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Fish Habitats and Species Assemblagei in the Selected Rivers of Kerala and Investigation on Life History Traits of Puntius Carna Ticus (Jerdon, 1849}

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Fish Habitats and Species Assemblagei in the Selected Rivers of Kerala and Investigation on Life History Traits of Puntius Carna Ticus (Jerdon, 1849} FISH HABITATS AND SPECIES ASSEMBLAGEI IN THE SELECTED RIVERS OF KERALA AND INVESTIGATION ON LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF PUNTIUS CARNA TICUS (JERDON, 1849} ‘17{"E.S'I.S' S‘U<B9llI‘I'HZ<D ‘TO ‘IIHE COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOC TO R O F PH I LOSO PH Y (BY mMANOJKUMAR man T.G. COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KOCHI-682016 2006 Qecficatezf to my fiefiruezf parents DECLARATION I,Manojkumar T.G., do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Fish habitats and species assemblage in the selected rivers of Kerala and investigation on life history traits of Puntius carnaticus(Jerd0n,1849)” is a genuine record of research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.B.Madhus00dana Kurup, Professor, School of Industrial Fisheries,Cochin University of Science and Technology ,Kochi -l6 and no part of the work has previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Associateship and Fellowship or any other similar title or recognition of any University or institution. Kochi -682016 .i . 22"“ March 2006 Manojkumar T.G./ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Fish habitats and species assemblage in the selected rivers of Kerala and investigation on life history traits of Puntius carnaticus(Jerdon,I849)” is an authentic record of research work carried out by Sri.Manojkumar T.G. under my guidance and supervision in the School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and no pan thereof has been submitted for any other degree. _ ._3 Kochi — 682016 Dr.B.Madhusoodana‘­ Kurup 22"“ March 2006 (Supervising Guide) Professor School of Industrial Fisheries Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi — I6 flclinowfedgements I wish to express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. B. Madhusoodana Kurup, Professor, School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, for his unfailing guidance, intellectual inputs, invaluable suggestions, critical assessment and constant encouragement throughout the tenure of my research work. I am also gratefill to Prof. (Dr.) Saleena Mathew, Director, School of Industrial Fisheries, Prof. (Dr.) Ramakrishnan Korakkandy and Prof. (Dr.) C. Hridayanathan, Former Directors, School of Industrial Fisheries, for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work successfully. l am happy to record my sincere gratitude to Dr.K.Ravindran,UGC Visiting Professor of this school for his valuable advices and friendly support during the period of my research work at this school. I am deeply indebted to Prof.T. M. Sankaran (Retd), College of Fisheries, Panangad and Dr. M. Hariknshnan, Lecturer, St. Alberts college, Ernakularn for their generous help in the statistical analysis of the data and invaluable help extended to work on various software packages of fish population dynamics. The timely advices given by Dr. Philip Thalamage Scientist, U.S.Geological Survey and Dr. Sanjeevkumar Sreevastava, Scientist, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources,Lucknow in standardising the methodology of the Habitat inventory part of this work is deeply acknowledged. I am grateful to Sri G. Mohan Kumar, IAS, Chairman, MPEDA for encouragement in completing this work after my placement at Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture I am highly thankful to Sri.Y.C.Thampy Samraj, Project Director, RGCA, Dr.P. J ayagopal, Project Manager and all other my colleagues in RGCA — DTS project for rendering their constant motivation and support for completing this work. The encouragement and assistance extended by my teachers, other faculty members of the office staff and my fellow researchers at the School of Industrial Fisheries are greatly acknowledged. I would like to place on records my immense gratitude and appreciation to Mr.Radhakrishnan K.V., Mr.Eapen Jacob, Dr.Euphrasia C.J., Mr.Venu S., Dr.Joice V. Thomas, Mr.Johny T. Varghese, Mr. Ronald W,. Ms. Subhasree Shankar, Mrs.Sreedevi.C. and Mr.Paul Thampy for their valuable help and support rendered for the sumptuous fulfilment of this research work. My sincere thanks are also due to Ms.Neethu K.G.,Data Entry Operator of the NAT—ICAR Project. Sincere thanks are also due to Mr. M. D. Mahesan, V.J. Johny and Mr. Biju for their invaluable support and help rendered in carrying out the habitat inventory surveys in different river systems of Kerala. Last, but not the least, I wish to express my sincere thanks to National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow for giving me an opportunity to work as a Senior Research Fellow in the NAT-ICAR project on ‘Germplasm Inventory Evaluation and Genebanking of Freshwater Fishes’. Manoj kumar T.G. Contents Section I Fish habitat and species assemblage in the selected rivers of Kerala Page Chapter 2.Materials l.General Introductionand methods 241 Chapter 3.Habitat quality and index of biotic integrity 34 in six major river systems of Kerala Chapter 4.Fish diversity vis-£1-vis altitude in the major 58 River basins of Kerala Chapter 5.0n the extent of degradation of fish habitats 75 In the major river systems of Kerala and Management plans for fish germplasm conservation Chapter 6.Habitat Suitability lndex(HSI) models of selected 96 endangered and endemic fish species of Kerala Section II Life history traits and resource characteristics of Puntius carnaticus(Jerdon,1849) Chapter 7. Systematics 8. Food of Puntius and camaticus(Jerdon,1849) Feeding 132 127 Chapter 9. Maturation and Spawning 148 Chapter 10. Length- ll.Age Weight relationship and andGrowth Condition factor 187 1.76 Chapter l2.Population Dynamics 199 PublicationsReferencesChapter 13.Summary and Recommendations 234293 216 Section I Fish habitat and species assemblage in the selected rivers of Kerala Chapter 1 General Introduction 1.1. Introduction Ecology is a new and exceedingly complex field of study, even though its concept was recognized by the Apostles in their use of the phrase ‘all flesh is grass’. Basically it is a quantitative science and is defined as the study of interrelationships among organisms and the interrelationships of organisms with their non-living enviromnents. The environment includes all physical and biological variables affecting a population, including interactions between the individuals of a population and between individuals of different species. Ecology is usually considering as a branch of biology due to its complex relationship with physiology, population genetics, evolutionary biology but it is also an integration of the biological sciences with the earth sciences such as Oceanography and Geology and is a unifying concept of how life exists on our planet (Poole, 1974). Aquatic ecology is a multidisciplinary science with no clear boundaries among the many contributing sciences. And it is, in some ways, more complex than terrestrial ecology, because most other systems that have well-defined boundaries, within which community-ecosystem interactions occur while stream and rivers are highly integrated with the adjacent landscape and are influenced by processes within the riparian corridor and the basin as a whole (Cowx and Welcomme, 1998). Moreover, in aquatic ecosystem both communities and enviromnental units tend to be in a permanent state of turbulent flux (Poole, I974). Comprehensive assessment of aquatic ecosystems starts with an evaluation of habitat quality (Plaflcin et al. 1989). In its broadest sense, the term habitat defines where a species lives without specifying resource availability or use (Cowx and Welcomme, 1998). Habitat diversity is a more useful term than that of ecosystem diversity since habitats are easy to envisage. Furthermore, habitats ofien l have clear boundaries. So habitats have been termed as “template for ecology”(Southwood, 1977). Well over a decades ago, the fishery and natural resource agencies began adopting a habitat —based approach to impact assessment and resource inventory, and habitat now forms the basis of species conservation and management, mitigation, planning and environmental regulation. In comparison to population —based management, habitat has the advantages of being relatively stable through time and habitat is easily defined in intuitive physical terms and provide a tangle resource for negotiations and decision making. However, the validity of habitat-based management rests on a precise definition of what constitutes a species habitat, and accurate quantification of habitat quality (Bain and Hughes, 1996). Physical habitat or abiotic variables are believed to influence both the occurrence and biomass of fishes in stream systems, but these relations are not well understood for most species (Hubert and Rahel, 1989). The physical enviromnent selected by fish depends mainly on geological, morphological and hydrological processes that influence riparian vegetation and form a mosaic of stream channel and floodplain habitats (Keim and Skaugset, 2002). The potential capacity of a stream reach or stream segment to support a rich fish community depends on the habitat complexity. Fish species composition, abundance and age class structure of a specific population are determined by the organization, diversity and structure of the physical stream habitat (Cowx and Welcomme, I998). The biotic diversity and natural characteristic of fish communities are directly related to the variety and extent of natural habitats within a river basin. Consequently, a stream ecosystem has to have a complex habitat structure to maintain a healthy and diverse fish community (Cowx and Welcomme, 1998). Habitat is the principal determinant of biological potential of a stream and, as such, can be used to predict 2 biological conditions, particularly the presence and abundance of fish (Gorman and Kart 1978; Plaflcin et al. 1989; Rankin 1989). On this basis the Conservation International (CI) developed the Rapid Assessment Programme (RAP) to provide information necessary to develop a rational conservation management strategy for a particular area. In a review by WWF, IUCN and UNEP on ways of conserving genetic diversity of fieshwater fish it was recommended that the best way to conserve species diversity is to conserve habitats (Naiman, 1991).
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