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258 Science. [N 258 SCIENCE. [N. S. VOL. XVI. NO. 398. and R. H. Traquair. An indispensable liker, Bakker, Rosenthal, Gottsche, Mik- 'Handbuch der Palaeontologie' is that of lucho, Macleay, Weber, Hasse, Retzius, Karl A. Zittel (1890), in which the knowl- Owsjannikow, H. Muller, Stieda, Marcusen edge of fossil fish is brought up to a recent and Ryder. date. The most valuable general work is Besides all this, there has risen, especial- the ' Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the ly in the United States, Great Britain, British lluseum,' in four volumes, by Dr. Norway, Canada and Australia, a vast lit- Arthur Smith Woodward, a most worthy erature of commercial fisheries, fish culture companion of Giinther's ' Catalogue ' of and angling, the chief workers in which the living fishes, and still more modern in fields we may not here enumerate even by the taxonomy and views of relationships. name. Important contributions are those of Hux- ley, F. McCoy, van den Marck, de Kon- JOINT MEETINGS OP THE GEOLOGICAL inck, Davis, Nicholson, Charlesworth, Sir XOCIETY OF AMERICA, SECTION E, AND THE NATIONAL GEO- Philip Egerton, Rictet, Kner, von Meyer, GRAPHIC SOCIETY." Hasse, ThiolliBre, Jaekel, Rohon, Sauvage, 2'he Geology of the Pittsburgh District: I. Stolicza, Lawley, Molin, Gibbes, Probst, C. WHITE. Karpinsky, Kipryanoff and many others. The Appalachian coal field begins near In America, Dr. John Strong Newberry the northern line of Pennsylvania, and ex- has studied the fossil fishes of Ohio. Pro- fessor Edward W. Claypole has worked tends in a canoe-shaped trough 900 miles largely in the same region. Edward southwestward, ending in western Ala- Drinker Cope and Dr. Joseph Leidy have bama. Pittsburgh is gituated near the cen- added to our knowledge of the Eocene and ter the northern end of this great basin, Cretaceous fishes of the Roclry Mountains. and therefore, easy access to all of the Numerous recent papers of great value have formations. been published by Dr. Bashford Dean, of One these beds, the great Pitts- Columbia University, and Dr. Charles R. burgh seam1 which overlooks the city from Eastman, of Harvard. Other important an elevation of 350 feet, and extends up records are due to Orestes St. John, A. H. the Monongahela for 200 miles, the -indus- Worthen, Charles D. Walcott and the Red- trial supremacy of the region is largely fields, father and son. due. Still more difficult of enumeration is the several Years ago the gifted Blaine Prc- long list of those who have &died the dieted that the Pittsburgh district would anatomy of fishes, usually in connection in time become the manufacturing center with the comparative anatomy or develop- of the world because of its command of ment of other animals. Preeminent among cheap fuel. This prophecy has become a these are Karl Ernst van Baer, Cuvier, reality within less than a decade of its ut- Goffrey St. Hilaire, Louis Agassiz, Johan- terance. nes Miiller, Carl Vogt, Carl Gegenbaur, The Monongahela formation, of which MecBel, William Kitchen Parker, Francis the Pittsburgh coal is the basal member, BI. Balfour, Thomas Henry Huxley, H. caps all the hills around the city and Rathke, Richard Owen, Kowalevsky, H. stretches away to the south up the river Stannius, Joseph Hyrtl, Gill, Boulenger which gave the beds a name, to be in turn and Bashford Dean. Other names of high covered up by the Dunkard formation at authority are those of TVilhelm His, Kol- "Pittsburgh, Pa., July 1 to 3, 1902. SCIENCE. the summit of the Carboniferous column But interesting as are the stratified rocks and probably of Permian age. The city of the remote past in the Pittsburgh region, itself is located mostly on the Conamaugh the surface deposits tell for many a still formation or the old Barren Series of Rod- more attractive story. The clays, silts, gers, the central red beds of which crop sands, gravels and cobbles which rest upon along all the railroads which enter the city the ancient river bottoms, and mantle up and give no end of trouble from landslides, the slopes to 300 feet above the present slips and caves. These red beds enclose streams, unfold a most interesting history. one of the most interesting deposits of the They reveal a river during Tertiary time entire Carboniferous column, viz., the flowing with its bed immediately under the Ames or Crinoidal limestone. It marks site of the Carnegie Institute, 200 feet the end of marine life in the Carboniferous above the present streams, descending with waters of the Appalachian field, and is a gentle fall (only one third the rate of the most important ' key' rock. Coming as it present rivers), and at Beaver, instead of does 300 feet below the Pittsburgh coal turning southward down the Ohio, keeping bed, and at