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Integrated Watershed Management in the Bolivian Andes Integrated Watershed Management In The Bolivian Andes How To Trigger Long-Term Adoption At Micro-Catchment Level Under The National Watershed Plan? MSc thesis by Basile Henry August 2016 Soil Physics and Land Management Integrated Watershed Management In The Bolivian Andes: How To Trigger Long-Term Adoption At Micro-Catchment Level Under The National Watershed Plan? Master thesis Soil Physics and Land Management Group submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science in International Land and Water Management at Wageningen University, the Netherlands Study program: MSc International Land and Water Management Student registration number: 920706327060 SLM-80336 Supervisors: Dr. Aad Kessler (Wageningen University) Pr. Aurore Degré (Liège University) Ir. Jaime Huanca (Bolivian Ministry of Environment and Water) Examinator: Prof. Coen Ritsema Date: 31/08/2016 Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University II Integrated watershed management in the Bolivian Andes: How to trigger long-term adoption at micro- catchment level under the National Watershed Plan? Sustainability analysis of two micro-catchments Master Thesis by Basile Henry III Abstract Land degradation is threatening Humanity worldwide. Arable land potential is decreasing hence enhancing food insecurity risks in the future. The phenomenon is intense in the Bolivian highlands, subjected to strengthened climatic variability inducing desertification and water erosion processes. The National Watershed Plan (PNC) has been promoted by the Plurinational State of Bolivia to prevent and reverse these processes. Its goal is to boost environmental but also socio-economic resilience. A lot of work has been done at micro-catchment level, the chosen scale to address water and land management practices. Many projects have been implemented with an integrated watershed management (IWM) approach for more than twenty years. Nowadays, the PNC seeks to implement IWM but in a more sustainable way thanks to local socio-political empowerment. For this study a field survey was realized in two micro-catchments where IWM projects have been implemented for more than eight years. Interviews to farmers and PNC projects’ executives have been conducted and soil and water conservation (SWC) measures have been assessed on field. The overall IWM dynamic was analyzed at all levels from economic, environmental, political and social perspective. In both watersheds concrete IWM mechanisms have been observed but they need further support, especially in environmental and political themes. A successful example of SWC measure implementation has been found in both study areas: The use of small earth dams (atajados) in one and the implementation of sprinkling irrigation in the other. These are measures with a direct impact on local farmers’ livelihood allowing their early motivation and implication. Consequently any IWM program should better match environmental issues with farmer’s needs. This approach will stimulate local collaboration and ensure long-term adoption of sustainable practices. Key-words: watershed, integrated management, soil and water conservation measures, adoption, sustainability, Bolivian policies, land degradation, social management, local empowerment Résumé La dégradation des sols menace l’Humanité à l’échelle mondiale. Le potentiel de terres arables diminue, augmentant les risques d’une future insécurité alimentaire. Le phénomène est intense dans les hauts-plateaux Boliviens, sujets à une variabilité climatique grandissante induisant des processus d’érosion hydrique et de désertification. Le Plan National des Bassins Versants (PNC) a été promu par l’Etat Plurinational de Bolivie afin de prévenir et inverser ces processus de façon à stimuler la résilience environnementale et socio-économique. Beaucoup de travail a été accompli au niveau des micro- bassins, l’échelle choisie pour s’attaquer aux pratiques de gestion des sols et des eaux. Depuis plus de vingt ans, l’approche de gestion intégrée de bassins versants a été développée à travers de multiples projets. Aujourd’hui, le PNC cherche à implémenter cette même approche de façon plus durable, grâce à l’émancipation socio-politique locale. Durant cette étude, une enquête de terrain a été réalisée dans deux micro-bassins où des projets de gestion intégrée se sont déroulés depuis plus de huit ans. Une série d’interviews aux fermiers et exécutifs des projets du PNC a été menée, complémentée par une évaluation sur le terrain des mesures de conservation des sols et des eaux (CSE). La dynamique générale de gestion intégrée a été observée à IV travers une perspective économique, environnementale, politique et sociale. L’établissement de méthodes concrètes de gestion dans les deux micro-bassins a été constaté, malgré le besoin d'un support accru dans les domaines environnementaux et politiques. Un exemple de succès d’implémentation de mesures de CSE a été remarqué dans chacune des zones d’études. L’utilisation de petits barrages en terre (atajados) dans l’un et la mise en place d’irrigation par aspersion dans l’autre. Ces mesures ont un impact positif direct sur les moyens de subsistance des fermiers locaux entrainant une motivation et mobilisation précoce de leur part. En conséquence tout programme de gestion intégrée devrait mieux adapter les problèmes environnementaux aux besoins des fermiers. Cette approche stimulera la collaboration locale et assurera l’adoption à long-terme des pratiques de gestion durable. Mots-clés: bassin versant, gestion intégrée, mesures de conservation des sols et des eaux, adoption, durabilité, politiques Boliviennes, dégradation des sols, gestion sociale, émancipation locale Resumen La degradación de los suelos es una amenaza nivel mundial ya que el potencial de tierras arables disminuye, aumentando los riesgos de inseguridad alimentaria en el futuro. El fenómeno se intensifica en el altiplano Boliviano, debido a una variabilidad climática en aumento que induce procesos de erosión hídrica y desertificación. El Plan Nacional de Cuencas (PNC) fue promovido por el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia para prevenir y revertir esos procesos con el fin aumentar la resiliencia del medio ambiente y de los aspectos socioeconómicos. Mucho trabajo se logró a nivel de micro-cuenca, la escala elegida para trabajar sobre las prácticas de gestión de suelos y aguas. Desde más de veinte años, el enfoque de manejo integral de cuencas (MIC) fue desarrollado a través de múltiplos proyectos. Hoy día, el PNC intenta aplicar el mismo enfoque de manera más sostenible gracias al empoderamiento sociopolítico local. Para este estudio se ha realizado una encuesta a campo en dos microcuencas donde se han ejecutado proyectos de manejo integral de cuencas (MIC) durante ocho años. Se ha logrado entrevistas a los campesinos y a los executivos de los proyectos del PNC así como una evaluación a campo de las medidas de conservación de suelos y aguas (CSA). La dinámica general de MIC se ha observado a todos niveles desde una perspectiva económica, medio-ambiental, política y social. Se ha constatado un establecimiento de métodos concretos de gestión en ambos microcuencas a pesar de la necesidad de apoyo futuro en temas ambiental i institucional. Se ha remarcado un ejemplo de éxito de la implementación de medidas de CSA en ambos zonas de estudio. La utilización de atajados en la primera zona i la implementación de riego por aspersión en la segunda zona. Esas medidas atestiguan de un beneficio directo sobre la subsistencia económica de los campesinos locales permitiendo su motivación y movilización inicial. En consecuencia cualquier plan de MIC debería adaptar mejor los problemas ambientales con las necesidades de los campesinos. Este enfoque fomentará la colaboración local y permitirá la adopción a largo plazo de las prácticas de gestión sostenible. Palabras clave: cuenca, manejo integral, medidas de conservación de suelos y aguas, adopción, sostenibilidad, políticas de Bolivia, degradación de suelos, gestión social, empoderamiento local V Table of content Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. IV Résumé .................................................................................................................................................. IV Resumen ................................................................................................................................................. V Table of content ..................................................................................................................................... VI List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... IX List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... XI Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................ XII I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Background .................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Land degradation and water scarcity in the Bolivian Andes ....................................................
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