DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Non-Farm Activities in Sustaining Rural Livelihood

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Non-Farm Activities in Sustaining Rural Livelihood View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IDS OpenDocs MEKELLE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM(DVS) THE ROLE OF NON-FARM ACTIVITIES IN SUSTAINING RURAL LIVELIHOOD, (IN THE CASE OF ENDERTA WOREDA,TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE) BY: MEAZA TADESSE W/GEBRIEL A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT) PRINCIPAL ADVISOR: BIHON KASSA (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) . CO-ADVISOR: TIGIST TESFAY (MPP) JUNE, 2014 MEKELLE, ETHIOPIA DECLARATION I, Meaza Tadesse, have been a student of Master of Development Studies (MA) in the Department of Management, College of Business and Economics (CBE), Mekelle University (MU), Mekelle since July, 2010. I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled, “The role of non-farm activities in sustaining rural livelihood: Enderta wereda” for the Master‟s Degree of this University, is my own piece of original research work. This thesis is submitted for the Master of Arts (MA.) in Local and Regional Development in the Department of Management, CBE, under the direct supervision and guidance of principal advisors Bihon Kassa(Assistant Professor) and co-adviser Tigist Tesfay(Mpp), CBE, MU, Mekelle. The manuscript of this thesis has been thoroughly scrutinized by them. I also assert that this thesis has not been submitted earlier for the award of any other degree or diploma anywhere else. With high regards, Candidate Name: Meaza Tadesse ID. No.: CBE/PS064/02 Signature: _____________________ Date: _____________________ Management, CBE, MU, Mekelle i CERTIFICATION This is to certify that Meaza Tadesse has been a bona fide student of Master of Development Studies in the Department of Management, College of Business and Economics (CBE), Mekelle University (MU), Mekelle since September, 2010. With regard to the thesis entitled on “The role of non-farm activities in sustaining rural livelihood: Enderta wereda” for Masters of Arts (MA.) Degree in Local and Regional Development in the Department of Management, CBE, We certify that she has carried out the research work under our direct supervision and guidance. The manuscript of the thesis has been thoroughly scrutinized by us in view of the requirements of the regulations of the University. This thesis does not contain any conjoint research work with us or with anyone else. The final copy of the thesis which is being submitted to the university office has been carefully read for its material and language and she has completed her research work to our entire satisfaction. To the best of our knowledge, the entire thesis comprises the candidate‟s own piece of original research work. Thus, the thesis is worthly of consideration for the award of MA. Degree in Development Studies in specialization of Local and Regional Development. With high regards, Internal Examiner External Examiner Name Tadesse Getacher Name: ___________________________ Sig.: ______________ Sig.: _________________ Date: _______________ Date: __________________ Principal Advisor Co-Advisor Name: Bihon Kassa(Assistant professor) Name: Tigist Tesfay (Mpp) Sig.: ______________ Sig.: _________________ Date: _______________ Date: __________________ Management, CBE, MU, Mekelle ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to thank GOD for his love, protection and blessing me with health and life opportunities including the opportunity for this study. Secondly, I would like to extend my thanks to my principal advisor Bihon Kassa (Assist Prof.) for his valuable and constructive comments, suggestions and overall assistance from the early stage to the completion of the study. Without his support and guidance this paper would not have been materialized. And Co-adviser Tigist Tesfay (Mpp), for overall suggestions in doing the study. Thirdly, I would like to extend my thanks to all my teachers of Development Studies Department. My heartfelt thanks go to my husband Ato G/medhin G/tsadkan for his untiring support and inspiration helped me very much in carrying out this study. Special thanks also go to Awet Tadessse, Dawit Tadesse, Yared Tadesse and Asmelash Bezabih for their support, encouragement, unreserved advice and consultation. I am very grateful to all my informants, The office of agriculture and Rural Development staffs, especially Berihu,Halefom, Tesfay,Gebru,Romha and Birhanu for their assistance during the data collection time. Without their cooperation the data would not have been collected in time. And Special thanks and appreciation also goes to Mengstu, who is my informant from Micro and Small Enterprise of Enderta Woreda in sharing his experiences and knowledge. Finally my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation goes to my mom, dad