Habitat Conservation Plan/Natural Community Conservation Plan
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Biogeography, Community Structure and Biological Habitat Types of Subtidal Reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand
Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 281 Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand Nick T. Shears SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 281 Published by Science & Technical Publishing Department of Conservation PO Box 10420, The Terrace Wellington 6143, New Zealand Cover: Shallow mixed turfing algal assemblage near Moeraki River, South Westland (2 m depth). Dominant species include Plocamium spp. (yellow-red), Echinothamnium sp. (dark brown), Lophurella hookeriana (green), and Glossophora kunthii (top right). Photo: N.T. Shears Science for Conservation is a scientific monograph series presenting research funded by New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). Manuscripts are internally and externally peer-reviewed; resulting publications are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. Individual copies are printed, and are also available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science & technical. © Copyright December 2007, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1173–2946 (hardcopy) ISSN 1177–9241 (web PDF) ISBN 978–0–478–14354–6 (hardcopy) ISBN 978–0–478–14355–3 (web PDF) This report was prepared for publication by Science & Technical Publishing; editing and layout by Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the Chief Scientist (Research, Development & Improvement Division), Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 6 2. -
Genetic Methods for Estimating the Effective Size of Cetacean Populations
Genetic Methods for Estimating the Effective Size of Cetacean Populations Robin S. Waples Northwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA ABSTRACT Some indirect (genetic) methods for estimating effective population size (N,) are evaluated for their suitability in studyingcetacean populations. The methodscan be grouped into those that (1) estimate current N,, (2) estimate long-term N, and (3) provide information about recent genetic bottlenecks. The methods that estimate current effective size are best suited for the analysis of small populations. and nonrandom sampling and population subdivision are probably the most serious sources of potential bias. Methods that estimate long-term N, are best suited to the analysis of large populations or entire species, may be more strongly influenced by natural selection and depend on accurate estimates of mutation or DNA base substitution rates. Precision of the estimates of N, is likely to be a limiting factor in many applications of the indirect methods. Keywords: genetics; assessment: cetaceans - general: evolution. INTRODUCTION Population size is one of the most important factors that determine the rate of various evolutionary processes, and it appears as a parameter in many of the fundamental equations of population genetics. However, knowledge merely of the total number of individuals (N) in a population is not sufficient for an accurate description of these evolutionary processes. Because of the influence of demographic parameters, two populations of the same total size may experience very different rates of genetic change. Wright (1931; 1938) developed the concept of effective population size (N,) as a way of summarising relevant demographic information so that one can predict the evolutionary consequences of finite population size (see Fig. -
Ecological Principles and Function of Natural Ecosystems by Professor Michel RICARD
Intensive Programme on Education for sustainable development in Protected Areas Amfissa, Greece, July 2014 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ecological principles and function of natural ecosystems By Professor Michel RICARD Summary 1. Hierarchy of living world 2. What is Ecology 3. The Biosphere - Lithosphere - Hydrosphere - Atmosphere 4. What is an ecosystem - Ecozone - Biome - Ecosystem - Ecological community - Habitat/biotope - Ecotone - Niche 5. Biological classification 6. Ecosystem processes - Radiation: heat, temperature and light - Primary production - Secondary production - Food web and trophic levels - Trophic cascade and ecology flow 7. Population ecology and population dynamics 8. Disturbance and resilience - Human impacts on resilience 9. Nutrient cycle, decomposition and mineralization - Nutrient cycle - Decomposition 10. Ecological amplitude 11. Ecology, environmental influences, biological interactions 12. Biodiversity 13. Environmental degradation - Water resources degradation - Climate change - Nutrient pollution - Eutrophication - Other examples of environmental degradation M. Ricard: Summer courses, Amfissa July 2014 1 1. Hierarchy of living world The larger objective of ecology is to understand the nature of environmental influences on individual organisms, populations, communities and ultimately at the level of the biosphere. If ecologists can achieve an understanding of these relationships, they will be well placed to contribute to the development of systems by which humans -
Community Ecology
Schueller 509: Lecture 12 Community ecology 1. The birds of Guam – e.g. of community interactions 2. What is a community? 3. What can we measure about whole communities? An ecology mystery story If birds on Guam are declining due to… • hunting, then bird populations will be larger on military land where hunting is strictly prohibited. • habitat loss, then the amount of land cleared should be negatively correlated with bird numbers. • competition with introduced black drongo birds, then….prediction? • ……. come up with a different hypothesis and matching prediction! $3 million/yr Why not profitable hunting instead? (Worked for the passenger pigeon: “It was the demographic nightmare of overkill and impaired reproduction. If you’re killing a species far faster than they can reproduce, the end is a mathematical certainty.” http://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june- 2014/why-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct) Community-wide effects of loss of birds Schueller 509: Lecture 12 Community ecology 1. The birds of Guam – e.g. of community interactions 2. What is a community? 3. What can we measure about whole communities? What is an ecological community? Community Ecology • Collection of populations of different species that occupy a given area. What is a community? e.g. Microbial community of one human “YOUR SKIN HARBORS whole swarming civilizations. Your lips are a zoo teeming with well- fed creatures. In your mouth lives a microbiome so dense —that if you decided to name one organism every second (You’re Barbara, You’re Bob, You’re Brenda), you’d likely need fifty lifetimes to name them all. -
Can More K-Selected Species Be Better Invaders?
Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) (2007) 13, 535–543 Blackwell Publishing Ltd BIODIVERSITY Can more K-selected species be better RESEARCH invaders? A case study of fruit flies in La Réunion Pierre-François Duyck1*, Patrice David2 and Serge Quilici1 1UMR 53 Ӷ Peuplements Végétaux et ABSTRACT Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical ӷ CIRAD Invasive species are often said to be r-selected. However, invaders must sometimes Pôle de Protection des Plantes (3P), 7 chemin de l’IRAT, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France, compete with related resident species. In this case invaders should present combina- 2UMR 5175, CNRS Centre d’Ecologie tions of life-history traits that give them higher competitive ability than residents, Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), 1919 route de even at the expense of lower colonization ability. We test this prediction by compar- Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France ing life-history traits among four fruit fly species, one endemic and three successive invaders, in La Réunion Island. Recent invaders tend to produce fewer, but larger, juveniles, delay the onset but increase the duration of reproduction, survive longer, and senesce more slowly than earlier ones. These traits are associated with higher ranks in a competitive hierarchy established in a previous study. However, the endemic species, now nearly extinct in the island, is inferior to the other three with respect to both competition and colonization traits, violating the trade-off assumption. Our results overall suggest that the key traits for invasion in this system were those that *Correspondence: Pierre-François Duyck, favoured competition rather than colonization. CIRAD 3P, 7, chemin de l’IRAT, 97410, Keywords St Pierre, La Réunion Island, France. -
A Reconsideration of Agricultural Law: a Call for the Law of Food, Farming, and Sustainability
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 34 (2009-2010) Issue 3 Article 5 April 2010 A Reconsideration of Agricultural Law: A Call for the Law of Food, Farming, and Sustainability Susan A. Schneider Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr Part of the Food and Drug Law Commons Repository Citation Susan A. Schneider, A Reconsideration of Agricultural Law: A Call for the Law of Food, Farming, and Sustainability, 34 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 935 (2010), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol34/iss3/5 Copyright c 2010 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr A RECONSIDERATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAW: A CALL FOR THE LAW OF FOOD, FARMING, AND SUSTAINABILITY SUSAN A. SCHNEIDER* Agricultural law can be defined as the study of the network of laws and policies that apply to the production, marketing, and sale of agricultural products, i.e., the food we eat, the natural fibers we wear, and increasingly, the bio-fuels that run our vehicles.1 American agricultural policy has evolved from its early focus on agricultural development and expansion to its current focus on economic and political support for the agricultural sector.2 Agricultural law as a dis- cipline has tracked this policy, with agricultural law scholars debating the origins and the validity of the special treatment of agriculture under the law. This article reviews these debates and calls for a reconsideration of agricultural law and policy to address the unique aspects of agricultural production, the fragility of the environment, and the fundamental need for healthy food. -
Unhealthy Developing World Food Markets
Unhealthy Developing World Food Markets May 2013 Problem Statement and Key Messages Low income populations (i.e., those living on $2-13 USD/day) in developing countries are disproportionally vulnerable to what is affordable, accessible and aspirational, and are increasingly incorporating available “unhealthy foods” (high in fat, sugar, salt, and calories with little nutritional value) into their diets. While changing food markets may bring potential benefits including improved food safety, security, and product diversity, overconsumption of these unhealthy foods leads to a burden of health and financial impacts, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, loss of productivity and absenteeism for these low income individuals, their families and the broader societies in which they live. Key Messages 1. Developing countries are increasingly consuming higher proportions and health organizations are still predominantly focused on under- of unhealthy foods, resulting in diets that are high in fat, sugar, salt, nutrition, with limited partnerships working to address cross sector and calories with little nutritional value. This is a global phenomenon issues of agriculture and nutrition. There are few models designed to that affects over 1 billion low income individuals (earning $2-13/day) address food markets explicitly. who are disproportionally vulnerable to foods that are cheap, 5. Trends, including urbanization, expansion of supermarkets and convenient, and readily accessible. activities of large food and beverage companies, indicate that this 2. Unhealthy food markets contribute to negative health outcomes that problem will grow in urgency in the coming decades. Areas of can also impact the financial wellbeing of low income individuals, dynamism include the emergence of over and under nutrition, and their households and the developing countries in which they live. -
Health Implications of Mercury, Selenium, and a Red Pelage
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2012 Health implications of mercury, selenium, and a red pelage in Pacific ah rbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) off central California Elizabeth Alexis McHuron San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation McHuron, Elizabeth Alexis, "Health implications of mercury, selenium, and a red pelage in Pacific ah rbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) off ec ntral California" (2012). Master's Theses. 4148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.drcb-ccf4 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4148 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF MERCURY, SELENIUM, AND A RED PELAGE IN PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII) OFF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Elizabeth A. McHuron May 2012 © 2012 Elizabeth A. McHuron ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF MERCURY, SELENIUM, AND A RED PELAGE IN PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII) OFF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA by Elizabeth A. McHuron APPROVED FOR MOSS LANDING MARINE LABORATORIES SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY May 2012 Dr. James T. Harvey Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Dr. Leslee A. -
