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Jon Cannon | 96 pages | 22 Jul 2014 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9780747812128 | English | London, United Kingdom Medieval Church Architecture - History Learning Site

Romanesque, prevalent in medieval Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries, was the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent. The term was not contemporary with the art it describes, but rather, is an invention of modern scholarship based on its similarity to Roman Architecture in forms and materials. Romanesque is characterized by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, and piers supporting vaults. Romanesque buildings are widely known throughout Europe. Verticality is emphasized in , which features almost skeletal stone structures with great expanses of glass, pared-down wall surfaces supported by external flying buttresses , pointed arches using the ogive shape, ribbed stone vaults, clustered columns, pinnacles and sharply pointed . contain , showing stories from the and from lives of . Such advances in design allowed cathedrals to rise taller than ever. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Church architecture. Further information: Cistercian architecture. Main articles: and Tower house. See also: Romanesque secular and domestic architecture. See also: Gothic secular and domestic architecture. Main article: Pre-Romanesque art and architecture. See also: First Romanesque. Main article: . Main article: Gothic architecture. Main article: Gothic. Main article: Czech Gothic architecture. See also: Austrian Walled Towns. Main article: . Main article: Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School. Main article: Medieval Scandinavian architecture. Gothic architecture , architectural style in Europe that lasted from the midth century to the 16th century, particularly a style of masonry building characterized by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by overlaid . In the 12th—13th century, feats of engineering permitted increasingly gigantic buildings. The rib vault , flying buttress , and pointed Gothic arch were used as solutions to the problem of building a very tall structure while preserving as much natural light as possible. Stained-glass panels rendered startling sun-dappled interior effects. One of the earliest buildings to combine these elements into a coherent style was the of -Denis , Paris c. The years c. Britain, , and Spain produced variations of this style, while Italian Gothic stood apart in its use of brick and marble rather than stone. Gothic architecture Article Media Additional Info. Home Visual Arts Architecture. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree Medieval Art, Architecture and Archaeology in the Dioceses of Aberdeen and Moray - Google Books

It will address the surviving architecture, sculpture, wall-, stained-glass, metalwork and manuscripts associated with medieval churches to try to reconstruct the original appearance of these buildings. In doing so the module will explore questions of making, function and meaning. It will also consider the roles of patrons, artists and critics in determining what was appropriate for the house of God. Taking the period c. Medieval cathedrals and churches are numbered amongst the great monuments of European culture. However modern visitors have a very different experience to that of their medieval predecessors, as they encounter these buildings stripped of their treasures and often in a fragmentary state. The churches and cathedrals built by the Normans tended to use large stones. This was because cutting stone to certain measurements was a skilled art and it is assumed that the Normans reckoned that the Saxons who worked on the stone would not be able to master such a skill. Norman walls and pillars had faced stone on the outer surfaces but rubble was put into the hollow between the cut stone. Hence, the effect would be wall, rubble and wall. Pillars were effectively hollow until the central core was filled with rubble. This method of building was not particularly strong. To get round this and strengthen them, the Normans made their walls much thicker than later styles of building which relied on specifically cut stone that fitted together with the blocks surrounding it thus creating its own strength. Norman doorways into a church or cathedral tended to be highly decorated with concentric arches that receded into the thickness of the wall. Windows were built in a similar way but they remained small and let in little light. This was because the Normans realised that their walls with large window spaces would not have been able to hold up the weight of the roofs. To assist in the support of the roofs, the Normans used large pillars. These allowed the weight of the roof to be dispersed into the foundations via the pillars — once again saving the walls from taking all of the weight of the roof. The of Norman churches and cathedrals were vaulted. These vaults allowed the weight of the roof to be evenly distributed throughout the pillars and walls as the main points of the vaults rested on the tops of the pillars. The Normans used three styles of vaulting: barrel, rib and cross. The architecture used by the Normans must have been successful as so many of their churches and cathedrals still exist — even if they have been built onto. Pillars supporting the roof at Battle Abbey. Gothic architecture, an introduction – Smarthistory

