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Les Papallones Com a Bioindicadores Dels Hàbitats a Catalunya: L’Exemple Dels Prats De Dall I Les Pastures Del Parc Natural Dels Aiguamolls De L’Empordà

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Les Papallones Com a Bioindicadores Dels Hàbitats a Catalunya: L’Exemple Dels Prats De Dall I Les Pastures Del Parc Natural Dels Aiguamolls De L’Empordà Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat., 73: 139-162. 2005 ISSN: 1133-6889 SISTEMES I PROCESSOS Les papallones com a bioindicadores dels hàbitats a Catalunya: l’exemple dels prats de dall i les pastures del Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Constantí Stefanescu*, Josep Peñuelas** & Iolanda Filella** Rebut: 16.01.06 Acceptat: 05.10.06 Resum anys i a la seva singularitat dins de l’àrea medi- terrània, permeten considerar-les objectivament com un dels hàbitats més amenaçats del PNAE i El Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà de tot Catalunya. En una segona part del treball, (PNAE) és un dels espais protegits més coneguts i s’analitzen les respostes de les papallones enfront emblemàtics a Catalunya. Un dels seus hàbitats de l’abandonament de les closes i de la seva més localitzats i amenaçats són les anomenades recuperació a partir d’antics conreus intensius. Els closes, prats destinats a la producció de farratge, canvis que experimenten les comunitats de envoltats per canals de desguàs i bosc de ribera, ropalòcers poden passar del tot desapercebuts si inundats durant part de l’hivern i dallats periòdi- les anàlisis es focalitzen en indicadors generals (p. cament. Recentment s’ha demostrat que la comu- ex., riquesa específica i abundància). Contrària- nitat vegetal més típica de les closes és la més rica ment, es demostra que la resposta d’algunes espè- del Parc i la que alberga les espècies més rares. En cies potencialment bioindicadores pot ser molt aquest treball s’utilitzen dades de papallones més acusada, encara que cal conèixer la seva eco- diürnes (ropalòcers), obtingudes després d’aplicar logia per poder-la interpretar correctament. En durant 17 anys la metodologia del Butterfly Moni- concret, es conclou que Plebejus argus representa toring Scheme, per avaluar l’interès de conserva- la millor espècie bioindicadora d’unes condicions ció dels principals ambients del PNAE. Les closes ambientals pròpies de les closes empordaneses constitueixen l’hàbitat més valuós també per als tradicionals: les poblacions responen amb descen- ropalòcers. La coincidència dels resultats per a sos rapidíssims quan les condicions òptimes es de- dos grups taxonòmics amplis que ocupen nivells terioren, i també amb augments progressius quan tròfics diferents, sumada a l’alarmant regressió l’hàbitat millora. A més, es tracta d’una espècie que han experimentat les closes en els darrers 50 molt sedentària que s’estructura en forma de metapoblacions, per la qual cosa el monitoratge * Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Granollers - d’una població reflecteix també les condicions del Ciències Naturals, Francesc Macià, 51. E-08402 Granollers. paisatge del seu entorn. Espanya. A/e: [email protected] ** Unitat d’Ecofisiologia CSIC-CEAB-CREAF. CREAF (Cen- MOTS CLAU: closes, interès per a la conservació, tre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals), Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 08193 Bellaterra (Bar- ropalòcers, Plebejus argus, bioindicadors, Parc celona), Espanya. Natural dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà, Catalunya. 139 SISTEMES I PROCESSOS Abstract Resumen Butterflies as bioindicators of Catalan ha- Las mariposas como bioindicadoras de los bitats: the case of hay meadows and pastures hábitats de Cataluña: el ejemplo de los pra- in the Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park dos de siega y los pastos en el Parc Natural de los Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park is one of the most important protected wetland areas on the El Parque Natural de los Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Mediterranean coast. In this article, butterfly (PNAE) es uno de los espacios protegidos más cono- assemblages were used to characterize and evaluate cidos y emblemáticos de Cataluña. Uno de sus the conservation value of the main habitat types in hábitats más localizados y amenazados son las deno- this protected area. Butterfly data were obtained minadas closes, prados de siega destinados a la pro- from a number of transects walked as part of the ducción de forraje, rodeados de canales de desagüe e Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, which uses a inundados durante parte del invierno. Recientemen- standardized methodology for monitoring butterflies. te, se ha demostrado que la comunidad vegetal más Hay meadows flooded in winter (the so-called típicamente asociada con estos prados es la más rica closes) appeared always as the highest ranked del Parque y la que alberga las especies más raras. habitat in terms of conservation evaluation: they En este trabajo se utilizan datos de mariposas diurnas have more butterflies and a slight tendency to (ropalóceros), obtenidos después de aplicar durante harbour more and generally rarer species. This 17 años la metodología del Butterfly Monitoring conclusion coincides with that of previous Scheme, para evaluar el interés de conservación investigations indicating that the most diverse and de los