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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY QUALITY OF WATER, QUILLAYUTE RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON By M. O. Fret well U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4162 Prepared in cooperation with the QUILEUTE TRIBAL COUNCIL Tacoma, Washington 1984 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director FOP additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief Open-File Services Section U.S. Geological Survey Western Distribution Branch 1201 Pacific Avenue -Suite 600 U.S. Geological Survey Tacoma, Washington 98402-4384 Box 25425, Federal Center Lakewood, Colorado 80225 (Telephone: (303) 234-5888) CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 3 Purpose and scope 3 Other investigations -- 4 Description of the study area 6 Geography 6 Climate 9 Geology 12 Washington State water-use and water-quality criteria 12 Ground-water quality in the Quillayute River basin- - 14 Relation of ground-water.quality to river-water quality -- - 17 Water quality of major rivers in the Quillayute River basin- 18 Soleduck River - 18 Nutrients 18 Bacteria 22 Temperature -- 22 Dissolved oxygen - 24 Common constituents 24 Calawah River 26 Nutrients 26 Bacteria 28 Temperature -- 28 Dissolved oxygen-- 28 Common constituents 28 Bogachiel River 31 Nutrients 31 Bacteria - 33 Temperature-- 33 Dissolved oxygen 33 Common constituents 33 Dickey River -- 36 Nutrients 36 Bacteria -- 38 Temperature - 38 Dissolved oxygen -- 38 Common constituents 38 Quillayute River -- 41 Nutrients 41 Bacteria 41 Temperature 41 Dissolved oxygen -- 41 Common constituents 41 Page River bottom materials ----- -- - 44 Lakes ---- ----------- 59 The Quillayute estuary -- ----------- -- 55 Mixing characteristics - -- 56 Dissolved oxygen-- --- ------ -- 60 Coliform bacteria-- -- -- --- --- 61 Ammonia-- ------------- ------------------- -___ __ 54 Other constituents-------- - - 65 Summary ---- -- ---- 66 Selected References --- -- - -- ---- 68 IV ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the Quillayute River basin 7 2. Schematic diagram of QuiPayute River drainage system, and gradient profiles of major rivers 8 3. Graphs of monthly average air temperature and precipita­ tion at the Quillayute Weather Station near LaPush 10 4. Map of lower part of Quillayute River basin, showing sampling sites - -- 11 5. Diagrams showing chemical composition of ground and surface waters at selected sites in the Quillayute River basin 16 6. Distribution of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphate in Soleduck River, August 26, 1976, and October 4, 1977 20 7. Distribution of coliform bacteria and dissolved oxygen in Soleduck River, August 26, 1976, and October 4, 1977 21 8. Graphs of the 90-percent probability range of stream temperatures in the Soleduck River at selected sites 23 9. Graphs of relation of specific conductance to selected constituents at the two historic sites on the Soleduck River 25 10. Distribution of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphate in the Calawah River, August 24, 1976, and October 6, 1977 . 27 11. Distribution of coliform bacteria and dissolved oxygen in the Calawah River, August 24, 1976, and October 6, 1977 29 12. Graph of the 90-percent probability range of stream temperatures for the Calawah River at its mouth 30 13. Distribution of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphate in the Bogachiel River, August 25, 1976, and October 5, 1977 32 14. Distribution of coliform bacteria and dissolved oxygen in the Bogachiel River, August 25, 1976, and October 5, 1977 -- - -- 34 15. Graph of the 90-percent probability range of stream temperatures for the Bogachiel River at its mouth-- 35 16. Distribution of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphate in the Dickey River, August 24, 1976, and October 4, 1977 -- - 37 17. Distribution of coliform bacteria and dissolved oxygen in the Dickey River, August 24, 1976, and October 4, 1977 - -- - 39 18. Graph of the 90-percent probability range of stream temperatures for the Dickey River at river mile 3.1 4^ ILLUSTRATIONS cont. Page FIGURE 19. Distribution of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphate in the Quillayute River, August 25, 1976, and October 5, 1977 - 42 20. Distribution of coliform bacteria and dissolved oxygen in the Quillayute River, August 25, 1976, and October 5, 1977 - 43 21. Bathymetric maps of Beaver, Dickey, Pleasant, and Wentworth Lakes 55 22. Map of the Quillayute estuary showing sampling sites 58 23. Sketch of the distribution of flow in a typical stationary salt wedge 59 24. Sketch of the distribution of saltwater in the Quillayute estuary under conditions of high and low tide 59 VI TABLES Page TABLE 1 Index of streamflow stations in the Quillayute River basin for which historic records are available--------- 