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The Freemasonry of the Race": the Cultural Politics of Ritual, Race, and Place in Postemancipation Virginia

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The Freemasonry of the Race W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2001 "The freemasonry of the race": The cultural politics of ritual, race, and place in postemancipation Virginia Corey D. B. Walker College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Walker, Corey D. B., ""The freemasonry of the race": The cultural politics of ritual, race, and place in postemancipation Virginia" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623392. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-fey2-vz02 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. “THE FREEMASONRY OF THE RACE”: THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF RITUAL. RACE, AND PLACE IN POSTEMANCIPATION VIRGINIA A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Corey D. B. Walker 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor o f Philosophy ith o i Approved, November 2001 Y * rs\ bed • C Kimberley L. Ph Hips Melvin Patrick Ely Arthur L Reginakr D. Butler University of Virginia J e tt Scot A. French University of Virginia Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... vi A NOTE ON FREEMASONRY............................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 2 PARTI CHAPTER I. RITUALS OF RACE, POLITICS OF EMPIRE: TRANSLATING FREEMASONRY IN THE AFRICAN DIASPORA.................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER II. “THE HUTS OF AMERICA”: THE METAPHORS AND MEANINGS OF FREEMASONRY.................................................................................... 110 PART II PROLOGUE............................................................................................................................... 186 CHAPTER III. THE MODERNITY OF FREEMASONRY: CONSTRUCTING A POSTEMANCIPATION IDEOLOGY................................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER IV. SECRET RITES, PUBLIC POWER: THE POLITICAL USES OF RITUAL AND SECRECY................................ 271 EPILO G U E....................................................................................................................................350 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “My final prayer: O my body, make of me always a man who questions!” Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks I could not have completed this project without the guidance, support, and advice of a wonderful advisor. Kimberley L. Phillips is a model dissertation and graduate advisor. She has been instrumental in helping me realize my potential as a scholar. I will be forever grateful that I was granted the opportunity to work with her. I would also like to thank my other committee members at The College of William and Mary, Melvin Ely and Arthur Knight, for agreeing to work with me on this project. The Carter G. Woodson Institute at the University of Virginia provided a collegial and intellectually stimulating environment where this project was conceived and written. The Woodson Institute also provided a vital Summer Research Fellowship that was instrumental in getting this research effort underway. I would like to thank Reginald Butler for giving me access to this critical space and for being a great mentor. I would also like to thank Scot French for his excitement about the project and for availing himself to me for many formal and informal consultations. Needless to say, without the support of my family and friends I would not have been able to complete this dissertation. I am forever thankful to my mother and father who nurtured my many dreams - one of which is fulfilled here. To my brothers, Gary, iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Michael, and Mark, thanks for showing me the way. To the tribes of Walker, Bazemore, Brinson, Newton, and Jarrett, thanks for your support and encouragement. Most importantly, I want to thank my wife, Carthene Bazemore Walker, Ph.D. More than any other, she has shown me what it means to be human. Thank you for your unending support and encouragement. I love you. Finally, I would like to thank the Ford Foundation for awarding me a fellowship that provided the necessary funding to complete this project and the members of Jefferson Lodge #20 F. & A. M., PHA, who opened up their lives and record books so that my effort would not be in vain. I dedicate this dissertation to my grandfather, the Reverend T. M. Walker, a great man and Mason. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT African American cultural and social history has neglected to interrogate fully a crucial facet of African American political, economic, and social life: African American Freemasonry. “ The Freemasonry of the Race The Cultural Politics of Ritual, Race, and Place in Postemancipation Virginia seeks to remedy this neglect by developing an in-depth and critical treatment of this fraternal order. This project broadly situates African American Freemasonry in the complex and evolving relations of power, peoples, and polities of the Atlantic world. The study develops an interpretative framework that not only recognizes the organizational and institutional aspects of African American Freemasonry, but also interprets it as a discursive space in and through which articulations of race, class, gender, and place are theorized and performed. These public and private performances - often encoded inarchaic symbols and languages - mark the cultural divides and socio-political conflicts that litter the landscape of United States social and civic life. “The Freemasonry o f the Race ” presents a critical cartography of African American Freemasons’ responses to the social and political exigencies of the postemancipation period. Through the lens of African American Freemasonry, this project presents a textured reading of the social, cultural, and political situation of African Americans in the postemancipation period. The study connects the developments of African American Freemasonry in the Atlantic world with the every day culture of African American Freemasonry in Charlottesville, Virginia from the conclusion of the Civil War until the turn of the century. Utilizing African American Freemasonry as a critical optic, the major question this study attempts to respond to is: How can we historicize and (re)present African American Freemasonry in order to rethink the cultural and political space of the postemancipation period in the United States? This project is also concerned with the issue of how to conceptualize a postemancipation South as a moment of intersection of different historical temporalities each embedded with various cultural, social, political, and economic projects. Borrowing and blending a number of methodologies from social history, literary theory, and cultural studies, “ The Freemasonry of the Race The Cultural Politics of Ritual, Race, and Place in Postemancipation Virginia presents a set of analytic essays on African American Freemasonry, each intimately concerned with deciphering some of the principles that organized and (re)constructed various regimes of power and normality along the fault lines of race, sex, gender, class, and place. By thinking and working through African American Freemasonry in such a manner, this project seeks to open up new interdisciplinary horizons in African American cultural and social history. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A NOTE ON FREEMASONRY As the title, “The Freemasonry o f the Race The Cultural Politics o f Ritual, Race, and Place in Postemancipation Virginia, intimates, the major themes explored in this dissertation go beyond the intimate confines of the Freemason Lodge. It should not be assumed that the reader must have a deep knowledge of this fraternal order, nor must s/he fully understand the ritual practices and logics of this group. However, it may prove helpful to be acquainted, by way of this brief introductory note, with
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