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The Importance of Herbivore Density and Management As Determinants
1 The importance of herbivore density and management as 2 determinants of the distribution of rare plant species 3 James D. M. Speed* & Gunnar Austrheim 4 NTNU University Museum 5 Norwegian University of Science and Technology 6 NO-7491 Trondheim 7 Norway 8 *Correspondence: 9 +47 73592251 10 [email protected] 11 12 Speed, J.D.M. & Austrheim, G. (2017) The importance of herbivore density and management as 13 determinants of the distribution of rare plant species. Biological Conservation, 205, 77-84. 14 Post-print: Final version available here http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.030 15 16 Abstract 17 Herbivores are often drivers of ecosystem states and dynamics and in many situations are managed 18 either as livestock or through controlled or exploitative hunting of wild populations. Changes in 19 herbivore density can affect the composition of plant communities. Management of herbivore 20 densities could therefore be regulated to benefit plant species of conservation concern. In this study 21 we use a unique spatial dataset of large herbivores in Norway to test whether herbivore density 22 affects the distribution of rare red-listed plant species in tundra ecosystems, and to identify regions 23 where herbivore density is the most important factor in determining the habitat suitability for the 24 plant species. For all selected species a climatic variable was the most important determinant of the 25 distribution, but herbivore density was an important determinant of some species notably Primula 26 scandinavica. Herbivore density was the most important factor determining habitat suitability for this 27 species in 13% of mainland Norway. -
Biogeography, Community Structure and Biological Habitat Types of Subtidal Reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand
Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 281 Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand Nick T. Shears SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 281 Published by Science & Technical Publishing Department of Conservation PO Box 10420, The Terrace Wellington 6143, New Zealand Cover: Shallow mixed turfing algal assemblage near Moeraki River, South Westland (2 m depth). Dominant species include Plocamium spp. (yellow-red), Echinothamnium sp. (dark brown), Lophurella hookeriana (green), and Glossophora kunthii (top right). Photo: N.T. Shears Science for Conservation is a scientific monograph series presenting research funded by New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). Manuscripts are internally and externally peer-reviewed; resulting publications are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. Individual copies are printed, and are also available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science & technical. © Copyright December 2007, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1173–2946 (hardcopy) ISSN 1177–9241 (web PDF) ISBN 978–0–478–14354–6 (hardcopy) ISBN 978–0–478–14355–3 (web PDF) This report was prepared for publication by Science & Technical Publishing; editing and layout by Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the Chief Scientist (Research, Development & Improvement Division), Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 6 2. -
Species-Habitat Associations
Species-Habitat associations Spatial Data • Predictive Models • Ecological Insights Jason Matthiopoulos • John Fieberg • Geert Aarts 2 Suggested Citation: Matthiopoulos, Jason; Fieberg, John; Aarts, Geert. (2020). Species-Habitat Associations: Spatial data, predictive models, and ecological insights. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/217469. Related Works: A copy of the book, which we plan to continuously update (with new versions in the future) can be accessed in gitbook format at: https://bookdown.org/jfieberg/SHABook/. Cover photograph: Guanacos, a camelid native to South America, grazing in Torres del Paine National Park in the Pantagonia region of Chile. ©Gary R. Jensen, www.GaryRobertPhotography.com. License: This work, other than the cover photo, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ISBN: 978-1-946135-68-1 Edition 1 Contents 5 About the Authors 6 Jason Matthiopoulos . .6 John Fieberg . .6 Geert Aarts . .6 Acknowledgments 7 Abbreviations 8 Glossary 9 Notation 15 Preface 16 0.1 A “live” project . 16 0.2 Audience . 16 0.3 Objectives . 17 0.4 Why is this book unique? . 17 0.5 Why model species habitat associations? . 18 I Fundamental concepts and methods 20 1 The ecology behind species-habitat-association models 21 1.1 Objectives . 21 1.2 How do living beings “see” the world around them? . 21 1.3 What is a habitat? . 23 1.4 What is a species-habitat association? . 24 1.5 What mechanisms drive habitat-mediated changes in species densities? . 26 1.6 When is species density a reliable reflection of habitat suitability? . -
Genetic Methods for Estimating the Effective Size of Cetacean Populations