an equal interval above the northward and joining the St. Lawrence Upper Freeport seam, it has been t~aced system in the region of Lake Erie. from central West Virginia around through Then in Quaternary time, this north- western Pennsylvania, across Ohio, and ward-flowing river was met by a great mass back into southern West Virginia near of southward-moving ice and other glacial Huntington. d6bris which effectually impounded the Within easy access from Pittsburgh the Allegheny and Monongahela drainage, and geologist may see all of the Carboniferous, caused their waters to intermingle across and on the crest of the great Chestnut the East Liberty valley, and finally to cut Ridge arch above Connellsville get a peep a new pathway to the sea along what is deep down into the Devonian. now ,the Ohio River. This great inland This, however, has been given in the dia- lake is marked by a series of deposits of gram before you, which represents the clay, sand, boulders and other transported rocks under Pittsburgh as revealed in the materials upon all except steep surfaces up ' deepest oil boring ever made in America, to a little more than 1,000 feet above tide and, with one exception, the deepest in the over the entire basin of the two rivers. world. This record we owe to the intelli- Mr. Campbell, of the U. S. Geological Sur- gent interest in pure science of Mr. W. J. vey, has recognized the character of these Young, of Pittsburgh, now at the head of upland deposits as having been made in the great producing interests of the a lake-like body of water, but has erro- Standard Oil Co. At an expense of many neously referred them to a local ice dam. thousands of dollars Mr. Young drilled The one great dam which we know existed this well near West Elizabeth, Pa., to a just north from Beaver will explain all the depth of 5,575 feet, and gave to Professor phenomena. Hallocl~,of Columbia University, the op- portunity to make his important contribu- Tlze Lower Carboniferozcs of tlte Appala- tions to earth temperatures. This is but one chia~Basin: J. J. STEVENSON.(Read of numerous examples of encouragement to by title.) pure science given by the officers and agents In this paper a description is given of of that much-abused organization. the several divisions of the Lower Car- 260 8CIA'NCE. [N. S. VOL. XVI. NO. 398. boniferous as,they exist in the Appalachian Of the thirteen meteorites lcnown from basin; the effort is made to determine the Kansas, six have been found within an boundary between Devonian and Car- area 115 miles long by 85 miles broad in boniferous and to ascertain the changes in the northwestern part of the State. As physical geography during the period. these all resemble each other in outward appearance the question has been raised as A New Meteorite from Algonza, Kewaunee to whether they belong to a single fall. In Cotcnty, TVisconsifi: WILLIAM HERBERT deciding the question the probable course HOBBS. of a meteor and the structure and compo- The Algoma meteorite, which was plotv- sition of the meteorites should be dis- ed up near Algoma, TVis., in 1887, was rec- cussed. It is shown that the probable ognized in March of the present year as a course of the meteor ~vonldhave been from true meteorite. It is almost unique among southeast to northwest, and not from south- meteorites because of its peculiar shape and west to northeast as would be required if surface markings. Whereas most ineteor- the meteorites belonged to a single fall. As ites are quite irregular in form, this me- regards structure and composition, three of teorite is in the shape of a thin shield, or the meteorites have been studied, while the disk, with convex and concave sides. Con- other three have not. Results of studies of trary to common notions it is quite clear two of the latter, Long Island and Frank- that this body, when it entered the atmos- linville, are given and the Long Island me- phere of the earth, presented its convex teorite shown to be, in several respects, re- surface to the front, and was in part by the markable. The conclusion is reached that erosion of the air given its present form, two of the meteorites may belong to one and its convex surface was deeply eroded. fall but that the others are single individ- From a central, smooth, elliptical area upon ual falls. the front, radial and slightly spiral groov- ing~proceed to the circumference of the The Mohokea Caldera on Hawaii: C. H. meteorite. It seems clear that these groov- I~IT~HGOGE. ings and ridges are the result of fusion The eruptions from Mauna Loa upon the and erosion by the compressed air, the southwest side are different from those dead-air area in front of the center pre- upon the northeast, chiefly in being of the venting a similar grooving there.
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