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Copyright David JC Mackay 2009. This Electronic Copy Is Provided, Free, for Personal Use Only Copyright David JC MacKay 2009. This electronic copy is provided, free, for personal use only. See www.withouthotair.com. Index λ, 307 can, 89 energy density, 199, 261 13 amps, 50 embodied energy, 94 lithium-sulphur, 202 Iceland, 183 nickel-cadmium, 89 747, 132 always on, 96 rechargeable, 94 1698, 6, 19 America, 21, 93, 338 battery charging, 197 1769, 6 American, 104, 234 battery exchange, 261 1910, 7 Amonix, 182 Bavaria, 41, 48, 216 1979, 20 amplifier, 70 BBC, 68, 71 2050, 203 amps, 50 beach, 307 analogy, 24 Beatrice, 64, 66 A380, 132 Andasol, 178, 184 Beaufort scale, 263 AA battery, 89 answering machine, 70 Bedford, 55 absolution, 3 any colour, as long as it is green, 122 beef, 77 academics, 293 apple, 259 Belgium, 21, 208 accelerator-driven system, 166 Aptera, 137 Berlingo, 127 action, 203 Aquamarine Power Ltd, 310 Betz, Albert, 264 addiction, 203 area, 55, 332 bicycle, 119, 128, 258, 264 Adelman, Kenneth, 40 frontal, 119 billiard ball, 81 advertisement, 72, 154 area per person, 32, 338–341 billion, 11, 217, 329 advertising standards authority, 126 Arizona, 182, 236, 285 nuclear decommissioning, 175 advocating acts of consumption, 4 arms exports, 220 biodiesel, 42, 204 aerodynamic efficiency, 273 Artemis Intelligent Power, 125 from algae, 285 agricultural waste, 206 artificial trees, 249 bioethanol, 205 air Atkinson cycle, 136 from corn, 284 energy consumption, 92 Atlantic, 73, 309 from sugar beet, 283 hot, 51 Atlantic Ocean from sugar cane, 284 air changes, 289, 296 tides, 81 biofuel, 42, 78, 283 air resistance, 118 waves, 74 cellulosic ethanol, 284 air travel atmosphere, 10 from algae, 285 neutralization, 211 Atoms for Peace, 133 from corn, 284 air-conditioning, 52, 144, 151 Ausra, 184 jatropha, 284 in vehicles, 131 Australia, 338 power density, 283 air-source heat pump, 52, 151, 205, 212 automobile, see car production, 205 Airbus, 132 average travel, 30 rape, 283 Aircar, 129 average windspeeds, 32 sugar beet, 283 aircraft, 132 sugar cane, 284 turboprop, 35 B&Q, 66 biomass, 38, 43 aircraft carriers, 220 Bad Thing, 10 cofiring, 212 airship, 280 Baer, 15 plantation, 212 albatross, 272, 273 bag of crisps, 80 yields, 48 albedo flip, 243 bailing the Titanic, 68 biomethanol, 204 Albert Hall, 332 balloon, 280 bird, 269 alchemy, 88 Bangladesh, 338 formation flying, 270, 278 algae, 284, 285, 288 bar fire, 51 longest flight, 277 biofuel, 285 bar-tailed godwit, 277 range, 276 hydrogen, 285 Barbados, 230 speed, 272 Algeria, 177, 338 barium titanate, 199 theory of, 269 alkaline battery barley, 286 birds and windmills, 63 energy density, 199 barrel of oil, 331 Birmingham, 206 Alps, 209 bath, 50, 51 Blair, Tony, 213, 222, 230 altitude, 272 bathymetry, 61 blimp, 280 altruism, 5 battery, 89, 137, 205 blob, 181, 221 aluminium, 89, 97, 325 efficiency, 202 block, 325 355 Copyright David JC MacKay 2009. This electronic copy is provided, free, for personal use only. See www.withouthotair.com. 356 Index BMW, 29, 260 California, 182 Cardiff, 84 Hydrogen 7, 130, 139 calm weather, 186 cargo vessel boat, see also ship Calorie, 76, 330 nuclear-powered, 133 energy consumption, 92 calorie, 330 