There are no 'live-time' meetings so you can study whenever it suits you. View sample units on our course demonstration site. In this course you will explore the architecture of the English cathedral from its relatively humble beginnings in the Anglo-Saxon period to the turbulent impact of the in the 16th century and beyond. Placing these developments against a rich historical and cultural backdrop, you will examine fixtures and fittings and decorations that help us to understand how these buildings originally appeared, and engage with the dynamic story of changing architectural style. Cathedrals have long been the centre of their community, occupying an imposing position in the landscape. Their rich architecture reflects changing fashions in stylistic taste and evolving religious ideas. Ultimately, each — from Winchester cathedral to — is an attempt to evoke an experience of Heaven on Earth. This course will explore the English medieval cathedral as a developing institution which survived over a thousand years of religious upheaval and historical change, focusing on the multifaceted architecture of these truly great churches. For information on how the courses work, and a link to our course demonstration site, please click here. The course is broken down into 10 units over 10 weeks, each requiring approximately 10 hours of study time. The following topics are covered:. Week 4: the Anglo-Saxon cathedrals, c. Week 5: The Romanesque cathedrals: Normans and Angevins, c. Week 6: From Romanesque to Gothic, c. Week 7: The Early English cathedrals, c. Week 9: The perpendicular cathedrals, c. The slender columns and lighter systems of thrust allowed for larger windows and more light. The windows, tracery, carvings, and ribs make up a dizzying display of decoration that one encounters in a Gothic church. In late Gothic buildings, almost every surface is decorated. Although such a building as a whole is ordered and coherent, the profusion of shapes and patterns can make a sense of order difficult to discern at first glance. After the great flowering of Gothic style, tastes again shifted back to the neat, straight lines and rational geometry of the Classical era. It was in the that the name Gothic came to be applied to this medieval style that seemed vulgar to Renaissance sensibilities. It is still the term we use today, though hopefully without the implied insult, which negates the amazing leaps of imagination and engineering that were required to build such edifices. Gloucester Cathedral. Salisbury Cathedral. More Smarthistory images…. Sign up for our newsletter! Receive occasional emails about new Smarthistory content. We're working hard to create the content you need! During the same time, Arabs got hold of the southern and eastern Mediterranean and they built great palaces such as the in and various great mosques like Kairouan. By A. Some of the famous churches of this time were the St. By the coming of A. They created churches in Italy at Florence and Pisa. In , the Westminster Abbey was created in Gothic architectural style. The Louvre and the Conciergerie were the two built by the Capetian kings of in Paris who also produced various castles on the outskirt of Paris including the castle of Vincennes. The castle of Heidelberg was built in Germany by the Holy Roman kings. Gothic architectural style became significant in Spain after the defeat of Islamic rulers by Reconquista, who created a Gothic cathedral at Seville. However, all these significantly beautiful and strong churches and castles which were produced in Romanesque and Gothic style suggested the power and prosperity of the feudal aristocratic class. The peasants and serfs on the other hands were exploited by the members of nobility. The basic purpose of all these Gothic Churches and castles was either to spread influence of or to protect and to ensure security against invaders, barbarians and Islamic rulers. JP needs to redo his thesis. She said the one that has now is too broad. He needs to focus more on the changes that were made in architecture during this time and why they were made. This article provides a good overview.

