Cesare Lombroso

CE SARE LOMBROSO

A MOD ERN MAN OF SCIENCE

CESARE LOMBROSO

A M OD E RN M AN OF SC IEN C E

HAN S KURELLA M , D

A UT HOR OF N A T URA L HI ST ORY OF T HE C RI M I N A L ET , C .

T RA N SLA T ED FROM T HE G ERMAN BY

M ED EN PAUL M D . , . .

N EW YORK R E B MA N C O MP A N Y

1 12 3 B R O A D W A Y

PREFACE

THE of s book a s sh ows subject thi little is , its title , sa L m s man and n s a Ce re o bro o , the the i ve tig tor ; it a s n o a a a a m ke ttempt to de l dequ tely with Lombroso , f n n i the reformer o crimi ology a d crim nal sociology . ’ To do j ustice to Lombroso s work in the latter re spect

s at a n would be impos ible , without the s me time writi g the history of the Italian school of po sitive criminal j urisprudence and that of the inﬂuence of that s chool upon importan t tendencies of the public life of ll a the leading civilized peoples . It would also be impos sible without dealing at the same time with the f F r a plan o the new Germa n crimin al code . o m ny re as ons I have refrained from any s uch attempt ; ll a a V o f of a . N bove , in iew limits sp ce one the less , ’ I have dealt with Lombroso s a ctivity as a reformer a s far as this was essential in order to do j u stice to th e personality of the dece ased investigator . a s of a Cert in brief section this book h ve , with con side rable m a o a odiﬁc ti ns , been t ken over from my earlier publications upon the development of criminal an o i . E n s a thr pology tirely new , however , the ttempt here made to demonstra te how high is the po sition Lombro so may justly be said to h ave occupied in a a f of o f brilli nt epoch o positive study the world ,

V 216 6 1 7 . vi PREFACE

an and f to a m kind , o society . In order illustr te the of a an A n positive mode thought , I h ve in ppe dix , to ’ I s a a n which e peci lly direct the reader s ttentio , a ttempted a tabular statement of the facts and documents of positivism during the middle decade s n n s n in s of the ninetee th century. The i clu io thi tabular statemen t of the principal writings of Herbert Spencer is the result of mature consideration and o f a renewed c areful study of his e ssay entitled “ R easons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of ’ m . o m s n s M C mte . Co te s philo ophy represe t erely on s m a s and is the reﬂecti of po itivis bout it elf , no more than the introduction to the completer develop m ent of positivism . A HAN S KURE LL . i B ONN Wh tswnf/id e 1910 . , ,

PREFATORY NOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR

I TAKE this opportunity of expressing my grateful

m n s . a E s wh o a m a ckno wledg e t to Mr H velock lli , re d y in n s and a an a a tra nsla tion ma u cript , m de m y v lu ble s ugge stion s a s to termin olo gy; M N . EDE PAUL .

O FT K STONE O S T . MO RCRO , PAR , D R E

Chri s fmza s , 1910 . CONTENTS

CHAPTER PREFACE

’ AN TE CE DE NT s — LOMRROS O S E ECESSO S IN RE . PR D R SEARCH

I I C IMIN NTH O O O Y . R AL A R P L G

’ O OSITION T o LOMRROS O S VIEWS WO N A III . PP MA s CRIMINAL THE POLITICAL CRIMINAL CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY ’ V ENE ONS E T ONS E N LOMB R S I . G RAL C ID RA I R GARDI G O O S

I E - WO K S A SOCIA E O ME HIS METHO S L F R A L R F R R , D , AND HIS PHILOSOPHY THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CRIMINAL AN THROPOLOGY VI C IMIN J IS ENCE E A A IAN . R AL UR PRUD P LLAGR AGR R RE FORM

VII ENV ON ENT N T E T EO IES As TO T E N T E . IR M A D H H R H A UR — ’ OF GENIUS LOMB ROS O S GENI US AND PERSONALITY

’ EN X A LOMB ROS O S S T ST ESE ES 1 APP DI . PIRI UALI IC R ARCH 67

EN IX B IST OF B OO K S ONS TE 1 APP D . L C UL D 77

EN IX C CTS AND OC MENTS OF OSITIVISM 178 APP D . FA D U P

INDEX

CESARE LOMBROSO

CHAPTE R I

ANTECED ENTS—LOMB ROS O’ S PRED ECE SSORS IN RE SE ARCH

CE S ARE LOMBROS O wa s n a as an A s a born in Vero , u tri n

6 1835 and wa s t h e s subject , on November , , econd

f n child in a family o ﬁve . His father Aro sprang

a a an a n can from Veneti n merc tile f mily , whose origi

a a a of A a s be tr ced b ck to colony North fric n Jew ,

a a and . A a tr ding with Leghorn , Geno , Venice g in and again members of the Lombroso family settled

a in one or other of these ports . The br nch to which he himself belonged h ad lived for s everal centurie s in Venice and the Venetian territories on the m ain l nd a 1448 n a a a , of which from the ye r o w rds Veron ’

a a a s formed a part ; they were p trici n merch nt , to

a wh om the French occup tion , occurring before

’ had and Lombroso s father grew up , brought full ‘ equ al privilege s of citizenship . Several members

1 Th e ami name or n a rono n e Lumbros o s o s f ly , igi lly p u c d , h w e ar a th e famil b e on e d t o th e S an h e s who e re cl ly th t yo l g p js J w w a ; 1 2 CESA RE LOMRROSO of this Venetian family were distinguished by charac te ristic and vigoro us action on beh alf Of the c ause

n n In a N A a in of e lighte ment . Virgini , orth meric ,

n n n a the seve tee th ce tury , the brother of direct a s r sa L m r os at a r a s s nce to of Ce re o b o , g e t ri k to him elf of n a s mo s n a being bur ed live , prote ted t e ergetic lly a a ns a and a a g i t the belief in witchcr ft , decl red th t the reputed witches were hysterical merely . The French em ancipation o f Upper Italy was

in 1 14 A s a a but followed 8 by the u tri n re ction , the family s uffered at this time from the decline in

n o s n r for a 1830 eco omic pr perity (i ter upted while in , when Venice became a free port) upon which its own

- well being and patrician po sition h ad been dependent . The formation of the Hapsburg Kingdom o f Lombardy and Venice put an end for the time being. to equality of civil rights for the Jews and Verona wa s one of the few towns of the distri ct in which Jewish boys were allowed to a ttend the

mnas s m m Gy ium (public chool) , now re oved fro the

of n and a control the freethi kers , h nded over to that

Of the Je suits .

’ Lombro so s o Z e ﬁra L ma When m ther , evi, rried

A on L so in a 1830 h e s a r ombro the ye r , s tipul ted that h e r children mus t be brought up in a place in which

e e e r o m a n and s e e in N r A r Th e n xp ll d f Sp i ttl d o th f ica . ame is “ ” a an s a e e in ommon u e e no n e r Sp i h dj ctiv c s , d ti g cl a or ” m na n illu i ti g. ANTECEDENTS 3 it wo uld be po ssible for them t o attend the higher schools .

a a Z ﬁra a The m rri ge with e Levi , who belonged to rich family engaged in the higher branch of industrial

ﬁ n of life , did not s uf ce to preve t the onset poverty ; and the youth of the ﬁve children of the m arria ge

wa s as a a . p sed in n rrow circumst nces The mother ,

n and a a and richly endowed both in mi d in ch r cter , deeply concern ed regarding the upbringing and culture

’

n a s n a . S of her childre , rem ined her on s co ﬁd nt he nourished in him the love of freedom and the sense of a independence , both of which were domin nt in

at n s her parental home Chieri , one of the ce tre of

a of a a . an i s a ctivity the C rbon ri Chieri , ndu tri l town

la r of Piedmont , y beyond the sphe e of inﬂuence of

a a and Ra aid of H yn u detzky , who , with the their

a s and e a a and Cro t Tschech , encour ged the feud l

nd a a a a . cleric l re ction in Venice , Veron , Milan

’ Lombroso s father was an amateur as regards

a a a man h ad pr ctic l life , who grown up under the inﬂuence of the French spirit and in a perfectly

a s a a man of a n of a free soci l t te , gre t good ess he rt , but as little ﬁtted to cope with the inﬂuences of the ec onomic dec ay o f the Venetian State a s he wa s with

A s a f those of the u tri n reign o terror.

’ During Lombroso s childhood there occurred a con spiracy on the part of certain Veronese patriots a a s A s an a n g in t the u tri occup tio , which was suppressed 4 CESARE LOMBROSO by the wholesale hanging and shooting of the conspirators ; and when he was only thirteen year s o f a ge there took place the temporary freeing of Milan and Venice from the Au strian yoke an

n in n me n an s eve t which the you g of Mil , the econd

a s n an R a l rge t tow of the old Veneti epublic , pl yed a lively part .

’ Lombroso s revolutionary tendencie s in the ﬁeld o f

and his s a s for a a n science , m ll re pect wh t was tr ditio a s a s s s n on lly e t bli hed , were doubtle depe dent up the joint effect of the inherited tendencie s and the youthful m n n i pre ssio s I have described . An importa t additional

’ factor in his development wa s his family s lo ss of

n s a s an in fortu e , con equent upon the politic l di turb ces

a as n re - s a s n of It ly , which l ted u til the e t bli hme t the

n n a and Austrian dominio . It was o ly the cour ge capacity of the mother which saved the children from sinking into the ra nks o f the proletariat ; but some

s s a s s n a and ff Of lo s of oci l po ition wa i evit ble , the e ect

’ this on Lombro so s distinctive temperament may be traced in the fact that he was a rebel from youth

n a s and s n s a s s o w rd , tro gly oppo ed the (vit li tic) doctrine profe ssed at the Universitie s by the son s o f the well

- s n a to do . Thus it wa also that he ve tured serious attack upon the interests of the great landed pro p rie tors o f Upper Italy by his descriptions of agrarian poverty and his bold exposition of the causes of pellagra .

6 CESARE LOMB ROSO who endeavo ured by means of compa rative philolo gy to explain the origin of the earliest religious and legal

’ s l M r l u n . Ce ccare a z o o s a r hi in tit tio s , biogr phe , in s

s on s a r s in 18 0 ﬁr t work this inve tig to , publi hed 7 (by

s a s s In 1850 n Priuli of Trevi o) , writes follow , whe

’ the ﬁrs t volume o f Marz olo s Monumenti s torici

’ a a ana s a a a as u s a rivel ti d ll li i dell p rol w p bli hed , cert in periodic als reviewed the book in the mo st favoura ble terms . B ut the writer himself was disappointed by

a s a w a - a n their rem rks , for he th t his well me ni g

h d r h n one critic s a not really unde stood is ide as . The

' day he read in a j o urnal published in Verona a n article in which full j ustice was done to his book ; he

s a a a n s s de ired to m ke the cqu inta ce of thi critic , who e na was n o and s a me u kn wn to him , who e re l under

’ s tanding of Marz olo s views h ad delighted the latter

m a a and h ad at n for the ﬁrst ti e in sever l ye rs , le gth

s rewarded him for his long a nd arduou s labour . He imagined th at the writer o f the notice mu st be an

an n a dv ced but lonely s cie tiﬁc thinker , one who owing t o his priva te circumstances or on a ccount of the disturbed time s h ad hitherto lived in retirement . But when the writer o f the review came to se e Marzolo a t s a o n n a s Trevi o , it proved to be y uth o ly sixtee ye r — — o f a ge Cesare Lombro so the ﬁrst in all Italy to n recognize the genius of Marzolo , bringi g the love of ” a s on a nd the devotion of a disciple .

’ At the outset of Lombroso s studies he was greatly ANTECEDENTS 7

’ inﬂuenced by reading Burdach s Handbuch der

P a a a a . hysiologie , work rich in nthropologic l ide s 1 At a a a a was the University of P vi , P nizz the only

’ man who h a d much effect in shaping Lombroso s

n me tal development .

n ' 1 0 to 1860 on a Duri g the dec ade 85 , the other h nd ,

s a s a s - a man wa s m an s Lombro o , elf t ught , si ult eou ly inﬂuenced by three great contemporary and com

l n r — n s s p e me ta y tendencie s th at of Fre ch po itivi m ,

a a a s a d a of E n s th t of German m teri li m , n th t gli h

n as - a a ao evolutio ism . With the l t n med he bec me

quainted through French intermediation . He never

a h ad any clinical instruction in psychiatry . He re d

s Charui i and a the work Of g , Griesinger , the gre t

psychiatrists of the school of E squi rol .

’ Lombro so s a a a a a s ttitude tow rd s Germ n m teri li m ,

n by which in youth he was so powerfully inﬂue ced , is s hown most clearly by two utterance s of his regarding M l h tt o e sc o . The ﬁrst of these occurs in the prefa ce

’ to his Ita lian edition of Mole s ch ott s K reislauf d e s ” a a s a no t s 1869 Lebens , tr n l tion publi hed till , though

1 — B artolom e o Panizza in 1812- 13 army s urge on atta che d t o th e gr and s arm ée in Ru s sia ; in 1815 pro fe s s or of a natomy at — Pavia l di s co ve re d th e ch ara cte ris tic o f the cr o c o dile t o which

' B riicke g ave th e n ame of f or m e n P a/m z z ce wid e ly kn o wn a s a te ra to lo gi st a nd co mpara tive an ato mis t in 1856 publish e d his “ ” ss e r a on s e r m e n a sul n e rvo o o as e u on th e O v zi i p i t li ttic , b d p me o o f s e on ar e e ne ra on of th e m e ar s e a th d c d y d g ti dull y h th , s s e n a i s ub que tly ppl e d by Gudde n with s uch v al uable re sul t . 8 CESARE LOMBROSO

a I written in the e rly sixties . ( n the year 1854 Mole schott was expelled from Heidelberg on account of the publication of this work ; fro m 1861 to 1879 he wa s

sso o f profe r physiology in Turin . ) The pa ssage runs “ a I s s I . At a a nd follow ( l te hour , perhap s, a

was and n yet when the time ripe , u questionably with greater sincerity and fervour than h a s been the c ase

o a s a k a with the ther L tin people , It ly too p rt in the s cientiﬁc movement of which this book formed the

- n B ut s tarting poi t . just because she was so tardy an a n an d in n a a s a dhere t , the e de vour , it were , to m ke

s m s are up for lo t ti e , some person in this country apt to go too far ; not only do they conte st the old

s and a s a a s prejudice the f l e uthorities , but they l o

or s n s a a s s m as n deny mi u der t nd f ct , i ply for the re o

a a m s a s that those in the other c mp d it the e f ct , or l because the se facts appear to s upport the O d doctrines . Thus they often follow leaders who are not entirely to

st s a s Biich ne r R nan and R and be tru ed , uch , e , eich they mistake declamations and confused rh apsodies

n a s ana s a a for sou d rgument , Oppose f tici m with f n ticism and f n s o s for , of er to their e emie the to l needed the recon struction of the buildings which have ju st been ra ze d to the ground . The other pa s sage o ccurs in his obituary notice on “ M l sch ott n in 1893 r s o f o e , writte The whole cou e modern science show s tha t the impulse it received

l - M l s hott is n from the ife work of o e c destined , not o ly AN TECEDENTS 9

ma and a to per sist , but to ke further more r pid pro

a s s s gress . Moreover , the reputed phil nthropi t , who e objection was not so much to the truth it self a s to the inj uriou s con sequence s which they believed would

n - d a a follow from its publicatio , must see to y th t

a and a a n certain truths , however d ngerous l rmi g they

a t s a a a a a may ﬁr t ppe r , le d ultim tely to the gener l a a a and a a a of a a dv nt ge , to the dv nt ge even th t mor lity on which it wa s at ﬁr st suppo sed they would h ave a

n ff no s s us damagi g e ect . It longer di tre ses when we s a a a s s a s and e e th t mor lity , th nk to oci l phy ics

s political economy, must de cend from its glittering

a a s a a a in but fr gile met phy ic l lt r , order to ﬁnd in

a s s a utility mode t but ecure found tion , from which it becomes pos sible to render h armle s s or to diminis h th at crime which hitherto h as mocked at penal ” methods .

In n a 1856 s a fﬁ Vie n , in , Lombro o p ssed the o cial

f r hi examin ation o s medical degree . Here the inﬂu

’ a and Lombroso s n ence of Skod , becomi g acquainte d

a of not with the e rly works Virchow , did tend to induce in him s entiments of toleration towa rds the vitalis tic doctrines domin ant at the Italian Universities or towards the n arrow circle of profes sor s owing their appointment to Au s tri an inﬂuence and intere s ted in

a n an f the m i ten ce o these doctrine s . He never ceas ed to be affected by this early opposition to a ca demic

a n and a a s a tr ditio to c demic circle ; in f ct , it acce ntu 10 CESA RE LOMBROSO a ted in him a certain natura l tendency to paradoxes and s s here ie .

1 a o xa s a a The inclin ti n to e ct ob erv tion , cquired

his on a an s n through c t ct with Germ cie ce , led him to

s t o s and as m n the tudy, wi h rec rd of weight me ure e ts , 2 of cretinism in Upper Italy ; from this to the utiliza tion of these method s for the in stiga tion Of an anthrOp ome trical investigation of the population of Upper Italy ; and also to the s tudy o f clinical p ey chia tr at a e n n in 3 y , th t time tirely eglected Italy .

’ The tran slation of Mole s ch ott s epoch - making writings

’ gave a ﬁnish to Lombro so s conception of the world he broke loo se from the specul ative tenden cy of the

1 I ha ve not b e en able t o a s c e rtain pre cis e ly t o wha t e xte nt

o m ro so a s nﬂ n e e Th r n L b w i ue ce d by ' u t le t . e w iti gs of this n e s a or n ot re a him di re e ro a i v tig t did ch ctly , but th y p b bly ’ “ in ﬂue n ce d him in dire ctly by way of von Oe ttinge n s Mora l

Statistik . 3 R e r i s ul cr e tin e simo in Lom ar a Ga z z Me dical. ic ch b di , . I ta li a ma L o m a r da N o 1 1859 b , . 3 , . 3 To e e r Mant e az z a his o e a e a s e e r me n a g th with g , c ll gu ( xp i t l

a o o s in Pa a ro m 1861 t o 1866 Lom r oso wa s th e p th l gi t) vi f , b o n e r f r in a Of a n ro o o in th f u d o an th opolo gy It ly . th p l gy e m o e rn s e ns e is o ss e t o s e a on sin e in t he e ar 1859 d it p ibl p k ly c , y ,

B r a he ar s an r a o e re o s o c fo un de d t P i i An th opolo gic l S ci ty. P vi u ly ’ “ ” th e e rm h a d e no e a s K a n s An ro o o s o s t d t d, t th p l gy h w , h r e mpirical de s criptive p s ycholo gy . Fro m t e ﬁ s t the do ctrine o f th e im o r an ar e e s o f hii m an e n s n s an re n s m p t t v i ti b i g (i ity , c ti i , r mina e ni s e e ne ra on wa s for Lom ro s o a a e r c i lity , g u , d g ti ) b ch pt f n r n r rom th e rs a s o h e re ar e a o ge e al a th opolo gy. F ﬁ t l g d d kno wle dge Of th e e nvironm e nt a s o f th e gre a t e s t import ance for an un de rs tan din g o f th e origin o f th e s e varie tie s (s id e A NTECEDENTS 11

s a r of da at a ma p ychi t y the y , which th t time in Ger ny also was assuming the mo st remarka ble forms ; he , turned with repugnance from the interminable dis cus sions a of and a reg rding the freedom the will , beg n ,

a of sa o f a a and in the c se the in ne , crimin l lun tics , of na s a a ana crimi l , to study their p thologic l tomy

as s s ss ( si ted here by Golgi) , their sen ory impre ions , — and their anthropologic al and more e specially

ni — cra ological peculiaritie s .

It is a well - known fact th at from th at day to our

n a a of s s s h a s ow the pathologic l an tomy the p ycho e .

s wa o f s s not not furni hed much in the y po itive result , even to the mos t accomplished Virtuosos of the

n f methods of s taini g the ﬁbres o the brain . Lom

o In a a a n a a s br so , to whom P vi Golgi for lo g time cted

' a ss s a s s s s i t nt , wi ely refu ed to limit him elf to the tudy

a a ana a a s a s of p thologic l tomy , but lw ys inve tig ted ide by side with this the clinic al fea tures of the p sycho se s

and neuroses . From the ﬁrs t he inclin ed to the view th at the

exact measurement and de scription of skull s and brains would lead to the dis covery of deﬁnite dis

tinctions a and sa na s between s ne in ne crimi l , between

a and s . lun tics epileptic , etc Whilst he never ignored clinical Observation and

s of s s r s a s the tudy the en o y function , he g ve the ﬁr t place to weights and measurements : the se were to him the guarantees of an exa ct method of procedure 12 CESARE LOMBROSO and he was led to borrow the in struments and method s of anth ropology on account of his postulate

an an o o o f n a s and na s for thr pol gy lu tic crimi l . In his interpretation of the facts thus obtained he wa s guided chieﬂy by the san e materialism of Mole sch ott a nd D a n a f a a by the rwi i n idea o the v ri bility of races .

As a s o f o sa n a in di ciple Vic , he w nothi g bsurd the

a an a a s n view th t pp rently purely ocial phenome on ,

as can an a such crime , be org ic lly cau sed . The chance discovery of theromorphism (the ex

’ ss is s and n s pre ion Virchow , de ote the presence in man of certain bodily peculiaritie s of one o f the lower a a s s s a n na s in nim l ) in the kull of cert i crimi l , the

a 1870 na a s a of a ye r , ﬁ lly g ve ri e to the formul tion uniform hypothe sis regarding the nature of crimin

a . B a 18 1 of lity efore the public tion, in 7 , the

s of s L s was a o element thi theory , ombro o ble to dev te

a s n a s of a a s n a ye r to the tudy of the i m te l rge pri o , being at the time Medical Superintendent of the Pro

i l As t sa o was a o a vinc a ylum a Pe r , where there ls

D n 1 1 18 6 n n . a s 8 large pe ite tiary uri g the ye r 7 to 7 , when he wa s once more lecturer and profe sso r l — extraordinary at Pavia years during which he

s his s s on a a and in a o publi hed tudie pell gr , , dditi n , a number of anthropological and purely psychiatric — works h e wa s also much occupied with the ana

1 I n Pa a in 1871 h e wa s a o n e in a on e r e r o n vi , , pp i t d, dditi , l ctu re ns m d e n fo ic e icine a nd hygi e .

14 CESARE LOMBROSO

—o ne th a r and o , e psychi t ist distinguished anthrop lo ist a g , Prich rd , the other two prison surgeons ,

N s nd icol on a Bruce Thomson .

a is a t s his G ll p to be judged , very unju tly , only by

s wa s f error ; for he , in truth , the originator o the principle of the localiz ation of the functions of the

a n and a rs u s s t br i , g ve the ﬁ t imp l e to the cien iﬁc

m na s study of cri i l , though he did not him self make

an n s s . y deﬁ ite di coveries in thi ﬁeld His pupil ,

Lauve r ne son s at n n a n g , pri urgeon Toulo duri g lo g

a am sa of na s and period of ye rs , ex ined thou nds crimi l , left interesting plaster - c asts of skulls ; certain type s

D n were admirably described by him . espi e m ade a

of s of m na thorough study the p ychology the cri i l , and showed that the principal characteristic s of the

a a a are s r s and h bitu l crimin l idlenes , i re olution, d a an s a . lessened sensibility , both ment l phy ic l Sup

’ ple me ntary to Despine s inve stigations was the great

as work of Luc upon heredity, in which he demon strate d the hereditary transmissibility of the dis

a and a and po sition to theft , murder , r pe , rson , furni shed extensive materials regarding the congenital nature of the tendency to crime .