carnivore, 77 nuclear-powered, 133 calorific value, 29, 31, 48, 213, 284 Cars taken off the road, 330 boats as planes, 279 butter, 29 cartoon, 203 Boeing 747, 128 coal, 199 bicycle, 259 Boltzmann, 272 DERV, 199 car, 254 bomb, 100, 101 diesel, 199 flight, 270 Bombardier Q400, 35 ethanol, 199 train, 260 boron, 19, 202, 209 firewood, 199 wind power, 263 boundary, 30 fuel, 29, 199 windmill, 264 BP, 3, 27, 219 gross, 31 cartoon Britain, 115, 204 brakes, 255 hydrogen, 199 cartoon of flight, 272 braking, regenerative, 125 kerosene, 199 cartoon-Britain, 116 breeder reactor, 163, 165 methanol, 199 2008, 116 brick, 325 net, 31 cassette-player, 70 Brinkley, Mark, 66 propane, 199 cat, 63, 78, 103 Bristol channel, 84 waste, 287 catamaran, 128, 280, 282 Britain, 21, 93 wood, 284 cavity-wall insulation, 142, 295 electricity demand, 186, 188, 342 Caltech, 2 CCS, 157, see also carbon capture and heights, 55 Cambridge, 44, 52, 91 storage rainfall, 55, 56 Cambridge University, 298 cellulosic bioethanol, 205 British Isles, 83 can, aluminium, 89 cellulosic ethanol, 284 British person, 30 Canada, 21, 235 Celsius, 289, 328 BritNed, 197 capacity, 33, 63, 267 cement, 325 Brooklyn windmill, 264 capacity factor, 33, 267, 268 ceramics, 88 Brown, Gordon, 21 capitalization, 25, 328 Cessna, 128, 274 BTU, 331 car, 29, 118, 255 Chancellor, 3 building eco-car, 119 charger, 68, 69, 72 Cambridge University, 298 electric, 127 charging, electric vehicle, 197 data, 141 embodied energy, 94 cheese, 76 energy-efficiency office, 298 fish, 137 chemical energy, 26, 27, 31 heat consumption, 140, 289 hybrid, 126 chicken, 77 heat-loss parameter, 294 lights, 57 chicken feed, 77 Heatkeeper, 297, 299 manufacture, 94 chicken poo, 42, 286 leakiness, 294 recharging, 261 chimney, 145, 157 Passivhaus, 298 carbohydrate, 43 solar, 182 regulations, 291 carbon capture, 212 China, 5, 21, 321 standards, 144 carbon capture and storage, 157, 240 CHP, 145 thermal mass, 305 carbon dioxide, 19, 20 circulation of oceans, 242 typical house, 140 climate change, 5 Citro¨en Berlingo, 127 bulb, 58 data, 6, 9 civilization, 50 incandescent, 58 equivalent, 11 Clarkson, Jeremy, 126 LED, 58 greenhouse effect, 5 clay, 325 low-energy, 58 carbon fuel cell, 158 clean coal, 203, 212 bus, 128 carbon intensity, 322 cliff, 11 electric, 120 carbon neutralization, 3, 211, 226, 244 climate change, 5, 10 Bush, George W., 42 carbon offset, 3, 226, 244 greater threat than terrorism, 4 butter, 29, 31 carbon price, 211 is about energy, 5 calorific value, 29 carbon sequestration, 157, 240 climate modelling, 11 by cofiring biomass, 211 climate-change inactivists, 8, 240 C3 plants, 49 cofiring, 212 clock-radio, 70 C4 plants, 49 carbon tax, 331 clothes dryer, 51 C5, 66, 127 carbon-dioxide emissions clothes washing, 50, 51 cable modem, 68 electric car, 131 cloud cover, 38 Caithness, 268 cardboard, 284 cloudy day, 45 Copyright David JC MacKay 2009. This electronic copy is provided, free, for personal use only. See www.withouthotair.com. Index 357 clutter, 88 cooker, 50, 51 coal production, 6, 7, 9, 343 CO2, see carbon dioxide cooking, 50, 207 commuting, 30, 127, 136 coal, 8, 94, 206, 284 cooling tower, 145 countries, 338 British resource, 6 CoP, 147 depths, 61 calorific value, 199 copper, 325 electric car, 127 clean, 203, 