Church | architecture | Britannica

This design consisted of a , and . Later on, those cathedrals which were influenced by Justinian significantly used the byzantine architectural style and created huge domes. They also made use of a Greek cross. In order to protect their land and to provide protection for serfs, Lords created castles and fortified walls which later on became most significant non-religious examples of architecture of the . Furthermore, architecture of the Middle Ages can also be studied under different time spans as Pre-Romanesque Architecture, Romanesque Architecture and Gothic Architecture. With changing influences of Church and feudalism, architectural styles of Middle Ages gradually changed from Romanesque architecture to Gothic architecture. During the early Middle Ages, most of the innovative architectural styles were influenced by modernization as architectural works were influenced by Italian, northern, Spanish, and Byzantine inputs. These architectural styles also showed the impact of religious and political competition between kings and the clergy. Romanesque architectural styles were influenced by Roman architecture with significant modernizing techniques. This architectural style was used during A. It is considered as the first important architectural style that was developed after the collapse of . It was still related with Roman architecture because of the use of Roman barrel vault and Roman arch in the buildings of this period. During the period of Romanesque architectural style, the stones used for creating buildings were cut with precision. The use of Roman arch system enabled constructors to support heavy stones at the middle while the barrel vault system was used to support the stone roofs. Gradually, architecture of the Middle Ages went through a significant change and constructors started to produce building with perpendicular architecture which is also known as the Gothic architecture. This building and construction style was used during the period of — A. In Britain, the chapter house is usually polygonal in shape with a slender central column supporting the roof. Chevet Style of construction creating an ambulatory and radiating at the eastern arm of a church. Choir quire Where services are sung, or more generally, the eastern arm of a church. The upper story of a church where it rises above the roof. Window openings allow extra light into the interior of the church. Crypt A vaulted chamber made to house graves and relics, generally located beneath the . Many crypts were very large, to allow numbers of pilgrims access. Font A container, generally of stone, which contained holy water for . Usually located near the west door, sometimes the fonts had elaborately carved wooden canopies. Galilee A porch at the western end of the church used as a for women or penitents. Sometimes the word refers to the entire western end of the nave. Lectern A reading desk, often in the shape of an eagle, made to hold the Bible during services. Usually made of brass. Misericord From the Latin word for "mercy" comes this term which refers to pivoting wooden brackets in choir stalls which lifted up to provide for clergy who had to stand during long church services. Misericords are often ornately carved and decorative. Orientation The compass alignment of the church. The is usually oriented to the east. Pew Wooden seats or benches in the church. Pews only appeared at the end of the medieval period. Often pews had carved bench-ends and were carved with animal or foliage designs. A raised stand from which the preacher addresses the congregation. Usually reached by steps or , often covered by a carved canopy. Reredos A decorative screen behind the altar, usually highly carved. Retable A ledge behind, or attached to, the high altar, where ornaments were placed. Retro-choir The area immediately behind the high altar. A cross erected at the entry to the chancel. The early Dark Ages ca. The transition to i. At any rate, very few buildings survive from the early Dark Ages, and those that did were generally significantly modified in later periods. A handful of Merovingian in France and Anglo-Saxon churches in England comprise the majority of surviving early Dark Age structures. Medieval architecture truly emerged under the Carolingian Empire ca. Once again, however, few works survive, and these have often been subject to major restoration or modification. Under the Carolingians, church architecture received its first major injection of Germanicism , in the form of boosted verticality. Up until the Carolingian period, churches featured balanced proportions , like the original Roman they evolved from. The Carolingians broke with classical proportions, increasing the height of their churches relative to their horizontal dimensions, and establishing towers as a standard element of church design. A monumental church facade is known as a westwork. Traditionally, churches were built with the entrance facing west ; hence the name "westwork". By introducing towers to church design, the Carolingians pioneered the standard facade of the Western cathedral. The typical westwork may be roughly generalized according to a three-by-three grid. The bottom level comprises the main entrance aligned with the nave , flanked by two sub- entrances aligned with the ; the aisles are one level high, while the nave is two levels high. This differential is masked by the towers , however, which rise up above the aisles to the third level of the grid. The finest extant Carolingian building is not a church, but a chapel: Palatine Chapel , a sixteen-sided building commissioned by for his palace at . Much of the building's materials were salvaged from classical ruins in Italy. Much of the chapel interior remains firmly classical , including round arches and Corinthian capitals. The verticality of the dome and the overall structure, however, is strikingly Germanic : classical proportions are never so tall and thin. Later additions to the original chapel have resulted in the much larger structure of . The Carolingian Empire was succeeded by the , which assumed cultural leadership of the West during its first century ca. The Ottonians absorbed and developed upon Carolingian culture; consequently, Ottonian churches also feature basilica and Latin cross layouts, boosted vertical proportions, and towers. Round towers are the most distinctive feature of Ottonian churches. Four such towers grace St Michael's at , likely the finest surviving Ottonian church. Romanesque and Gothic architecture flourished across Western Europe, especially in the north. The heart of both ages, in terms of production and innovation, was France. As noted earlier, the collapse of the Roman Empire resulted in a cultural fracturing of Western Europe. So long as the Empire lived, Western Europe was culturally unified , and art was similar throughout the region; with the fall of and the rise of Germanic kingdoms, cultural unity was lost. Unity was finally restored in the Romanesque age, as the Romanesque style of art and architecture permeated the West. The Romanesque style emerged as architects developed upon Carolingian and Ottonian models. One key development was decoration : Romanesque buildings generally feature a richer abundance of than Carolingian or Ottonian churches whose walls are mostly blank. C61,H An especially suitable canvas for Romanesque sculpture was the : the semi-circular area above an arch-framed door or window. The Romanesque period also marks the rise of stone vaulting as the standard church construction method. This replaced wooden beams , which had supported the roofs of most churches since the Early Christian period when churches first appeared. With vaulted construction, Romanesque architects extended the sheer height of churches farther than ever before. Romanesque architecture thus featured significantly more verticality and intricacy than its Carolingian and Ottonian predecessors. Yet the subsequent Gothic style took these developments even further; relative to Gothic works, Romanesque buildings are only moderately tall and rather plain. The column capitals of medieval Western Europe like those of the Byzantines are loosely derived from the capitals of classical antiquity. Germanic capital decoration is bold and whimsical, featuring animal , floral , and geometric forms. The relentless Germanic quest for verticality and intricacy culminated in Gothic architecture. The Gothic style only became possible with the utter mastery of stone engineering , in which the weight of a vaulted roof was precisely guided through networks of arches, piers, and buttresses. This allowed Gothic architects to erect the tallest buildings the world had ever seen and ever would see, until the industrial age. The perfection of stone engineering allowed all unnecessary bulk to be shed from a cathedral's supportive framework.

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