’ a a s s and was Morel s work lacked thorough n ly i , al so destitute of a ﬁ rm biologic al foundation ; but it

n s ma a and was a a was based upo exten ive teri ls , nim ted i by a certain instinct for wh at was important . H s

Traité de s Degénére sce nce s wa s published in 1859 . ’ LOMBROS O S PREDECE SSORS IN RESEARCH 15

n a n h Thus origin ated the catchword dege er tio , whic

a n n —da a n rem i s curre t to y , without h ving eve yet to acquired any deﬁnite signiﬁcation . Now it is used

a a n , denote the neuropathic con stitution ; now, g i , to denote the hereditary predispo sition to psychoses .

n is a and According to some this predispositio l tent , m anifests itself only by physical stigmata of de generation ; others regard the degenerate as being

a a s s a a and a s ment lly well a s phy ically bnorm l , s ff n of a a n sa u eri g , either before the onset ctu l i nity or in the entire abs ence Of the latter from muta bility of and s a a mood temper , obses ive ide s , mor l defects , and one - sided intellectual endowment ; yet others “ ” use the term degeneration to denote a vague — diathesis a mingling of tendencie s to disturb ances f o metabolis m and to neuropathies . More recent French investigators distinguish be “ “ ” i and a and tween h gher lower degener tes , include in the se ca tegories almost the entire province of n a s a s s n s and me t l di turb nce , evere euro es , crimin

a ality . Germ n inves tigators go so far as to explain

a s a s are a s and th t mo t hum n being degener te , Moebius held that the repul sivenes s of the m ajority of his

l - a s s a fe low cre ture poke in f vour of this view .

the a n of his n Morel , through v gue ess deﬁnitio of degeneration deviation mala dive du type humain

. was hims elf partly to blame for the un satisfa ctory

h r development of the whole doctrine . He a d c o rectly 16 CESARE LoMRRo so — o b served that unfavourable conditions of life for

a a f ex mple , the l ck o legislative enactment s for the protection of factory workers during the middle of the — last century tran sformed the entire outward appe ar

ance of those exposed to such conditions ; but he

failed to distinguish between inherited and acquired

a a s s nor k ch r cteri tic , did he a s himself if and how acquired characteristics are inherited ; and he omitted to determine at the outset of his inquIry what were

s a a s of a ns the preci e ch r cteri tics the type , devi tio

from which he wa s recording . With the exception of

so s a a Lombro , tho e who , fter Morel , de lt with the problem of degeneration ignored the fact that these problems tran scend the narrow limits of pathology to

n of and a trespass on the wider provi ce biology , f iled to se e that the problem s in question are those of

a a a a n a and hum n v ri bility , of the l ws of i herit nce ,

n di a a s s . a other nthropologic l que tio Prich rd , the s

in uish d s a in m a t g e ethnologi t, widely reg rded ( co p ny with the English prison s urgeon s Thomson and

s a s a s L was s Nicol on) predece sor of ombroso , the ﬁr t to detect what is typical in the outward appearance ” a - and a a a of old g ol birds , to put forw rd , in expl n

n of n a of tio co ﬁrmed crimin lity , the conception

moral insanity . This mora l monstrosity was to be regarded a s correlated with the abnormal physical characteris tic s . Lombros o found it necessary again and again to ’ LOMRROS O S PREDECESSORS IN RESEARCH 17 elaborate the doctrine of moral ins anity ; and in the long - continued c ampaign again st the misunderstand ings to which his theory of the homo d elinquens wa s

a a exposed , th t doctrine played a much more import nt

’ a p rt than Morel s theory of degeneration . It is incorrect to speak of Prichard and Morel a s

red ecess ors a the p of Lombroso , in a sense implying th t latter wa s inﬂuenced by either of the two former in the inception or development of his teachings . Just as of a s wa s little is it true G ll , who e work j ustly esti

a o as a a s a 1853 as m ted by Lombr so e rly the ye r , we learn from his brief work on the correlation between s exual and cerebral development Di nu fenomeno ” ﬁ siolo ico n 1 g commu e ad alcuni nevrotteri .

1 The e 1ve n the a or e n onl nine e e n e ars of titl g by uth , th y t y a e to s s o f m or an re a on s of orre a on oe s not g , thi tudy i p t t l ti c l ti , d give a n a de qu ate n otion o f th e re al conte nts of th e e s say . CHAPTE R II

CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Lo mRRo so wa s led to formula te his doctrine of the crI mmal n of a , not through the i ﬂuence the e rlier

s in sa n am s r me n worker the me ﬁeld , whose e we e tione d at of a s a a s a na a the end the l t ch pter , but tur l consequence of the idea which domin ated his whole

n a n a— a of mental developme t . This le di g ide part

e a a a a a s — is on the t ching of nthropologic l m teri li m ,

’ an a a a s and the one h d , th t m n mode of feeling,

a a n of his i are therewith the ctu l co duct l fe , deter

his s a s n and mined by phy ic l con titutio ; , on the other

a a s s s ﬁnd ss n h nd , th t thi con titution mu t expre io in his bodily structure . He was led to the more deﬁnite formulation of this idea by chance anatomical dis

r id s nd cove rie s ( e Ar ch. ita l . d e lle ma la ttie nervo e , a d ll ’ R C . e I s i uto mbar do 18 1 . a s t t Lo 7 v a . l o , , , f sc

1 es e two or s two a o ns re ar n r m n a Th w k , with public ti g di g c i i l lunatics and th e An tropome tria di 400 de linqu e nti ” ’ ll I u r h e e ne i R C. 2 m n s . d e ns tit to Lo mba r d o as . 1 o t e v t ( , f c ) f ucl u ’ ” o f hi s s se e n or on L m e n e n ub qu t w k uo o d li qu te . 18 CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 19

s s o f a s of so - a in the corp e crimin l , one which , the c lled “ ” d a a a h ad me i n occipit l foss , not been noticed by previou s observers ; this is found in most of the m a a as as a . lower m mm ls , well in m ny onkeys This ﬁr st di s covery of the kind ha s since been supple me nte d by a large number of others in part such as were in the ﬁrst instance most carefully o bserved by Lombro so and his pupils in part those describe d by other anthropologi sts a s the romorphs in part those enumerated by Darwinian naturalist s a s atavisms

- a is a a a and s a th t , ch r cters reg rded de cribed s vestiges inherited from the prehuman an cestors of our species . If we compare the writings of those zoologist s and an atomists who treat of the s e ques

s and tion , with those of Lombroso his followers , we cannot fail to notice the complete independence of

a a s and at a the It li n , the s me time their more com

s a s and prehen ive gr p , their better knowledge of

n prehis toric data . The a thropologists Of the Italian s a wa chool usu lly went to work in the following y . If in exa mining the body of a criminal they came a s s a an a or an cro theromorph in y org n , observed y

s a other unu u l structure , they propounded certain

s s a a viz que tion reg rding the peculi rity ,

1 I s s a n an of a . thi peculi rity prese t in y the uthentic

a n of man and ho w rem i s prehistoric , , if so , often is it m e t a s a d with in these , comp re with the frequency of its pres ence in the bo dies of criminal s 20 CESARE LOMBROSO

2. a s of man Is it met with in the lower r ce , and ,

' n if so , how often (The a swer to this question is

a a n s obt ined by ex mi ing the kulls , etc . , of the se lower

a n in E a r ces , to be fou d urope n mu seums . )

3 . I s a s and it found in the higher pe , , if so , is it

‘ an occa sional or a con stant feature 2 4 I . s it found in other species of the group of primate s '

5 . Is it found in anim als lower than these in the s cale of clas s iﬁcation 6 . Is it found in human beings pre senting con genital morbid anomalies ; more especially is it found in epileptics and in idiots

It is easy to understand that such investigation s t are very laborious . In order o throw light on the

a of a a s a at a m me ning comp r tively in igniﬁc nt d , it ay be necessary to organize most comprehensive re

as a and searches . Unce ing c re indefatigability in such

a a and a isol ted observ tions , in the interpret tion of their

’ one of Lombroso s s meaning , is highe t claims to

F r as and honour . o this re on , his books the thirty volumes of his a rchives will remain for m any decades

a of for a to come rich mine discovery nthropology , as soon as this science returns from the study of Mongol s and Australians to the examination of con A f tempora ry E uropeans . s a result o thes e investi

ation a h as s a s a a g s, the f ct been e t bli hed th t , bove

ll in s s and a a a a the kull the br ins of crimin ls , but lso

22 CESARE LOMRROS O

s of E ar n pri ons urope , e the u chan ged descendants of

a a me n - the Ne nderth l , who hunted the cave bear with

a s . a s n s as ss stone rrow Put co ci ely po ible , the doctrine of the Italian school run s a s follows : B orn

a s s s n a a a s crimin l exi t , pre enti g typic l ch r cter , both

and a and a bodily ment l , they owe their peculi r organization to the fa ct that their development has f i é been af ected by an a tavistic reversion . It s impos sible here to give particulars showing the manner in

’ in d on f which , the ﬁve s ucces sive e iti s o L uomo

n o a deli quente , this c nception become s gradu lly more

a cle rly deﬁned . I may be permitted to make s ome further observa

s n n tion regardi g the n ature of this atavistic reversio . There is not one Si ngle ch aracteristic of the human anatomy which is not the product of inheritance . The existing type of the E uropean mixed race a a a n a ppe rs to be a perm ne t type ; or r ther, owing to the fact that the struggle for existence of our

a s an a s on m time t ke lmos t exclu ively ec o ic form , and that in con sequence of this the brain has re ce ive d a a a s n as preponder nt import nce , the pre e t ph e of n n ff a huma evolutio a ects the br in only (in women ,

n na as a s me n an a u fortu tely , well in ) if y other org n than the brain is inﬂuenced by selection in modern man i aff r a on a n its , it s ected solely o m inly ccou t of correl ation with brain development .

n an s in s and Naturally , future exte sive ch ge the ize CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 23

sh a pe o f the brain will ultimately give rise to ch anges

ss in n n o an s a s more or le extensive eighbouri g rg l o ,

s as of s a uch the bones the kull , the teeth , the j ws ,

na e ar and a a . the exter l , the upper cervic l vertebr e B ut for the brief period which the individual inve s tigator h as under his Obs ervation in the cour se of his life , the human species may approximately be

a as a an Now o ur reg rded perm ent type . most enduring p o ss es sions in the way of bodily chara c te ristics are inherited from very remote ances tors

are a s . a a n they tavi ms The gre t weight of the br i ,

a a a a a a the upright forehe d , the l rge f ci l ngle , peculi r to E a a n o the urope n , h ve bee inherited by him fr m his ance stors of the historic epoch ; on the - other

a n and s a of h nd, the umber h pe the structure

- a a a s s of his sense org ns , the rr n the ﬁ ures

and s his a convolution of cerebr l cortex , the number

and of a a a a n form the m mm ry gl nds , the conﬁgur tio — of the upper limbs thes e the European shares with

so - a a a s the c lled nthropoid pe , with whom in other respects a ls o he po s se sses a very close blood - relation

f r nd s . na o o u a s hip Fi lly , the number ﬁngers toe ,

nd f va s s s as a the structure o the rious ti ue , demon

strate d s are us and by the micro cope , common to to the great majority of mammal s whilst innume r able other physical ch aracteristic s are sh ared by us

with the lower vertebrata . Thu s most of o ur bodily peculiarities are derived from our prehuman anoes 24 CESARE LOMBROSO

are a a s n s an . But tors ; they t vi ms , i tere ting tiquities

s a s na a aran one if thi be so , then the occ io l ppe ce of or a na a a s a a s s two dditio l t vi tic ch r cter , whether the e be derived from the men of the ice - age or from those of a or a a s the terti ry period , d te b ck to the till

s a e - me n a a da undi covered p of yet e rlier y, or to the

a - a s n our ﬁ sh - n r h lf pe , or eve to remote like proge ito s , is hardly so incredible an occurrence as to demand

a s an so th t the thunderbolts of terile thropometry ,

n a s s lo g c refully cheri hed by Virchow , hould be 1 a n a l u ched gain st the heretic Lombro so . Modern man has freed him self from much that was n hi rooted in the blood a d bone of s forefathers . B ut unquestionably he h as not freed himself from all a was so and n th t rooted , therefore it eed not s s n a s urpri e us to encounter i dividu l who exhibit , ﬁrmly ﬁxed either in their bodily or in their mental

a a n a a r s a org niz tio , ch r cte i tics which in the m jority have been weakened or have disappeared .

S a s a a s no uch individu l , exhibiting ch r cter longer

s ss E ur an an s po se ed by the ope perm ent type , but till common to the most primitive extant race S of man

1 m na a n r A . B a e r on e of th e e r e s o one n s o f r o , ﬁ c t pp t c i i l th ol o s e s his r s m S O far a s t o m a n a n in his e a n p gy , pu h c itici i t i l di g “ work that th e form ation o f th e skull is in n o way de pe n de nt ” 12 f o n a o f th e ra n . Th e oo on . o be up th t b i b k , up p which will “ o n s mon m e n a nons e n s e is e n e B ae r D e r f u d thi u t l , titl d by ” “ Ve rbre che r in anthr op ologi s che r B e zie hun g ( The C rimin al

r m n r a an o n L e 1893 . f o th e A th op olo gic l St dp i t ipzig , CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 25

a s ld u a a a and kind , such the O Per vi ns , the P pu ns ,

A a a s and a the ustr li n black , common lso to the other

a are n a a as prim tes, fou d mong crimin ls , Lombroso s a a —in a howed , with rem rk ble frequency f ct , to the — extent of more than 40 per cent and with especial frequency among those who se ﬁrst crime is of a s s a and a a a eriou n ture , mong those who h ve for m ny years been living for and by crime .

a s a a s In ddition, we meet with numerou ch r cter ,

not a a ms not a as a a either t vis , or yet reg rded t visms , but which are or may be rather of a morbid nature .

or a a a ma Thus , the skull the br in of crimin l y exhibit ,

a a a s a a a in ddition to dubious t vi tic ch r cters , cert in J

a s or as a . morbid fe ture signs of p t dise se It is ,

e a a a a ind ed , by no me ns improb ble th t a congenit l atavistic special predisposition may only become active to such an extent a s to lead to a crimin al act in consequence of some superadded disea se ; but in such a c as e it is idle to dis pute whether we h ave to

a a an nsa an a do with congenit l , i ne , or lcoholic

a crimin l .

’ If Lombroso s teaching were based s olely upon the examination of the skulls and bra m s of crimina ls to

n E a it s be fou d in urope n collections , foundation

n a n a . a would u question bly be too rrow But it is b sed ,

a a in ddition , upon the nthropological examin ation of — many thou sands of living criminals e u examination quite a s thorough as that ca rried out by an anthro 26 CESARE LOMBROSO p ologist in the case of a savage tribe which he h as

ss cro ed the world to s tudy .

a a n n na s a n The ex min tio of livi g crimi l c n ot , of

urs a n o a o n co e , t ke i t cc u t the convolution s of the

a or ssa a na and on br in , the fo e, for mi , processes the

a of inner surf ce the skull . The ﬁrst place must here be given to the external measurements of the head.

as a n n Now, reg rds ma y Of the problem s of a thro

olo is p gy , it left to the examiner to decide whether he will describe the facts he h as to record by me an s of

a s or m a a a de scrI ﬁgures or r tio , by e ns of c tchword p tive of some visible peculiarity of shape or of some other objective fact . Thus the presence o f a thick bony prominence in

a a n s ma the middle of the hard pal te (torus pal ti u ) y , of a n course , be indic ted by simply recordi g the numerical results of the measurements of the palate ;

on an ma a a but , the other h d , we y prefer to st te th t o ne man h s a a n s a s a slightly developed toru p l ti u ,

an a a s a at all and so on . other l rge toru , third none ,

A m s a nother i portant character give to the f ce ,

n om nt an m a s a . whe seen fr the fro , extre ely typic l h pe

n ma a n s This is a grea t lateral exten sio of the l r bo e ,

to s a m s of oma a s . or , pe k ore preci ely , the zyg tic rche This condition may be denoted simply by the one

o e w na thism s a and w rd , yg , which describe it mply

“

. n an ns a o n s aptly O the other h d , i te d of empl yi g thi

m ma in as a s n am n ter , we y , the c e of e ch per o ex i ed , CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 27

record the exact width of the face between the malar

and a a s a eminences , note lso the rel tion of thi me sure f ment to the width o the forehead .

As a s a a of reg rd ch r cteristics form , however , it is

n and at a s much more conve ient , the s me time convey

a s s much more vivid impres ion , to denote the e merely

a a a a and a a qu ntit tive v ri tions , lso rel tions perceptible

a s n a of a a only through comp ri o , by me ns gener lly

s not of descriptive terminology , which mu t , course , be confu sed with the precise de scription of a ctual

structures .

E a a mploying this method , we h ve lengthy register

of crimino - a a a a s and nthropologic l ch r cter , in the following table I append a fragment of such a register M T I D I . PRI A O V T S ARIE IE .

A FFE T N T K L . . A C I G HE S U L

CE REB ROGEN OUS .

a i/re t e b o ( ) D c Cer r gen ous .

1 Fr n a sum cr e h al e r e ss e in the re a e . o t l o c p y ( xp d l tiv and a s o e sma lne s s of th e ra n e s e a b lut l b i , p ci lly

in th e ran s e r s e ame e r . Cr m n a s 41 e r t v di t ) i i l , p

cent .

2 N arro o f th e r an o - a a an e a t the as e . n c i f ci l gl b Of

th e s ul e a n t o ro n a s m . k l , l di g p g thi rr e n e I n all r m a e s in n e ro e s Pa an s Occu c p i t , g , pu ,

s ra an a Cr m n r e n . A s e t c . a s 60 e u t li bl ck , i i l , p c t R din r a 3 . e c e g fo e he d . rr e n e : A or n t o L om ro s o in 19 4 e r Occu c cc di g b , p

e n . O r mina s . A or n t o Kur e lla c t f c i l cc di g ,

in rim na s r om e r e s a 11 e r e n . c i l f Upp Sil i , p c t ;

in or me n rom U e r e s a 4 e r e n . w k f pp Sil i , p c t 28 CES A RE LOMBROSO

4 . 2 M Oft e n ass o ciate d with or 3 . iddle occipital s s fo a . rre n e : I n all a e s in t he an ro o s in Occu c p , th p id , n h n cludi g t e gibb o . I n th e Skulls of vari ous r ace s of mankind

Pe r c e nt . Ancie nt Pe ruvians 15 Austr alian black s 28 ’ Skulls p ro vide d with s tude nts s e t s 4 1 Cr m na s L om r os o 16 e r i i l ( b , p n c e t . ) N e gro e s Pre his to ric s kulls

I di r t e n o us a ri e tie n e c Cer e br og V s .

1 E e rna a n ul ar ro e s s o f the ron a n e . xt l g p c f t l bo r I n r m na s 11 r a bnormally la ge . c i i l 9 p e e n c t . 2 E e s s e s e o f or s e e e in th e he s . xc iv iz bit ( xc d g hig t ’ de gre e of Mante gaz z a s s cale of th e inde x cranio orbit alis )

Pe r ce nt . Lombro s o 9

Kur e lla 8 2 (of 218 c a s e s)

3 norma O ron a s n se s . Ab l width f f t l i u 13 (o f 252case s ) ’ ” Skulls pro vide d with stude nts s e ts 4

4 ron e e o e s e r ar r e s . St gly d v l p d up cili y idg

Lombro s o ’ Skull s provide d with stude nts s e ts 7 Criminal skulls (out Of 253) 13

Kur e ll a Living workm e n 7 Living crimin als 16 Italian murde re rs

Th me an e H n e rn a ron a re s . e 5 . igh (i t l) f t l c t h ight s is n rma 3 8 mm in o f th e fr ontal cre t o lly . ;

3 0 CESARE LOMBROSO

“ s n de ig ated p rimatoid . Granted that they are

a of a h a s n n ss typic l the crimin l , it o e the le often been maintained that the Italian school is not justi

ﬁe d a a a a n in spe king of crimin l type , for the re so that not one of the individual s described exhibits all

i n s a . s s a c a a the e peculi rities How , then , it id , crimin al type be ab stracte d from such utterly hetero ge ne ous abnormalities ' This really depends upon the possibilities of abstrac

n tion . Academically correct anthropologis ts co nti ue to dispute regarding the types of the most important ra s of man n s on is a a ce ki d , whil t descripti lw ys pre

n and is a wa s ceded by perceptio , perception not l y in a po sition to comprehend the typical he who is not endowed with a s ense for the signi ﬁcant will se e n n othi g but the in signiﬁcant . B ut there is some thing extremely typical in the commones t and most important characteristic of the crimin al nature

am o s o f s a rimatoid a a t s n ely, the c exi tence ever l p ch r c er

r in the same individual . (Characters a e termed “ ” rim t id are s n in all ma s p a o which pre e t pri te , but which in the normal human being a re develope d very

— in a s o s o a s to slightly p rt , indeed , lightly devel ped

u an a s be almost imperceptible . B t in m y crimin l

s a s are s a are the e peculi ritie , which chieﬂy phy ic l , either more strongly marked than in the normal

a a a a in E uropean , or el se they m ke their ppe r nce the criminal in a form in which in the normal E uropean CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3 1

n n a are they are entirely unk ow , where s they present

a a a a s as in the members of many s v ge r ces , well in primate s lower down in the scale . )

n a a There is o e ch r cter , however , by which the primates in genera l are distinguished from the lower

a a s a s is far m mm ls , whil t in the hum n Specie it more strongly marked than in other primates; but in the crimin al this cha ra cter is often so little developed as hardly to reach the degree characteristic of prehistoric

a s is human remains . The ch ar cter in que tion the greater development o f the cranium (dependent upon the more powerful development of the cerebral hemi spheres) in association with a lesser development of

n In s a the j aws a d their appendages . thi w y the direct ce re broge nous Ch aracters origin ate ; and with

are a s s a a a s n these oci ted yet other ch r cter , evide tly in part mechanically dependent on the ce re broge nous

a a a a ch r cters , but in part rising from these in

ff a n s a di erent way . To this c tegory belo g progn thism — the condition in which the upper jaw protrude s

a in of a of s a m rkedly front the b se the kull , so th t

a is n of when the f ce viewed in proﬁle , the regio the

i f Inc sor teeth appears very pro minent . The skulls o

a of an n are na and the lower r ces m ki d prog thous , still more prognathous are the skull s of the anthropoid a n pes . Directly a s sociated with prog athism is an other

ara s of r a -“ a ch cteri tic the c imin l type n mely , the fore “ ” head which recedes markedly as it ris e s ; and 3 2 CESARE LOMBROSO

a s sociated with the receding forehead is a marked ” s a projection of the upercili ry ridges .

It is well known that the two ear liest known human — skulls that of the Neanderthal and that of Spy

both exhibit to a high degree the two characters last

n me tioned . If we compare with the se the drawing

’ Lombroso s A s l a a vo . . in rchivio di p ichi tri ( ii , 1882) of the skull Of Gasparone (the brigand cele

brate d under the n ame of Fra Diavolo we cannot

a a am f il to recognize striking ex ple of atavism . One of the most remarkable of these characters is

a sa s s the middle occipit l fos , ﬁrst de cribed by Lombro o , whose dependence upon the formation of the cere

s In n bellum is still open to di pute . a y case it is a

- a rimatoid a a is s in l well m rked p ch r cter , for it pre ent a l

a a the higher prim tes , with the exception of the gorill ,

- an and a a . the chimp zee , the or ng ut n The middle

a sa a s n t n 4 1 n occipit l fos w fou d o be prese t in per ce t .

’ of the skulls provided with students sets that were examined (but it must be remembered that s uch skulls always include a certain proportion of the skulls of

s s s a a was criminal s) . In prehi toric kull the ch r cter

a a s present in 14 3 per cent . in ncient Peruvi n kulls

28 . in 15 per cent . in Australian blacks in per cent in all the criminal skull s examined it was present in

f a a s 20 per cent . The signiﬁcance o such a f ct this

cannot be gains aid ; and it is not surprising that its

L s an a a a dis covery by ombro o , the pupil of P izz , m de CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3 3

si s a profound impre s on , more e peci lly in view of the fact th at he was then about to bring to a close his comparison of the E uropean with the melanodermic

race s . The book in which Lombro so in stituted this com

“ ’ ’ ” a s n L an was p ri o , uomo bi co e l Uomo di colore ,

in 1 1 o o f a a a t publi shed 87 by S acchett P du , f er the man uscript h ad s pent three year s in va in wanderings

from publisher to publisher . In this work the writer as serted the common descent of the higher a pes and

n n w a su of the human specie s from a u kno n prim te , p portin g his contention by means Of anthropolo gical

’ “ D s n of Man was s data . arwin s De ce t publi hed

’ a while Lombroso s work was in the pre s s . The l tter displays the remarkable knowledge o f comparative

anatomy which Lombro s o owed to his teacher Panizza . It displays als o a wide knowledge of ethnological

a and a a a n an s liter ture , thorough cqu i t ce hip with the previous dis coverie s regarding prehis toric man (includ

h - d rin s a at a n n s e tc . u mg t o e m de Cro M g on , Hohle fel , , g

a s 1868 and a n the ye r it shows , in dditio , the

’ author s remarkable talent for the discovery and

a n utiliz tion Of fruitful a alogies .