and other family members for their love, support, and encouragement. God bless all!!! iii ABSTRACT The research was conducted with the objective of examining and studying the role of non-farm activities in sustaining the livelihood of respondents in Enderta Woreda .In order to achieve this objective a primary data was collected from 190(one hundred ninety) systematically selected households using structured and unstructured questionnaires. Moreover; key informants and focus group discussion had been also used to obtain detailed information .For the data analysis purpose; descriptive statistics including mean, frequency and percentages were used to describe the livelihood resources/assets of Enderta woreda, non-farm rural diversification. It was identified and analyzed the key constraints and opportunities as well as the contribution of nonfarm activities existing in the study area. Generally, the study showed that rural households in the study Tabias have diversified incomes engaged in diversified activities importantly nonfarm livelihood diversification‟s a result the livelihood of the rural household have been changed. They have also Lack of access to sufficient fixed and working capital which is a major constraint to undertake high-return non-farm activities. Here, the skill and knowledge are the key inhibitors of diversification, infrastructure and market imperfection due to brokers that are found to constrain diversification. Finally, farm households should be aware to nonfarm diversification; further more efforts should be made to improve skill and knowledge of farmers through provision of training. Furthermore, it should be work intensely in access to credit service and increase the amount of money saved. Key words: Sustainable rural livelihoods, livelihood asset, livelihood strategy, nonfarm livelihood diversification iv ACRONYM’S ADLI Agricultural Development-led Strategy CSA Central Statistics Agency DFID Department for International Development LA Livelihood Approaches MFI Micro Finance Institution MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MSE Micro and Small Enterprise PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty RNFE Rural Non –Farm Economy RUL Rural Urban linkage SL Sustainable Livelihood SLA Sustainable Livelihood Approaches SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science UNDP United Nations Development Program v Table of Contents Title Page DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................................ i CERTIFICATION .........................................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................. iv ACRONYM‟S ............................................................................................................................................................... v Title .......................................................................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Study............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Objective of the Study................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1. General Objective of the Study ............................................................................................. 5 1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................... 5 1.5. Significance of the Study .............................................................................................................. 6 1.6. Scope and Limitations of the Study .............................................................................................. 6 1.6.1. Scope of the study ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Household Level Rainwater Harvesting in the Drylands of Northern Ethiopia
    AgriFoSe2030 Report 11, 2018 An AgriFoSe2030 Final Report from Theme 2 - Multifunctional landscapes for increased food security Household level rainwater harvesting in the drylands Today more than 800 million people around the of northern Ethiopia: world suffer from chronic hunger and about 2 its role for food and billion from under-nutrition. This failure by humanity is challenged in UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: “End nutrition security hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”. The AgriFoSe2030 program directly targets SDG Kassa Teka 2 in low-income countries by translating state- of-the-art science into clear, relevant insights that can be used to inform better practices and Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, policies for smallholders. College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, The AgriFoSe2030 program is implemented Mekelle University, Ethiopia by a consortium of scientists from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lund University, Gothenburg University and Stockholm Environment Institute and is hosted by the platform SLU Global. AgriFoSe2030 The program is funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) with Agriculture for Food Security 2030 a budget of 60 MSEK over a four-year period - Translating science into policy and practice starting in November 2015. News, events and more information are available at www.slu.se/agrifose ISBN: 978-91-576-9598-7 1 Contents Summary 3 Acknowledgements 3 1. Introduction 3 2. Area Description 4 3. Implemented rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) in Tigray 5 3.1. Overview 5 3.2. Description of RWHTs 6 3.2.1. Household ponds 6 3.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Starving Tigray