Genetic Methods for Estimating the Effective Size of Cetacean Populations Robin S. Waples Northwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA ABSTRACT Some indirect (genetic) methods for estimating effective population size (N,) are evaluated for their suitability in studyingcetacean populations. The methodscan be grouped into those that (1) estimate current N,, (2) estimate long-term N, and (3) provide information about recent genetic bottlenecks. The methods that estimate current effective size are best suited for the analysis of small populations. and nonrandom sampling and population subdivision are probably the most serious sources of potential bias. Methods that estimate long-term N, are best suited to the analysis of large populations or entire species, may be more strongly influenced by natural selection and depend on accurate estimates of mutation or DNA base substitution rates. Precision of the estimates of N, is likely to be a limiting factor in many applications of the indirect methods. Keywords: genetics; assessment: cetaceans - general: evolution. INTRODUCTION Population size is one of the most important factors that determine the rate of various evolutionary processes, and it appears as a parameter in many of the fundamental equations of population genetics. However, knowledge merely of the total number of individuals (N) in a population is not sufficient for an accurate description of these evolutionary processes. Because of the influence of demographic parameters, two populations of the same total size may experience very different rates of genetic change. Wright (1931; 1938) developed the concept of effective population size (N,) as a way of summarising relevant demographic information so that one can predict the evolutionary consequences of finite population size (see Fig. -
Ecological Principles and Function of Natural Ecosystems by Professor Michel RICARD
Intensive Programme on Education for sustainable development in Protected Areas Amfissa, Greece, July 2014 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ecological principles and function of natural ecosystems By Professor Michel RICARD Summary 1. Hierarchy of living world 2. What is Ecology 3. The Biosphere - Lithosphere - Hydrosphere - Atmosphere 4. What is an ecosystem - Ecozone - Biome - Ecosystem - Ecological community - Habitat/biotope - Ecotone - Niche 5. Biological classification 6. Ecosystem processes - Radiation: heat, temperature and light - Primary production - Secondary production - Food web and trophic levels - Trophic cascade and ecology flow 7. Population ecology and population dynamics 8. Disturbance and resilience - Human impacts on resilience 9. Nutrient cycle, decomposition and mineralization - Nutrient cycle - Decomposition 10. Ecological amplitude 11. Ecology, environmental influences, biological interactions 12. Biodiversity 13. Environmental degradation - Water resources degradation - Climate change - Nutrient pollution - Eutrophication - Other examples of environmental degradation M. Ricard: Summer courses, Amfissa July 2014 1 1. Hierarchy of living world The larger objective of ecology is to understand the nature of environmental influences on individual organisms, populations, communities and ultimately at the level of the biosphere. If ecologists can achieve an understanding of these relationships, they will be well placed to contribute to the development of systems by which humans -
Community Ecology
Schueller 509: Lecture 12 Community ecology 1. The birds of Guam – e.g. of community interactions 2. What is a community? 3. What can we measure about whole communities? An ecology mystery story If birds on Guam are declining due to… • hunting, then bird populations will be larger on military land where hunting is strictly prohibited. • habitat loss, then the amount of land cleared should be negatively correlated with bird numbers. • competition with introduced black drongo birds, then….prediction? • ……. come up with a different hypothesis and matching prediction! $3 million/yr Why not profitable hunting instead? (Worked for the passenger pigeon: “It was the demographic nightmare of overkill and impaired reproduction. If you’re killing a species far faster than they can reproduce, the end is a mathematical certainty.” http://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june- 2014/why-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct) Community-wide effects of loss of birds Schueller 509: Lecture 12 Community ecology 1. The birds of Guam – e.g. of community interactions 2. What is a community? 3. What can we measure about whole communities? What is an ecological community? Community Ecology • Collection of populations of different species that occupy a given area. What is a community? e.g. Microbial community of one human “YOUR SKIN HARBORS whole swarming civilizations. Your lips are a zoo teeming with well- fed creatures. In your mouth lives a microbiome so dense —that if you decided to name one organism every second (You’re Barbara, You’re Bob, You’re Brenda), you’d likely need fifty lifetimes to name them all. -
Can More K-Selected Species Be Better Invaders?
Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) (2007) 13, 535–543 Blackwell Publishing Ltd BIODIVERSITY Can more K-selected species be better RESEARCH invaders? A case study of fruit flies in La Réunion Pierre-François Duyck1*, Patrice David2 and Serge Quilici1 1UMR 53 Ӷ Peuplements Végétaux et ABSTRACT Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical ӷ CIRAD Invasive species are often said to be r-selected. However, invaders must sometimes Pôle de Protection des Plantes (3P), 7 chemin de l’IRAT, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France, compete with related resident species. In this case invaders should present combina- 2UMR 5175, CNRS Centre d’Ecologie tions of life-history traits that give them higher competitive ability than residents, Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), 1919 route de even at the expense of lower colonization ability. We test this prediction by compar- Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France ing life-history traits among four fruit fly species, one endemic and three successive invaders, in La Réunion Island. Recent invaders tend to produce fewer, but larger, juveniles, delay the onset but increase the duration of reproduction, survive longer, and senesce more slowly than earlier ones. These traits are associated with higher ranks in a competitive hierarchy established in a previous study. However, the endemic species, now nearly extinct in the island, is inferior to the other three with respect to both competition and colonization traits, violating the trade-off assumption. Our results overall suggest that the key traits for invasion in this system were those that *Correspondence: Pierre-François Duyck, favoured competition rather than colonization. CIRAD 3P, 7, chemin de l’IRAT, 97410, Keywords St Pierre, La Réunion Island, France. -
Towards an Integrative Understanding of Soil Biodiversity
Towards an integrative understanding of soil biodiversity Madhav Thakur, Helen Phillips, Ulrich Brose, Franciska de Vries, Patrick Lavelle, Michel Loreau, Jérôme Mathieu, Christian Mulder, Wim van der Putten, Matthias Rillig, et al. To cite this version: Madhav Thakur, Helen Phillips, Ulrich Brose, Franciska de Vries, Patrick Lavelle, et al.. Towards an integrative understanding of soil biodiversity. Biological Reviews, Wiley, 2020, 95, pp.350 - 364. 10.1111/brv.12567. hal-02499460 HAL Id: hal-02499460 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02499460 Submitted on 5 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Biol. Rev. (2020), 95, pp. 350–364. 350 doi: 10.1111/brv.12567 Towards an integrative understanding of soil biodiversity Madhav P. Thakur1,2,3∗ , Helen R. P. Phillips2, Ulrich Brose2,4, Franciska T. De Vries5, Patrick Lavelle6, Michel Loreau7, Jerome Mathieu6, Christian Mulder8,WimH.Van der Putten1,9,MatthiasC.Rillig10,11, David A. Wardle12, Elizabeth M. Bach13, Marie L. C. Bartz14,15, Joanne M. Bennett2,16, Maria J. I. Briones17, George Brown18, Thibaud Decaens¨ 19, Nico Eisenhauer2,3, Olga Ferlian2,3, Carlos Antonio´ Guerra2,20, Birgitta Konig-Ries¨ 2,21, Alberto Orgiazzi22, Kelly S. -
Assessing the Potential Distribution of Invasive Alien Species Amorpha
A peer-reviewed open-access journal Nature ConservationAssessing 30: 41–67the potential (2018) distribution of invasive alien species Amorpha fruticosa... 41 doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.30.27627 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://natureconservation.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity conservation Assessing the potential distribution of invasive alien species Amorpha fruticosa (Mill.) in the Mureş Floodplain Natural Park (Romania) using GIS and logistic regression Gheorghe Kucsicsa1, Ines Grigorescu1, Monica Dumitraşcu1, Mihai Doroftei2, Mihaela Năstase3, Gabriel Herlo4 1 Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy, 12 D. Racoviţă Street, sect. 2, 023993, Bucharest, Romania 2 Danube Delta National Institute, 165 Babadag Street, 820112, Tulcea, Romania 3 National Forest Ad- ministration, Protected Areas Department, 9A Petricani Street, sect. 2, Bucharest, Romania 4 National Forest Administration, Mureş Floodplain Natural Park Administration, Pădurea Ceala FN, Arad, Romania Corresponding author: Monica Dumitraşcu ([email protected]) Academic editor: Maurizio Pinna | Received 19 June 2018 | Accepted 2 October 2018 | Published 24 October 2018 http://zoobank.org/EF484149-F35A-4B0F-9F8B-4F8164BFF94F Citation: Kucsicsa G, Grigorescu I, Dumitraşcu M, Doroftei M, Năstase M, Herlo G (2018) Assessing the potential distribution of invasive alien species Amorpha fruticosa (Mill.) in the Mureş Floodplain Natural Park (Romania) using GIS and logistic regression. Nature Conservation 30: 41–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.30.27627 -
Micro-Food Web Structure Shapes Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Growth in Oak