principales ambientes del PNAE. Las closes rare plant communities in the whole Natural Park constituyen también para los ropalóceros el are present in the closes, and highlights the hábitat más valuoso. La coincidencia en los resulta- importance of traditionally managed hay meadows dos obtenidos en dos grupos taxonómicos amplios for wildlife. However, these hay meadows are in y que ocupan niveles tróficos distintos, sumada a la alarming decline and have become one of the most alarmante regresión que han experimentado las threatened habitats in this area and the whole closes en los últimos 50 años y a su singularidad en Mediterranean region. In a second part of the el área mediterránea, permiten considerarlas objeti- article, we analysed the responses of butterfly vamente como uno de los hábitats más amenazados communities once the closes are abandonned or del PNAE y del conjunto de Cataluña. En una se- when they are recovered from former arable gunda parte del trabajo, se analizan las respuestas fields. Changes may be completely overlooked if de las mariposas frente al abandono de las closes y the analyses are focussed on general patterns for a su recuperación a partir de antiguos cultivos inten- the whole community (e.g. species richness and sivos. Los cambios que experimentan las comu- abundance). On the other hand, several individual nidades de mariposas pueden pasar del todo desaper- species showed strong population trends and some cibidos si los análisis se focalizan en indicadores of them may be considered as true bioindicators of generales (p. ej., riqueza específica y abundancia). the narrow environmental conditions associated Contrariamente, se demuestra que la respuesta de with this kind of habitat. In particular, we suggest algunas especies potencialmente bioindicadoras that Plebejus argus represents an excellent puede ser muy acusada, si bien es necesario cono- bioindicator of these traditionally managed hay cer su ecología para poder interpretarla correctamen- meadows: its populations always showed dramatic te. En concreto, se concluye que Plebejus argus re- decreases once the closes were abadonned, presenta la mejor especie bioindicadora de las pe- overgrazed or invaded by exotic weeds, and culiares condiciones ambientales propias de las progressive increases once the quality of the closes: las poblaciones responden con descensos meadows improved. Moreover, this highly rapidísimos cuando estas condiciones se deterio- sedentary species exists as metapopulations and, ran, y también con aumentos progresivos cuando therefore, the wealth of local populations also el hábitat mejora. Además, se trata de una especie reflects that of the surrounding landscape. muy sedentaria que se estructura en forma de metapoblaciones, por lo cual el monitoreo de una KEY WORDS: hay meadows, conservation value, población local refleja también las condiciones butterflies, Plebejus argus, bioindicators, Aigua- del paisaje de su entorno. molls de l’Empordà Natural Park, Catalunya, Mediterranean region. PALABRAS CLAVE: prados de siega, interés para la 140 conservación, ropalóceros, Plebejus argus, de les seves poblacions mitjançant la metodo- bioindicadores, Parque Natural de los logia del Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (abreu- Aiguamolls de l’Empordà, Cataluña. jada BMS; Stefanescu, 1995, 2000). Introducció Les closes empordaneses, un hàbitat singu- lar i amenaçat El patrimoni natural del Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Entre tots aquests treballs, cal esmentar la valoració que Gesti et al. (2003) fan sobre Els aiguamolls de l’Empordà representen l’interès de conservació dels diferents hàbi- una de les àrees més emblemàtiques i més tats del PNAE a partir de les comunitats vege- apreciades entre els espais naturals de Catalu- tals, en què destaca l’interès excepcional de nya. Tradicionalment, han estat molt valorats les anomenades closes, un dels hàbitats més per la seva extraordinària riquesa ornitològica localitzats i amenaçats del Parc. Les closes (Sargatal & del Hoyo, 1989), motiu principal tradicionals són prats destinats a la producció pel qual van ser declarats com a Parc Natural de farratge, típicament envoltats per canals de el 1983 i posteriorment inclosos en la llista desguàs i bosc de ribera (principalment om, Ramsar de zones humides d’importància in- Ulmus minor, freixe de fulla petita, Fraxinus ternacional. angustifolia, i roure martinenc, Quercus humilis), L’interès del Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls inundats durant part de l’hivern i dallats d’un de l’Empordà (d’ara endavant PNAE), tan- a tres cops (a final de la primavera i al llarg de mateix, va molt més enllà del grup de les aus, l’estiu) segons la productivitat de la tempora- com així ja ho va posar de manifest l’estudi da. Aquests prats mantenen una elevada humi- interdisciplinari promogut per la Institució tat durant tot l’any i permeten l’establiment de Catalana d’Història Natural fa vora de vint la comunitat vegetal Arrhenatheretum elatioris anys i publicat en forma de monogràfics Br.-Bl., 1915, que, tal com demostren Gesti et (Sargatal & Fèlix, 1989; Gosálbez et al., al. (2003), no només és la més rica i diversa 1994). La flora, en particular, ha estat objecte de totes les comunitats vegetals del PNAE de nombroses recerques al llarg dels darrers sinó que també alberga les espècies que tenen anys (p.
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