    Starving Tigray How Armed Conflict and Mass Atrocities Have Destroyed an Ethiopian Region’s Economy and Food System and Are Threatening Famine Foreword by Helen Clark April 6, 2021 ABOUT The World Peace Foundation, an operating foundation affiliated solely with the Fletcher School at Tufts University, aims to provide intellectual leadership on issues of peace, justice and security. We believe that innovative research and teaching are critical to the challenges of making peace around the world, and should go hand-in- hand with advocacy and practical engagement with the toughest issues. To respond to organized violence today, we not only need new instruments and tools—we need a new vision of peace. Our challenge is to reinvent peace. This report has benefited from the research, analysis and review of a number of individuals, most of whom preferred to remain anonymous. For that reason, we are attributing authorship solely to the World Peace Foundation. World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School Tufts University 169 Holland Street, Suite 209 Somerville, MA 02144 ph: (617) 627-2255 worldpeacefoundation.org © 2021 by the World Peace Foundation. All rights reserved. Cover photo: A Tigrayan child at the refugee registration center near Kassala, Sudan Starving Tigray | I FOREWORD The calamitous humanitarian dimensions of the conflict in Tigray are becoming painfully clear. The international community must respond quickly and effectively now to save many hundreds of thou- sands of lives. The human tragedy which has unfolded in Tigray is a man-made disaster. Reports of mass atrocities there are heart breaking, as are those of starvation crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: Access
    ETHIOPIA Access Map - Tigray Region As of 31 May 2021 ERITREA Ethiopia Adi Hageray Seyemti Egela Zala Ambesa Dawuhan Adi Hageray Adyabo Gerhu Sernay Gulo Mekeda Erob Adi Nebried Sheraro Rama Ahsea Tahtay Fatsi Eastern Tahtay Adiyabo Chila Rama Adi Daero Koraro Aheferom Saesie Humera Chila Bzet Adigrat Laelay Adiabo Inticho Tahtay Selekleka Laelay Ganta SUDAN Adwa Edaga Hamus Koraro Maychew Feresmay Afeshum Kafta Humera North Western Wukro Adwa Hahayle Selekleka Akxum Nebelat Tsaeda Emba Shire Embaseneyti Frewoyni Asgede Tahtay Edaga Arbi Mayechew Endabaguna Central Hawzen Atsbi May Kadra Zana Mayknetal Korarit TIGRAY Naeder Endafelasi Hawzen Kelete Western Zana Semema Awelallo Tsimbla Atsibi Adet Adi Remets Keyhe tekli Geraleta Welkait Wukro May Gaba Dima Degua Tsegede Temben Dima Kola Temben Agulae Awra Tselemti Abi Adi Hagere May Tsebri Selam Dansha Tanqua Dansha Melashe Mekelle Tsegede Ketema Nigus Abergele AFAR Saharti Enderta Gijet AMHARA Mearay South Eastern Adi Gudom Hintalo Samre Hiwane Samre Wajirat Selewa Town Accessible areas Emba Alaje Regional Capital Bora Partially accessible areas Maychew Zonal Capital Mokoni Neqsege Endamehoni Raya Azebo Woreda Capital Hard to reach areas Boundary Accessible roads Southern Chercher International Zata Oa Partially accessible roads Korem N Chercher Region Hard to reach roads Alamata Zone Raya Alamata Displacement trends 50 Km Woreda The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Creation date: 31 May 2021 Sources: OCHA, Tigray Statistical Agency, humanitarian partners Feedback: [email protected] http://www.humanitarianresponse.info/operations/ethiopia www.reliefweb.int.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of High Fertility Among Ever Married Women in Enderta
    & Me lth dic ea al I H n f f o o l r m Journal of a n Atsbaha et al., J Health Med Informat 2016, 7:5 a r t i u c o s J Health & Medical Informatics DOI: 10.4172/2157-7420.1000243 ISSN: 2157-7420 Research Article Open Access Determinants of High Fertility among Ever Married Women in Enderta District, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia Gezae Atsbaha1, Desta Hailu2,3*, Hailemariam Berhe2, Azeb G Slassie2, Dejen Yemane2 and Wondwossen Terefe2 1Regional Health Bureau, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia 2College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia 3College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia Abstract Background: Fertility is one of the major components of population dynamics, which determine the size and structure of a population. According to Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2011 report, the total fertility rate is decreasing from 5.5 children in 2000 to 4.8 in 2011. However, the rate of decline has been very slow as compared to the developed world. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors associated with high fertility among ever married women aged 25-49 years in Northern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected 531 subjects in Enderta district using an interviewer administered questionnaire. A multistage sampling technique was used to draw the study participants. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire from March 10-19/2013. The study participants’ fertility was categorized as high and low. The collected data were coded, entered, and cleaned.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict and Alternative Dispute Resolution Among the Afar Pastoralists of Ethiopia
    African Journal of History and Culture (AJHC) Vol. 3(3), pp. 38-47, April 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC ISSN 2141-6672 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Conflict and alternative dispute resolution among the Afar pastoralists of Ethiopia Kelemework Tafere Reda Mekelle University, P. O. Box 175, Mekelle, Ethiopia. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: +251 344 407610. Accepted 28 March, 2011 A study was conducted on institutions of conflict resolution in the Northern Afar administration. The main objective was to examine alternative mechanisms of peace-making with a prime focus on informal indigenous structures. An attempt was made to assess such institutions vis-à-vis changing circumstances in the political and socio-economic arena. The paper found out that, following disputes, people seem keen not to prolong hostilities that may eventually divide community members in blood feuds. Thus, elders and community leaders converge to discuss matters pertinent to stability thereby allowing disputes to subside. The Afar have local assemblies through which inter-clan conflicts are sorted out and thoroughly addressed. The local assemblies function as indigenous courts whose rules emanate from shared norms and mutually binding value systems. The traditional institutions maintain symbiotic relations with modern administrative and legal machineries. The prevalence of a complementary rather than competitive relations between the state and traditional system has contributed to the resilience and continued influence of the latter. The paper concludes that while the indigenous system is an efficient means of dealing with conflicts in the study area, an integration of the traditional and modern systems is needed for sustainable peace in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea Sud An
    ETHIOPIA Administrative map: Tigray Region As of October 2020 Airdromes ! Red Sea Airport ERITREA Airstrip SUDAN TIGRAY YEMEN Towns ERITREA Regional capital ! Badme Zonal capital AFAR Gulf of Aden DJIBOUTI Woreda capital AMHARA BENISHANGUL Roads GUMUZ Doguaele ! Endalgeda May abay All weather (Asphalt) Addis Ababa SOMALIA May Hamato All weather (Gravel) Weraetle Adi Awala GAMBELA Adi Kilte OROMIA Adi Teleom Boundaries Gemhalo SOMALI Adi Hageray International SNNP Hoya medeb ç Daya Alitena SOUTH Egela Zala Anbesa Dewhan Semhal Gerhusernay Marta Erob Regional SUDAN çSheraro Seyemti Adyabo Hagere Lekuma Badme Adi Ftaw Godefey Adis Tesfa Zonal Adi Hageray Debre Harmaz Adis Alem Adi Kahsu ç Sebeya Shimblina Mihikwan Kebabi Adi Hageray Rama Gulo Mekeda Woreda Kileat Rama Shewit Lemelem Endamosa Arae Musie Adi Nebri Id Zeban Guila Deguale Midri Felasi Egub Beriha- Rama Town Hareza seb'aeta Sheraro town Hayelom River Sedr Adi Nebri Id Habtom Fatsi Haben Ademeyti Lemlem Maywedi Amberay Haftemariam Indian Ocean Tahtay Adiyabo Terawur May Weyni Erdi Jeganu Firedashum UGANDA KENYA Sheraro Ambesete Fikada Water body Fithi Ahsea Mezabir Adi Tsetser Adishimbru Tahtay Koraro Adigabat Rama Medhin Rigbay Medebay Bete Gebez Hagere Selam Meshul Suhul Kokeb Tsibah Geblen Hadishadi Mezbir Marwa ç Border crossing point Lesen Migunae Andin Abinet May Tsaeda Hibret Adi Gedena Meriha Senay /Sehul Tahtay Zban Adi Daero Mdebay Terer Aheferom Sero Mereta Adi Million Wuhdet Kisad Maeteb ! Adi Nigisti Asayme Degoz Baati May Mesanu Adi Daero Simret Ziban Gedena Chila Chila Giter Keren TMegaryatsemri Hilet Koka Tekeze River Mentebteb Adiselam Gola'a Genahti Atsirega Bizet Sewne ç! Awot Wedihazo Adi Daero Hadegti Chila Enticho Adigrat town Dalol Humera Yeha May Suru Adekeney Mergahya Saesie Humera 01 Simret ! Saesie Shame Dibdibo Bizet Kuma Sebha Humera 02 Adi Eleni Wedi Keshi Selam Enticho town Buket Nihibi Welwalo L.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Administration and Dispute Resolution System of the “Abo Gereb” and Its Essence of Democracy from the Modern Philosophical Perception