5 2. Summary of Washington State water-use and water-quality criteria-- -- --------------- - ---- ------ 13 3. Water-quality data for nine wells in the Quillayute River basin-------------------------------------------- 15 4. Mean, minimum, and maximum values of water-quality characteristics for period of record at historic sites 1 and 2 on the Soleduck River----------- ------------ 19 5. Relation of specific conductance to various common constituents at historic sites 1 and 2 on the Soleduck River 24 6. Bottom-material description at selected sites on the Soleduck, Calawah, Bogachiel, Dickey, and Quillayute Rivers 45 7. Bottom-material sizes and names, by classes-------------- 49 8-11. Physical, cultural, and water-quality data for: 8. Beaver lake---------------------------------------- 51 9. Dickey Lake- - -- 52 10. Pleasant Lake 53 11. Wentworth Lake 54 12. Tide table and estimated freshwater discharge into the Quillayute estuary for each day of water-quality sampling----- -- ---- --------------------------- 57 13. Oxygen demand of bottom materials at selected sites in the Quillayute estuary, and a description of the bottom materials--------------------------------------- 62 14. Summary of total- and fecal-coliform bacteria concentra­ tions in the Quillayute estuary, August 19 and September 10, 1976 - 63 15. Water-quality data for miscellaneous sampling sites in the Quillayute River basin------ ------------------- 71 16. Water-quality data for period of record at historic sites 1 and 2 on the Soleduck River----- ------------ 88 VII METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To obtain inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) 2.540 centimeter (cm) foot (ft) ----------------------- 0.3048 meter (m) cubic foot per second (ft /s)- 28.32 liter per second (L/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m /s) mile (mi)--- 1.609 kilometer (km) .2- 2 square mile 2.590 square kilometer (km ) acre----------- -- 4047.0 square meter (m 2 ) acre-foot (acre-ft) 1233.0 cubic meter (m ) 0.001233 cubic hectometer (hm ) micromho per centimeter 1.000 microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius at 25° Celsius (jumho/cm at 25 C) CjjS/cm at 25°C) degree Fahrenheit ( F) F = 9/5°C +32 degree Celsius (°C) National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929): A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called mean sea level. NGVD of 1929 is referred to as sea level in this report. vm QUALITY OF WATER, QUILLAYUTE RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON By M. O. Fretwell ABSTRACT Ground water in the Quillayute River basin is generally of the calcium bicarbonate type, although water from some wells is affected by seawater intrusion and is predominantly of the sodium chloride type. The water is generally of excellent quality fop most uses, with the exception of water in two wells which had iron concentrations that potentially could be tasted in beverages and could cause staining of laundry and porcelain fixtures. A comparison of the chemical compositions of ground and surface waters showed a strong similarity over a wide geographic area. Proportions of the major chemical constituents in the rivers of the basin were nearly constant despite concentration fluctuations in response to dilution from precipitation and snow melt. River-water quality was generally excellent, as evaluated against Washington State water use and water-quality criteria. Fecal-coliform bacteria counts generally were much lower than the total-coliform bacteria counts, indicating that most of the coliform bacteria were of nonfecal origin and probably originated in soils. Fecal coliform concentrations in all the major tributaries met State water-quality criteria. Water temperatures occasionally exceeded criteria maximum during periods of warm weather and low streamflow; dissolved-oxygen concentrations were occasionally less than criteria minimum because of increased water temperature (warmer water contains less dissolved oxygen than cooler water). Both conditions occurred naturally. Nutrient concentrations were generally low to very low and about the same as in streams from virgin forestland in the Olympic National Park. However, some slight increases in nutrient concentrations were observed, particularly in the vicinity of Mill Creek and the town of Forks; due to dilution and biological assimilation, these slightly elevated concentrations decreased as the water moved downstream. The four largest lakes in the basin were all in sub-basins having less than one-percent development. All four lakes were temperature-stratified in summer and one had an algal bloom. In general, the water was of a naturally high quality, nutrient concentrations were moderate, and coliform bacteria counts were well within the State criteria limits. The
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