212 cordless phone, 69 electrical generation capacity, 342 contains uranium and thorium, Coriolis force, 82 electricity demand, 342 175 corn, 286 electricity production, 342, 343 energy density, 199 cornish pasties, 91 emissions, 15 nuclear radiation from, 168 Cornwall, 91 emissions of cars, 136 power station closures, 342 Coronation Street, 196 energy consumption, 105, 231, 337 UK, 158 cost, 214 energy gap, 342 coal imports, 343 arms, 221 fossil fuels, 343 coal mines, 208 nuclear decommissioning, 175 freight, 92 coal mining, 158, 161 offshore wind, 66 G-Wiz, 127 coal power station, 5, 157, 330 wind, 66 gas consumption, 343 coal production, 6, 343 counter-current heat exchange, 296 gas demand, 200 coal substitution, 42 countries, 17, 105, 231, 336, 337 GDP, 105, 231, 336 coalition of the willing, 244 civilized, 50 greenhouse gas emissions, 336, coastline, 65, 74 countryside, 208 337 coefficient of performance, 147, 154, cow, 76, 77, 79 heat consumption, 141 292, 300 CPV, see concentrator photovoltaics height, 55 coffee, 332 crisps, 80 hydroelectricity, 343 cofiring biomass, 211 crock of manure, 8 Iceland, 97 cogeneration, 145 Croesor, 202 imports, 323 coke, 89, 94 crops, 286 incineration, 207 Colorado, 285 CRT (cathode ray tube), 70 landfill, 207 combustion, 31 Cruachan, 191 nuclear power, 343 commuting, data, 30, 127, 136 crude oil, 19, 206 nuclear power by country, 161 compact linear fresnel reflector, 184 production, 5 offshore wind, 64 computer, 68, 69, 89 cruise-ship, 88 oil consumption, 284 manufacture, 94 crust, 96 oil price, 5 concentrating solar power, 40, 178, 184 CSP, see concentrating solar power oil production, 5–7, 9 parabolic trough, 178 cubic foot, 334 photovoltaics, 40 concentrator photovoltaics, 182 cubic metre, 334 population, 9, 338 concrete, 325 cup, 332 power station closures, 5 condensation, 296 cup of tea, 331 pumped storage, 201 condensing boiler, 292 current, 84 recycling, 207 conductivity, 303 Curtis, Jamie Lee, 130 rolling resistance, 258 confusion CUTE, 130 sea depths, 61 power and efficiency, 47 cv, 333 straw production, 286 power and energy, 24 cyclist, 264 sunniness, 38, 44, 238 congestion, 124 Czech Republic, 21 urban population density, 152 congestion charging, 135 waste, 207 conservation of energy, 26 dairy, 76, 79 water depths, 61 Conservative Party, 114 dam, 55 wind consumption, 22 damp, 296 Cairngorm, 32 European, 104 Darth Vader, 68 Cambridge, 32, 34 container, 91, 332 data Ireland, 187 container ship, 91 area, 338 wind power fluctuations, 188 continent, 97 bathymetry, 61 wood, 284 continental Europe, 145, 329 calorific values, 284 DD, 172 continental shelf, 82, 243 carbon intensity of electricity decentralization contraction and convergence, 15 production, 335 microturbines, 63 convective heat loss rate, 290 carbon intensity of fuels, 335 decommissioning, 217 conversion table, speed, 263 CO2 concentrations, 6, 9 deep offshore wind, 60, 66 conveyor belt, ocean, 242 coal imports, 343 definition Copyright David JC MacKay 2009. This electronic copy is provided, free, for personal use only. See www.withouthotair.com. 358 Index sustainable, 157 earth, 10, 81, 325 energy gap, 5 degree-day, 291, 293 area, 332 electricity production,
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