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Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Amazon Basin.Pdf Aplicación en tonalidad gris REGIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY Aplicación en fundo colorido DIAGNOSTIC4 ANALYSIS OF THE AMAZON BASIN TDA REGIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE AMAZON BASIN - TDA 1st Edition Edited by OTCA Brasilia, 2018 Permanent Secretariat- Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (PS / ACTO) Secretary General María Jacqueline Mendoza Ortega Executive Director César De las Casas Díaz Administrative Director Antonio Matamoros Coordinator of Environment Theresa Castillion- Elder Coordinator of Indigenous Affairs Sharon Austin Coordinator of Climate Change and Sustainable Development Carlos Aragón Coordinator of Science, Technology and Education Roberto Sánchez Saravia Coordinator of Health Luis Francisco Sánchez Otero Special thanks to Robby Ramlakhan, former Secretary General of ACTO and Mauricio Dorfler, former Executive Director of ACTO Address SHIS QI 05, Conjunto 16, Casa 21, Lago Sul CEP: 71615-160 Brasilia - DF, Brazil T: + (55 61) 3248 4119 | F: + (55 61) 3248-4238 www.otca-oficial.info © ACTO 2018 Reproduction is allowed by quoting the source. United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, D.C. Task Manager: Isabelle Van der Beck GEF Amazon Project - Water Resources and Climate Change (ACTO, Brasilia) Regional Coordinator: Maria Apostolova Scientific Advisor: Dr. Norbert Fenzl Communications Specialist - Editorial Production: Maria Eugenia Corvalán Financial and Administrative Officer: Nilson Nogueira Administrative Assistant: Marli Coriolano More information: http://gefamazonas.otca.info Photographic credits Archives ACTO and GEF Amazon Project DUODESIGN-Shutterstock stock photos Rui Faquini Rui Faquini, Image Bank, ANA-Brazil Marcus Fuckner, Image Bank, ANA-Brazil Cover photo: OTCA Back Cover photo: Filipe Frazao / Shutterstock – DUODESIGN A532 Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Amazon Basin – TDA/ACTO GEF Amazon Project – Brasilia, DF, 2018. 84p.: ill.;color. Publication in digital format. ISBN: 978-85-61873-14-1 1. Amazon Basin – GEF Amazon Project. 2. Water Resources and Climate Change –Project. 3. Amazon Region. 4. Amazon Population. I. Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization. CDU: 556.18(811) Graphic Design, Design and Layout: DUODESIGN Agency Printed by: ATHALAIA Gráfica e Editora Published with the support of: United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Facility (GEF) NOTE: The names and information used in this technical publication of ACTO, and the manner in which the data, maps, images and tables containing geographic information of the Member Countries are represented, do not constitute a judgment on any other International Treaties or Acts in force between the Parties, nor on any differences with regard to limits or territorial rights which may exist between the Parties, nor shall this document be interpreted or invoked to imply acceptance or renunciation, affirmation or modification, direct or indirect, express or tacit, of the position or interpretation that each Party may hold on these matters. INDEX 07 FOREWORD 08 INTRODUCTION 08 BACKGROUND OF THE GEF-AMAZON PROJECT 09 TDA METHODOLOGY AND SUMMARY 11 GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF THE AMAZON BASIN 15 TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS IN THE AMAZON BASIN 16 IMPACTS AND CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY REGIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS 17 PROBLEM 1: WATER POLLUTION 18 Water pollution from illegal/informal mining 19 Causal Chain Analysis – Illegal/Informal Mining 20 Water Pollution from Oil Extraction 21 Causal Chain Analysis – Oil Extraction 22 Water pollution from domestic, commercial and industrial sewage 23 Causal Chain Analysis – Domestic, commercial and industrial sewage 24 Water pollution from river transport 25 Causal Chain Analysis - River Transport 28 PROBLEM 2: DEFORESTATION 31 Causal Chain Deforestation 34 PROBLEM 3: LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY 35 Causal Chain – Loss of Biodiversity 38 PROBLEM 4: EXTREME HYDROCLIMATIC EVENTS 41 Causal Chain of Extreme Hydroclimatic Events 44 PROBLEM 5: EROSION, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTATION 45 Causal Chain of Erosion, Sediment Transport and Sedimentation 48 PROBLEM 6: CHANGES IN SOIL USE 49 Causal Chain of Changes in soil use 52 PROBLEM 7: LOSS OF GLACIERS 54 Causal Chain of Loss of Glaciers 58 PROBLEM 8: LARGE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS 60 Causal Chain of Large Infrastructure Projects 64 PROBLEM 9: LIMITED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 65 Causal Chain of Limited Water Resources Management 68 REGIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES 71 REGIONAL TDA RECOMMENDATIONS 72 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 73 ACRONYMS 75 LIST OF FIGURES 76 LIST OF TABLES 77 FOCAL POINTS 79 REFERENCES FOREWORD Since 1978, the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Or- For this reason, I am pleased to present the Regional ganization (ACTO) promotes the protection of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Amazon Amazon Basin. The work program of the Amazon Basin, an extraordinary achievement for the region, Strategic Cooperation Agenda highlights the need since it shows the results obtained on water re- to address Water Resources, with a fundamental sources management in the basin, based on a wide objective for the region: to support the construction consultation process with the main national actors and dissemination of a reference framework for the (institutions, public and private organizations). Thus, efficient, integrated and integral management of eleven National TDA Workshops were held, with the water resources, aiming at a greater access of the participation of more than 470 representatives of population to water and sanitation, among other institutions from the 8 Member Countries, followed issues, in order to improve the quality of life of Ama- by a Regional TDA Workshop on validation of results. zonian populations. As ACTO Secretary General, I would like to thank Pursuant to this mandate, the ACTO / UN Environ- all the participants for their diligent work in these ment / GEF Project - Integrated and Sustainable meetings, which allowed the identification of Nine Management of Transboundary Water Resources (9) Regional Priority Transboundary Problems of in the Amazon River basin, considering Climate the Amazon Basin, the development of Impact and Variability and Change, has been in execution for Causal Chain Analyses of the Problems, and the pro- the last five years, representing a successful region- posal of Regional Strategic Response Lines. al cooperation initiative with the participation of the 8 ACTO Member Countries. The Regional TDA is a methodological guideline aris- ing from the multi-stakeholder consensus, an invita- In this area, ACTO reaffirms the sovereignty of tion to strengthen the institutional capacities of the its member countries in considering the water national entities responsible for the management of resources of the Amazon Basin as strategic and water resources in ACTO member countries. priority resources for the protection of the life of ecosystems and communities. The Regional TDA presented below also enabled countries to assess their internal policies on water In this sense, I would like to highlight three essential resources and to consolidate new mechanisms for products achieved by the Project to promote Inte- transboundary cooperation. grated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in the region, which are framed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Amb. María Jacqueline Mendoza Ortega Shared Vision for the Amazon Basin. ACTO Secretary General Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA). Strategic Action Program (SAP). 07 GEF Amazon Project GEF Amazon INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE This Regional TDA is organized in four parts: (1) Pri- GEF-AMAZON PROJECT ority Transboundary Problems in the Amazon Basin, (2) Impacts and Causal Chain Analysis of the Trans- The Amazon Basin faces numerous challenges in boundary Problems, (3) Regional Strategic Lines of Re- Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) sponse, and (4) Conclusions and Recommendations. pertaining to socio-economic development and human-driven climate change. The basin consists of a continental hydrological system that crosses the national borders of eight countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Objectives of the Regional TDA Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela), which have identified the need for a mul- tilateral framework on water resource management The Regional Transboundary Diagnostic to meet the needs of the regional population. Analysis (TDA) aims to identify and analyze the main transboundary problems, their In 1978 the eight countries in the basin signed impacts and causes, to define regional the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) and later response strategies and develop the on created the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Or- Strategic Action Program (SAP). ganization (ACTO) as a platform for political and The specific objectives of the Regional TDA regional cooperation. include: 1. Identification, selection and ranking of In 2003, ACTO, on behalf of the countries in the priority regional transboundary problems. Amazon Basin, along with the United Nations En- vironment Programme (UN Environment) and the Organization of American States (OAS), asked 2. Analysis of environmental and socio-eco- for the support of the Global Environment Facility nomic root causes of priority regional (GEF) to pursue a project entitled “Integrated and transboundary problems. Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering 3. Analysis of the causal chain of priority re- Climate Variability and Climate Change” (GEF-AM- gional transboundary problems. AZON). The project’s main objective was
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