I do not propo se to consider here the variou s

an a s and a ma ons s s o om lie m lfor ti of the kull di c vered ,

s and a L d h de cribed , enumer ted by ombro so a n is

pupils but on acco unt of their importance in relation

a s o m ma on to the crimin l phy i gno y , we y menti tha t 3 3 4 CESARE LOMBROSO an abnormal widening of the face (due to an e xce p tionally great distance between the two zygomatic ar s and an a a n a s che ) , bnorm l diverge ce of the two h lve of a a are a a s f the inferior m xill ry bone , ch r cteri tic o the criminal type . Sub sequently to the ﬁrst publica

’ tion of Lombro so s results the ques tion of the distance between the angle s of the lo wer jaw was thoro ughly

s a s a D a inve tig ted , more e peci lly by the utch nthro

olo is ts and a s s at s a n o f p g lieni t , the in tig tio Winkler

A s am and aid o f a a of m terd , with the very l rge 1 an f qu tity o material . Many remarka ble peculiarities in the shape Of the

n a n skull , the origi of which c n ot be referred to the above - mentioned antagonism between the develop ment of the cranium and that o f the fa cia l portion of

s n a n a s and s r a s the kull , depend upo b orm litie di tu b nce in the s equence and extent of the o ssiﬁcatiOn of the ﬂ sutures o f the skull . We know that the at bone s of

- a n a at s the skul l c p grow pri cip lly the edge , with which

m n a one a and they co e into co t ct with nother , that n ormally they continue to grow in this way as long a s growth continues in the s ubj acent portions of the brain ; but if such a s uture undergoes premature

o can n o ssiﬁcation , r om o ly be provided for the growth o f the brain by the yielding of one or more of the

s a am of s at other suture , whereby th t di eter the kull

1 r r m ne e An ro o o e a ar e m 1896 I et s o ve c i i ll th p l gi , H l , ; “ P H B e re n s R e u e S ch e de lmat e n va n Re crut e n Mor . . J . d , ig , ” i I mbe ill e n m n 1 9 aranoiste n E il e tic e n c e e 8 6. d e na ar s , P , p p , , Ny g , CRIMINAL AN THR o POLOGY 3 5

right angles to the yielding s uture become s increas ed . Thu s a skull in which the sagittal or interparietal suture h as undergone premature ossiﬁcation (a s often occurs in the E skimo) as sumes the shape of a narrow boat ( s caphocephaly) . It is probable that s uch s utural varieties are depen

n s a and h a a de t upon the most diver e c uses , t t in m ny

a are n t a a a a a c ses they o nom lies , but r ci l peculi rities or a a n a a a e ne ti r ci l conge it l v ri tions , whose origin is g

a In o f c lly very ancient . the skull s crimin als examined for the detection of sutural abnormalities

s a 40 . s the e h ve been found in about per cent , whil t in living criminal s the frequency was as high as 49 per cent . Among the most interesting of the sutural abnor malitie s are a r the Wormi n bones , by which more o les s e xt e nSIve deﬁciencie s of bone along the principal

r A a at s uture s a e ﬁlled in . Wormi n bone found the f apex o the lambdoid suture , where this joins the pos t rior a a as s di e extremity of the s gitt l suture , w ﬁr t s covered in the mummies of the ancient civilized race of and h as Peru , it therefore been named the Inca ” is a a all a a bone . It s id th t the inf nt Inc mummies

n and a s n 1 2 possess this bo e , th t it is pre e t in 5 to 0

f a a s . per cent . o the adult Inc rem in Italian obs ervers ' 2 f found it 5 . o s nd in per cent the kulls of murderers , a f 1 a . in 8 per cent . o the skulls of other crimin ls

1 ’ “ Th e Inca b one will be found ﬁgure d in Toldt s Atlas of H m n a om Lon on R e ma n L m n ( b , e d . 100 u a A t y d i it ), p , 3 6 C ESARE LOMB ROSO

Certain o ther peculiarities of the s utures of the skull have received much attention from students of

n a an r on a o ge er l th opology , cc unt of the fact tha t they constitute distinctive racial characters ; but some of these are met with even more frequently in the skulls

na s a in n a s a h of crimi l th n eth ologic l specimen , lthoug

their appearance in these latter is . con sidered ' a

a a s a of n a a ch r cteri tic fe ture orm l nthropology . Of great interest are meas urements of the cubical

a a s and a so s ma s s c p city of dried skull , l e ti te of thi

a a a a s of a ak n c p city , b sed upon me surement the he d t e in living crimin al s (although s uch e stimates can be

r B n no mo e than approximation s) . e it oted in this connection t hat the extreme recorded range o f i capacity of normal skulls s from c . c . (the

t . s a s ar s re largest) o c . c (the m lle t) ; the l ge t corded cubic c apacity of skull in an anthropoid ap e is

ff n n 62 . 1 . s c c ; thu , the di ere ce betwee the cubic c apacity of the large s t and that of the smalles t human skull exceeds the difference between the cubic c apa city of the smalle s t human skull and th at o f the larges t simian skull .

ns of s s of na s com Now, collectio the kull crimi l p arative ly often contain skull s with a cubic capacity

a . . as s s as s a as s of le ss th t c c , where kull m ll thi are h ardly ever met with in collections of normal

218 e re is s r e as a ar e orm n one in the ﬁg. , wh it de c ib d l g W ia b uppe rmos t part of th e la mbdoid s utur e .

3 8 CESARE LOMBR OSO we pa ss from lower to higher sta ge s in the s cale of

. For a a a a development ex mple , gre t bre dth of the f ce acros s the zygomatic a rche s is a characteristic of

an s lower development ; in crimin als (900 inst ce ) , exceptiona l width and exceptional narrowness of th e fa ce in this region occurs more frequently than in the general population ; but this is true to a greater extent as regards the maximal th an it is a s regard s the minim al values of this dimen sion of the criminal s kull . Similar relations to tho se which obt ain with regard to the size of the skull are found in the bodies of

n a s s of s or a crimi l , in re pect the ize , , r ther , the weight o f a n s as of a the br i , ince the m s the br in mu st n aturally bear a deﬁnite rel ation ship to the cubic “ a a a d s c p city of the skull . In my N turgeschichte e ” “ ' Verbrecher s ( Natural History of the

s 18 3 a te a a n n publi hed in 9 , I h ve collec d the d t k ow at a for a th t period , derived , the most p rt , from Italian s ources ; these data relate to 305 brains

a s accurately examined. To underst nd the re ults

a m a here given , it is necess ry to re ember th t the

E a a a average weight of the urope n br in , the me n

s f of s is re ultant o a very large number weighing ,

a and a s grammes for m les , gr mme

A a ar for females . m ximum very r ely exceeded

as a as (though it w exceeded , for ex mple , in the c e

and a a of Tour e nie w is a of Cuvier , lso in th t g ) CRIMINAL A NTHROPOLOGY 3 9 brain - weight of grammes ; whils t the smallest bra in - weight known in individuals wh o c an be re garded a s having poss ess ed n orm al intellectual

n s is 960 a s a and 880 e dowment gr mme for m les ,

a s A n a a gr mme for female s . mo g very l rge number

n a a s s a n Of orm l br in , we h ll ﬁnd very few i deed

a s t a s a s and a s weighing li tle gr mme , con ider a ble number weighing more than gramme s .

On a a n a of the other h nd , mo g the tot l number the

a s of m n a s a n br in cri i l th at h ve hitherto bee weighed , we ﬁnd that brains weighing les s than grammes

a s a ma a a form very con ider ble jority ; where s , mong

braIn s of n a a s ss a 25 r the orm l individu l , le th n pe

n . a s cent . weigh less tha grammes In the v riou

n s a of a a collectio of the br in s crimin ls , we ﬁnd th t

a n n am m br i s weighi g les s th an gr mes nu bered ,

B n a s in on as 625 . e c e , per cent ( e edikt) , in econd

n Min z z ini and a a s as 77 . a c e , per ce t ( g ) , in third c e ,

n 83 2per cent . (Mo dio) . At the very time when the criminal anthropologists

n f s were maki g a thorough study o thi problem , the an atomists (with the exception of Fles ch of Wurzburg)

a n s s a is s and the profe ssori l a thropologi t (th t , tho e in ofﬁcial po sition s wh o were interested in this branch o f knowledge) were vigorou sly contesting the idea that there wa s any difference between the brains of

- criminal s and the so c alled normal brain s . All the

at more interesting , therefore , were the d a communi 40 CESARE LOMBROSO cate d by Profes sor Johanne s Ranke to the German

An ro o a C n ss at m in A s th p logic l o gre Dort und ugu t ,

1902 in asso a on , ci ti with a demonstration of plaster

a s s f c t o the heads of decapitated Chinese criminals .

A n B anks a ns m a s ccordi g to , the br i of cri in l show no structural deviation from the brain s of normal E ’ uropeans . This was Professor Ranke s ﬁr s t conte n

on s s a s s ti ; but to thi there s ucceed a little p renthe i , in which he allude s to certain peculiarities in the

m n n n a o a n n s . O a co for ti of the ce tr l co volutio ( S , fter all s ra s ff s o f E r a s ' , the e b in do di er from tho e u ope n ) Ranke is s traightforward enough to describe the a n ma s in s a d s a are b or litie que tion , but he d th t they

a s prob bly to be rega rded a s racial peculiaritie . He

s n o s a for s give ground wh tever thi view , but he prefers to drag in an ethnologica l hypo the sis of this kind rather than to c ommit himself to the here sy that the brains of crimin als exhibit peculiaritie s the ” a s s a no al s abnorm litie mu t be l belled eth logic , le t they should fall a prize to the heretical s chool of

Lombro so .

n a in sa a s O the other h nd , the me ddre s Ranke laid stres s on the fact th at a mong the brains of criminals there is a preponderance of exceptionally

m a ra s and a s a large and of abnor ally sm ll b in , l o th t

n s s r m na s s m a amo g the kull Of c i i l there is , i il rly , a marked preponderance of extremely large and — extremely small skulls a fact which he might have CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4 1 a scertained as long ago a s 1893 from a study of the very numerou s tables of measurements and weights publi shed in my Natural History of the ” Criminal .

a o n his a s Ra Fin lly , in ther portio s of ddre s , nke “ ” approxima tes even more clos ely to the heresies

f m na s s on for o cri i l anthropology . He insi t the need

a a s o f a n o f a and c reful tudy the br i s crimin ls , he point s o ut that there are two ques tions to which especial a ttention should be paid in future inve sti

i f f s gat ons o thi s kind . The ﬁrst o these is the que tion whether the posse s sor of a brain of medium size does not exhibit less inclination to crime than one who se

‘ brain is either exce ssively large or exces sively small ;

and s is s s the econd the que tion whether , perhap ,

a a a a s a a cert in intellectu l bnorm litie , which re dily le d

to na c ma not a a a crimi l pra tices , y depend upon p rti l

a — a s a ss a microceph ly th t is to y , is it not po ible th t in

a n s a s a cert i h rply circum cribed portions of the br in ,

n a - n ma a during i tr uteri e life , there y h ve developed certa in a bnormalities corre s ponding to those chara c

te ristic a ' A to Ra Of microceph ly ccording nke , it is a lways possible that an indirect connection exist s

between the so - called stenocrotaphy (narrowing of the skull in the temporal region) and the criminal

en s o far as tend cy , in , in consequence of the s aid

a in of s s s n rrow g the kull , tho e nervou centres by whose activity automatism is kept within bound s may 42 CESARE LOMBROSO have their developmen t partially a rre sted or may in

' s wa s m a a aﬂe ct d ome other y be y p thetic lly e .

s a s s In the e rem rk we ﬁnd , in the ﬁr t place , a reference ( altho ugh one le ss clear than many re

’ corded demonstration s o f Lombroso s teachings) to the law in accordance with which extreme dimension s

Of physical characteristic s occur in criminal s with

s a n an d in s n a in e peci l freque cy ; , the eco d pl ce , the

’ theoretical portion of Ranke s utterances we encounter

a a o on m n an o the fund ment l n ti of cri i al thr pology ,

is a a a n f a s which th t the lower org niz tio o crimin l , standing nearer to the lower animal s th an that of

a me n s s o norm l , predi po es the f rmer to the com mission oi crimin al a cts ; and more especially that

’ in the crimin al s s kull there is no room for a brain a o s or s a ar ble to h ld the feeling ( , in phy iologic l p

a n a a a s n l nce , the i hibitory pp r tus) requi ite to i duce n ma s a a 1 a ns or l oci l beh viour . h ve devoted co ider

’ a ble s pace to this address of Ranke s becau se it shows how convincing are the se ba sic ideas of criminal an o a nd h ow s s are a s s a throp logy , irre i tibly they oci ted with an anthropological mode of study of this social

But h ow ma a is a o a group . re rk ble it th t , thr ugh

n s f n s m a s a o study of the brai o Chi e e cri in l , rec g

’ nition of the truth of Lombroso s doctrines should

ﬁrst dawn upon a German professor of established ‘ reputation The study of the brain s of criminal s subsequently CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 43

m . in n : as B oved two directio s where enedikt , the

n a and a talented a d original Viennese investig tor , fter

a s a him a number o f Itali n inve tig tors , studied the ﬁs sure s and s ulci by which the surface of the human brain is divided into convolution s in such a remark

n s 1894 1900 able m an er ; during the year to , the more limited circle o f Lombro so and his immediate pupil s

a in a a s an a s a nd was eng ged the study of t vi tic om lie , of tho se more delicate peculiarities o f t h e intimate structure of the brain which can be demon strated only with the aid of the microscope .

of Moreover , the study the convolutions in the brain s of criminal s h as led to the dis covery of a n umber o f characters which may be regarded as

r i atavi stic . Mo st of thes e a e primato d varieties

a is sa ar n s a n f an th t to y , either they e ma ife t tio s o a bnormally slight development of those peculiaritie s of the convolution s by which the members of the human specie s are dis tinguished from the other

a s or s are a a r n prim te , el e they ch r cters which a e ot

a n a n s at all a norm lly fou d in hum n bei g , lthough

s a they exi t norm lly in other primate s . In a tabula r compari son of the differences between the human and s a a n s a the imi n br i , we ob erve th t these differ e nce s are precisely those in respect of which the deviations of the criminal brain from the normal

an a are a s a hum type of br in l o m nifested .

a a n a In other words , the hum n br in is a dvanced 44 CESARE LOMBROSO

o f a n of ma s in a in type the br i the pri te gener l , but the brain of the criminal the resemblances to the s r s imian type a e much more trongly marked .

is s a It , indeed , quite impo sible to expl in the abnorm al moral and social behaviour of the criminal with reference merely to the abnormal conﬁguration m ’ of the cri in al s cerebral convolutions . Perhaps the human c ontemporarie s of the cave - bear in E urope

ss s s a a n and muta tis muta ndis po e ed br i , , , exhibited in many re spects a mode of life an alo gou s to that of

Sa n an an n - the modern rdi i b dit , of the Londo s treet a a ve an of n a or o r b , the g Mo tm rtre , the fugitive fr m

n the Siberian mine s . B ut i the Stone Age there exi sted n o economically developed society upon which

a a n o m our p l eolithic proge itor c uld beco e para sitic .

a s n o a o - a a We know lmo t thing bout p st gl ci l man .

ma s at s a a c a It y be po sible ome future d te , from h rt

‘ of s a a n the urf ce of the br i , to deduce the social

a of a a at n ch racteri stics the r ce ; but , lthough pre se t — this deduction remain s beyond o ur p owers and per — haps will never become easy the p rimatoid character of a s na ss ss s the cerebr l convolution of the crimi l po e e ,

n n ss a an a s n an e . o e the le , profound thropologic l ig iﬁc c No ethnologist is able from an examination of the

’ convolution s o f a Greenlan der s brain to deduce the national characterist ics of the ra ce to which the pos s s r of a s e s o the br in belonged ; but , neverthele s , when we se e a brain with certain charac teristics we

4 6 CESA RE LOMBROSO to be mainly dependent upon disturbance or arre st of

. All a in s o far a r n development like , s they a e ot merely characters acquired during the lifetime of the

n a m s n a a a i dividu l , give the i pres io th t the crimin l is

s a is being who e hum nity not completely developed . This does not exclude the fact that the criminal him s in of his o n a a a n elf , the light w peculi r v lu tio of s a and a a I s a t n oci l leg l v lue , p to be ﬁrmly convi ced i that h s is a superm an . This arrest at an earlier stage of development gives r s s of n a an a roxima i e , in re pect umerous tr its , to pp tion in the crimin al type to the characteristics o f one or other of the extant savage races of mankind

a s a s A s a an . n r ce such the u tr li , etc , which , owi g to

n s a n r and s prolo ged i ol tio f om other types , pos ibly , al so to les s rigoro us s election and therefore less

a ff a n ns of a ss m rked di erenti tio , in co equence le severe s for s n a n a for a truggle exi te ce , h ve bee ble thous nds o f years to retain their primitive characteristics .

are a ss a a We , however , compelled to ume th t m ny s avage races have been unable to raise themselves

n low n a above their prese t level of i tellectu l , economic , and a on a of soci l culture , not merely ccount the

n a ff n a n s lighter operatio of the f ctors of di ere ti tio , but al so on a ccount o f an inferior innate develo pmenta l

In o a n s capacity . phil sophic l termi ology we hould perhaps ther efore say that the world of crime recruits itself from among the number o f the les s - developed CRIMINAL A NTHROPOLOGY 47 individual s of the nation concerned ; for it is an obvious deduction from the law of organic varia bility that among all the individuals born as members of any civilized race there Should be s ome who are congenitally incapacitated to attain the normal mean level of development peculiar to that race . It is not proposed to deal here at any len gth with the innumera ble anthrop o lo gica l cha racteristics of crimin als o ther than tho se found in the skull and the

a s n a an a a s br in , but the phy iog omic lly import t ch r cter de s erve sep arate notice .

L all a a s an s a ike rudiment ry org n (org , th t is to sa to a s a y, which continue be tr n mitted in the bsence of an s a s a n y di cover ble phy iologic l fu ction) , the

a e ar n a or a s all extern l (pi n , uricle) exhibit possible

a a s . A a a two a a v ri tion mong these v ri tions , only ppe r to be of importance in relation to criminal anthro — - olo . an s a and o e ar p gy viz , the h dle h ped pr jecting 1 a Henke lohr and a a e ar (Germ n ) the D rwini n tipped ,

are a in r a which met with comp ratively Often c imin ls , the former being foun d in 328 among crimina l s

am n and a in 1 9 ex i ed , the l tter 8 out of rare in

1 The e ar - oin t or tube r c le o D ar win is a sm a rom n e n e p , f , ll p i c o n th e e e O th e e an a a s e s e of th e orme r o n dg f h lix, t vi tic v tig f p i t ’ ’ of th e c ar . is s o m e me s a e Wo o lne r s ti D ar n s It ti c ll d p , wi a tte ntion ha vin g b e e n dra wn t o this pr omine nc e by the s culptor ’ ” o o ne r o s A as o f H m a n An a o m L on on Re man W l (T ldt tl u t y, d , b ,

Limite d) . 4 8 CESARE LOMBROSO

’ o a s s so - a s e ar c mp ri on with the e is the c lled Morel , in which the external margin of the auricle (the helix) is

’ not folded upon its elf . Morel s e ar is a sign of a con

a t o s o s s and is genit l tendency evere nerv u trouble , it a rem arka ble fact that this character is common in prostitute s .

A own a o a n to ccording to my observ ti ns , in dditio the two abnorm alitie s in the shape of the external e ar already mentioned, we sometimes ﬁnd in criminal s other strongly marked m alformations of the e ar and as in the case of other a bnormal characters in

m a s so a s in as se of e ar cri in l , l o the c e of tho the , the anomalies are met with more frequently in proportion a s the crime for which the man wa s condemned was

a a a and r n a s to gr ve in ch r cter , in propo tio l o the inten sity with which the criminal tendency h a s been manifested in the course of life . The length of the auricle 1s also subject to great

n r na s E a s norma variatio s in c imi l . In urope n the l length of the e ar lie s between 5 1 and 60 millimetres (2and 23 6 inche s) it is longer than this in Mongols and n a s s t a a s Pa ans and I di n , hor er in M l y , pu ,

A s a ans s in a s N s and B s u tr li ; shorte t Nubi n , egroe , u h

I n s a in a r an men . this re pect l so the gre te r ge of variation) crimin als re semble savage races rather than

A m n o f r o . r the as s civilized cco ding to me ure e t Frige i , great length of the external e ar is in thieves and robbers even more characteristic than great length of CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 49

s a e a s n ﬁnger , which l tt r , however , is lso omethi g more t 1 han proverbial merely . If we endeavour to combine the physiognomical peculiarities of the criminal type with the da ta of a a a a a s a nthropologic l investig tion , we obt in omewh t

o in ff ate s mon tonous picture widely di erent clim , not withstanding the fact that it is not permissible to speak of a perfectly uniform type . The reason why this , is impos sible is one to which I h ave already a a — a a a lluded more th n once n mely , the f ct th t the

a s a a a s of extreme c se , very gre t or very sm ll v lue

a s s s a s and s line r dimen ion , urf ce , weight , of the

a and its a s are far hum n body p rt , encountered more frequently among the inmate s of our great prison s than they are among an equivalent number of n on - a s for a a n a crimin l ; ex mple , mo g sever l hundred

a e m lo ee s a s—in a an f ctory p y , oldiers , emigr nt word , y

t a of a . s o her c tegory m nkind It mu t not , however ,

s a a is one - a of be suppo ed th t wh t we ﬁnd , in h lf the

a s a a a crimin l we ex mine , th t everything is too l rge ,

nd a a a too s a . in the other h lf , th t everything is m ll

a we ﬁnd : one s too a and Wh t j is dimen ion l rge , an ns s a s s s m other dime ion too m ll , ide by ide in the a e i An n ndividual . extremely commo combin ation is to o a a an a a sm ll cr ium , with j ws unduly l rge ; he ar d

1 Th e e rman s s e a of e e s a s e n la n n er i G p k thi v b i g gfi g g , long ” fin e r e d in th e s am e s e n se in we in E n an s f g , which gl d pe a k o ”— m - R th e a s light fin ge r e d . TRANSLATO . 4 5 0 CES A RE LOMBROSO to o s an a A c ty ; e rs t oo large . s regards an immediate

n a s s n and on a o s a n ge er l impre io , superﬁci l b erv tio , “ can no s n o f there be que tio a type . The type

rs s ma s a s a s f n s ﬁ t become nife t re ult o i timate tudy .