diversity Article Micro-Food Web Structure Shapes Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Growth in Oak Hazel R. Maboreke ID , Veronika Bartel, René Seiml-Buchinger and Liliane Ruess * ID Institute of Biology, Ecology Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] (H.R.M.); [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (R.S.-B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-302-0934-9722 Received: 1 January 2018; Accepted: 11 March 2018; Published: 13 March 2018 Abstract: The multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere impose significant impacts on microbial community structure and function, affecting nutrient mineralisation and consequently plant performance. However, particularly for long-lived plants such as forest trees, the mechanisms by which trophic structure of the micro-food web governs rhizosphere microorganisms are still poorly understood. This study addresses the role of nematodes, as a major component of the soil micro-food web, in influencing the microbial abundance and community structure as well as tree growth. In a greenhouse experiment with Pedunculate Oak seedlings were grown in soil, where the nematode trophic structure was manipulated by altering the proportion of functional groups (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and plant feeders) in a full factorial design. The influence on the rhizosphere microbial community, the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Piloderma croceum, and oak growth, was assessed. Soil phospholipid fatty acids were employed to determine changes in the microbial communities. Increased density of singular nematode functional groups showed minor impact by increasing the biomass of single microbial groups (e.g., plant feeders that of Gram-negative bacteria), except fungal feeders, which resulted in a decline of all microorganisms in the soil. -
National Wildlife Federation's Community Wildlife Habitat
National Wildlife Federation’s Community Wildlife Habitat Certification Requirements To achieve certification through the National Wildlife Federation’s Community Wildlife Habitat program, you must create or restore wildlife habitat in your community and do education and outreach. First, a certain number of homes, schools and common areas must become National Wildlife Federation Certified Wildlife Habitats by providing the four basic elements that all wildlife need: food, water, cover and places to raise young. The NWF Certified Wildlife Habitat program also requires sustainable gardening practices such as using rain barrels, reducing water usage, removing invasive plants, using native plants and eliminating pesticides. These requirements are based on population – see chart below. Second, communities earn education and outreach points through a flexible checklist that includes educating citizens at community events, hosting a native plant sale, organizing a stream clean up, bringing new partners to the effort and hosting workshops – see pages 2 and 3. Property Certification Requirements: Minimum Habitat Sliding Scale Based on Activity / Type of Certification Points Certification Points Population Size For each home certified, including townhomes and apartments 1 20 500 or Less For each common area certified, including public parks, HOA common 40 501-1,000 areas, businesses, places of worship, farms, universities and municipal 3 100 1,001-5000 buildings 150 5,001-10,000 For each school certified as an NWF Schoolyard Habitat - Pre-K - 12 or 175 10,001-15,000 5 nature center 200 15,001-20,000 225 20,001-25,000 250 25,001-50,000 VERIFICATION: Each home or common area must be certified within 15 300 50,001-100,000 years of a community's registration date to count for points. -
Integrating Community and Ecosystem-Based Approaches in Climate
Integrating Community and Ecosystem-Based Approaches in Climate Change Adaptation i Responses This paper is the result of extensive discussions led by adaptation professionals coming from different backgrounds and facilitated by the Ecosystem and Livelihoods Adaptation Network (ELAN).ii ELAN is an innovative alliance between two conservation organisations (International Union for the Conservation of Nature [IUCN] and WWF) and two development organisations (CARE International and the International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED]). The objective of ELAN is to establish a global network to develop, evaluate, synthesize and share successful strategies for adapting to climate change, build capacity for such strategies to be assessed and implemented at national and sub-national levels, and advance policies and knowledge sharing platforms that will facilitate the scaling up of effective strategies. Two emerging approaches to adaptation have gained currency over the past few years, namely Community-based Adaptation (CBA) and Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EBA). Each has its specific emphasis, the first on empowering local communities to reduce their vulnerabilities, and the latter on harnessing the management of ecosystems as a means to provide goods and services in the face of climate change. In this paper, ELAN argues for a more truly “integrated approach” to adaptation that addresses and seeks to reconcile differences between CBA and EBA. ELAN has developed a conceptual framework for an approach to adaptation, which empowers