    Journal of Political Science and International Relations 2020; 3(2): 36-43 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jpsir doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20200302.12 ISSN: 2640-2769 (Print); ISSN: 2640-2785 (Online) Indigenous Administration and Dispute Resolution System of the “Abo Gereb” and Its Essence of Democracy from the Modern Philosophical Perception Bisrat Tesfay Department of Civics & Ethical Education, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia Email address: To cite this article: Bisrat Tesfay. Indigenous Administration and Dispute Resolution System of the “Abo Gereb” and Its Essence of Democracy from the Modern Philosophical Perception. Journal of Political Science and International Relations . Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020, pp. 36-43. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20200302.12 Received : May 28, 2020; Accepted : June 15, 2020; Published : July 4, 2020 Abstract: This paper was targeted to emphasize and promote the traditional political and social perspectives of the abo- gereb. Abo-gereb is an indigenous administrative system and conflict resolution mechanism in Enderta, Wejereat Raya and the low land (Afar). The paper aimed to discuss the central activities and core problems of the abo-gereb, the role of the paper was to scrutinize the role of the traditional democratic system of, “Abo-gereb” to the current politics of Tigray and Ethiopia and attempts to identify the factors that weakens the indigenous traditional democratic system of the Enderta province “Abo-gereb” and put direction about its revival. In the end, the paper emphasizes the entity of the traditional administration of Abo-gereb and its articulation with the modern political thought of Hobbes and Locke.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University College of Natural and Computational Sciences School of Earth Scinces Kindeya Kidanu Tadesse Gsr/3204/08
    Identification of Ground Water Potential Zone Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, In case of Enderta District, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF EARTH SCINCES IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONE AREA MAPPING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES, THECASE OF ENDERTA DISTRICT, TIGRAY ETHIOPIA By KINDEYA KIDANU TADESSE GSR/3204/08 Advisor: Dr. K.V. SURYABHAGAVAN A Thesis submitted to School of graduate studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June , 2018 i Kindeya Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics Identification of Ground Water Potential Zone Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, In case of Enderta District, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF EARTH SCINCES IDENTIFICATION OF GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONE MAPPING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES, INCASE OF ENDERTA DISTRICT, ETHIOPIA By KINDEYA KIDANU TADESSE GSR/3204/08 Advisor: Dr. K.V. SURYABHAGAVAN A Thesis submitted to School of graduate studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June , 2018 ii Kindeya Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics Identification of Ground Water Potential Zone Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, In case of Enderta District, Ethiopia Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that thesis prepared by KINDEYA KIDANU TADESSE, entitled: Identification of ground water potential zone mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, incase of Enderta district Ethiopia and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Remote sensing and Geo-informatics complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to the originality and quality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Route Most Traveled: the Afar Salt Trail, North Ethiopia1
    Volumen 51, N° 1, 2019. Páginas Páginas 95-110 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena THE ROUTE MOST TRAVELED: THE AFAR SALT TRAIL, NORTH ETHIOPIA1 LA RUTA MÁS TRANSITADA: EL SENDERO DE LA SAL DE AFAR, NORTE DE ETIOPÍA Helina S. Woldekiros2 In Africa and elsewhere, scholars have demonstrated that early social, political, and economic structures were shaped by salt production, distribution, and long-distance trade in areas where salt was a critical resource. However, despite salt’s significant role in developing these structures, archaeological studies of the salt trade have focused almost exclusively on artifacts and historical text references. As a result, data on the diverse and complex routes through which this important commodity has traveled and the nature of its transportation are lacking. This paper examines evidence of ancient Aksumite (400 BC–900 AD) salt trade and exchange from the lowland Ethiopian deserts to the North Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, drawing on recent ethnoarchaeological and archaeological fieldwork conducted in the Danakil Desert and Aksumite towns. The data reveal that the Afar salt trail passes through diverse regional ecozones, highland trader towns, and foothill towns, via several highland routes and one major lowland route. The study shows that caravaners followed the least costly path on the highland portion of the route, with ideal slopes for pack travel and plentiful water sources. The study also describes ancient caravan campsites dating to ca. 5th century CE and shows that participants differed in religion and identity. Key words: Salt caravan, Aksumite trade, Africa, ethnoarchaeology. En África como en otros lugares, los investigadores han demostrado que estructuras políticas, sociales y económicas tempranas fueron moldeadas por la producción de sal así como por su distribución y comercio de larga distancia en áreas donde la sal era un recurso crítico.