A m r a m n a n s th e nthropo et ic lly , the cri i l type represe t

m a s a s s extre e v lue ; zoologic lly , it repre ent the

rimatoid a a de ve lO me ntall as s o in p ch r cters ; p y , c e f

o o m n s a s ar n and c mplete devel p e t , uch e fou d here m there in all na tionalitie s . Such is the eaning o f

o n r na n n na the d ctri e of the c imi l type , which , i te tio lly

a h as n n a mis nde or unintention lly , bee co tinu lly u r s o to d .

s of an m a n ra m s In re pect im edi te ge e l i pres ion , a well - marked example of the criminal type attracts a ttention less by the expression of the face th an by the permanent structural peculiaritie s of the skull and a s a s a n ss the f ce , more e peci lly the m ll e of the

or n a on the skull as a whole in the fro t l regi , receding

a a n a s n s s a sm forehe d , the l rge fro t l i u e , progn thi of

a and as s s s of aw the upper j w, m ivene the lower j ,

n a n s and all s of an a s promi ent m lar bo e , kind om lie i of s . a a a s in the shape the kull The l rge , p le f ce

n s s an a s a ofte very triking , with c ty be rd , thick , u u lly

ar a and a t n a . no s is d k , h ir , l rge projec i g e rs The e commonly long and s traight ; in some cases it is

- - a de ﬁne d . A bulky , with wide , ill bridge well formed , symmetrical nose is extremely rare in the criminal

A a and a n are type . symmetry of the f ce crooked ose CR IMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY 5 1

a so typical that re alistic p inters , from the period of the E arly Ren ascence down to the days of modern

a u a natur lism , depict these pec li rities whenever they are a a a a a s con p inting r sc ls , v g bond , executioners ,

m n d mn d na s and . a e e crimi l , the like I y mentio ,

a a Gavarni e a a more especi lly , Goy , , G ric ult , C non , ’ “ e ie rtz Le ibl . In e a a W , , etc G ric ult s dr wing , T te

’ d un Supplicié Head of an E xecuted the a symmetry of the nose is very clearly re pre

s a - a sented ; whil t the bro d , deeply furrowed f ce , the

s a na and n a thin mou t che , the rrow recedi g forehe d

n a with promine t supercili ry ridges , the prominent

- s a aw and a cheek bone , the he vy lower j , the i rregul r

s a teeth , combine to con titute the complete crimin l type . The physiognomy of the crimin al is naturally domin ated by the tra ces left on the face by the

a habitu l modes of expression . Youthful criminals

a s a a or a s h ve , for the mo t p rt , dull frivolou appear a i r d . a e an nce The l fe of crime when they free , the

s are n pri on life when they not free , combi e to produce a a of an and s a perm nent imprint ger ob tin cy , cunning and a and a r hypocrisy . Obstin cy nger a e often ex

ss a a s s of pre ed by perm nent compre ion the lips ,

a n i of a and a m rked wri kl ng the forehe d , wild look in

s. s as i the eye Thi l t , qu te by itself , often sufﬁce s to

a crImInal a s a in betr y the n ture , e peci lly the faces o f

n wome . 52 CESARE LOMBR OSO

E lderly crimin als Often lose the energetic exp an sive

ss n of con expre ion , which during prolo ged periods ﬁneme nt they h ave endeavoured to transform into a s ss n— t n w a a ubmi ive mie of e , ho ever , with but p rti l s s s a a ucce , resulting in peculi r form of the super

a a s a s a a a f an cili ry rche , which s ume the ppe r nce o S

on . s a a lying the side In other , the domin nt brut lity is a a one - s or s m rked by ided grin , by re tless facial

n a moveme ts . Lombroso m de some valuable observa

s a a of a tion reg rding the peculi r look the crimin l ,

na which he often demon strated to me perso lly . The

an of and s ss cold , wild gl ce the murderer , the re tle

a of are a a . a and gl nce the thief , unmist k ble The che t

’ th Che valier d ind ns trie s a a e ( h rper) , ttempting to play

man f n or a so a the o i tegrity the loy l ul , betr y them selves by their piercing glances . Very grea t rest

s s an a n on lessne of the gl ce , to degree vergi g the

a s n s a a pathologic l , is often ee in murderer , ltern ting

a as s sta . In ma with cold , gl y , ﬁxed re the mouth y be observed all shades of cruelty and deﬁance ; the fawning s mile of the poisoner and of the homosexual

a pro stitute is a very common ppearance . In the

’ - a of a s Lombro so s deeply wrinkled f ce elderly crimin l ,

tt olen hi was a re pupil , O g , the ﬁrst to discover

n a s m markable furrow , exte ding cro s the iddle of the cheek at the level of the angle of the mouth . I

s a s have rarely se en it out ide the prison w ll , but have found it with notable frequency in the con

5 4 CESARE LOMBROSO

a a s s The m teri l being thus rigorou ly ifted , very care

a a and s n s fully n lyzed , consi ti g exclu ively of criminals ,

was it then t abulated . The result s obtained were brieﬂy the following There were present

Pe r Ce n t . At le as t o ne ce re broge nous chara cte r in 98 Frontal microc e phaly in 5 7 Thr e e o r m o re ce re broge n ous ch ara cte rs in 40 Primat oid ch ara cte rs In 100 Thre e or more p rim at oid cha r a cte rs In 60 Prim at oid chara cte rs In the brain (po s t m orte m) 47 Varie tie s of th e pinna in 41 More than thr e e characte rs of any o f th e ab o ve kinds In More tha n ﬁ ve chara cte rs of a ny of the above kin ds In 33

Fro m this we learn that among tho se repeatedly convicted of s erious crime in Western and Middle

E no s s a 60 e r . s a urope , le th n p cent exhibit ever l

s n a n n an distinctive ch aracter , i dic ti g the existe ce of

n abn ormal congenital predispo sitio . CHAPTE R III

OPPOSITION TO LOMB ROS O’ S VIEWS—WOMAN AS CRIMINAL—THE POLITICAL CRIMINAL—CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

IN the ﬁrst ﬁerce campaign against crimin al anthro p ology two obj ections are repeatedly encountered . One of these poin ts out the a bs ence of distinctive anthropological ch aracters in female criminals ; the other conte sts the conceiva bility o f the anthropo logica l unity of a s ocial group whose sole link of union con sists of a concept s o variable in time and i place a s s the concept of crime .

a n s was of s The l tter of these two objectio , cour e , controverted by Lombroso in part on purely conce p tual ground s ; but in addition to this he h as sho wn that the criminal group in which the idea of crime is s o relative that the criminal of yeste rday may

to - da s f t be the judge y, whil t the judge o yes erday ma - da crI mmal- w to a of y to y be the wit , the c tegory — political crimin als h e h as shown th at this criminal

ma a s a s group y, with little critici m , re dily be re olved

s s n s a s s s o s and a into geniu e , e thu i t , fool , r gue ( , fin lly , 55 5 6 CESARE LOMBROSO the crowd the se carry along with and after them) ; — and that in every revolution even the mo st desirable — one old - esta blished profes sional rascality and newly a wakened cruelty find a most suitable field for the

s n di play Of their dangerous attributes . By mea s of

s a a and a s the tudy of l rge number of regicides , l o that o f the most notable pers onalitie s of the French

Re at f of volution the end o the eighteenth century,

a a s n of a the ﬁght for It li n unity , the upri i g the P ris

n and R s s an o sm f ur own da Commu e , the u i terr ri o o y , he demonstrate s this truth beyond dispute .

n a n a of e e The other objectio , reg rdi g the l ck di tin

an a a s a ff s tive thropologic l ch racter in fem le o ender , demanded for its ans wer very comprehensive studies in a previously neglected ﬁeld the se researches were

- d a c a n . an undert ken in o oper tio with G Ferrero , resulted in the publication in 1893 of the widely ” nd 1 read wo rk on Woman a s Criminal a Pro stitute .

n s 180 a n The Introductio to thi book , p ges in le gth , appears to me to be the mo st interesting and remark

E n his able piece of work Lombroso ever issued . ve

Opponents never denied his all - embra cing culture an d

his a extraordin arily wide reading , nor brilli nt intuitive powers and bold faculty for combination ; on the

a his s a s a a a nd a other h nd , mo t ze lou dvoc tes dherents have always complained of his obvious neglect of

n so s a critical exami ation of his urce of inform tion ,

1 m e La onna D e n e n e l a Pros a e l a onna N or a . D li qu t , titut , D l ’ OPPOSITION TO LOMB ROS O S V IEWS 5 7

of analytical treatment and systema tic arrangement

of his a and s a materi l , of comprehen ive present tion

are and deﬁnitive a rchitectonic . But nowhere else

s a nd his merits so strikingly manife t , nowhere else

s a are are his defects le ss conspicuou , th n they in

this brilliant description of the biologic al and physio

logical characteristic s oi wom an and accurate survey

s . a of the differences between the s exe In p rt , indeed , the work under con sidera tion may owe its con spicuou s merits in point of s tyle and arrangement to the fact

’ that Lombro so s own deﬁcien cie s in the s e re spect s were supplemented by the as sistance of his c ollaborator

- - f and s n son in la . a o sub eque t w, G Ferrero , the uthor ” the celebrated Hi story of the Roman E mpire .

s ma s o However thi y be , Lombro o in this w rk pene

a s of n a and tr te deeply into the science ge er l biology ,

a s a n a a a s ende vour , h vi g reg rd to the ch r cter found by

ff a an man a a him to di erenti te wom from , to formul te

m n l n co prehe sive aw Of sexual differentiation in ge eral . He refers this differentiation to the fa ct tha t the whole organiz ation of wom an is predestined to mother

and n hood, to the fact that a y other profe ssional a a a ss ctivity of wh tever kind is h rdly po ible to her ,

ss on a of an a a and or , if po ible , only ccount bnorm l

n degenerative predispo sitio . With this domin ant po sition of motherhood in woman he correlates al so two facts of gre at importance

a o f ma ff s in the nthropology the fe le O ender . The ﬁr t 5 8 CESARE LOMBROSO

1 of s th e m a f m n the e is uch lesser vari bility o wo e , owing to which women in general exhibit less marked special differentiation than men ; consequen tly s uch deviations from type as do occur in women are far more signiﬁcant than similar deviations occurring in

and in a a men , therefore women very gre t import nce

s a m h mu t be att ched even to is olated the ro orp s . The s econd fundamental fact is the lesser general sensi bility and less er s en sibility to pain of women as

a comp red with men . Both these phenomena of sexual differentiation are more strongly marked among civilized races th an

ar L m e a sa a s . s a o they mong v ge Thu , ccording to

’ broso s inve sti ations a s ia in g , , _ the fem le skull e pec lly

a s a the civilized r ces , resemble r ther the skull of the

a a a a and is s a child th n th t of the dult m le , this e peci lly the cas e as regards its frontal and facial portions . Lombro so made an exhaustive study of the problem of the origin of the greater development of sympathy

a se x and s ss n s a in the fem le , di cu ed how, otwith t nding

n n in n this fact, the frequent te de cy to cruelty wome can be explained : he sees in this one of those con trasts which are common in the sphere Of the

ss z a n emotional life , but which , with progre in civili tio ,

a n tend to disappe r, owing to the developme t of

1 H E n rms s s a e me n as th e re s f a ave lock ll is co ﬁ thi t t t , ult o “ ” a n Man and oman 4th e io n m os t la b orious inve stig ti o ( W , dit ,

L 4 an d a e n . n n 190 a . o do , , ch p xvi , pp dix) WOMAN A s CRIMINAL 5 9

a f a symp thetic feelings . The rest o the emotion l life of woman is al s o adapted to her profe ssion of mother

and s a all of the a s hood ; thi is true , bove , sexu l feeling , which thus seem to be con structed almost entirely

a as as s upon m ochistic b i . Strong erotic feelings ,

o are a to when they do ccur in women , , ccording Lom

s an a bro o , pproxim ation to the masculine type ; they

are a sa a n . s , th t is to y , bnormal in wome In re pect to a a s a as mor l development, he reg rd wom n inferior “ man . an sa a ma to We c not , indeed , y th t wo n dis plays to the same degree a s the child the lineaments

a h is s a m s of mor l idiocy , for s e ved fro thi by her endowment with m aternal love and with sympathy .

a a a a n non - a Fund ment lly , however , wom n rem i s mor l , and this often precis ely in consequence of her s h n s a a ympathy . S e exhibit s umerous trait of ch r cter which prevent her from approachin g to the same

m n s and degree as a that balance between right duties ,

n and a s s a betwee egoism ltrui m , which i the ultim te ” a go l of moral development .

B a s of s a nd a a a the y me n hi toric l a ethnologic l d t ,

a c of a s import n e which , notwithst nding the critici m of s a h as not s a We term rck , been h ken , Lombroso endeavours to prove tha t during the long ages of the life of prehistoric humanity certain condition s were generally domin ant in the sexual life which are now

a as s s — a is sa reg rded con tituting pro titution th t to y , he Con siders that pro stitution and pro stitute s at the 60 CESAR E LOMBROSO

r s n d a r p e e t y a e reversionary or atavistic phenomen a . The intimate de scription given by Lombroso of the p sychical life of the pro stitute h as notably contributed to our interpretation of pro stitution in the atavistic

n se se . This explain s why it is that among pros ti tute s the criminal type is found more frequently and mo re markedly th an it is even among female criminal s .

s for m s s a Thu , Lo bro o , the pro titute , even more th n

a b u a re re the homicid l rob er, is the gen ine typic l p se ntative of m n — n , the prototype , cri i ality the cou ter part Oi the male m aj o r criminal ; and in socia l co - a n a r s oper tio with the l tte , the prostitute gives ri e

1 ns n s out na to the i titutio of e ge .

1 ‘ As ch aﬁ e nbur a s o r e s I b eli e ve a in s om e ns an e s g l w it , th t i t c we are e ntitle d t o r e gar d the prostitute a s th e e quivale nt o f the r minal but n ot withs t an din s e e e a th e om e m e n c i ; , g thi , I b li v th t c pl t to th e ro s e is t o b e oo e fo r n o t in th e thi e f th e o e , p titut l k d , , pickp ck t ” o r h h t e or e r r a e r in th e e ar an d t e a ran . f g , but th b gg v g t ’ ’ T NS TO S T —Lombro s o s e s re ar n the ros RA LA R NO E . vi w g di g p ti tute ar e di spute d by m an y wh o a cce pt th e gre ate r part of his e a in s in h m f r r os on is t ch g t e atte r o criminal anth o p olo gy . P tituti ar e a s o all - a s e e nome n on an d e re ore ros e s l g ly ci y c u d ph , th f p titut , in s o far a s the y are th e comple m en ts o f crimin als will be ma inly “ om e m e n a r t o s o all - a a n a s n a r m n al s c pl t y ci y c us e d d o cc io l c i i , “ n o t t o a a a nd ns n r m na T s B o The i e s . h bitu l i t ctiv c i i l hu , l ch ( ” e a e o f Our T me on on Re m an L . 1909 . S xu l Lif i , L d , b , td , , p whil e a dmittin g th a t th e world of crim e is ve ry n e ar t o th a t of pro s titution - be caus e th e pro stitute h as n e e d of a man t o wh om sh e is n o t s m a a e t o om sh e can be s ome n from i ply ch tt l , wh thi g t h e e rs ona o n of e a n d a s o e a se sh e s are s th e p l p i t vi w , l b c u h with — “ criminal th e life o f th e s ocial pariah go e s on t o s ay : Lom ’ bros o s do ctrine th at prostitution is throughout e quivale nt t o r m na is e r a nl n s e is on th e o a r c i i lity c t i y ot ju tiﬁ d . It ly by utw d circum s tanc e s o f th e ir life tha t t h e bulk o f pro s titute s are drive n

6 2 C ESARE LOMBROSO po sition has saved her from becoming a pro fessional — pro stitute she exhibits a ma rked anthropological and p sychological similarity to a prostitute . By reference to a large number of cases personally

a n s and aid x s ex mi ed by him elf , with the of e ten ive s a s a a a L s n a u a s t ti tic l m teri l , ombro o e de vo rs to est bli h

s s a as a a a n s the the i th t , gener l rule , fem le delinque t

ban of a law come under the the pen l , either from affective cau ses (criminal s by pas sion) or else from the press ure of unfavoura ble economic circums tances or other external conditions (occa sional criminals) ; that their offences are for the most part the outcome

a a s a and are of norm l feminine p ychic l life , in no respect the product of emotional or moral abnormality that alike in the general conduct of their life and in

' the particular oﬂe nce s for which they have been con for th e o fe n e s s e e e o e re e re o f ome n on e f c p ciﬁ d b l w, th w w c vict d of th e like offe nce

Crime an d mis de me anour in ge ne ral B re ache s of the p e a ce Pe rjury Fals e a ccus ati on Procure me nt Pr o curin g ab ortion Infant e xpo sur e Fraud Injury t o prope rty Simple a s s ault Aggr a vate d a s s aul t Pe tty larce ny Maj or the fts WOMAN A s CR IMINAL 63 de mne d we can trace the characteristic lineaments of

a a a a all a the wom nly n ture ; th t bove , in the m jority of m - is n o wa the , the mother sense in y diminished ,

s a and or if dimini hed , only to very triﬂing degree , tha t an increase of the s exual impulse is in them hardly ever demonstrable .

on a a n a n He then goes to prove , by the ex min tio of

s a a h h as s a exten ive m teri l , whic he ubjected to most

a a a s s a s s and c reful n ly i , th t pro titute genuinely “ ” crimin al feminine type s ( re a n ata ) are charac te riz e d by an utter lack of the mother - sense ; that in women condemn ed for major crimes an increas ed

a s is a s a a and a sexu l impul e lmo t inv ri bly present , th t this fact n o tably contributes to their criminal develop

a s a re a s a s ment ; where s prostitute , rule , conspicuou

s a and a for exu l frigidity , from childhood onw rds are characterized by a lack of the sense of sh ame .

as - s s of a n The c e hi torie , which the book cont ins a a a s a n bund nce , how , indeed , th t genui e women crimin als are endowed with the same fundamental peculiarities which Lombro s o h as s o fully de scribed

a e na s and r s in m l crimi l , the p o titute is exh ibited no more tha n as a slightly divergent variety of the woman criminal ; but the peculiar part which the female sexual life and the endowment of the woman crimin al with the attributes of motherhood play in

s a her p ychology , give to the gener l picture of the female criminal certa in peculiaritie s which justify a s a a t of a s ep r te trea ment feminine crimin l p ychology . 6 4 CE S A RE LOMBROSO

’ s s s of Lombroso s a a n Thi the i , th t mo g women

criminals the number of genuinely criminal types is

s a s n of as a m ll , whil t the umber occ ion l crimin als is

a is s o n very l rge , upp rted by the following co sidera

ns are tio (quoted by him in the book we now studying) . “ Some years before the publication o f La donna

n an a a n s a n deli quente , nthropologic l i ve tig tion u der taken in prisons for women by other a uthors showed that in women the va rious characters commonly found

in m ale criminal s were le ss frequently pre sent .

a s of s and of na e ar abnor V rietie the kull the exter l ,

m liti s of r of a . a e dentition , of the g owth the h ir , etc , f m were fo und only in from 10 to 20 per cent . o fe ale

n s a s a 40 60 . priso er , comp red with to per cent of “ s n s a - a a male pri o er , where s the well m rked crimin l ” ch aracteristic s are actually more frequently present

n ar in pro stitutes tha they e in male crimin al s .

’ Another important objection to Lombroso s views on the n ature of the crimin al is answered in his work on political crime and revol ution s .

of s Il ls The very title thi book , delitto politico e ” i B e cca s a s re voluz ion ( , Turin) , hows th t Lombro o , who s e inve stigations had hitherto been concerned

not s wa s now with the crimin al only , with crime it elf , A working in a wider ﬁeld . lthough in this book the s ections dealing with the individual fa ctors of po litical

and s s na crime , the de cription of the crimi loid , de

and a - e a n s s of generate , ment lly disorder d prot go i t T HE POLITIC A L CRIMINAL 6 5

a s an are nd politic l di turb ce, the fulle st a at the same

’ e mo s s s s s Lombro s o s tim the st ucce ful ; none the le , investigation s into the his torical n ature of revo lution s and s and ana on o f revolt , his expl ti their etiology ,

s s a on and a as s o ur de erve our con ider ti , in m ny c e a a dmir tion .

s na s is a of a Unque tio bly , thi ﬁeld ide s to which a po sitive mode o f treatment is especially applicable ; and in this portion o f his work Lombro so h as utilized

and a and not s m with proﬁt bility , eldo with true

s of B and on s geniu , the method uckle the c ception of

o n of o the d ctri e ev lution .

' Occa sionall n a no a n y , i deed , we c n t f il to otice the l lack of adequ ate criticism o f his sources of informa

n a nd a h a s a on his tio , th t too often he f iled to refer o wn a n ccount to the ultimate s o urces . We ca excuse him a a of m n for ccepting the uthority Mo mse , Grote , and s is o n a s a s a s Curtiu , when he c mpili g t ti tic l urvey of the po litica l disturbances of the ancient world ; but

n a s a n R n whe he c me to tudy the gre t Fre ch evolutio ,

was a n n n n a it cert i ly u wise to accept T ai e a s a utho rity . He h a s n o lack o f source s of information regarding m s a all a s a ore recent hi tory ; bove , reg rds the Paris

m s n r n of Com une , the till e du i g epidemic as sas sina tions and attempted a ssa ssination s Of Kings and

s s a s a s R ss an sm a a Pre ident , reg rd u i nihili , n rchism , and the revolts and revolution s in the Centra l and — South American Republic s all thes e provide him 5 66 CESARE LOMBR OSO with a veritable sup e rﬂuity o f m aterial for the s tudy of the etiology and p sychical anthropology of re volu tion s and revolt s . I n the chapters based upon such information as this the treatmen t often as sumes a

a a m n man merely necdot l for , which will i duce in y

a s a a a a re der critic l fr me of mind , lthough the majority will ﬁnd this portion al so of the book alike

a and n s n and s s timul ting i tere ti g ; , indeed , we mu t not forget that a thorough study and elucid ation of the peculiar individual fa ctors of politic al dis turbances is h ardly pos sible in default of the description of an

a n an o f a a s . s r a a bu d ce individu l tr it Thu , we e d th t “ Mo st exhibits the following stigm ata of degenera “ s s s an a s a and tion repul ive ugline , ymmetric l

s aw s a a a s . enormou upper j , the eye of to d , ﬂ ccid kin

Or are of s s om a we told the mi deed of the C mun rd ,

A nd ar n m a h a d n a llix , a e the infor ed th t he i vented

a as o a s a of telegr ph , b ed upon the recipr c l ymp thy

n - a s sna s a a n n a twe ty four p ir of il , e ch p ir represe ti g ” single letter of the alphabet . Lombroso begin s his demons tration with a purely psych ological study ; he describes the origin and

ﬂ t f an m s n n o o in e e c o i pul ive te de cy , deeply r ted

na s a human ture , to which he give the n me of

f 1 In n misoneism (hatred o novelty) . the woundi g

’ “ 1 C r B a e h ot s ra s e the a n of a n e w ompare Walte g ph , p i ” ‘ e a l b e o n in his r an littl e volum e on id , which wil f u d b illi t

“ - s NS TO . Phys ics an d Politic (p . TRA LA R T HE POLITICAL CRIMINAL 6 7 of this misoneism he s ee s the es sence of political

a s crime , in the glorious defe t of thi sentiment , which

s s n a s Opposes it elf to the mo t ecess ry progre s , to the

a very being of s ocial evolution . Thus the politic l criminal appears on the one h and a s a tran sgre ssor a a s s a and a a g in t the mo t legitim te , org nic lly the most

e a n of a a and de ply rooted , soci l tende cy hum n n ture , ,

a and s a s as on the other h nd ( imult neou ly) , the prime a f 1 1 dvocate o every advance In c1v1 iz ation .

s h as an Misonei m its roots deep in the org ic life , and is merely the expre ssion in the social sphere of c is in r ti F r a e a in the physic al . o this re s on it is most

h as ma it s a a a powerful , not where it de ppe r nce in

1 “ C om are a s o Ha e o E s e s in th e P s o o p l v l ck lli , Studi ych l gy ” “ ” o f S e x vol . . S e x in Re at on t o o e e re s , vi , l i S ci ty, wh thi fund am e ntal and pro foun dly imp ort ant p ar ado x is m os t thought e o n Af e r e a n n th e fe r e n e e e e n fully xp u de d . t xpl i i g dif c b tw tr a diti on a l mor a lit and id e a l mor a li t th e orm e r e n y y , f b i g on e rn e t th e a e e s an a r s of s o a on th e c c d wi h cc pt d t d d ci l c duct, a e r e m o n an a e m t o r e rm o s e s an ar s a nd l tt b dyi g tt pt fo th t d d , s ho win g h o w th e two m oralitie s are o f ne c e s s ity oppo s e d e a ch t o “ th e e r E s e s n t a ci 368 We a o t . e t o o o o s o . th , lli g y ( p , p ) h v r e me mb e r that the y are b oth e qu ally s o un d a nd e qua lly in dis e n s a e n ot o n t o os e wh o a e e m t o th e p bl , ly th cc pt th , but c ommunity which the y c ontin ue t o h old in vital the ore tical m o for n s a n e a e h e al an e . We a e s e e n e t o t b c h v th b th , i t c , ppli d que stion o f pro stitution ; tr a dition al mo rality de fe n ds pros titu on not for it s own s a e for th e s a e th e m arr a e ti , k , but k Of i g s s e m re ar s a s s ﬁ e n r e o s t o be o r a y t , which it g d uf ci tly p ci u w th s a r e e e a m ora re fus e s t o a e the ne e s s O c iﬁc , whil id l lity cc pt c ity f ros on an d o o s or ar t o ro r e s s e an e s in the p tituti , l k f w d p g iv ch g ” marr a e s s e m i m o and m n s r n i g y t which w ll dify di i i h p ostitutio . —T NS TO RA LA R . 68 CESARE LOMBROSO

n s o s s s or h as n n a s s co ci u ne , bee erected i to y tem of

nse a n s is m na co rv tive pri ciple , but where it do i nt without th o se guided by this sentiment being aware of a is m s ff s the f ct ; indeed , it o t e ective preci ely

o and all o a aim at where , in the ry in go d f ith , people

s progre s . Thu s Lombro so ﬁnd s the most intensive “ m s n s a n ho i o ei m mong the Fre ch , w prefer the no nno a n who a a a s a velty of i v tio , h ve lw y loved r ther the s to rmy movement of revolutio n th an its u seful res ults for everything novel that the French take to their bosom s must be of s uch a kind that it

s n t do e o disturb them in their h abitudes . They

a a a s m s s s a gl dly ch nge their f hions , their ini ter of t te , and a s of m n nu their extern l form govern ent , but co ti e ” n l r to cli g al the while to Druidis m and Cae sa ism .

nas as an an d r a an in I much , therefore , y eve y dv ce the condition o f humanity can be effected on ly very s and in a o f s o o lowly , the f ce oppo iti n b th from within and m an d of a a a fro without , in view the f ct th t hum n s s i n s a is old - s a s ociety in t nctively cli g to wh t e t bli hed , Lombro so dra ws the conclus ion that efforts towa rds

s s ara a and l n eans progre , ch cterized by r pid vio e t m ,

n E f r an a re in their very nature a b ormal . ven if o

m n are a oppressed i ority s uch methods inevit ble , they

n s a in a — a is sa are still a ti oci l their n ture th t to y,

r m n a and n s s they are c i i a l in ch racter , ofte u ele sly

na a s son s m r crimi l , bec u e they incite mi ei to b ing

a a n a n s a a s about re ctio , which will c rry thi g b ck p t

70 CESARE LOMBR OSO a ccount of his idea s concerning the nature of revola tion .

Revolution is the historical expression of svolu tion ; it is the chicken which h as outgrown the

s a and is a n embryonic t ge , re dy for life in the ope , ” a s i bre king through the hell . This s a metaphor to

L s n which ombro o retur s again and again . If the ne w development is one with whos e idea the generality

a a a s a o h ve become f mili r , if the old form h ve bec me

n n rotten , the evolutio ary impulse sponta eously break s

s i n into fre h channel s . It s true that eve then in s ome c ase s some force ha s to be applied to overcome

s s an of a of old a the re i t ce the dherents the w ys ; for ,

n sa of s and owi g to the univer lity mi oneism , to the law o f a s a s a a s inerti , uch dherent will lw y be found ,

o o n a on . h wever c ge t the need for innov ti Now , the ch aracteris tic of geniu s is it s freedom from th at which

n s s s a s to r s m m fur i he ob t cle prog e s , its freedo fro

s n s — a t as in s ss i a mi o ei m le t , re pect of progre n th t particular direction towards which the particular type

L o n s is . of ge iu directed In genius , therefore , ombr so r ecognizes at once the source of all tho se tendencies which gradually swell to form the irre sistible ﬂood of

n and in strume n revolutio , the helper through whose tality the ultimately mature embryo is assis ted to its

And s s one an n s . a birth j u t , on the h d , the ge iu

an s a n na one accomp ie ge uine revolutio ry movement ,

its s a capable of development , from ﬁrst m ll begin THE POLITICAL CRIMINAL 71 nin s it r o s s s o on g down to s victo i u clo e ; , the other “ a s - n s a na or h nd , the p eudo ge iu , the m ttoid crimi l

a s s s the lun tic , excite revolt which oppo e themselves

a c is iner tia o f s and s in v in to the ociety , who e sole

re sult is to hinder the general course of evolution . In this s ection of this rem arkable book we ﬁnd a

s nd a s n a notable timulus , a the brilli nt expo itio le ds us

are in to formulate all kinds of specula tion . We

duce d to a ttempt also to draw up a progno sis . We ask ours elves wh at will be the outcome of s uch a movement a s th at which wa s initiated in Germany — — Lassa a a - a r a by lle h lf genius , h lf mor l eccent ic

movement which has found its fool and its half- fool

N and s s and a s in eve Mo t re pectively , mong who e adherents e ven now the ques tion is being discus s ed whether the old Pru ssian s uffrage sys tem sh all be and ca n be des troyed and rebuilt by mean s of street

n n dem o s tration s a d the genera l s trike . Lombro s o utilized the relations between genius and revolution in a mo s t remarkable m anner for the

purpo se o f studying the nature of revolution . A

a on o f his a a and n s a not ble porti m teri l , u que tion bly

os s o o n is s the m t tru tw rthy porti , con tituted by the ofﬁcial statistics o f the Fren ch election s to the

a a 18 1881 and Ch mber of Deputies in the ye rs 77, ,

1 In 885 . a n ation whose dispo sition and develop

m n a so na a a a e t h ve been of mo rchic l a ch r cter ,

L s s a an ad ombro o proceed , republic vote signiﬁe s 72 CESARE LOMBROSO

h e sion a s to revolution . In thes e election we h ave the numerical expres sion of revolution in its le giti m ate form -a form entirely free from any criminal or ” n s i urgent features .

In a very deta iled m anner he then p roce eds to

” demon strate the complete parallelism in France

s and o n— a is sa between geniu rev lutio th t to y ,

an s n m n — not as to a republic e ti e t which , if e y displ y

n m a n s s is and h as n n u eric lly , everthele bee u iversally R i domin ant . eferen ce s also m ade to a kind o f

s a s a s a m n of n s s n t ti tic l t te e t ge iu , which wa give by

’ ” Lo s ano L omo mbro o in ther work , u di genio , “ From thes e s tatis tic s he derives an index of geniu s

r a in an and a n to for eve y dep rtment Fr ce , ccordi g the size of this index the departments are arranged in

s n groups. Thes e will be s een to corre po d in a mo st s triking m anner with the gro ups we obta in by cla s sify ing the departments according to their republican or monarchical proclivities .

n This analogy is pur sued yet further . In a umber

f s a s a a and a s r n o intere ting t ble , di gr ms , ch rt , the F e ch departments are grouped according to their conﬁgura

n n a s s and a s o a tio (mou t in , hill , pl in ) , the ge logic l char acter of their soil (granitic and other prima ry

— a ss a s a a a form ation s jur ic , cret ceou , lluvi l , ccord

a a n a a s L a ing to the r ci l origin of their i h bit nt ( iguri n ,

n C R nan a l B and Iberia , ymric , uthe i , G e ic , elgic ,

1 f s on on : a e r c o . Translate d as The Man o Ge niu . L d W lt S tt THE POLITIC A L CRIMINAL 73 for each group the predominant politic al tendency and

s wa the index of genius are determined . In thi y al so he deduce s an an alogy bo rderin g on identity between republicanism and genius .

A s a s s his a a s s part fro m s uch an alogie the e , n ly i Of

o s in a and of the elect ral result Fr nce , his grouping the republican and the monarchical departments

‘ a to n a n o f s a ccording the co ﬁgur tio the urf ce , the

a a ac s and n geologic l ch r ter of the oil , the origi of the

a on are of a s s and popul ti , the gre te t intere t ; the intere st is further increas ed by the a ccompanying commentary dealin g with a m ass of facts relating to

- n s . s of six a m s o f a other cou trie Thu , thirty dep rt ent

a s a a - ﬁve are a mount inou ch r cter , twenty republic n ;

as of a m a ns where ten dep rt ents in the pl i , four only

r a e republican . Lombroso give s numerou s example s t o show th at the inh a bitants of mountainou s districts are inclin ed to more rapid evolution ary changes th an

a an s of a n s are a s to the inh bit t the pl i , who more ver e

. On a n a t a s novelty the other h d , very lofty ltitude

an a a am n and a indeed , p thetic temper e t politic l

n are m na s i dolence do i nt Thu , in Mexico , the inhabitants of dis tricts at an altitude Of over metres feet) above the se a - level are ch aracter

iz e d as s . n a a s of a a by p ivity The i h bit nt the c pit l city ,

is a a t a o s a are a which situ ted b ut thi ltitude , politic lly

n ff and a a an a i di erent , t ke h rdly y p rt in the revola

n is o s of n . s o ti the cou try It the troop nly , recruited 74 CESARE LOMBROSO

a from other p rts of the country, which iss ue the

The mono tonous scenery of the plains induces an

a n na s a in n a an s and equ ble i ter l t te the i h bit t , thus s n s m n n son m tre gthen in the the se time t of mi eis .

On o a s on ly the pr ximity of l rge river , which great

s a n a s a a indu tri l towns grow up , e cour ge politic l

a vit lity in the plain s . F acto rs of another order may

n and ma n a interve e , y cou ter ct this monotonizing i f o a ns . a all n nﬂuence the pl i Here , bove , we ote the

ff of s s of a s o n of e ect the cro ing r ce , in c nseque ce which

P s n a and r the ole , through co t ct intermixtu e with the

a s a n a n a n in Germ n , h ve undergo e ot ble developme t civilization and p olitical life in advance of s o many

S a a s . s n s other l vonic r ce In thi co nection , Lombro o

a s s a s ss s ff t s as l y e peci l tre upon the ﬁr t e ec , the n cent s ta e of s n ss a and s t , uch i tercro ing of r ces , refer the rapid decline in Po lis h evolution to dis appearance o f

’ s ta tus na scendi s Lombros o s is this . (Thi notion of s upported by the fact that the partition o f Poland was followed by a renewed crossing o f the Polish with the

a s and s n s in Germ n tock , there en ued upo thi , the

n n and a a n middle third of the ni etee th century , g i

- da in a n s n of a un to y , dditio to the blos omi g quite

s a s and a expected indu tri l , cientiﬁc , liter ry quickening

a a s n of P s o n a of the r ce , recrude ce ce the oli h rev lutio ry

a n m o spirit . For lo g ti e the f rce produced by the

a s a s and o a nascent s t te eemed exh u ted , the revoluti n ry THE POLITICAL CRIMIN A L 75 spirit o f the Pole s a ppeared to have become meta morphose d into clericalism . ) In addition to the permanent factors of soil and

a a of a na is a a r ce , by me ns which tion rendered c p ble o f purs uing a successful cours e of developm e nt

s r n a s are through a eries of fo tu te revolution , there other and varia ble inﬂuence s which give rise to a

n s n - n a n conti uou rebellious u re st . Pre emine t mo g these inﬂuences is a climate ch aracterized by periods

a s a as a a of r pidly ri ing temper ture , where tropic l

a n s a so n n a an s clim te i duce b lute i dole ce in the inh bit t , s o that in tropical countries his tory h a s nothing to

a a s - s s a s and record reg rding cl s truggle , conspir cie ,

s n erious i surrections . The hot s eason in the southern region s of the temperate clime s is a c ardin al factor in the production

a s a s s h as of politic l di turb nce . Lombro o proved thi s by the utiliz ation of materi al who s e Ofﬁ cial origin appears to him to render it entirely tru stworthy

a a a a a of a n mely , the d t recorded in the C lend r Goth

1 n for the yea r s 1791 to 880 . In this period we ﬁnd a

f 6 n a o 83 s s s s . ccount revolt , rebellio , in urrection , etc ,

of 495 a E which took pl ce in urope . The maximum of the E uropean disturbances took place in the month

o f s S A a July , whil t of the outh meric n revolts , the maximum occurred in the corresponding month of the m — n s . an a . e souther he i phere viz , J u ry The more r cent

o r s a n a A and rec d , rel ti g to outbre ks in rgentin a Chile , 76 CESARE LOMBROSO

n co ﬁrm this conclusion . The smalle s t number of

s —in E in N and revolt occurred urope , ovember

D and S A r a Ma and n . ecember , in outh me ic , in y Ju e If we examine the records of the individual E uropean na n s ﬁnd a am n all the na ns tio , we th t o g tio of

S o uthern E urope the s ummer is the principal time o f In f n s disturbance . the cas e o ﬁve natio alitie (the

N ans S s a s P s and s orwegi , wede , D ne , ole , Iri h) the

r n n sp i g predominates . I one ca se only wa s there a ma Of s in n s was S a ximum revolt wi ter thi witzerl nd , in which ten out of twenty - four recorded outbreaks

r occur ed during the winter s eason . Another tabulation of the ﬁgures displays the pre domin ance oi the n ationalities of Southern E urope in the statistic s o f insurrection . In Greece there were

95 s a tan s s n revolt per inh bi t , thi bei g the

a m R s a a 1900 m ximu ; in u si , down to the ye r , there

0 8 a an s s n were per inh bit t , thi bei g the E m m . o s ﬁnd mini u Dividing urope int three zone , we

a r E 12 s in th t in Northe n urope there were revolt ,

E 25 and S E 56 Central urope , in outhern urope , per

inhabitants .

E n a s and n ss n con ve richer in f ct , more e gro i g in

i s an d a t a a a on s equence o vivid de cription p ch r cteriz ti ,

a a s s a s . . Of is the n ly i , in ch pter vii to xii , the

r s n an individual fa ctors of politic al c ime . The ig iﬁc ce

and se x are s u and ﬁnd a a of age t died , we det iled description of the female pro tagonists of Rus sian

78 CESARE LOMBROSO s um s up the who le o f his materia l for a differ en tial dia no sI s n n nd n g betwee revolutio a revolt . The follows

s n a wa s r n o o a on the eco d p rt , which w itte in c llab r ti

a n s n s a a Las . with you g j uri t , the Vero e e dvoc te chi Here we h ave an historical account of the gene sis o f

a m a s n of a and politic l cri e , with de criptio the e rlier

n s o f a a na more rece t method de ling with it , both n tio l and t na ona and an a m is ma m in er ti l tte pt de , fro the s an n a n in s a rm a t dpoi t g i ed the ﬁr t p rt , to fo ul te juri dicall n a n s of a m o y the pri cip l eleme t politic l cri in logy , and to reconstruct the foundation s of its penal re p re s sion . The conclu sion con sists of a detailed a ccount “ of the economic and political prophylaxis of political

— nd m crime , in which from time to time a ore e specially in the criticism o f Italian parliamentary — ’ government and pa rty politic s Lombroso s original

r n For mo des of thought a e strikingly ma ifest . the

s a s a s s mo t p rt , however , the e prophyl ctic pre cription

n co - a as s a have refere ce merely to oper tive oci tions ,

s a a a and a of in ur nce g inst unemployment , number political meas ures of a more or le ss State - Socialist

a a of a ar na and as ch r cter no p rticul origi lity, derived ,

s a om a of Luz z ati it seem to me , in p rt fr the ide s Luigi

n n s P s and a (the pre se t Mi i ter re ident) , in p rt from tho s e of Achille Loria .

of are not The chief merit s the book found here ,

n its hi t rico - s a a s in s but i s o philo ophic l ide , which thi

ar s and concluding portion e but lightly sketched , in CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 79

a an aid a a s the m sterly m ner in which , with the of v t ma a o s are a teri l , the foundati n l id of our knowledge of s s a s are the p ychology Of the rebel , who e line ment depicted with the true st perception of nature and of his tory .

’ Lombroso s daily contact with prisoners awaiting

a n his f a s a s a f tri l , owi g to o ﬁci l po ition medic l o ﬁcer

r s n at n s a s s to the p i o Turi , the criticism p ed from the “ ” his horn a legal side upon doctrine of the crimin l , an d the contin ued excha nge of idea s with s o dis tinguish e d an expert in the theory of j urisprudence

’ a E n a s n s rico Ferri , led him in twenty ye r e suing

in a a an s as s of work , which he ccumul ted enormou m

O s a s f o n and n b erv tion o his w , utilized the entire i ter

na na a Oi s s na tio l liter ture the ubject , to tudy the crimi l

ass as ona m a n by p ion, the occ i l cri in l (eco omic etiology

o f m a a m a and a a cri e) , the h bitu l cri in l , other bnorm l c ategories of criminals (in addition to the born

m n a — a a s na na and cri i l) crimin l lcoholic , crimi l lu tics ,

all criminal epileptics . The results of this work were

a in and incorpor ted the third , fourth , ﬁfth edition s of

“ ’ ” L m d lin u n a 1 n uo o e q e ts . From the ye r 880 o wards he was a s sisted In this gigantic undertaking by a ble

s a a ss s a s and o s a a s per on l i t nt , fr m thi ye r d te the i ssue

his A r chivia di sichia tria in of p , the production Of

which he enjoyed the collabo ration of an international

a . At s a the o circle of colle gues the me time , do rs of 80 CESARE LOMBROSO

all a a s n n ot him It li n prison were ope , to only , but

a m lso to his pupils and fellow - worke rs an a dvan

a m s o a s na t ge which I y elf cc io lly enjoyed . B e ltrani 1 a S a , ta an s a m n a n c li the chief of the I li pri on d i istr tio ,

’ placed at Lombro so s disposal the entire ofﬁcial

material of his department ; and Lombroso utilized

s not to s n n and hi ri thi , only tre gthe develop s theo es ,

but also for the foundation of a unique crimina l

m s and for a n - u eum , the prep ratio of c arefully thought

o ut ans o f na pl pe l reform . From every quarter

ma a s s a teri l tre med in , by which hundreds of he ads

’ and an s - h d were kept busy . Lombroso s grown up

a rs a a and a a a an d ughte , P ol Gin , bec me re ders , tr s

a s a ar s and s ub - s nd h l tor , ctu ie , editor ; a t e house in

a s a in n n the gre t qu re of Turin , from which the eve i g

1 This brilliant e xpe rt h as give n th e be s t s ummary o f his o wn a im s in t he sp e e ch which h e de live re d in th e y e ar 1870 in n nn a at th e C on re s s for Pr s on e orm He s a e n Ci ci ti, g i R f . id Wh

th e a n s a e e e n re mo e e n or o ra n s m n h a s ch i h v b v d , wh c p l pu i h e t

e e n a o s e e n th e re a m e n o f r sone r s h as e om e s m e b b li h d, wh t t t p i b c o ' l r difi r n a o e e e e nt rom a h a s . e e n in th e a st thi g t g th f wh t it b p , e n in a or in e no o s e e r h a s e e n r e a e b wh , w d , p l gy v ity b pl c d y m dne s s and on s e ra on s no t be e a s t o s a if and il c id ti , till it will y y t o wh at e xte n t thi s hum an e s pir it will h a ve damm e d th e s pre a d in fl oo o f r m e n or s o fin d it e a s t o e e rm n e g d c i , h uld I y d t i pre cis e ly th e gr o un ds by which we ha ve b e e n guide d t o a de cision

Whe th e r s e ve rity o r mildn e s s is t o be pre fe rre d .

To s th e r m na s is th e rs an d the re a e s n e e . tudy c i i l, thi ﬁ t g t t d Afte r s o m an y ye ar s ﬁlle d with w ork a nd dis cus s ion we ha ve arr e a t th e o n ro m we o t o a e s ar e iv d p i t f which ught h v t t d ,

re s e e a se a e r a n s an n n of ro e we p ci ly b c u , ft t ki g uch i ﬁ ity t ubl , ” r ha ve dis cove e d n othin g but e mptin e s s . CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 8 1

can be seen the sun s et glow on the peaks of the

w s n A s a not n n e ter lp , bec me , o ly the collecting ce tre of the material s pouring in from every direction

(ultimately even fro m the slowly- moving Anglo - Saxon

or n ot s c of an s a s w ld) , only the our e exten ive journ li tic propa ganda (in Germ any furthered by Maximilian

’ a s a Zukun t h ad a H rden p per , f , which even then wide

and a s a n a n incre ing circul tio ) , but , in dditio , the

meeting - place of numerou s foreign investiga tors enga ged in the s tudy of the social and biolo gical

s s . f cience Here the heavy red wine o Piedmont ,

as s no s a n a e which w upplied with p ri g h nd , loosen d m any tongue s ; but wine wa s a s suredly not the s ole

n s e livening element in the hou e , in which dis tinguish e d simplicity and a p a triarch al atmos phere combined to melt the chill reserve no le ss of the Pru s sian Privy Councillor than of the English

' nive r it Profe s sor so a rsa n o f all U s y , th t the conve tio

was brilliant and unrestra ined . The se years of propaganda and of pra ctical effort s — — on behalf o f reform 1885 to 1900 undoubtedly owed a part of their brillian cy an d of their practica l fruit

’ n o Lombro so s a s s a s f ul ess t d ughter , who ﬁr t by me n of their wo men friend s (among whom I may give the

a a m a am K ulisz e w leading pl ce to the soci l refor er , M d e ) , and subsequently by mean s of their afﬁ ance d hiisb and s f . and . a a a s s o (G Ferrero M C rr r ) , brought fre h world T th idea s into contact with that of their father . o e 6 8 2 CESARE LOMBROSO elements already enumerated were added music and

as a s and n s s a s s a s the pl tic rt , the frie d hip of uch rti t

Bistolﬁ— a n s and s a s s and dr wi g ketches by living rti t , ca sts Of celebrated s culptures wer e dispersed among the skull s and the book s with which almost every

m in n roo the hou se was ﬁlled . The glorious harmo ies of B eethoven and Wa gner were not o nly re - echoed in

a s a n and a n the he rt like of you g Old mong the audie ce , but al so re sounded from the skulls of ancient

P a s and r m - eruvi n f o p ainted prison utensils . This wa s the environment from which c ame th e ma sterly sketch o f the n ature of woman ; and thus it came to pass that the anth ropology of c alculus and measurin g

n a n and was a rule receded i to the b ckgrou d , repl ced

a n a n A a s of by profou d psychologic l i sight . S re ult s s m and s n s n uch ti uli , of other too umerou to me tion , there orI gInate d the intimate an alysis of the criminal m n a in s n of na is no e t lity , con eque ce which the crimi l longer regarded merely a s the savage and atavistic

s n a of s am - de ce d nt the prehi toric m moth hunter , but rather as one in whom the observer now perceives a s and s a a a l o , depict with the sure h nd of m ster, the lineaments of an unfortunate being impelled to crime

ass n s s a a by his p io , by the pres ure of w nt , by exploit

n n sa tio a d impoverishment . At the me time the p sychological description of the horn criminal nature ga ined additional clearn ess of detail and sh arpnes s o f

. m s s Outline We u t look for this de cription , not only CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 83

as a the in the l t edition of the chief work , but lso in numerous mon o graph s on individual crimin als who se offence s attracted public attention during thes e years

’ of Lombro so s ripe st knowledge and fullest creative

o . a s s as a s a f rce The l t of the e ﬁgures w the P ri i n ,

a a 1 M d me Steinheil .

’ Lombroso s criminal psychology deserves much m h ore attention than it as hitherto received . In relation to the practical problems o f criminal j uris prudence it is more important than were his purely a a a s a s a nthropologic l investig tion , lthough the e l tter

a a f r a A h ve attr cted a gre ter popular notice . like to the

s n and s a s expert in foren ic medici e to the p ychi tri t , criminal psychology po ss esses greater diagnos tic im portance ; for it is often nece ssary to determine

a a n a a a whether, in cert in i dividu l , cquired ment l

a n a s a inﬁrmity, congenit l me t l inﬁrmity , or some peci l

a of a a s . and peculi r type degener cy , predomin te It is not permissible for the medical jurist to argue a s follows : This individual h a s rem arkable phys ica l characters and incomprehen sible psychic al p e cu ” d is nd n l riti an a s s . ia e s , he therefore ill irre po ible The incomprehensible character of a crime or the enigmatical ch aracter of a pe rsonality is not rarely u s ed as an argument for the belief that mental dis

and s s s s . order , con equent irre pon ibility , exist But

” 1 r e ss e n e Ar chimio cl i sichi a tri a P n s e r sul o o . e i i p c St i h il, p

1909 . l . 87 e t c vo . . . , xxx , p , 8 4 CESARE Lo MR Ro so

s is no t a a n A thi v lid i ference . knowled ge of the psychology of the respectable bourge0 1s and of tha t of nar s n m the ordi y phili ti e , or a li ited acquaintance

n sa n ns n n with the i ne co ﬁned in i titutio s , doe s o t provide any experience of the interweaving of com plicated and peculiar motive s and feelings in the p syche of the criminal n ature . A thorough know 1 of na s is a t - da ledge crimi l p ychology , which r re o y , and for s as n s is diﬂi cult a which , Obviou re o , to obt in , is an es sential preliminary for the distinction of

m n n n a n cri i al atures from the i s ne a d from imbeciles . Not infrequently it is maintained that the per former of a criminal act cannot be normal if we are unable to discover any proﬁt which he could have

hi a a s f in r m s act . o a a derived f o The ch r cteri tic crim l ,

i is to n s a a a it s held , i jure other to g in person l a dvantage ; but to injure others simply for the sake of doing injury is said to be chara cteristic of psycho logic al anoma ly . This a ssumption is contradicted by two fundamental — traits o f the crimin al nature reckle s sness of cons e

ss f que nce s and cruelty . The reckles sne o the crimin al nature lead s him rather to yield to momentary im

a o i pul ses th an to pursue a deliber te purp s ve plan .

a not n as na a s The cruel individu l , o ly crimi l , but l o

s s as a of a a s as savage , a de pot , violent le der mob , t ke

1 n a or of th e i ro se or E . Wulffe n The m onum e t l w k Publ c P cut ,

r n o fe rs a no a e e e on to his e ne ra a on . ( B e li , f t bl xc pti t g liz ti

86 CESARE LOMBROS O

to a and — ful th t other, bec a u s e the criminal the

s — u urer , for example actually experience s pleas ure

’ a n s t in h ving give ri e o others pain .

o n s s s The pr fou d p ychologi t , Friedrich Nietz che , has detected the root s of this phenomenon in average ” an na hum ture . He speaks of the horrible beautiful

of crime- Of the h appin e s s of one wh o h a s completely freed him s elf from the lower in s tincts of compassion

and from the evil bea st conscience .

Abundant as are the materials for a special

s of a s a s and p ychology cert in peci litie in crime , exten

’ sive as was Lombroso s acquaintance with individual

a s th e ss his a n of n a crimin l , none le ccou t the eleme t ry

a qu lities o f the criminal n ature is extremely simple .

f s n n a a s a t The dif erence betwee i dividu l crimin l , who

s s a a n n ﬁr t ight ppe r extremely unlike , freque tly depe d merely upon the fact th at the inclin ation to enrich their own pers onality at the expense of ano ther is a s s a one as a a a and oci ted in the c e with f vour ble , in

o an n a a n o s . the ther with u f vour ble , eco omic p ition The thievish p roletarian will s teal anything he see s lying about or anything that he ﬁnds in someone

’ m na m s o s el s e s po cket . The illio ire si ilarly di p ed will not s a s n ﬁnd a s and an s te l i gle purses , but will w y me

m s nd r a rs Of emptying very nu erou a ve y l rge pu es . The crimin al proletarian is a petty thief or a burglar ; the criminal bo urgeois fo und s fraudulent bank s and

a m an s or a s or s s limited li bility co p ie , tr n f m ound CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 87

n a n s n s or s s a a u dert ki g into s wi dle , he y tem tic lly s s his a n a n a is windle p rt ers . Fr udule t b nkruptcy the

a le ding ﬁeld of typic al bourge oI s cri minality . Thus we get an in sight into the operation of many of the ” so - a n in c lled eco omic factors of crime , which s s a s a n s a in s of e enti l mou t to thi , th t time economic depression a large number of un scrupulou s persons s eize opportunitie s for s tealing brea d that h as risen in price or the money that is needed for the purchase — of bread a larger number than in more prosperous times ; where as in time s of commercial expansion the talen ts o f the s windler on the large scale and of the millionaire plunde re r ﬁ nd their greate s t Opp or

t unit . is a a one h as no y Moreover , it cle r th t who r a a a is a eg rd for his person l reput tion will , if he poor man mo a m s of ff , re re dily turn to the com is ion o ences a a ns is - to - is g i t property ; but if he well do , he more

s likely to commit offence s a gainst the per s on . Thi is s hown by the fact th at thos e who are well o ff

ff a a n a and a more often o end g i st the he lth , life , sexu l freedom of other s ; whil st tho s e who are ill off more

r frequently commit offence s a gainst p operty . And it is further shown by the fact tha t when wages are

and r ssa s of ar rising , the p ices of the nece rie life e a s a a s s a s n m f lling , crime g in t the per on incre e in u ber , whil st the number o f thefts and embezzlements

n i s i a an diminis hes . This te dency s t ll more cle rly m i 8 8 CESA RE LOMBROSO fe ste d if the ris e in wage s a nd the fall in prices are s imultaneous .

In a n n not on dditio to cruelty , which we e counter ly in ff n s a a n s o n a s se e n O e der g i st the per , but l o freque tly

of a a s m a in s s and in the form l ck of y p thy, u urer

a s ara s o o m na s e n che t , the comp tive p ych l gy of cri i l ables us to recogni ze In them a s permane nt qualitie s 1 s sn ss a d m s s sn s s and in o s a reckle e n re or ele e , , m t

as s a s an n a n — a is to sa c e , l o e tire l ck of i tegrity th t y ,

1 The orn r m na is n ar a e r e s e of th e b c i i l , i v i bly, utt ly d titut e e in a h e is n r M r e re rs re e n e s r e f l g th t doi g w ong . u d f qu tly d c ib e r m s d e e s as tr iﬂ e s a s ar ona e e rrors of o an d e th i i d , p d bl y uth, th y ar e a s ton s e n a e r n s i h d a d indignan t tha t the y r s o s e ve e ly pu i he d . To the r e r m n a th e an s o f on s e n e are e n re t u c i i l , p g c ci c ti ly

n n o n and a r s n i fe re n e t o e a is a m os r e e n u k w , b uti h i d f c d th t f qu t man e s a on s is s o n e r e ar in th e rns of if t ti . Thi h w v y cl ly tu phras e m e t with in th e j argon o f crimina ls in re lation t o the n s me n f n On e o f the m os s e n s a on al r a s in pu i h t o e xe cutio . t ti t i l — re ce nt days th e tria l o f He in z e an d o f th e pro s titute with — whom h e live d se rve d t o a cquaint th e ge ne ral public with th e “ ” f a a n Th e e r e s phra s e cut th e c abb a ge or de c pit tio . xp s ion “ ” t o s ne e z e in th e s a ck c orre s p ond s t o this (th e guillo tin e d e a e n s e e re th e a n ni e is re e e in a s a h d , wh v d by f lli g k f , c iv d ck) ; om r s e s n m e r m d th e re ar e m any othe rs . L b o o giv u ous e x a p le s o f a pe rfe ct e quanimity pe rsi sting up t o the ve ry mo me nt o f e a One o f his re o r s A r chi vio d/i sichia tr ia 1891 d th. p t ( p , ,

e on 4 e s us o f a m r e re r wh o s a a n his S cti ) t ll u d , whil t w iti g f th e s e a rs A e e e on r e ar a r e s o o . t o s x cuti , d w c ic tu p ct t lli d thi n i fe re n e a e ar s to b e th e n m s e of ro e s s ona i d f c , pp puz zli g i pul p f i l mur de re rs b e fore th e c ommis sion o f a crim e t o s pe a k Op e nly of e r ans an d e e n to e s r e th e a a e a s of t he th i pl , v d c ib ctu l d t il

' ro o s e m r e r . TI O m ann a ou h e e in o r r n p p d u d pp , lth gh li d c u t du i g a th e tr a i e on n e in his e m ad e ra n s o f t he wa in i l , wh l c ﬁ d c ll d wi g y r r which h e ha d c o mmitte d th e mu de .

90 CESARE LOMBROSO alike of apparently trifling scrawl s on prison wall s and of s s a s s of i comprehen ive hi toric l tudie crime , s cer tainl his y to be found chief s ervice . Here we find one of the fine st examples known to modern p sycho

a of n s a on a s p thology the mi ute ob erv ti of det il . Lombroso shows him self to be a true interpreter of

a and a s to o n ture , geniu wh m , in the depth of his

s a a can n in ight into hum n n ture , we , amo g the

s m a n Dostoie ﬁsk and a o modern , co p re o ly y , , m ng

s o f an a da n l a tho e e rlier y, o ly the bri liant crimin l

s s p ychologi t Shake speare . An impo rtant circumstance in the development of the individual criminal is the existence of a pro fe ssional as a a n a ns re re r c lity with ncie t tr ditio , p s enting a kind of syndica ted organiz ation of the

a n s s a s a a old crimin l i tere t , s oci ted with the equ lly

a s of s a a n s tr dition the receiver , v g bo ds , pro titutes ,

nd h of a gipsies . This a s introduced into the life

a n n na m n na a crime co ve tio l ele e t, which would tur lly not be able to m ainta in itself unle ss it corresponded

Old to the innermost n ature of the criminal . The

a s— a Pa s L n national capit l Venice , M drid , ri , o don s till pos sess ancient tradition s of this character ; but the colossal growth of the modern industrial towns h s a s n of a as given ri e , in ddition , to the exi te ce

ns one n s criminal world without traditio , which k ow little or n othing o f the three leading feature s o f

’ — s ar on a o n a nd the ancient tra dition thieve j g , t tt oi g , CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 9 1

S a and a s soute nage . outhern It ly Sicily h ve pre erved

n s a a and Mafﬁa crimin al organizatio in the C morr the , o ut of which there h as developed a systematic taxation

as s s and s s s of the propertied cl e , which even po se

a P rliamentary po wer s .

’ a s a Side by side with the ncient thieve j rgon , a a of it s a as lmost vener ble in vie w genuine ntiquity , shown by numerou s word s and phrase s derived from

and R an has a s the Hebrew om y tongues , there ri en

- a o f ana the ever ch nging speech the c ille , to which

n s are a n s s co tribution continu lly fur i hed , ﬁr t , by

s s a is ff pro titutes , through who e intermedi tion e ected a contact between the mos t diverse class e s of s ociety ; s s a s a econdly , by ubmerged individu l origin lly belong in as s and a s g to the upper cl es ; , thirdly , by the rti t

a ar na a in a world . Thes e j rgon s e tur lly perpetual

. s s s a s s a s s ﬂux They pos e their cl ic writers , doe , for

n s an a of n m a a s in i t ce , the rgot co te por ry P ri the

a n a to n e w a a o o f t le ted Bru nt , whom every v ri ti n the j argoniz ation of speech stre ams down from the s m n a and s s s are ff s u mit of Mo tm rtre , who e ong di u ed throughout France from thous an d s of s mall mu s ic

a a wa a s a s o h lls , j ust in the s me y Fr ncoi Villon , f ur and a a s a o ss na a h lf centurie g , di emi ted the j rgon Of his da in s am s s s s n s y h ele but in pired o g .

N s ona a ow , unque ti bly , every rgot pos ses ses a criminal psychologica l interest . The canaille will t ake the new - coined word to its heart only when the 92 CESARE LOMBROSO thing or the relation de scribed by this word expre sses s omething of great or supreme importance to the

a a e a . a is bl ckgu rd or the ch t To the burgl r , the baby ” r a a a s a impo t nt princip lly screecher , so he accepts

- s n . sa wa thi new coi ed word To the thief , in the me y ,

s are s or ar of o an the ﬁnger hook , , in the got P l d , — ra bka a r s g th t which grips . To the natu ali m of the

a a o s ma s v g bond , the co k from whom he beg y be mo t — a ptly described a s fi nkelmus ch fi nke l being the fire s and mus ch a o a ide , , Hebrew w rd for the vulv — The humour of every j argon lies in this that its words are formed by the naming of that part of the denomin ated whole which a ppears to the name - giver to be the mo st important element of that whole .

The a stonishing vividnes s and speech - forming power often recogniz able in s uch j argon is really s omewhat a tavi stic when compared with the wearisome newspaper j argon of our modern books among all B an s s s a civilized people s . y me of preci ely uch

- ma r a s and im word for tion , di ected tow rd the vivid

o a o a s s ian p rt nt , did the c lloqui l peech of prehi toric n

n 1 origi ate . In t attooing we recognize allied qualities of origin

1 Max n f o 1887 . C . . Mu e r The e e o T f F ll , Sci c h ught, , pp 270 271 I th e s e n e of an a e h as ro e an n , f ci c l gu g p v d ythi g , it h as pr ove d th at e ve ry te rm which is applie d t o a p articul ar ide a o r o e nl e s s be a ro e r n ame is a r e a a e ne ra e rm . bj ct , u it p p , l dy g l t Man me an or na an n a o in s e r en t an t igi lly ythi g th t c uld th k p , y l ” n a o re e rwit an in a o b e e a t e n . thi g th t c uld c p ; f , yth g th t c uld NS TO TRA LA R .

94 CESARE LOMB ROSO

In an elaborate analysis of the mind of the 1 a a a crimin l , I h ve ende voured to show that this is a m mind domin ted by the sovereignty of the mo ent , a fea ture in which it resembles the mind of the child

and the savage . Here we have an indication that

in a as the crimin l , in the child and the savage — , inhibition the mo st important function of the brain — 2 is not developed for inhibition Operate s under the inﬂuence of our previou s experiences and of the

continuous consideration of the future con sequence s

our s a . of pre ent ctions Undoubtedly , it is also

a a s a ass a t ch r cteri tic of the crimin l by p ion th t , a

of a m the time the deed , the moment ry o tives drive

out or paralyze all past experiences and all consider B ations . ut a in for the future th t which , the c ase

a as n s r of the crimin l by p sio , occur but once o a few

re s ns i s o me an a o n of th e m e n a sor e rs i po ibil ty ; , cc u t t l di d wh ch a e ore n s m or an e s o m e th e e or of th e ll o f h v f ic i p t c ; , th y wi , r os e of e e ra on O e s n o f r e so e O th e a s so a ons pu p , d lib ti , f d ig , lv , f ci ti an d th e a s t o r m e som e th e e e o m e n a s or of with id c i ; , d v l p t l hi t y n a r m na s or a e s r on o f th e m e ans i dividu l c i i l , d c ipti by which a e e n l e d t o ommi s om e ar t ar r me o r i th e y h v b e c t p icul c i , wh ch e a e a o e in th e o r s e of it s e r orm an e s om e th y h v d pt d c u p f c ; , na e no e th e e rm a a s s a on o f th e or of ﬁ lly . d t by t cl iﬁc ti w ld

ri a s i a or an e ara e r a e r th e manne r o f c min l n cc d c with ch ct , ft Th e e a n f m r o s o is on e rne B e n e dikt and Krau s s . t chi g o Lo b c c d so le ly with th e e le m e nts of th e criminal n ature which po ss e s s an a n ro o o al n e re s s a s th e e no o s e n e a o rs t o th p l gic i t t, ju t th l gi t d v u r r e e lucidate the n atural ch a a cte r o f a ac . 1 Naturge s chichte d e s Ve rbre ch e r s Th e N atural His tory

- 230 246. Of th e Crimi nal pp . 1 42 h e O se r a ons of ro e s s or Ran e . o e . . t P S e e ab v p , b v ti f k CRIMINAL PSYCHO LOGY 95

s is a a time only during life , in the born crimin l

a a continuous state , one which ch r cterizes his non

a s crimin l as well as his crimin al activitie . — It is obvious that alcoholism from which almo s t — all h abitual criminal s s uffer mu st favour the failure

f . s a a s o inhibition The p ychology of the crimin l is , a so a a a s of rule , interperme ted with the ch r cteri tics alcoholism that it is often nece s sary to grope back into the childhood of the individual in order to a sce r 1 tain the original lineaments of his ch ara cter . The paras itism of the existence Of the criminal is

a n an m of m and m i ly outco e econo ic conditions , not f a a o . s s an element ry fe ture crime In thi re pect ,

na s s n at crimi lity closely re embles pro titutio , which ,

as a and le t in the modern l rge town , is through h o f t rough a product parasitic luxury . Pas sing on now to con sider the pre ssing question of the cau sal connection between the psychical and the

s a a n a a a s of a phy ic l fund me t l ch r cteri tics the crimin l , we ﬁnd that it is not pos sible from the physical characters to deduce with certainty a corresponding m development of feeling . But it ay well be that bo th serie s of phenomena res ult from a common — a s . a s n t c u e viz , the rre t of developme t a a not

s a s c completely human t ge of evolution . Thi once p

1 ’ I n Lombroso s Palim s e sti d e l car ce re ( 1891) are to be foun d e r e me n e re s n histOrie s o f th e oo of r m na s xt ly i t ti g childh d c i i l , t o hi in m e rman e on of th e or I a e ad e e a n w ch, y G diti w k, h v d d c rt i o se r a ions f m own Ham r b v t o y ( bu g , 96 CESAR E LOMBROSO

’ tion of Lombro so S - which I myself regard a s correct — a ns n is re dily comprehe ible by every evolutio ist , for

the evolutionis t mus t a ss ume the inheritance of social

n s an d a s feeli g , therewith l o the inheritance of the

a s s a m of org nic ub tr tu these feelings .

I n accordance with the modern s tandpoint of

s a s a r s n phy iologic l p ychology , we h ve eve y rea o to

a as s s s as a ar a t reg rd the v omotor nervou y tem p t ,

a s o f a s s a in a le t , the org nic ub tr tum which , like in

i a and a m of the indiv du l in the r ce , the develop ent

feeling run s its co urse . A very strong reason for believing that the predisposition to crime is based upon a deﬁnite congenital tendency is to be found in the fact that the inheritance of crimin al tenden cie s is manifes te d also in case s in which neither environ

n nor a n a s fﬁ me t , educ tio , nor ex mple , u ce to account

for the phenomenon . A very large m a ss of materials

a n n s s s a a h as been collected be ri g upo thi the i , p rt

’ Lombroso s own s of which will be found in writing ,

’ ” R o a on and a part in ib t s celebr ted work Heredity , a par t in my o wn Na tural History of the Criminal . The mos t frequent manifestations of criminal heredity

o f n to a a s n and take the form a tende cy fr ud , to r o ,

to a m . a s is n sexu l cri e Cruelty, l o , very freque tly inherited ; and this tendency sometimes ﬁnd s ex

s s o s as a s a s to s e e as pre i n in the de ire , ho pit l nur e ,

n a s s s or a t as n s m a y oper tions a po ible , , le t , to wit e s

an a s many conﬁneme nts as possible . The inherit ce

9 8 CESAR E LOMBROSO most exceptional case we can admit that the criminal is strongly predisposed to become insane . This is a suitable pla ce in which to draw attention to the fact that Lombroso himself emphasizes the relationships between epilepsy and the criminal

a and n a a an ana n ture ; , i deed , th t he dr ws logy between the permanent psychical state Of the horn crimin al and the conditions o f brain giving rise to

s T nd a . o s epilep y ome extent, i eed , he reg rds the two

on His a n s a c ditions a s identical . ccou t of the e rel tion ships exhibits the characteristic features of his mode of thought . He po s sessed the impassioned tendency of a s a o f a as was a the gre t inve tig tor N ture , it lso embodied in D arwin ; and he pos ses sed at the same

a . a s time the p tience of the collector He knew , l o , how to demon strate his re sults forcibly and vividly ; but he was less richly endowed with the faculty of sifting his

a a and of t a an a d t , grouping hem in ccord ce with

na a and s a i . s tur l , not merely uperﬁci l , criter on Thu

a n a n it h ppened ofte enough th t , perceivi g intuitive ana s his a a n a s logie , lively im gin tio led him f l ely to

u a regard them as identities . He tells s th t in the

i a a s s cr min l , in the epileptic , he di covered the follow ing chara cteri stic s : Tendency to lead a vagabond

na n s n a n s s life , incli tio to ob cenity , u cle n e , pride in

a s a as s n n a evil ction , p io for scribbli g , tendency to

s s a n a of neologi m , tattooing , dis imul tio , l ck deﬁnite

a a to at a a a ch racter, ea sily roused wr h , meg lom ni , CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 9 9

In a a s of and n o a . v cill tion thought feeli g , c w rdice

and m na a ﬁnd a n of epileptic cri i l like , we lengthe ing

sona a - n a the per l equation (re ction time) , whe comp red

n a a with the normal hum an bei g ; the s me v nity, the same tendency to self - contra diction and to universal

a n n a s n wa s ex ggeratio . He co sidered th t thi ide tity conﬁrmed by the similarities which can be detected between criminal s and epileptics in respect of certain fo rms o f blunting of cutaneous s ensibility and other

a s sensory perceptions . It must l o be remembered

’ that Lombroso s conception of epilepsy was a very “ one : - da a a a t wide To y , in f ct , in ccord nce wi h the completely harmonious re sults of clinical and e xp e ri

a a a s a s h as ment l p thologic l re e rch , epilep y been resolved into a circumscribed stimulation of the

a a cerebr l cortex , resulting in p roxysms , sometimes

n a s m s o f n a a a s mome t ry , o etime lo g dur tion , but lw y

and a a s n a a periodic , lw ys uperposed upo degener te

a n a found tio , whether this found tion be inherited , or a a of a con cquired through the buse lcohol , in f n o s . seque ce injury to the kull , etc As regard s this theory that epilepsy is a basic

n in na a eleme t the crimi l n ture , Lombroso ﬁnds a link between epilepsy and criminality in certain types of a a n ch r cter which , lo g before his time , certain — — alienists especially those of E ngland had described a s and as ff quite speciﬁc , di ering entirely from ordinary A sa . s a a in nity the psychi tric n me for these types , the 100 CESARE LOMBROSO

E nglish phra se moral in sanity h a s been widely

a ccepted . Such case s are r egarded by Lombroso a s developmental stage s on the way to the fo rmation o f

a na . on s the crimin l ture Writing thi subject , he says “ a n . s s (Germ n editio , p Ju t a moral in sanity — pas se s in sensibly into its higher degree born — na so a s m na crimi lity l o the epileptic cri i l , when his lia bility to acute or to l arval paroxysms ha s become

s a a ma s a n chronic , exhibit the more dv nced nife t tio

In of moral insanity . the les s developed periods we cannot distinguish between these types ; and just a s two things which are equal to the same thing are 1 a to a so a s n n equ l one nother , l o , u doubtedly , bor crimin ality and moral in sanity are both of them nothing more than variants of epilepsy (Grie singer term s them epileptoid states In order to give us a more vivid idea of these

a s s as s epileptoid st tes , Lombro o group them follow

s a a s . Fir t degree , l rv l epilep y n Second degree , chro ic epilepsy .

a nsan . Third degree , mor l i ity

on n a m a . Fourth degree , c ge it l cri in lity

m a ass . Fifth degree , cri in lity by p ion

This view has been o pposed in various quarters on

m s in a s his a the ground that Lo bro o , other p rt of le d

’ “ 1 All r m na s ar e m ora ns ane Lombros o s s yllo gism : c i i l lly i , e s are m ora n s ane e re ore all r m na s ar e all e pil ptic lly i , th f c i i l ” e s s o a e e e n s a e in the o e a ra e r e pil ptic , h uld h v b t t d hyp th tic l th r than in the cate goric al fo m .

102 CESARE LOMBROSO

an e and a o thus born epil ptic , cc rding to the nature of

‘ a s e ff s ma the rre t of developm nt from which it su er , it y happen th at it is incapable of a normal development

of ma n a a f of the life feeling , or it y be i c p ble o acquir ing a normal power of re sistance to anti - social im

s s . It n a a and is at pul e the becomes crimin l , , the sa m an a a s a a s me ti e , epileptic , with t vi tic ch r cteri tics .

s a s ma s at as The e fe ture y thu be united the root , we ma se e as and n na y in every idiot ylum , , u fortu tely , a so in n m s l u erous ins tance in every prison . By this identiﬁc ation of the horn criminal with the moral imbecile Lombro so ha s also given occasion to

s n a s a his n n n mi u derst nding . It w s not i te tion to defi e the criminal with reference to the still insufficiently s a n a a s a tudied mor l i s nity ; but , contr riwise , to y that we are only justified in speaking of moral

’ in sanity in cases in which his (Lombroso s) crimi nal ” “ ” is s a a is type seen to exist . Thu mor l ins nity

an s na and an n deﬁned by me of crimi lity , thus e tirely n e w and very vivid conception of moral in sanity is

’ “ ” rendered possible ; for Lombroso s moral in sanity is not an a cquired disea se suddenly atta cking the brain and s uddenly introducing p sychical disturb ano s is s a s n of e , but it the p ychologic l expres io

r m na n a n s a s a a con c i i l dege er tio . Thu , l o , he lw ys t ra st s ra na a at the mo l lu tic with the ordin ry lun ic , and a large proportion o f his material is grouped in s a wa dh t s on r s ar uch y a, thi c t a t is cle ly exhibited CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 103 with the aid of all the method s of anthropological

and s on p ychological study . If he goes to describe

a a a of s moral insanity as mere v ri nt epilep y , the principal difﬁculty he has to face is the contradiction this involves with his atavistic explan ation of the f n . a a a o crimi al n ature But if , in the ppe r nces

a a a co atavistic tr its , we see nothing more th n

of a a ordin ated element crimin lity , this contr diction

a a s l a a disappe rs , while the m rked imi rity rem ins ,

’ a s a all S a which h rmonize , bove , with mt s description of epileptoid states ; and the theory is further sup po rted by the fact th at the stigmata of degeneration

a are commonly present in both types . The extr ordinary frequency of epileptoid types in prisons h as

a out S K S lso been pointed by ommer , necht , ander , l i Moe i, and K m .

’ s of Lombroso s a all Thi view is , bove , supported by the fact th at crimin ality and epilepsy are hereditary

a s— a is to sa a a equiv lent th t y, th t crimin ls frequently

a and . h ve epileptic children , conversely If, however , we ﬁnd no lack of relationship s between epilep sy and

are not a n crime , these expl i ed by the supposition of

a s imple identity between the two . Wh at Lombroso h as s ucceeded in proving is th at in the wide group of

a a a ma degener tes who , under cert in soci l conditions , y

a s are a r r become crimin l , the epileptics not bly e p e

n E s n a se ted . pileptic , i deed , unquestion bly belong to

the less valuable constituents of society . 104 CESARE LOMBROSO

“ The importance of the stigmata described by Lombro so a s indic ation s o f p sychical degeneration can

n s o fﬁ ma n to no lo ger be di puted , h wever di cult it re i s under stand what relationship h andle - shaped and p ro e ctin a s a a as n a a n a j g e r , f ci l ymmetry , de t l b orm lities ,

a a s a a s . can a s a hyposp di s , epi p di , etc , h ve to p ychic l

ra . a a no a a degene tion We h ve , in f ct , better expl n tion ” n than the phras e correlation of growth . Our prese t knowledge of the functions of the brain certainly do es

‘ not suﬂice to elucidate the cau sal chain by means of which anomalies of the skull are ass ociated with

a a all is s n mor l imbecility . But, fter , there no i gle problem of psycho - pathology in which the chain of

a a n i m s s o . c u tio c pletely known to us However , it should not be difﬁcult to understand that a brain enclo sed in an a bnormal skull can never develop to

it n n — s s o a . co the full mo t c mplic ted fu ctio viz , the ordin ation oi the voluntary activitie s for the purposes of a course of conduct a dapted to the conditions of social life . “ The term degeneration is unquestionably an

one and a s - da n a a indeﬁnite , rem in to y i c p ble of either an atomical or physiological explanation ; but it owes

’ to Lombroso s r esearches a deﬁnite p ra ctica l signi

ﬁ can ce a a h as a , from the f ct th t he proved th t the

a e s are s a na a and majority of degener t oci lly i dequ te , ,

a s a a a n a further , th t thi soci l in dequ cy of dege er te individual s makes their existence a great danger to

CHAP TE R IV

GENERAL CON SIDERATION S REGARD ING

’ LOMB ROS O S L -W A A S C L E IFE ORK S O IA R FORMER, HI ME TH D AND HI PH L S HY S O S , S I O OP

’ LOMBROS O S life - work Was by no means conﬁned to the highly specialized ﬁeld o f crimin al anthropology . For mo re th an thirty years he wa s engaged in the

s n and a n a a de criptio elucid tio , in very l rge numbe r of

o a s and a s a s s a s m nogr ph h ndbook , of v riou oci l ill

s i a s a a ana s crime , pro titut on , lcoholi m , pell gr , rchi m ,

s an - m wa s as a and revolt , ti Se itism . It p thologist

s a his a was in s anthropologi t th t ttention , the ﬁr t

s a a a and was aim in t nce , dr wn to these m tters ; it his — to show th at thes e phenomena together with many — others o f which his s tudy was merely occ asional owe their origin to the typical ch aracteristics of the anti s ocial individual .

s aim and to s v To thi , his di co eries , under the

an s aim s s guid ce of thi , in the mo t diverse ﬁeld of

a n and n are his a hum n experie ce k owledge , due peculi r

n f n signiﬁcance i the history o scie ce . 106 HI S LI FE - WORK A s A SOCIAL REFORMER 107

s n a He wa a anthropologist , but he studied hum n

a a beings , not in artiﬁci l isol tion , nor in respect merely

di a a as or ai of in vidu l org ns , such the skull the br n

s m n as a a a s a s he tudied a he lw ys m nife ts himself , the

a man or s member of community , more le s perfectly

and far a s adapted to his environment , , in so he is

a a n s imperfectly d pted , in co ﬂict with the ho tile forces of th at environment . He studied especially the ill

a a of a and a a d pted v rieties m nkind , those which l ck the faculty of adaptation ; and in this study he ” endeavoured to discover types .

As a a a of S a . thinker , his n ture resembled th t pinoz

S n a B and Vice a Like chope h uer , uckle , ' uetelet, , he w s one of the most notable advocates of the determinis t

n nd f r co ception of society a o his tory . Looking fa beyon d the horizon of a merely econ omic view of

a and a of hum n society , he sought found the l ws development of human society rather in the laws

n Of orga ic nature . Undoubtedly m any of his ideas and tendencies are

a n a a of in h rmo y with the m teri list conception history , and for this reason we ﬁnd many of his mo st dis tinguish e d pupils and collaborators in the Marxian camp ; but it was impossible th at a man endowed as he was with an intuitive capacity for the understand ing of the conception of the biological determination Of social phenomena should be content to deduce the a ctions of individuals and the fate of a nation from 10 8 CESARE LOMBROSO

the economic structure of the society in which the

a and a na f r individu l n tio l li e a e pa ss ed .

his n n of a t In co ceptio hum n life , de erminism is ,

n so s - a s of s a a i deed , elf evident premi e re e rch , th t it

is n ot n s ss d and is eve di cu e , h ardly so much a s

mentioned ; in this re spect Lombro so stand s on the

s ame platform with the supporters of the materialist

n o f s o conceptio hi t ry .

B ut n its a a a n the exte t to which , in det iled pplic tio , his biological determinis m lead s to different results from tho se which are the o utcome of the economic determinism of the Marxian s will best be shown by a speciﬁc illus tration . This illu stration relate s to the elucidation of the c auses Of a tumult which occurred in E sthonia in the

9 m n year 1 05 . The j udge before who the perso s arrested during the s uppres sion of the revolt have be en brought wi she s to discover who were the ring leader s the p sychologist wis he s to a scertain to what

n a n s s on n a a s exte t imit tio , ugge ti , or hyp otic utom ti m , h as impelled certain o rdin arily law- abiding citizen s to take part in the dis turbances the editor of the local Ma rxian newspaper demonstr ate s the cau ses of the

an ana s of a a s n a and of revolt by ly is c pit li m in ge er l, the economic and s ocia l chara cteristics of the govern ment of the disturbed section ; the reactionary poli ti i a s in c an will con sider that the f ult lie in irreligion ,

n f a a a and in the disturbi g effect o revolution ry git tion ,

110 CESARE LOMBROSO

a a . An d n L ro a they h ve been ch rged eve if omb so , s

is no t a s a improb ble, hould h ve found among thos e a rrested or liable to a rrest some disciple s of Bebel or of

S chOnlank a a s s n , his n ly i of their inherited te dencies ,

ae a a s nd s their gyn cologic l st te, their sen ibility a reﬂexe , the shape of their skulls and the extent of their vis ual

s a ﬁeld , would ultim tely bring to light determinants of

their a ctions quite other than their acquired orthodox

a s a s M rxi m , which j uri t of the s chool of Ple hve would

a n a s c era causa uﬂi ci nt n h ve de ounced the , or s e reaso ,

a a n n for their p rticip tio in the disturba ce . In no other way can we obtain so clear an idea o f L ombros o as a s ociologist a s from a study of his remarkable book on political criminal s and revola 1 4 - n I I . I . s . S a a 6 tio ( ee bove , Ch pter , pp 7

a n was Moreover , the m n er in which he led to undert ake the writing of this work is in itself especia lly characteristic of his methods of inve stiga 2 In 1884 as an at tion . the year there w exhibition Turin of the relic s of those who fought for Italian freedom in this exhibition were to be seen likenesses

of nd a s of s the originato rs a le der thi movement , the

and s a n a a men who worked fought be ide M zzi i , G rib ldi ,

nd a of n s a C avour . It w s the study these physiog omie that led Lombro so to draw his distinction between

1 ” I l e o o o e l e r o on T rin Fra e B o a d litt p litic iv luzi i, u , t lli cc , 1890 A re n f s r ha s e n . ( F ch transl ation o thi wo k b e pub l ish e d . ) 2 A r chi vio d/i i . 4 1 4 ichia tr a ol . . 1 s v 8 88 . p , vi , p , R I s LIFE - WORK A s A SOCIAL REFORMER 111

n s and s and his revolutio i ts rioter , led further to

n s general a alysis of political criminals . This cour e is extremely characteristic of his method of research . Lombroso at all times and in all place s starts from

a and the immediate study of individu ls , proceeds thence to the formulation of general sociological theori es . This method of procedure differentiate s him a s an i solated phenomenon among modern s ocio lo gis ts but the method wa s that employed by Goethe and L avater .

’ To en able us to characterize more closely Lombroso s

s us of o ur method in ociology , let quote from two

a s a and . Ka s gre test thinker , K nt Goethe nt write

n s are s Thoughts without conte t empty , intuition ” Z ur without concepts are blind . Goethe says ” 2 man o f a Morphologie , p . ) To the underst nding , to a of the t ke note particular , to observe with pre cision s a is a s s , to di tinguish e ch from other, in en e

a a s out of a n a and a a th t which ri es ide , lso th t which

an n h a n his own leads up to idea . Such a o e s fou d wa h a y home t rough the l byrinth , without troubling himself about a clue which might have provided him with a more direct path ; to such a one a piece of metal which h as not been pas sed through the coining

s and s a a a pre s , who e v lue therefore is not pp rent , s a on eems troublesome possession . He , the other b and s an s is a t s s , who t d on higher ground p to de pi e

a a and a the individu l inst nce , to comprise in life O 112 CESARE LOMBROSO

de stroying generalization that which can possess life ” n s a o ly in i ol tion .

In hardly any province of thought is the contrast

thus characterized by the great morphologist and

observer s o clearly marked a s in the science o f

society .

Lombroso h as described for us individual human

s n a sa n being to the umber of m ny thou nd , perso ally

examined by himself in re spect both of mental

a d f s an o a a s s . a qu litie bodily ch r cteri tic In ddition , we owe to him a number of person al description s of

as a a s a s a dece ed celebrities p thogr phie , they h ve recently been termed the se comprise the vast m ateri al collected by him in his research into the ” a n Hi n n ture of ge ius . s work o Cardanus (Girolamo

Ca a a an a d rd no 'Jerome C rd ', n tural philosopher an

s a 1501 185 5 n as phy ici n , published in , whe he w s a s n was s a a till tude t , the ﬁr t modern p thogr phy ; it

’ f L m r f contain s the germ o o b oso s theory o geniu s . The use he is able to m ake of s uch individuals for the elucidation of sociological ideas is dependent upon

h a an a n his own peculiar gifts . He s extr ordi arily keen in sight into whate ver is important and chara cteri stic in an individual ; and his grasp of the signiﬁcance o f the fact s thu s Obtained is due to his remarkable talent for the discovery o f an alogie s . But if he had been

s a n a o a a n ss s a s endowed with thi t le t l ne , t le t po e sed l o by th e German natural philosophers of the beginning

114 CESARE LOMBROSO

n tio s . In the absence of the great Inchiesta

A a a A a a a his gr ri ( gr ri n Investig tion) , researches

' a s of a a - diﬂu d into the c use pell gr , the widely se and destructive disease affecting the agricultural labourer s and s a a and a m ll f rmers of Northern Central It ly , would

a h rdly h ave been possible . E qually important for

anthrO ome trical s a s n a the p re e rche which , whe rmy

a a a a 1862 a surgeon in C l bri in the ye r , he initi ted upon the mixed population of that region (then co n

a a a e of t ining no L tin dmixture , but compos d Greek ,

A a a and iciliO- Af a s was lb ni n , S ric n element ) , the

a of n a s s a s public tion the recruiti g st ti tic , by me n of which it is comparatively easy to a scertain the racial composition of the Italian people ; whilst to German anthropology and sociology this indispensable material is almo st as inacces sible as are the Italian plans of mobilization .

a a a of ' uantit tively considered , the gre ter p rt

’ Lombroso s life - work h as been devoted to the study of social phenomen a bearing upon the fact that every society contain s certa in categories of pathological or

a s a has a dis abnormal individu ls , who e beh viour

- B ut turbing inﬂuence upon the regular social life . however interes ting and important in relation to the practical working of State and society may be the socia l interconnections thus brought to light , it is certainly not possible from the knowledge o f these alone to deduce a system of sociology ; for HI S LIFE - WORK A s A SOCIAL REFORMER 115

do a an a a e xample , we not obt in dequ te knowledge of the remarkable social phenomenon of prostitution simply by means of the biological study of the

a anomalies of a large number of individu l prostitutes , and by the proof that these anom alies are analogous to those whos e presence may be demonstrated in

a a a crimin l types . For , lthough this expl ins the sociological fact of the existence of a supply of

a a not a purchaseable sexu l ple sure , it does expl in the existence of the demand for the same commodity .

a a n Lombroso was gr du lly i duced , not only by the critical powers with which he was so richly endowed (and which led him repeatedly to the view that most of the phenomena he was investigating were produced

a a a by purely soci l f ctors) , but , in ddition , by the

of not general tendency his mind , to show , merely that the exi stence of numerous abnorm alities and degenerative varieties of mankind disturbs the life of

and society , but , further , that the political economic development of the civilized n ation s gives ris e to the appearance of abnormalities which themselves induce — s ocial reactions and to demonstra te that these cannot

ot of a as be g rid by reform tory me ures , will not dis a a a of a a ppe r with the remov l the c use , but le d to

a a a a a nd perm nent biologic l individu l v ri tions , a ,

a a a through inherit nce , produce nom lies for genera

o and a ti ns to come , in this w y give rise to long

a n o r enduring soci l i jury disturbance . 116 CESARE LOMBROSO

In the ﬁrst place it is to him that we owe the knowledge that a given social and economic order can

s to a s s s a a a give ri e tr n mi ible biologic l nom lies , and

a s ff s a ma s - a a th t tho e who su er from the e no lie , ill d pted

an s o a and no for y ci l eco mic order , neces sarily exercise a s n n n in a n di turbi g i ﬂue ce society . It w s ot merely as a s s a was a po itivi t th t he led to this view , but , bove

l n n al as a a o s . , thropol gi t This knowledge is the most important contribution

’ Lombroso s - h as n s which life work give to ociology .

n B ut it does not stand alo e . The greates t of all his services to sociology is that he threw light upon the reciprocal action between the organic and the socia l phenomena of human evolution in res pect of a number of important detail s ; but in doing this he avoided the onesidedness with which

Marxism deduce s the fate o f the social organism fro m

as s of s and a a the economic b i ociety , voided lso the error of the dreamer s who h Op e to explain the laws of s ocial exis tence by regarding society as an organism

a a a an sm s ss dis similar to the m mm li n org i , po se ing

it wn a n a a s o s . tinct org ns , e ch with peculi r functio Lombroso was very powerfully inﬂuenced by Dar

nd a a n a winism a by the evolution ry ide in ge er l , more especially in the form elucidated by Herbert Spencer ” As n his s s . a s i Fir t Principle nthropologi t , indeed , as regard s the que stion of the origin of man and

’ na was a f man s place in ture , he forerunner o

118 CESARE LOMRROSO

”1 a n a law and s as fund me t l biogenetic , for thi re on is led to expect the occurrence of atavisms a s the

s an a of n re ult of rrest developme t . Hence , wh at others speak of a s degeneration is to him a patho

a logic l proces s leading to arrest of development . The course of his own mental development impelled

s ta a nd to Lombro o to ke further step , a apply his

s a to s of a cu tom ry methods the tudy the revolution ry , “ ” s of and of the geniu , women , of mattoids . If we

a a n s all s now t ke comprehe ive view of thi , we ﬁnd

’ that Lombroso s principal contribution to sociology involves the recognition of the following fact s

O a a s rg nic n ture , through the cour e of development , and under the influence of inhibitive or favourable a a ass of a s f ctors , cre tes in the m es individu l to which ' — ’ she gives birth differences and difie re ntiations difle r ence s of of a and ae a a sex , intellectu l sthetic c p city , of

a a . s s ch r cter , etc Thu she give opportunity for the origin ation of certain social phenomena ; for society offers a ﬁeld abounding in opportunitie s for the activity of the most exten sive differences of n atural

s al s endowment . But ociety provides so elective

and a and factors , thereby lters the constitution composition of the m aterials furnished by n ature

s or in the most manifold variety . Thu , more less “ 1 Th e f un d ame nta l biog en e tic la/w run s a s follows : The hi story of th e foe tus is a re c apitul a tion o f the hi story of the ra e or in o e r or s on o e n is a r e a ul a on of o c , , th w d , t g y c pit ti phyl ” “ ” —Hae e The E o on of Man Po ar E n s ge ny . ck l , v luti , pul gli h

2. E on . diti , p HI S LIFE - WORK A S A SOCIAL REFORM ER 119

a a a n . r pidly , the r ce undergoes modiﬁc tio This recip rocal a ction is the province in which nature and

and a h as s ociety meet , in which soci l polity to receive

nd guidance from anthropology a biology . I consider that Lombroso h as proved by a rigid induction that nature h as endowed man at birth with

a s n or— a a soci l e timents , which mounts to the s me

— n n out of thing with a organic predispositio , which ,

f a n a in the course o individu l developme t , soci l senti ments arise an d that inheritance and foetal develop ment determine whether the individual is in a position to gua rd and to further his own interests in the com munal life without prej udice to the interests of the community . In this connection he h as most carefully investigated t o s a s a s a a of w peci l in t nces : ﬁr t, th t c tegory individuals who h ave needs and impuls es incapable of satisfaction without severe inj ury to the intere sts of the com — munity or to the s ocia l st andards criminals and

s s and o s h pro titute ; secondly , th e who consider t at the permanent or future interests of the community cannot be s ecured without infraction of the traditiona l

of a a o f forms soci l life , or , perh ps , with ut disregard o

a a form l leg l prohibitions , without breaking the ” old a s a a f ld t ble , without rev lu tion o o values ” and geniuses political criminals .

h as a a He , however , lso demonstr ted the fact that — — in relation to the rigidity the formalism with which the traditions of the social order have hitherto always 120 CESARE LOMB ROSO

s and been pre erved , will continue to be pre served in

s a a the future , ociety itself is not s rule in a po sition

to distinguish between the crimin al and the useful i m revolutionary . This s ma de anife st by the study of the resea rches undertaken by Lombroso for his description of the political crimin al (1890) and of

anarchism His examination of the part played in s ocial life by the political or socia l genius le ads him to formulate a theory regarding the ac

c l r i n e e at o of social evolution . Genius brings to pa ss the revolution for which the way h as been pre pared by evolution ; the criminal merely produces revolts .

in o we to s Thus , my Opinion , we Lombro o the recognition of a fact of enormous importance na a an s a s and a s man mely , th t m y di turb nce l o y a a a n s and n dv nces in soci l life (crime , ge iu , revolutio ) are a not o r a brought bout , by economic other soci l

ﬂ nc s a a a a in ue e , but by the n tur l v ri bility of the

s ho mo s a iens . Be a specie , p ( it noted th t Lombroso

as s homo sa iens homo d elin uens contr t with p , q while

o e and e ha s he class es the latter with h me n rt lensi . ) To the sociologist it is a matter of indifference whether certa in class es of varieties are termed de

A is genera tive or not . bout this point it for the

o s s to an a n o biol gi t come to greeme t , but in d ing

’ n m r n a so they must not . ig ore Lo b o so s a thropologic l and morphological res earches . No deta iled exposition is requisite to show how

122 CESA RE LOMB ROSO

i his i be ngs , work s s ummarized in the succeeding paragraphs (I do not think it necessary to refer her e to the n umerous passa ges in his work s in which

a a a or ss a the he el bor tes , in gre ter le det il , views I am a a a s bout to describe ; for my ccount is b ed , in a a n an ddition , more especi lly upo the direct exch ge

as f nd of ide , by word o mouth a by correspondence ,

’ during an intimacy of many years duration)

a s are ff n a — a a s Hum n being di ere ti ted horizont lly, — it were into tribes and nations in consequence of

a a a s of oeco origin l v ri bility , in con equence selective

a a o s and a and s logic l f ct rs ( oil clim te) , in con equence

f a s and a o . o w rs , expul ions , migr ti ns — Thi s differentia tion greatly inﬂuenced by social

s as a s a n . factors , uch coloniz tion , mi cegen tio , etc

a and s a ff a bec omes org nic , thi org nic di erenti tion is of very great social importan ce .

s a In addition to thi , there exists nother kind of

n s a a differentiatio , which , to expre s it gr phic lly , is — f a s . a a . the a o vertical in ch r cter viz , form tion cl s es

a This depends chieﬂy upon economic f ctors , which are competent to induce organic changes in isolated

a to a of individuals , but not to le d the form tion

— sa of a a a a inherita ble types th at is to y, r ci l ch r cter

A at an a ta istics . s yet , y r te , there is no inheri ble 1 indus tria lis a a . type of homo , the prolet ri n

“ 1 na e or The me Ma ne I n his e ar lie st gre a t imagi tiv w k, Ti chi ,

H e s ma ne s in th e s an re o f our r a e s Mr . . G . W ll i gi di t t futu c uch HI S LIFE - W ORK A S A SOCI AL REFORMER 123

f ff a In addition to these two varieties o di erenti tion ,

a there is yet third kind , dependent upon purely

a a a a org nic c u s tion , giving rise continu lly to new types with a great tendency to inheritance : talent and n s na and a a ge iu , the crimi l the s int , the v rious

ff a intermedia te stages of sexual di erenti tion , which permits o f so m any nuances in the intensity o f mas culinity and femininity in man and woman . These differences arise altogether independently of social — factors Lombroso h as never suggested the deliberate — breeding of supe rmen but they give rise to all important disturbances and advance s in social evolution .

’ na L mbr a Fi lly , in o oso s view , the soci l evils

n n n — a depe dent mai ly o economic factors m lnutrition , m l overwork , une ployment , overcrowding , town ife , a a a a a a a s v g bond ge , ccidents , celib cy , venere l dise se , a s a a— s lcoholi m , c chexi give ri e , through the process

a a of of reproduction , to the gre t rmy degenerates ,

a a of a a a and who l ck the f culty d pt tion , therefore give

a s of a to rise to further disturb nce soci l life , ever

n n re ewed infractio s of social order . No other investigator has done as much a s Lom

and a broso for the description recognition , by me ns

“ ” a. fe re n a on n o two e s th e Morlo cks th e n e r dif ti ti i t typ ; , u d ro n ra e wh o h a d a e n t o r e n on th e a o e - r n g u d c , t k p yi g b v g o u d m o e e re the e s e n an s of o ur res e n ro e ar ans i ty , w d c d t p t p l t i .

TRANSLATOR . 124 CESA RE LOMB ROSO

of exact meas urement and numeration,of the s ocio

a an n on - n a s an logic lly import t , eth ic v rietie of the hum

s h mo o s a iens . In specie , p spired by the great idea

a n s a of evolution , he e r e tly endeavoured to elucid te the most obs cure secret s of organic life ; but it was precis ely by mean s of his profound knowledge and understanding of the organic realm that he was safeguarded from attempting to bas e his sociological thought upon the s uperﬁcial analogy between the loos e a s sociation of individuals in society and the intimate interconnection o f the cell s of a living organism by means of which they are all fused into

a n u itary being . A question which appears to me to deserve con sidera tion is whether Lombroso was an individualist

or a a socialist . It is well known th at he exercised very great inﬂuence upon many of the notable advo

a s o f a a s c a s his s na c te It li n o i li m , both through per o lity and by mean s of his writings ; but I have shown more th an once in what h as gone before that he did

s r n of as s war and nothing to upport the doct i e the cl , Loria wa s the only thinker standing anywhere near

a a s can a so far as can the M rxi n po ition who be s id , I

a s a a s a s a ﬂ cert in , to h ve exerci ed con ider ble in uence

’ r a upo n Lomb o so s thought . Lombro so was never 1 party man .

1 In 1899 h e wa s cho s e n a s municipal councill or by one of th e

- or n la s s ar e rs of r n an d s at for some e ars . I n w ki g c qu t Tu i , y

126 CESA RE LOMB ROSO from tho se reforms only th at are demanded and

t ff of brought in o e ect by the public Opinion the time , a nd regarding whose nece ssity the majority of the

n populatio is ﬁrmly convinced . Inasmuch as Lombroso was led to the study of socio - political questions chieﬂy by way of his intere s t

of a s in the world crime , it will re dily be under tood that he wa s concerned with the con s truction of the

a of s and s a leg l order ociety, e peci lly with criminal law a a s of , r ther th n with the con truction the economic

F r order of s ociety . o this reason we find in his writings few origina l idea s regarding industrial o ffe rs gre ate r and e ve r gre ate r o bs tacle s to the intro duction of a o o me o of o e rnme n s o a il s the e e ors o se g d th d g v t, th t , wh t l ct l s m ore and m ore of the e a s of th e a e s ome of the ight high id l St t , e le c te d re pre s e ntative s obtain a fr e e dom from re sponsibility e n s t o the a an a e o f rime — ma n e e which t d dv t g c which y, i d d, m a e of e m o a s ona r m n a s e a e n t n e r e k th cc i l c i i l , if th y h v o i h it d For fi v n r e s a h a r h th e criminal nature . e c e tu i It ly s fought fo t e a o i on o f th e r e e s of r e s s e a or s and n s b l ti p ivil g p i t , f ud l l d , ki g ; an d now in the n ame o f fr e e dom we e n dow 500 kingle ts with inor in a e r e e s a nd e e n r e e e m rom a to d t p ivil g , v f th f li bility ” pr o sec uti on for ordin ar y crim e 1 “ And of n e rs a sufi r a e h e r e s : I n the e ne ra e u iv l g w it g l vi w, rs a fra e r s for th e a o on of a ss s n ons un ive l s uf g wo k b liti cl di ti cti , but in th e h an ds of th e c orrupt an d th e uncultur e d it may be dire ctly subve rsive of fre e dom . “ Le t us the re fore a dvoc ate e ve rything that c an be for the a an a e o f th e omm on e o e le t us at the s am e me dv t g c p pl , but ti give the s e la tte r only s o much p owe r as may be ne ce s sary t o wrin g fr om the uppe r cla s s e s the c once ss ion s ne e dful for the ” “ ’ go o d of th e comm onalty ( L uomo de linque nte : Caus e 0 ” 2 rime dii 1897 . 44 . , pp , HI S LIFE - W ORK A s A S OCI A L REFORMER 127 problems and the emancipation of the working

a a a and classes . During m any ye rs spent in P vi Pe saro he failed to come into contact in any way with capitalis m and the greater industry . First in the indu strial city of Turin did these phenomena force themselves upon his attention ; but in his earlier

a man was life , while still quite young , he much occupied with the agrarian question ; and he was one of the most ardent opponents of the traditional — t ariff policy of Italy a country in which the food of the people is very heavily burdened by exces sive

n s m a a a n protectio i t corn duties , enor ous l nd t x tio ,

nd s an a very high octroi (town due ) , without y cor

a a a a a a a a a rel tive dv nt ge to the sm ll ten nt f rmers , pe s nt

and a a a . proprietors , gricultur l l bourers The progress made by Lombroso in the ﬁeld of

a in n of his n soci l reform , co sequence coming into co

a a of n t ct with modern industri lism in the city Turi , is most clearly displayed by a comparison of the measures which he recommended in the year 1890 for

a the prevention of politic l crime , with the contents of

200 a in a 1897 in the p ges which , the ye r , the third “ ”1 on i a Man h volume of his work The Cr min l , e

devoted to the prophylaxis and therapy of criminality

in general . Two origin al ideas are to be found in

— viz both these works , deﬁnite proposals for the

decentralization of Italian n ational administration ;

’ 1 L om de lin u n u o q e ts . 128 CESARE LOMB ROSO and proposals al so for the con stitution of a kind of

a a as a s popul r tribun l , counterpoise to the exces ive

s a a a power of p rli ment ry cliques . In addition , we ﬁnd

’ Lombroso s s at an a a —and in writing , quite e rly d te — apparently as an origin al idea a suggestion for the

s a s e t bli hment of public labour (employment) bureaus .