South County Stormwater Resource Plan
2020 South Santa Clara County Stormwater Resource Plan Prepared By: Watershed Stewardship and Planning Division Environmental Planning Unit South Santa Clara County Stormwater Resource Plan January 2020 Prepared by: Valley Water Environmental Planning Unit 247 Elisabeth Wilkinson Contributors: Kirsten Struve James Downing Kylie Kammerer George Cook Neeta Bijoor Brian Mendenhall Tanya Carothers (City of Morgan Hill/City of Gilroy) Sarah Mansergh (City of Gilroy) Vanessa Marcadejas (County of Santa Clara) Julianna Martin (County of Santa Clara) Funding provided by the Safe, Clean Water and Natural Flood Protection Program i Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................2 1.1 Background and Purpose .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Previous and Current Planning Efforts ................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 2: South Santa Clara County Watershed Identification ...........................................................5 2.1 Watersheds and Subwatersheds ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Internal Boundaries .......................................................................................................................... -
National Wildlife Federation's Community Wildlife Habitat
National Wildlife Federation’s Community Wildlife Habitat Certification Requirements To achieve certification through the National Wildlife Federation’s Community Wildlife Habitat program, you must create or restore wildlife habitat in your community and do education and outreach. First, a certain number of homes, schools and common areas must become National Wildlife Federation Certified Wildlife Habitats by providing the four basic elements that all wildlife need: food, water, cover and places to raise young. The NWF Certified Wildlife Habitat program also requires sustainable gardening practices such as using rain barrels, reducing water usage, removing invasive plants, using native plants and eliminating pesticides. These requirements are based on population – see chart below. Second, communities earn education and outreach points through a flexible checklist that includes educating citizens at community events, hosting a native plant sale, organizing a stream clean up, bringing new partners to the effort and hosting workshops – see pages 2 and 3. Property Certification Requirements: Minimum Habitat Sliding Scale Based on Activity / Type of Certification Points Certification Points Population Size For each home certified, including townhomes and apartments 1 20 500 or Less For each common area certified, including public parks, HOA common 40 501-1,000 areas, businesses, places of worship, farms, universities and municipal 3 100 1,001-5000 buildings 150 5,001-10,000 For each school certified as an NWF Schoolyard Habitat - Pre-K - 12 or 175 10,001-15,000 5 nature center 200 15,001-20,000 225 20,001-25,000 250 25,001-50,000 VERIFICATION: Each home or common area must be certified within 15 300 50,001-100,000 years of a community's registration date to count for points. -
The Case of Tyson Foods
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2014 Agent of Harm and Good Corporate Citizen? The Case of Tyson Foods Jennifer Lindmar Schally University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Criminology Commons Recommended Citation Schally, Jennifer Lindmar, "Agent of Harm and Good Corporate Citizen? The Case of Tyson Foods. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2856 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jennifer Lindmar Schally entitled "Agent of Harm and Good Corporate Citizen? The Case of Tyson Foods." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Sociology. Lois Presser, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Michelle Brown, Sherry Cable, Elizabeth Strand, Avi Brisman Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Agent of Harm and Good Corporate Citizen? The Case of Tyson Foods A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jennifer Lindmar Schally August 2014 ii Copyright © 2014 by Jennifer L. -
Integrating Community and Ecosystem-Based Approaches in Climate
Integrating Community and Ecosystem-Based Approaches in Climate Change Adaptation i Responses This paper is the result of extensive discussions led by adaptation professionals coming from different backgrounds and facilitated by the Ecosystem and Livelihoods Adaptation Network (ELAN).ii ELAN is an innovative alliance between two conservation organisations (International Union for the Conservation of Nature [IUCN] and WWF) and two development organisations (CARE International and the International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED]). The objective of ELAN is to establish a global network to develop, evaluate, synthesize and share successful strategies for adapting to climate change, build capacity for such strategies to be assessed and implemented at national and sub-national levels, and advance policies and knowledge sharing platforms that will facilitate the scaling up of effective strategies. Two emerging approaches to adaptation have gained currency over the past few years, namely Community-based Adaptation (CBA) and Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EBA). Each has its specific emphasis, the first on empowering local communities to reduce their vulnerabilities, and the latter on harnessing the management of ecosystems as a means to provide goods and services in the face of climate change. In this paper, ELAN argues for a more truly “integrated approach” to adaptation that addresses and seeks to reconcile differences between CBA and EBA. ELAN has developed a conceptual framework for an approach to adaptation, which empowers