period in American history with its new music, prohibition, organized crime, large social gatherings and an intense focus on spending money in as many lavish ways as possible. Fitzgerald captured the aura of the twenties in his novel with his vibrant descriptions of events at the Gatsby’s mansion.

WORLD WAR 1 PHOTOS FROM TO P: American soldiers on the Piave front hurling a shower of hand grenades into the Austrian trenches. PHOTO BY SGT. A. MARCIONI British soldiers in a trench in France, during the Battle of the Somme. UNITED KINGDOM GOVERNMENT PHOTOGRAPH French forces at the First Battle of the Marne. PUBLIC DOMAIN PAGE 11 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

THE GREAT GATSBY THE GREAT GATSBY AS AN EMBODIMENT AS FITZGERALD

OF AMERICA Fitzgerald stated in a letter to John Peale Bishop, a classmate from Princeton and a fellow writer, “I never at Fitzgerald wanted to create a character who was larger any one time saw him [Gatsby] clear myself—for he started than life. As one scholar, Richard Lehan, said, “Gatsby is out as one man I knew and then changed into myself—the the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense amalgam was never complete in my mind.” Biographical of commitment take him in search of a personal grail.” facts and events of Fitzgerald’s life make the links between Just like the many whose dream of America was to find a the main character of his novel and Fitzgerald himself home and prosperous life for themselves and their offspring, quite clear. The parallels between Jay Gatsby and Fitzgerald Gatsby pursued his version of an American dream. But himself can also be found in the romantic aspects of both Gatsby wanted to buy his dream. In this Gatsby mirrored their lives. Gatsby’s love for Daisy was challenged by the the materialism and frenetic desperation of American war when he was deployed and had to leave her for several society during the 1920s, which all came crashing down years. When he came back to win her, she was already with the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the ensuing great married to Tom. Gatsby held onto the hope that he might Depression. one day see Daisy and be able to win her back. Fitzgerald’s story is less colorful, but some of the dynamics are shared by the author and his character. Fitzgerald fell for Zelda Sayre, a popular southern belle from a prominent family. Although Zelda showed interest in the young writer, her family deemed him unsuitable. In order to prove them wrong, Fitzgerald decided to turn his passion for writing into a lucrative career. When his novel This Side of Paradise gained him great fame and wealth, he was able to marry Zelda. She became a template for many of the female characters of Fitzgerald’s novels, including the basis for the character of Daisy Buchanan.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Berman, Ronald, The Great Gatsby and Fitzgerald’s World of Ideas, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997.

Bruccoli, Matthew J., Apparatus for F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby; (Under the Red, White, and Blue), Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1974.

Bryer, Jackson R. and VanArsdale Nancy P., editors, Approaches to Teaching Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2009.

Churchwell, Sarah, Careless People: Murder, Mayhem, and the Invention of The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1921. London & New York: Penguin, 2014. THE WORLD’S WORK / JUNE 1921 ISSUE Hoffman, Frederick John, The Great Gatsby: a Study, New York: Scribner, 1962.

Lehan, Richard, The Great Gatsby: The Limits of Wonder, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995. PAGE 12 / MONTANA REP STUDY GUIDE / www.montanarep.org 2015 NATIONAL TOUR / THE GREAT GATSBY

NOTES: