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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-71773-1 - Ethics and Animals: An Introduction Lori Gruen Index More information

Index

abolitionist views, 126, 196, 198, 199 Asian elephants Adams, Carol, 37, 200 Jenny, 131, 149 “adaptive preferences,” 143 Shirley, 130 AETA (Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act), ASL (American Sign Language) 190, 193 chimpanzees, 10, 11 African Gray Parrots gorillas, 11 Alex, 147 non-verbal humans, 10 Grifﬁn, 147 orangutans, 11 agency, 148, 184; see also moral agents “assisted migrations,” 187 Alex (African Gray Parrot), 147 Association of Zoos and Aquariums, see AZA ALF (Animal Liberation Front), 191, 193 attention-worthy beings, 61 aliens, 25 Augustine, 3n3 Allen, Colin, 146 autonomy, 61, 148–51; see also “relational Alzheimer’s disease, 67; see also research autonomy” using animals AWA (Animal Welfare Act) United States, AMC (Argument from Marginal Cases), 112, 117 64–6, 67, 68–72, 73, 125 AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums), document, 64 132, 138 American Medical Association, 90 Anderson, Elizabeth, 67, 154 baboons, 113 animal consumption, global, 81 Baby Fae, 113 animal hoarding, 160 Bateson, Patrick, 48 Animal Liberation Front, see ALF bears, 152, 153 animal rights movement, 34, 36, 182, 188, behavior 195, 201, 202 altruistic, 1, 20, 46 animal advocacy movement, 191 cultural, 47 animal protection movement, 192 human, 52 Animal Welfare Act, see AWA instinctual, 48 Anthropoid Station, Tenerife, 14 Institute of Behavioral Research, Silver antibiotics and antimicrobials, 79, 89, 90 Spring, Maryland, 112 Argo, Allison, 130 natural, 47–50 Argument from Marginal Cases, see AMC species-typical, 17, 39, 49, 51, 84, 98, 115, Aristotle, 2 150, 169 Arlene (chicken), 104 Bentham, Jeremy, 34

224

Index 225

Bernard, Claude, 109 “charismatic megafauna,” 167 Bernard, Marie-Françoise, 109 cheetahs, 28 biocentric views, 28 Chernoff, Barry, 51n12 biodiversity, 169 chickens Boesch, Christopher, 7, 20 antibiotics and antimicrobials, 79 bonds, lifelong, 5 Arlene, 104 bonobos captivity, 79 Kanzi, 12, 147 commodities, 79 Panbanisha, 12, 147 egg production, 83, 197 Borgia (vervet monkey), 107 factory farms, 83 Bossou, West Africa, 18 laboratory interventions, 79 bottlenose dolphins, 1, 6, 18 slaughterhouses, 76 Brosnan, Sarah, 19 Tyson story, 82 Buckley, Carol, 131 chimeras, 106–8, 125 Buddy (dog), 142 Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage, Zambia, bushmeat, 164 163 Butler, Virgil, 76 Chimp Haven, Keithville, Louisiana, 161 Butts, Kristina, 90 chimpanzees (see also individual topics) animal rights conflicts, 203 CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding black market, 164 operations), 81, 87, 88; see also factory Chrissy, 163 farms; industrialized agriculture Cleo, 163 “calculated reciprocity,” 19 Dar, 10 Callicott, J. Baird, 170, 180 endangered species, 164 capabilities views, 38–40 green corridors, 179 captivity (see also factory farms; individual Gua, 9n21 places) habitat, 164 autonomy, 144 Juan, 115 chickens, 79 Knuckles, 74 chimpanzees, 203 Loulis, 10 definitions, 133 Milla, 163, 175 elephants, 130 Moja, 10 freeing from, 135 Nim Chimpsky, 11 inevitability, 204 Peony, 11 liberty, 141–4 research ban, 129 protection from injuries, 150 Sandy, 163 pseudo-sanctuaries, 159 Sarah, 11, 14, 146 reasons for, 133 Tatu, 10 reducing suffering, 161 tool use, 6, 8, 9 sanctuaries, 158–62 toolkits, 7 unwanted animals, 158 Viki, 9 Cataldi, Suzanne, 152 Washoe, 10 Cayenne (dog), 71 Chinese University, Hong Kong, 167 Center for Great Apes, Florida, 74 Chomsky, Noam, 13 Chamberlain, Lorna, 153 Chrissy (chimpanzee), 163 Chantek (orangutan), 11 Chrysippus, 2

226 Index

City of God (Augustine), 3n3 Descartes, Ren´e, 3 Clayton, Nicola, 59 Diamond, Cora, 41, 102 Clayton (rhesus monkey), 117 differences, moral, 22–5 Cleo (chimpanzee), 163 dignity, 155 Cochrane, Alasdair, 144, 145 Animal dignity, 152, 154 cognition, 6, 14, 21, 59 domesticated animals, 156 cognitive disabilities, 69, 74 Kantian tradition, 151, 154 Columbia University, New York, 11 Political dignity, 152 companion animals, 71, 155–8 Wild dignity, 151–5 dependence, 156 discrimination, 53–4 dignity, 155 Disposapup Ltd., 99 dressing up, 155 Djoghlaf, Ahmed, 166 pet overpopulation, 158 “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of sanctuary, 158–62 Mind?” (Woodruff and Premack), 14 concentrated animal feeding operations, see dogs, 72 CAFOs Buddy, 142 “Concentration Camps for Dogs,” Life, Cayenne, 71 112 Lupa, 72 concept attributions, 145–8 Maggie, x conﬂicts of interests, 75, 175 Pepper, 111 consequentialist views, 119 Remus, 72 conservation areas, 178 domestic cats, Tiger Lily, 4 conservation biology, 185, 187 Donovan, Josephine, 37 Constantine, Rochelle, 1 Douglass, Frederick, 192 contextual moral vegetarianism, 93, 205 continental philosophical tradition, 40–3 “Earth Summit,” 166 Convention on Biological Diversity, 166 “Eating Meat and Eating People” cooperative action, 18, 51 (Diamond), 102 cows ecofeminist views, 93, 172 factory farms, 85 ecotourism, 176, 177 meat production, 86, 88, 90 Edwards, Gregg, 140 milk production, 85 egalitarian views, 35 crocodiles, 44, 183 Elephant Sanctuary, Hohenwald, Cronin, William, 48 Tennessee, 130 Cruelty to Animals Act, United Kingdom elephants (see also Asian elephants) 1876, 111 captivity, 131 Cuomo, Chris, 172 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 132 Curtin, Deane, 93 social nature, 130 Cushman, Fiery, 115 training, 132 Emory University Manuscript, Archive, and Damascenus, Alexander, 108 Rare Book Library, Atlanta, Georgia, Dar (chimpanzee), 10 110 Darwin, Charles, 21, 185 empathetic action, 205 Davidson, Donald, 145, 146 Engber, Daniel, 117 de Waal, Frans, 19 environmental destruction, 87–9 Derrida, Jacques, 41 Environmental Protection Agency, see EPA

Index 227

environmentalist views, 28, 47, 170 farming practices EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 87, “beyond organic,” 95 88 factory, see factory farms episodic memory, 59 free-range, 95 ethical engagement, 17–22 grass-based, 95 ethical holism, 170 humane, 94–7, 98 ethical humanism, 170 independent, 78, 95 ethical sacrifice, 128 pasture-based, 95, 97 ethological studies, 51 favoritism, 70 Everett, Jennifer, 183 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 190 “evo-devo” (evolutionary developmental fellow creatures, 103, 104 biology), 49 feminist views, 37, 102, 183; see also evolution, 52 ecofeminist views evolutionary developmental biology, see feminist care ethics, 37 “evo-devo” Florez, Dean, 199 exchange hypothesis, 19 Fongoli research site, Senegal, 9 experimentation, see research using Food and Drug Administration’s National animals Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring expressions, emotional, 5 System, 90 extinction, 166 Food Inc. (film), 96 biodiversity, 169 Fouts, Roger, 10 slaughter, 167 Francione, Gary, 156, 182, 196, 198 superkilling, 171 Free Willy (film), 134 Frey, Ray, 125, 126 factory farms, 197 (see also CAFOs; industrialized agriculture; Galapagos Islands, 185 slaughterhouses; individuals and Galen, 108 species) Gandhi, Mahatma, 194 air pollution, 87 Gardner, Allen, 10 antibiotics and antimicrobials Gardner, Beatrix, 10 (nontherapeutic), 89, 90 gender, uterine environments, 56n16 arguments against, 86–92 “Getting Back to the Wrong Nature: Why economic arguments, 92 We Need to End our Love Affair with environmental destruction, 87–9 Wilderness” (Cronin), 48 genome manipulation, 79 goats, 185 global climate change, 88 Gombe field station, Tanzania, 6 greenhouse gases, 88 Goodall, Jane, 6, 163, 176 human diseases, 90 “good-mood hypothesis,” 19 living and dying, 82 Goodpaster, Kenneth, 28 public health concerns, 89–91 gorillas, 72 United States, 78 Koko, 10 water pollution, 87 Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, Republic false consciousness, 142 of the Congo, 178 family memberships, 70, 73 Gould, Stephen Jay, 52 Farm Sanctuary, New York and California, grammar (see also language use) 197 great apes, 11

228 Index

Granli, Petter, 160 Improved Standards for Laboratory gray wolves, 187 Animals Act, United States 1985, great white sharks, 1 113, 114, 115 “green corridors,” 179 industrialized agriculture, 78, 86, 92; see green monkeys, see vervet monkeys also CAFOs; factory farms grief, 5 inegalitarian views, 66 Grifﬁn (African Gray Parrot), 147 innateness concept, 48 Gua (chimpanzee), 9n21 Institute of Behavioral Research, Maryland, Guardian, 118 112 Institute of Primate Studies, Norman, habitat destruction, 134, 164, 174 Oklahoma, 11 Hadley, John, 191 Institutional Animal Care and Use Hagenbeck, Carl, 137 Committees, see IACUCs Hancocks, David, 137 interests, direct and indirect, 29–30 Haraway, Donna, 71 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Hare, Brian, 16 Change, see IPCC Harmony Farm, Georgia, 95 International Union for Conservation of Harsanyi, John, 120, 120n32 Nature, see IUCN Harvey, William, 108 Introduction to the Study of Experimental Hayes, Kathy, 9 Medicine (Bernard), 109 Hayes, Keith, 9 invasive species eradication projects, 185 hepatitis A, 127; see also research using IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate animals Change), 89 Heyes, Cecilia, 16 IUCN (International Union for Conservation hierarchy, natural, see natural hierarchy of Nature), 166, 168 hippopotamuses, 45 Homo faber, 6 jaguars, 179 Homo sapiens, 56 James, Solomon, 130 Horner, Victoria, 8 Jamieson, Dale, 138, 140, 174 HSUS (Humane Society of the United Jane Goodall Institute, 176 States), 116, 193, 197, 200 Javan rhinoceroses, 167, 173 human exceptionalism, 2, 4–25, 128, 192, Jenny (Asian elephant), 131, 149 201, 205 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public human intelligence, 6 Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 89 humane moralism, 170 Josi (human), 166 humane myth, 98n41 Journal of Experimental Medicine, 109 Humane Society of the United States, see Juan (chimpanzee), 115 HSUS Jungle, The (Sinclair), 78 humans, edible, 102 Huntingdon Life Sciences, 188 Kant, Immanuel, 3, 57, 58n21, 65 Hursthouse, Rosalind, 42 Kantian tradition, 18, 62, 148, 151, 154 Kanzi (bonobo), 12, 147 IACUCs (Institutional Animal Care and Use Kawall, Jason, 173 Committees), 113 Keiko (orca whale), 134, 135n6 “imaginative empathy,” 120 Kelly–Miller Circus, Oklahoma, 130 impalas, 45 Kheel, Marti, 172

Index 229

killing (see also bushmeat; meat eating; Matrix, The (film), 31, 32 research using animals; McGowan, Christopher, 183 slaughterhouses; individual species) McMahan, Jeff, 101 future plans thwarted, 98, 100 “Me and My Monkey: The Confessions of a killing machine, 77–8 Reluctant Vivisector” (Engber), 117 as means for survival, 51, 51n12, 76, 94, meat eating, 42, 79, 86, 88, 90, 101, 102, 101–4 164, 188, 198; see also sexual politics superkilling, 171 of meat King, Martin Luther, Jr., 194 mice, 107 kinship, 72 Midgley, Mary, 73n39 Kittay, Eva, 65, 69, 72, 75 Mill, John Stuart, 141 Knuckles (chimpanzee), 74 Milla (Ludmilla, chimpanzee), 163, 175 Kohler,¨ Wolfgang, 14 model organisms, 126 Koko (gorilla), 10 Moja (chimpanzee), 10 Korsgaard, Christine, 59n21, 62, 67 monkeys, 112, 118; see also individuals and Kristof, Nicholas, 96 species moral agents, 60, 61, 68, 179 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, United moral consideration, 65 States 1966, 111 moral hierarchy, 68 Lakavage, Julia, 111 moral patients, 60, 61, 68, 73, 74 language use, 9–13, 23, 25; see also ASL moral universe, 61, 63, 66, 74, 195 Last Feast of the Crocodiles (film), 45 Morgan, David, 178 Lectures on Anthropology (Kant), 57 Moscow Circus, 152, 153 Lectures on Ethics (Kant), 58n21 mosquitoes, 173 Lederer, Susan, 110 Most Amazing Close Encounters (film), 45 Lewis Brothers Circus, Michigan, 130 mountain gorillas, 175 liberationist views, 195 life, fundamental values, 27, 28 National Academy of Sciences, 115 Life magazine, 112 National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, 90 Livestock’s Long Shadow (United Nations Food National Geographic, 9 and Agriculture report), 88 natural capacities, 63 living beings, 27–8 natural hierarchy, 2 Locke, John, 57, 60 Nature’s Harmony Farm, 97 Lockwood, Michael, 99 Nazi hypothermia experiments, 126 Loma Linda University Medical Center, New Caledonia crows, 6, 7 California, 113 New Iberia Research Center, Louisiana, Loulis (chimpanzee), 10 116 love, 73n39 New York Times, 96, 155 Luban, David, 154 New Zealand Department of Conservation, Ludmilla, see Milla 186 Lupa (dog), 72 New Zealand mammal population, 186 Lyn, Heidi, 147 Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee), 11 non-native species, 185 Maggie (dog), x non-speciesist utilitarian test, see NSUT magical thinking, 205 non-verbal false belief tests, 15 mass extinction, 166 non-violent civil disobedience, 194