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Outline
    Livelihoods for Resilience Learning Activity Quarterly Report July 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018 Submission Date: October 30, 2018 Leader with Associates Cooperative Agreement Number: AID-OAA-A-10-00006 Associate Cooperative Agreement Number 72066318LA00001 Activity Start and End Dates: September 2, 2016 to September 1, 2021 Submitted To: Endale Lemma Submitted by: Tom Spangler Save the Children Federation, Inc. 899 North Capitol Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 Tel: 202-640-6600 Email: [email protected] 1 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................. ii 1. PROGRAM OVERVIEW/SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Program Description .................................................................................................................... 1 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Objective of the Livelihoods for Resilience Learning Activity ........................................................... 2 2. ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Qualitative Research and Analyses of the Economic Impacts of Cash Transfer Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Qualitative research and analyses of the economic impacts of cash transfer programmes in sub-Saharan Africa Ethiopia country case study report Qualitative research and analyses of the economic impacts of cash transfer programmes in sub-Saharan Africa Ethiopia country case study report FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014 i The From Protection to Production (PtoP) programme is, jointly with UNICEF, exploring the linkages and strengthening coordination between social protection, agriculture and rural development. PtoP is funded principally by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and the European Union. The programme is also part of a larger effort, the Transfer Project, together with UNICEF, Save the Children and the University of North Carolina, to support the implementation of impact evaluations of cash transfer programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. For more information, please visit PtoP website: www.fao.org/economic/ptop The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Zinc Containing Fertilizers on Yield and Grain Quality of Tef [(Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] in Some Soils of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
    Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 28(2) 23-35 (2018) Effect of Zinc Containing Fertilizers on Yield and Grain Quality of Tef [(Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] in some Soils of Tigray Region, Ethiopia Bereket Haileselassie1*, Bobe Bedadi1, Selamyihun Kidanu2 and Tekalign Mamo3 1Haramaya University, School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia E-mail: [email protected] 2OCP S.A, Ethiopia, 3Center for Soil and Fertilizer Research in Africa, Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco. አህፅሮት የዚንክ ንጥረ ነገር ሇአዝርእት እድገትና ሇሰዉ ምግብነት በጣም ጠቃሚ ነዉ፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ በትግራይ ክልል አፈር ውስጥ የዚንክ እጥረት በስፋት እንዳሇ በጥናት ተረጋግጠዋል፡፡ ይህ መነሻ በማድረግ የዚንክን ማዳበርያ በጤፍ ምረታማነትና የዚንክን ይዘት ያሇዉ ሇመዳሰስ ከአስር የዚንክ እጥረት ያሊቸዉ ቦታዎች አፈር በመሰብሰብ አምስት የዚንክ መጠን በሶስት ድግግሞሽ በኮምፕሉትሉ ራንደማይዝድ ዲዛይን በቤተ ጥናት ግሪንሃዉስ ተዘርቶ ተሰርተዋል፡፡ የዚንክ መጠኖች 0 ዚንክ፣ በ100 ኪ.ግ NPSZn ማዳበርያ የሚገኝ ዚንክ በሄክታር፣ 100 ኪ.ግ NPSZn ማዳበርያ + 2 ኪ.ግ ዚንክ በሄክታር፣ 100 ኪ.ግ NPSZn ማዳበርያ + 4 ኪ.ግ ዚንክ በሄክታር እና 100 ኪ.ግ NPSZn ማዳበርያ + 8 ኪ.ግ ዚንክ በሄክታር ናቸዉ፡፡ ተጨማሪ 4 ኪ.ግ ዚንክ በሄክታር በአፈር በመጨመር የጤፍ ጠቅሊሊ ምርት በ 36%፣ ምርት በ 27% እንዲሁም የጤፍ የዚንክን ይዘት በ 15% አድርገዋል፡፡ ሆኖም ከ 2 ኪ.ግ ተጨማሪ ዚንክ በሄክታር ጋር ሲወዳደር የጎሊ ልዩነት አሊሳየም፡፡ ይህን የሚያመሇክተዉ ከ 2 እስከ 4 ኪ.ግ ዚንክ በሄክታር ተጨማሪ በ100 ኪ.ግ NPSZn ማዳበርያ ከሚገኝ ዚንክ መጨመር ያስፈልጋል፡፡ በተቃራኒ በ100 ኪ.ግ NPSZn ማዳበርያ ከሚገኝ ዚንክ በሊይ መጨመር የጤፍ ዚንክ ይዘት ከዚንክ መጨመር ተመሳሳይነት አሇዉ፡፡ ዚንክ ካልተጨመረበት ጋር ሲወዳደር ከፍተኛዉ ዚንክ መጠን የጤፍ ዚንክ ይዘትን በአማካይ ከ 18.04 ወደ 23.4 ሚ.ግ በ ኪ.ግ አሳድገዋል፡፡ ጠቅሊሊ ጥናቱ የሚያመሇክተዉ ዚንክ ወደ አፈር መጨመር ሇጤፍ ምርትና ምርታማነት ማሳደግ በጎ ተፅእኖ ቢኖሮዉም ሇሰዉ ምግብነት የሚፈሇገውን ያህል አስተዋፀኦ አሊደረገም፡፡ ሰሇዚህ በአፈር ዚንክ መጨመር እና የተሇያዩ የአዝርእት እንክብካቤ ስራዎች በማጣመር ሇጤፍ ምረታማነትና ዚንክ ይዘት ሉጨምሩ ይችሊለ፡፡ Abstract Zinc is an essential micronutrient for crop growth and human diet.
    [Show full text]