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The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue II Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume 3 Issue 2 The Undergraduate Journal of Global Article 1 Citizenship Volume III Issue II 8-28-2020 The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue II Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc Recommended Citation (2020) "The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue II," Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship: Vol. 3 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/vol3/iss2/1 This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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For more information, please contact [email protected]. et al.: The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue II Spring 2020 1 Fairfield University | Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship | Spring 2020 Published by DigitalCommons@Fairfield, 2020 1 Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship, Vol. 3, Iss. 2 [2020], Art. 1 THE UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP Volume III Issue II Spring 2020 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor(s) in Chief Adriana Bifulco Margaret Williams Student Editors Caroline Daigle Caroline Timmerman Vincent Gritzuk Faculty Advisors Ms. Anita Deeg-Carlin, Fairfield University Associate Director, International Studies Program Dr. David Crawford, Fairfield University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology Student Advisor Kristen Dalli Contact Information: Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Fairfield University 1073 North Benson Road Fairfield, Connecticut 06824 (203) 254-4000 2 Fairfield University | Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship | Spring 2020 https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/vol3/iss2/1 2 et al.: The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue TABLE OF CONTENTS Failing Women? Structural Violence’s Relevance in Responses to Sexual Violence: A Case Study of Rwanda Isabelle Lambrecht……...…………….……………………………………………...…….….4 The Intersectional Experience of Ndi Umunyarwanda: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Identity & Removing Ubwoko in Rwanda Rozlyn M. Paradis…………………………………………………………………………....28 How a Tweet Brought People to the Street: Social Media and the Success of Ni Una Menos Kayla Frain………………………………………………………………………………………49 Multiculturalism as a Way to Religious Tolerance Zahira Yusifova, Aydan Baghirli, Fatima Fataliyeva, Elvin Valiyev, And Murad Malik Aslanov..67 3 Fairfield University | Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship | Spring 2020 Published by DigitalCommons@Fairfield, 2020 3 Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship, Vol. 3, Iss. 2 [2020], Art. 1 the allocation of further resources could be Failing Women? utilized to better tackle the issue of SV. Ultimately, grounded in the theory of Structural Violence’s structuration, it advances a transformed approach to SV at all levels of society in order to revolutionize the SV pathology. Relevance in Methodology: Part one of this paper uses Responses to Sexual qualitative content analysis to evaluate the gacaca court system as the system relates to the Violence: A Case experiences of women who survived sexual violence (SV) during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Included in this data are survivors’ Study of Rwanda testimonies. Primary researchers obtained ISABELLE LAMBRECHT informed consent from survivors’ before using their stories, and noted that stories were shared Sexual violence (SV) often causes survivors to voluntarily. Survivors reported to these experience devastating health, social and researchers that they shared their stories in order economic impacts. Framed within Galtung’s to integrate their narrative into the broader structural violence theory, Crenshaw’s narrative of gacaca, and to prevent other women intersectionality theory, and Giddens from experiencing similar manifestations of structuration theory, this paper explores the violence. In order to maintain an ethical relevance of structural violence within two framework as a secondary researcher, I avoided community based organizations in Rwanda that deceptive practices, and aimed to maintain the provide legal justice and economic resources as stories’ integrity by reflecting them as they were a way to address SV in the country. Both were originally told, and keeping the welfare of the established by the Rwandan government; gacaca research participants’ in mind. When a survivor was established after the 1994 Rwandan chose to include her name to the primary genocide and Isange One Stop Center was researcher, I used this form of identification as established in 2009. Part one of this paper aimed well. Part two utilizes primary quantitative data to integrate survivors’ personal experiences in that I collected in Kigali, Rwanda during the gacaca with several scholars’ research and the summer of 2018 as well as qualitative content Human Rights Watch reports in order to test for analysis. Data were collected at Isange One the relevance of structural violence in gacaca. Stop Center (Isange), a government-established, Part two utilizes primary data and several multi-sectoral clinic in Kigali, and analyzed the scholars to test the relevance of structural clinic’s role in addressing SV. Data were violence within Isange. Ultimately, this paper collected through anonymous, semi-structured argues and aims to demonstrate that structural questionnaires, distributed to doctors, violence is relevant in both organizations, and psychologists, and police officers from the therefore is correspondly relevant within the center, as well as gender based violence (GBV) global pathology of SV. Given this, it argues officers at the Ministry of Gender and Family that structural violence be named as a Promotion (MIGEPROF). The head of each preventable problem. Drawing from Isange and sector within Isange received questionnaires to gacaca, it provides insight into the ways in distribute among her/his employees; thirteen of which survivor-centered support, educational the twenty-three Isange staff members were campaigns, coordination between Government interviewed. Questionnaires for Isange ministries and nonprofits working with SV, and 4 Fairfield University | Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship | Spring 2020 https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/vol3/iss2/1 4 et al.: The Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume III Issue employees’ explored: perceptions of the clinic’s Gidden’s structuration theory complements work in regards to SV, the main drivers of both, describing the dynamic relationship GBV, how MIGEPROF continues to work with between structures and human agency, the clinic, and what constraints limit the supporting the potential of flexibility, creativity, employees’ work with survivors. Questionnaires and long-term changes within structures through for the government officers questioned: their group action.3 His theory is relevant when perceptions of Isange’s ability to accomplish its considering the global pathology of SV, and the goal in respect to SV and how the Ministry interrelations of community organization, coordinates with the Kigali clinic. The ethics of political will, and structural shifts. the data were approved by the Rwanda National Commission of Science and Technology. Data Introduction: Estimates approximate that as from part two were analyzed using Statistical many as a half million women experienced SV Package for Social Sciences. The data from during the Rwandan genocide.4 Testimonies by Isange are not generalizable to all Isange clinics survivors recall gang-rape, rape with sticks and present in Rwanda; however, do provide gun barrels, the deliberate transmission of nuanced insight regarding the pathology of SV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), sexual in Rwanda. mutilation, and/or sexual enslavement by militia men.5 Adding to the humiliation of the trauma, Theoretical Framework: This paper was women were often raped in front of their guided by Johan Galtung’s structural violence children, after witnessing their loved ones killed theory, Kimberle Crenshaw’s feminist and/or their homes destroyed. While some intersectionality theory, and Anthony Gidden’s testimonies state that perpetrators killed the theory of structuration. Broadly, Galtung woman following the rape, other perpetrators defines structural violence as violence built into left the women to “die of sadness”6 and/or structure without a primary actor, which enables sexually mutilated them.7 Each exemplifies SV the reproduction of unequal distribution of as a weapon used to terrorize women in an power, privilege and resources through policies. effort to promote the Hutu cause during the 100 The deficiencies and barriers presented in days of the Rwandan genocide. structural violence reinforce inequitable social The health effects of SV were patterns, and most greatly impact those of substantial. Psychologically, survivors’ quality lowest race, class, and gender ranks. Critically, of life was damaged due to high rates of post- the oppressed tend
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