230 Index

northern muriquis monkeys, 50n10 Poett, Elizabeth, 97 NSUT (non-speciesist utilitarian test), 119, Political dignity, 152 123, 124 Pollan, Michael, 96 Nussbaum, Martha, 38, 151, 153, 184 Polyface Farms, Swoope, Virginia, 95 Poole, Joyce, 160 Omnivore’s Dilemma (Pollan), 96n35 post-traumatic stress disorder, see PTSD On Liberty (Mill), 141 practical identities, 63 open rescues, 194 pragmatist views, 196 oppression, 202 predation, 179, 181 orangutans, 147, 168 Preece, Rod, 153 Chantek, 11 preference utilitarian views, 62 sign language, 11 prejudice, 53 orca whales, Keiko, 134, 135n6 Premack, Ann, 12 othering process, 41, 126, 200 Premack, David, 12, 14 Oyama, Susan, 49 preserves, 178 Prince-Hughes, Dawn, 72 Pacelle, Wayne, 193, 200 principles of justice, 67 pain problem-solving, 5 definitions, 114 Proposition 2: Prevention of Farm Animal pain–pleasure balance, 119; see also Cruelty Act, California, 2008, 197, well-being; individual topics 198 palm oil boycott, 176 prostitution, 102 Panbanisha (bonobo), 12, 147 protesters, 113, 188, 194; see also individuals Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, 176 Pruetz, Jill, 9 Parkinson’s disease, 105, 118; see also “pseudo-sanctuaries,” 159 research using animals PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 5, 132 partiality, 70 paternalism, 182 quality of life, 125 Peony (chimpanzee), 11 People for the Ethical Treatment of rabbits, 186 Animals, see PETA Rancho San Julian, California, 97 Pepper (dog), 111 rational nature, 58n21 Pepper’s Law, 111 reflective capacities, 62 Pepperberg, Irene, 147 Regan, Tom, 36, 182, 196 personhood, 61, 65, 75 “relational autonomy,” 149 definitions, 57 relational capacities, 66–8 pet overpopulation problem, 158 Remus (dog), 72 pet thefts, 111 replaceability thesis, 98–101 PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of research using animals (see also individuals Animals), 113, 201 and topics) pigeons, 146 baboons, 113 pigs, 108 benefits, 118 factory farms, 82, 84 chimeras, 106–8, 125 Pinker, Steven, 12 chimpanzee ban, 129 Pitcher, George, 71 chimpanzees, 116 Plumwood, Val, 44, 46, 172, 183 early experiments with animals, 108

Index 231

epistemic objections, 123 single-issue political campaigning, 199, mice, 107 200 monkeys, 112, 116, 118 slaughterhouses, 76–8; see also factory pigs, 108 farms; individuals and species public relations, 110 backyard, 104 regulations, 111–13 chickens, 76, 96 reporting practices, 109 mobile, 97 rhesus monkeys, 117 small-scale, 97 secrecy, 111 Smithfield Foods, 81, 91 statistics, 107, 121n34 social justice views, 200 values, 118–26 social relations, 66–8 vervet monkeys, 105 Sorabji, Richard, 2 Resnick, Joseph, 111 species rhesus monkeys, Clayton, 117 companion species, 71, 155–8 rights views, 36–7 definitions, 50 Rollins, Bernie, 114 invasive species eradication projects, Rolston, Holmes, 171 185 Ryder, Richard, 53 non-native species, 185 preservation, zoos, 174 Salatin, Joel, 96 species rarity, 173 Sandy (chimpanzee), 163 value, 169–74 Sarah (chimpanzee), 11, 14, 146 speciesism, 53, 54, 70, 124, 180, 195, 199, Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 12 203 Schwab, Kellogg, 89 spinal cord injuries, see SCIs Schweitzer, Albert, 28 Spira, Henry, 192 SCIs (spinal cord injuries), 120, 121, 121n33, Stanford University, California, 11, 107 125; see also research using animals; stem cell research, 105, 125 individuals; specific topics Stepanian, Andy, 189 scrub jays, 59 stoats, 186 selection, 51n11 Stoics, 2 self-awareness, 59 Strier, Karen, 50n10 Sen, Amartya, 38 “subjects of a life,” 36 sentient beings, 33, 66n28 Sumatran rhinoceroses, 167 Sesha (human), 69, 73 Sumatran tigers, 168 sexual politics of meat, 200 swine flu pandemic, 91 SHAC (Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty), syphilis, 127; see also research using 188, 189, 192 animals; Tuskegee Alabama syphilis sharks, great white, see great white experiments sharks Shirley (Asian elephant), 130 Tai forest, Coteˆ d’Ivoire, 20 siblicide in armadillos, 51n12 Tatu (chimpanzee), 10 sign language, see ASL Taub, Edward, 113 Silbergeld, Ellen, 89 Taylor, Paul, 28 similarity postulate, 120n32 Terrace, Herbert, 11 Singer, Peter, 34, 53, 62, 98, 99, 100, 125, terrorism, 191, 193 126, 196 theologians, early Christian, 3

232 Index

Theory of Mind, see ToM deception, 107 Tiger Lily (domestic cat), 4 Parkinson’s disease experiments, 105 ToM (Theory of Mind), 13–17 Tristan, 107 tool use, 6–9 Viki (chimpanzee), 9 bottlenose dolphins, 6 violence justiﬁcation, 193 chimpanzees, 6, 7, 8, 9 virtue ethics views, 40–3 New Caledonia crows, 7 Virunga National Park, Democratic toolkits, 7–9 Republic of Congo, 175 Tristan (vervet monkey), 107 viruses, species-crossing, 91 Tuskegee Alabama syphilis experiments, vivisection, 109, 117 127 vocal anatomy, chimpanzees, 9 Tyson Foods, 76, 80, 81, 82 Washoe (chimpanzee), 10 Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Weisman, Irving, 107 167 welfarist views, 195 UN Conference on Environment and well-being, 30–3, 114–17, 172, 204 Development, Rio de Janeiro, 166 wild animal sanctuaries, 159 UNEP (United Nations Environment Wild dignity, 151–5 Program), 166 Wildlife Conservation Society, 168 Union of Concerned Scientists, 90 Willowbrook State Hospital, New York, United Nations Environment Program, see 127 UNEP Wood, Allen, 58n21 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Woodruff, Guy, 14 Court in US v. Fullmer 2009, 189n1 World Wildlife Fund, see WWF United States Department of Agriculture, WWF (World Wildlife Fund), 166 see USDA United States Geological Survey, see USGS Yale University Manuscripts and Archives United States Secretary of Agriculture, collections, New Haven, 1926, 78 Connecticut, 110 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 152 Yangtze River dolphins, 168 Urban Elephants (ﬁlm), 130 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, USDA (United States Department of Atlanta, Georgia, 110 Agriculture), 87, 89 Young, Liz, 95 USGS (United States Geological Survey), 87 Young, Tim, 95, 97 utilitarian views, 34–6, 62, 99, 100, 118, “yuck factor,” 106 123, 180 zoos, 136–41 Varner, Gary, 115 AZA accreditation, 140 veganism, 199 Bronx Zoo, 184 vegetarianism, 92–4 conservation efforts, 139 contextual moral vegetarianism, 93, Dallas Zoo, 139 205 education, 139 cultural practices, 93, 94 immersion exhibits, 138 vervet monkeys, 105 Jardin des Plantes, 137 Borgia, 107 Lincoln Park Zoo, 136 Caribbean Islands, 105 London Zoo, 136

Index 233

Louisiana Purchase Gardens and Zoo, 130 species preservation, 174 panoramas, 137 St. Louis Zoo, 138 Philadelphia Zoo, 136 Tiergarten Schonbrunn¨ (Zoo Vienna), 136 simulated natural habitats, 139 Zoo Atlanta, 11