’ I am not a ware what Lombroso s position was as regards the most recent conception among the

of s a — a of methods oci l reform n mely , the notion “ racial hygiene nor do I know what he thought of the de m and as sociated with this notion for the delibera te breeding of s upermen as the goal of the s ocial politics of the future . Unquestionably he was one of the boldest re value rs of traditional values ; and he was always a convinced advoc ate of the view that the inadequate powers of natural selection ought to be supplemented by the deliberate selection (exclusion from reproduction) of anti- social individual s With this e nd in view he was

i a - a ever the fearles s ch amp on of the de th pen lty, which ” ll n . A a b e de signated estrem a selezio e bove , he put before himself as the goal of his life - work the eleva tion of criminal law and th e applic ation of improved methods for the treatment of criminals ; freed from

n all metaphysical complexio , these should , he con

r d a i a a of side e , be numbered mong the ult m te ims

a a are social reform . Pen l me sures , in his view, the

a sole s afeguard of social evolution ' As usu l , in the

CHAPTE R V

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY

THE true signiﬁcance of criminal anthropology is a matter with which few outside Italy have any real a a n a and a s ll do s a cqu i t nce , le t of a tho e underst nd

’ it who have most fo rcibly attacked Lombroso s methods of work on account of their alleged defects .

a is a s a of s n Wh t , then , the re l igniﬁc nce thi doctri e

It is not merely that it is the starting - point of the

n m a in a reform moveme t in cri in l procedure , pen l

s and o of s n method , in the the ry j uri prude ce ; this ,

a n its a a s n an . indeed , ccou ts for pr ctic l ig iﬁc ce But its importance reaches far beyond the traditional contest between the pro secuting coun sel and the

as as an a experts , to whether , in the c e of individu l

a s s s is m n s or a s . ccu ed person , re pon ibility di i i hed b ent

a L s not a nu In leg l circles , ombroso doe pl y the desira ble rOle of the alienist who appeals to the pros ecutor or to the judge with the a ssertion : This man n s to me not t o is a a n a n belo g , you , for he p tie t,

’ B n a . ut s a a inv lid Lombro o , in the n me of crimi l 130 SIGNIFICANCE OF CRIMI NAL ANTHROPOLOGY 13 1 a a a all t nthropology , ppe ls to hose responsible for the enforcement of the crimin al law in the following

: “ terms You are upon a false road . Neither the a a a s at ccused , nor the ccuser , nor , ﬁn lly , ociety large , will be in the least helped or satisﬁed by your

crime a methods , by which you study the di lectically and a and a to a inquisitori lly, ende vour pportion the punishment to the degree of blame . Crimin al anthro

l is a s a s p o ogy not s ti ﬁed with dem nding , with Mittel taedt and K a a s a a s r epelin , th t we hould do w y with impri on

and a a an a as ment , b ndon y ttempt to me ure out punis hment . Criminal anthropology declares tha t

s of not n the intere t society lies , with the i dividual

a a . E crime lone , but with the crimin l very crimina l

a n sa s a is , in f ct , even before the eces ry oci l reaction ha s a a s or ma on his a set in g in t him , it y be beh lf ,

of s —t a of the Object po itive scientiﬁc study , anthro p ological study . To ascertain whether his n ature h as

s or a been moulded by endogenou by exogenous f ctors , to determine whether we h ave to do with a crimin al

a n a an a nature ( bor crimin l) , with ccidental or an

a na a an sa or a occ sio l crimin l , with in ne degenerate

a affa s of crimin l , is the ir olely positive science , of ” s i a o a ts own . nthrop logy , with method peculi rly Thus , when we rightly comprehend the life - work of Lom

s se e a is bro o , we th t it completely erroneous to as sert tha t the object of study of crimin al anthropology is

n a and a merely the bor crimin l , th t its content 132 CESARE LOMBROS O is solely the de scription and elucidation o f his characteristics .

E on n a a verything bel ging to i herited hum n n ture ,

a s no m to the soci l tructure , to the eco mic syste and

s to a a a economic hi tory , to justice , geologic l , clim tic l , and meteorologic al condition s as determining factors

an all a s s Of hum conduct , determin tive co mic proce ses

- in s a a n hort , the reciproc l ction betwee the indi vidual and his environment in the widest po s sible

s and s na of s a s en e , the preci e determi tion the oci lly

m an a a s a - all s are i port t ch r cter of the individu l the e ,

s - a of a for Lombro o , the subject m tter nthropology ; and if a conﬂict arises between the individual (thus inﬂuenced) and the tra ditional rights or interests of s are a of n ociety, they the subject m tter crimi al

an . a a thropology Crimin l nthropology would , and

s s a of s s n mu t , exi t, even if the ide re pon ibility , a d the psychological and legal decision s and tradition s

- a a s . based upon th t ide , were non exi tent

A broad - minded general review of the neces sity

a sa n in s f and the c u l connectio , con equence o which inheritance fr om nearer and more remote ancestors determines the nature of the individual from his

and n s a in entrance into the world , of the i e c pable

ﬂue nce s which the wo rld - all a s a unity and a s a

a and a s a s tot lity , l o through the individu l force of

a a and a an org nized m tter highly org nized hum society ,

s a so a a is exercise on the individu l , th t the l tter com

13 4 CESARE LOMBROSO

’ man s place in Nature (involving also a new idea of

’ man s relationship to his social environment) led to a

a s d of new rti tic metho representing humanity .

’ s L mbr — In thi period , the time of o oso s youth that f l a o Mo e schott a R . a of the m turity , D rwin , M yer,

B s L Pﬂii r and - it as un en , yell , ge , Helmholtz w pos

a s a s o sible to g in ome respect for f ct , the en rmous accumulation of which h ad overwhelmed tho se wh o “ were playing at natural philosophy during the

a . P ositive a s an two preceding gener tions f ct , in abundance known to no previous and to no subse

s n a quent period in hi tory , were the fou d tion of

s v s n a a n s a po iti i m, which the bec me principle Of i ve tig

on n n d a d o f ana n . n a an ti expl tio Upo this found tio ,

aid a a o with the of this principle , crimin l nthr pology

- n a a was erected . From far reaching co ceptual n lyses , and L was even from distinct deﬁnitions , ombroso

r a a as a a n a p eserved , bec use he ccepted f ct o ly th t

i h d n as wh ch a deﬁnitely bee observed , whether

His s a s was object or a s proces s . re pect for f ct

n is u s a bou dle s s . It ridic lou to repro ch him with not having personally observed every Single fact of which

u R a his and se e n he m ake s se . e d books , the e or mous mass of statistical material requisite for his re

n a s can a searche s . Wide ge er l conclu ions be re ched by

e e a . no other roa d than that of s t atistics (s bove , p

L s in his It mu st be freely admitted that ombro o ,

a a a continuous hunger for materi l , in his ins ti ble , SIGNIFICANCE OF CRIMINAL A NTHROPOLOGY 13 5

s n s a and a unre ti g de ire for new , import nt , rich , r re — facts a greed of the intellect from which nothing — was more remote th an mere sensationalism did not conﬁne his attention to m atters directly Ob served by

ms was a wa a s s a s a hi elf, nor he l ys s ti ﬁed with t ti tic lly

s a a of a regi tered det ils , but frequently utilized f cts

ula n a — a a a a a s Sing r ture in dequ tely w rr nted f ct , which ,

on the a a a n f ce of the m tter , should h ve bee more

o A s are a an o strenu usly veriﬁed . mong the e cert in e

r sa dotes f om the live S of celebrated men . To the me c ategory belongs his credulous acceptance as fact s of the processes observed by him in his s piritualistic

i a experiences . This s a m tter to which further refer

ence will be made in a l ater chapter .

’ Lombroso s positivism h ad one con sequence of great

m a t An i port nce o criminal anthropology . thro ” olo a all a s p gy , in his view , embr ced the f ct which ,

a o r n and proxim tely remotely , determine the bei g

man h s n life of . But he ad a preference for ob ervi g

and sta tes—i s n a s— in a of utilizing , persiste t f ct pl ce

s nd r ss s a ob erving a utilizing p oce e . Thus it h ppened

’ a Lombro so s all - a an th t embr cing thropology , which was far more comprehensive th an a nthropology a s

n s a and Mante az z a u der tood by Virchow , Broc , g , availed itself more frequently and more thoroughly of anthropometrical and descriptive data than of the

s of result experiment , which must ﬁrst be planned

and s as n r then regi tered , where co genital o a cquired 13 6 CESARE LOMBROSO

a a n physic l ch racters are always ready for ob servatio , and may easily be submitted to s erial study and ti

s a s a h d n a n for t e t ti tic l treatment . He a little i clin tio h

a a n a s sses clinic l Observ tio of tr n ient , morbid proce ,

although he did not disregard this ﬁeld . In spits of his conviction that mental disorders are di seases of

a n not a a a s so t n the br i , he did reg rd the br in me hi g which man carrie s a bout in his skull as he carries his ’ watch in his pocket ; he studied the Sick brain of an acute maniac in its organic connection with the

n - o s s its n e a e tire life pr ce , in dependence upo th soci l

ns s n a conditio of life , in its ubordinatio to heredit ry — influe nce s and this inheritance he was accustomed to a a s an tr ce b ck to the first beginning of o rg ic life , regarding man a s the final product of a co smic causa l

a . s an n n s ch in Thu , to him the perm e t docume t , “ s a a s n ff s the tigm t , in which the e resulta t e ect of remote c ausality ﬁnd a universal and permanent

s s a s of e a expres ion , nece s rily eemed to him to be gr ter importance th an the tran sient phenomena of clinical ”

a . s a r s of a s observ tion The type , the c tego ie crimin l ,

e - n s and s of genius s , pseudo ge iu es , cretins , mu t , he

s d O a an con i ered , be more worthy of bserv tion th the impulse s to speech and movement of the maniac or

a n . O a s was as na t the k tato ic S , l o , he f ci ed by “ ” s an a of s a s epilep y , by the tr ce st te piritu li tic

ms a no na mediu , exhibiting in high degree phe me a a a a a s i t e a a n lw ys like , lw y recurring n h s me m n er ,

13 8 CESA RE LOMB ROSO

s a a s and a s r cry t ls, pl nt , lower anim l a e subordinated and a n s a as the underst ding Of the e l ws could , he w con vince d a f , be obt ined only by the establishment o posi

a f r tive f cts . In so a as thes e facts relate to human

s s of being , they compri e in their totality the Science a nthropology . Certain human actions by which the safety of society is endangered are no les s determined than is

’ s a the ecretion of the urine or the heart s be at . It is stupid blunder to allow the social reaction in response to s uch a ctions to depend upon the blameworthiness

f n . s a o h a s s of the of e der The ocial re cti n one purpo e ,

d n n - an o e sa of . A o ly the fety society nthropology ,

all at s sa utilizing the methods its di po l , will throw

on a s s an - s a a s light the determining c u e of ti oci l ction , and thus by anthropology we shall be guided in our

f o f choice o mean s for the preservation social security . That this view forbids us even to moot th e idea of 1 re sponsibility is perfectly obviou s . Thus it gives us no basis wh atever for establishing or denying

a s an of responsibility in the individu l in t ce , or deter

s a mining its extent if it exists . Lombro o provides scale of meas urement neither for punishment nor for responsibility .

1 mme r K r im/ina as cho lo ie 1904 . 6 e t Se e als o R . S o , h y g , , p

I ma b e me n on e a omm e r in th e s r of s e q . t y ti d th t S , pi it e s e n e h as s o e re m e o s s omo or positiv ci c , di c v d th d by which p ych t

r s e s s m e of o s se s s re a crimino - s o o a p o ce s , o which p g t p ych l gic l

m or an e ma be re n e re o e e o n a e . i p t c , y d d bj ctiv ly c g iz bl CHAPTE R VI

CRIMINAL JURI SPRUD E NCE —PE LLAGRA“ AGRARIAN RE FORM

’ LOMBROS O S occupation with the problem of crimin al s and crime extended far beyond the bounds of criminal

a . a nthropology He was led in this direction , in p rt by the need for th e establishment of a purely anthro

ol i l f f and p og ca characterization o the world o crime ,

a s in p rt by his controversie with lawyers , philosophers , and s a s s wa s a s p ychi tri t , by which he en bled to tudy other categories of crimin al than the born criminal — categories whose existence he h ad never denied . Opportunities for investigation in this new ﬁeld were ff a 18 6 O ered him in the ye r 7 , when he removed to — Turin a city in which psychiatric s tudies were very — actively pursued by his observa tions a s surgeon to the Turin pri son for the detention of prisoners a wait in a and a a a g tri l , by very exh ustive study of pen l

a was liter ture , by which he led very Speedily to formulate a system for the reform of criminal law

n a d pen al methods . He soon found him s elf in the 139 140 CESARE LOMBROSO

s of a s of o s po ition chief of chool criminol gy , who e

ﬂ a s in a a n s in uence m de it elf felt P rli me t , in the Court , d an s . a n in in foreign countrie In It ly not lo g after ,

a 1880 E n the ye r , nrico Ferri , bei g appointed Professor of a s in B a his r Crimin l Juri prudence ologn , gave powe ful s to s and upport Lombro o , there resulted a rapid suc

s s o of s an m a ce i n work upon the ins e cri in l , the epileptic

m a a a s n a a cri in l , the crimin l by p s io , the h bitu l

i a and as a na in cr min l, the occ ion l crimi l , which , the

a 1888 s as s ye r , were publi hed the econd volume of

“ ’ ” ’ n L mbro o L uomo deli quente . The progres s of o s s

as as a s m n ide chief of School of Po itive Cri i ology,

o a 18 9 had fr m the ye r 7 , when he become ﬁrmly

s a s in a 1894 is a e t bli hed Turin , to the ye r , indic ted by his n s s n n as of writi g upon puni hme t , upo the incre e

a o sa a o f crime in It ly , up n the propo ls for new code

la and n a and criminal w, upo politic l crime the

1 revo lution . In the middle of this fruitful period of twelve years

’ ” S a a (1884) was published Ferri s ociologi Crimin le , and a bout the same time the reformatory and etio

“ ” 1 I L m ar o Re ndi c Se on e ne R . ns t o o D e lla p ( ti ut b d , , c d “ ’ - r me n o d e l l . 993 1005 n e s erie s vo . . , viii , pp , Sull i c t I ui arre starlo r n 1879 r o o de litto in talia e s me zzi di , Tu i , T pp ” A n al n o o re e tt o o i e e n a e T r n pre sto . ppu ti u v p g di c d c p l , u i , “ ” o o e l e r o on T rin 1890 . I n 1888 ; Il de litto p litic iv luzi i , u , n e re was o n e in th e e ar 1880 in as s o a on a dditio , th f u d d y , ci ti with F d ar a o th e Ar c hivio d i sic hiwtr ia e n e e na e rr i an G of l , p , Sci z p li

r a riminal s r n E . L oe s e r . ed ant opol o gi c (Tu i , ch )

142 CESARE LOM BROSO

“ the diffusion Of the ideas and methods of the New ” in School outside Italy . The conservatism which evita bly result s from a lega l education gave rise to v s on a f a as iolent oppo ition the p rt o l wyers in Italy,

w a s . was a all ell elsewhere It , therefore , bove , necessary to approach the scientiﬁc leaders of the “ legal circle s with the ideas of the New School of criminology . In this re spect it wa s a fact no les s

s s a s a s at impre ive th n u eful th t Lombro o , the outset of his a a s a s ctivity chief of school , publi hed in the

’ a 1881 th f o Ze i sc ri ye r , in e first number o V n Liszt s t h fl fi lmdie gesa mte S trafwiss ens chaft (Jo urna l of Crimino lo an a n n n nd gy) , rticle upo the origi , the esse ce , a the aim s of the new crimin al anthropological school in

Ita ly . In this article he in sists upon the importance o f ff a s s of a its an o o the di erent c u e crimin lity , thr p

a a and a aim logic l , soci l , cosmic f ctors , upon the of

n a s s a s - and repres sio as a me n of oci l elf defence , upon th e importance of the sub stitutes for punishment “ ( sostituoi penali and the reforms ne cessary in

m n a f s . a a the applic tion o puni h e t Fin lly , he de ls “ with the positive character and the inductive method s of the new school . Profe ssor van Hamel de scribes this article as The

and entrance of the positive school of its founder ,

Lo s a its mbro o , into the leg l world through chief ” o a a was n p rt al the Germ n port l , which Ope ed to

’ m wa s him by Von Li szt . Van Ha el s intention to CRIMINAL JURISPRUDE NCE 143 indicate the great importance attached at the outset by lawyers of the ﬁrst rank to the introduction Of modern criminology into the circle of the legal

Van a sciences . H mel continues in the following “ terms : Some years after this there en sued the

’ u f l ni n a a ena fo ndation o U o Intern tion le de Droit P l , whose statutes h ave been recognized a s providing the basic principle s alike for criminological science and ” for practical penal methods .

’ Since I estimate at a very high value Lombroso s importance in relation to the origin and growth of the present international movement for the reform of our

s ma a penal method , I y be llowed to quote further

a Van a and to from the le rned H mel , join with him in

s n ff a of saying, in thi con ection Di erences in m tters

a aﬂe ct no wa f det il in y the uniformity o principles .

ff a n t Such di erences must , indeed , be reg rded , o merely

a as inevit ble , but positively a s a dvantageous . They are inevitable owing to the difference s in hum an

m a and a a a a te per ment in n tion l ch r cter . They are

a a a a dv nt geous bec use , owing to their existence , new ideas will ﬁnd their way into a cceptance in certain

h ad forms , when , if they sought acceptance in other

a a forms , they would cert inly h ve been rejected . Differences of detail must never lead us to overlook

of to uniformity principle , nor overlook the common

of as s diﬁe rin a origin ide thu g in m tters Of detail .

The a dvocate s Of the modern pen al methods mu st 144 CESARE LOMBROSO never forget that these owe their very existence to the ” s of a a po itive School It li n thought .

a a L How did it h ppen th t ombro so , the anthro

olo ist and s a s was p g p ychi tri t , led to a criticism of the s of law' h ad cience He discovered intuitively , and

i s a s bel eved he could e t bli h inductively, the fact “ ” that there exist born criminal s or crimin al ” f n n natures . His whole course o me tal developme t

. a a was s n viz , the f ct th t he trongly i ﬂuenced by the

a of and a evolution ry theories Vico M rzolo , by, the

E is a a s s and ngl h utilit ri ns , by the French po itivi ts , , to

a s a a some extent l o , by the Germ n m terialists of the — middle of the nineteenth century h ad induced the c onviction that the ﬁrst object of punishment should

and s be the protection Of society, the econd the

n a improvement of the crimi al . It w s for these

a law h ad n purposes , he considered , th t come i to existence .

s aim is s This work , who e it to describe Lombro o ,

nd n s a is a the man a the i ve tig tor , not the pl ce in which to describe his inﬂuence upon the Italian

or sub s chool of po sitive penology , to describe the sequent development Of that school and its further inﬂuence upon the legislation and penal methods of

n the civilized n ation s . Scie ce grows slowly ; the study of the c au se s of crime demands time and

s s and a patience , brings di illu ionment , le ds to ever

a fresh rest ate ments of the old problems . The ze l of

14 6 CESARE LOMBROSO to the powerful inﬂuence for good exerted by the positive s chool in the direction of the amelioration and humaniz ation of the horrible function of punish

n ss s so an s at me t , which repre e m y crime , but the cost of so much s uffering and of such numerou s errors . Lombroso gradually came to believe that no useful purpo se is effected by the provision of a great national apparatus intended to improve that which is unim prova ble the crimina l n ature ; and that society could not be effectively safeguarded agamst its per mane ntly d angerous members the crimin al — natures by means of protective mea sures of a transient dura tion . Being thoroughly convinced of the existence of

s and a s a a an s crimin al nature , being , utilit ri , ho tile

all a s s was a n h e a to met phy ic , it inevit ble , whe c me to consider the fundamental aim of the institution s

l nd a a s of aw a the St te , th t he hould be led to reject all method s of treating criminal natures which did n ot involve their complete removal or lifelong

of r s . a a exclusion from the life f ee ociety Thus, l rge proportion of his subsequent life was spent in endle ss controversie s directly again st the traditional legal

n o t a n systems and institutions which did , h rmo ize

not with the po sition he h ad taken up . He did

s and s eek the s e controversie , but he could not would

o n ot attempt to avoid them . Thr ughout them , how

ma n a r o s ever, he re i ed the nth opol gi t , the collector CRIMINAL JURISPRUDE NCE 147

and inve stigator in the wide ﬁeld of the natura l

s of a n one s hi tory m kind , more intere ted in studying the origin of the socially Signiﬁcant varieties of man

of man is one a kind , which civilized , th n in the de scription of the differential chara cters of the races of m ankind now living in various parts of the world although investigations in this latter ﬁeld were by no means repugnant to him .

’ Lombroso s grea t synthetic studies of the n atural history of the criminal c ame to an e nd in the ye ar

902 a n o f a 1 , with the public tio the Germ n edition

nd n of his book upon the Cau se s a Preve tion of Crime . Some months later appeared a work by Aschaffenburg

E n 1 0 on Crime an d its Prevention . ve after 9 2Lom

s to n s s bro o continued write upo thi ubject , more especially in his periodical devoted to criminal anthro p ology ; and down to the last yea r of his life he followed clo sely the progre ss of international research B u m in this ﬁeld . t it s eem s to e th at the book of

’ 1902 is at s a s , publ hed the clo e of thirty ye r work, ma s e nd of his n rk the in er development , whilst the Congr ess for Criminal Anthropology held in the year

1906 was a t o a of , in which he ble hold review his

s s co - s n s and a s a a di ciple , worker , frie d riv l , g ve ﬁtting

a o s his a h outw rd c nclu ion to c reer , when he ad a lready passed his seventieth year .

as a and a all During the l t ye rs , , bove , durin g

’ a s s Lombroso s a the l t month of life , tendency to 14 8 CES ARE LOMBROSO p e s s imism became clearly m anifest ; and this ten d e nc wa s his a an n y , owing to peculi r org iz atio , closely connected with a stron g bent towards mystic con

te m lation . B ut s in n n h a s n p thi , my Opi io , no beari g

a his crimino - a o o wh tever upon nthr p logical researches . “ ” His doctrine of the born criminal wa s in no way

as a s s m s n n b ed upon pe i i tic fou da tion . I the ﬁeld of s a n n no a s n oci l reform , i cludi g crimi logy , he w deﬁ itely o m s . a s a nd n a pti i tic The we k , the ick , the dege er te , were regarded by him at once with the Obj e ctivity and a f a the phil nthropy o the born physician . It w s

his m a a a n of n s and of only in or l v lu tio the ge iu , the great condo ttieri and conquist adores of modern indus

a a a m n in s tri l life , th t he l cked ildnes s ; i deed , thi a r n n l tter respect he rathe i cli ed to severity . During the period 1879 to 1894 were held the ﬁrst three International Congress es of Criminal Anthro pology ; and the same period was Sign alized by n a s of L umerou s other perform nce ombroso , which s for a a n o and erved the prop g tio , the devel pment , the

hi a a a pplication of s ideas . Thus it h ppened th t he wa s fo rced to leave the quiet o f the laboratory and the s tudy ; the greatest publicity wa s gained for the “ ” n and n s a e w school ; the i ve tig tor who , until the

e one - and - h ad at a a ag of forty, lived P vi , remote from

or a n n n s . the w ld , bec me i volved in unendi g co trover y By the be st element s of Italian political radicalism Lombro so was now regarded a s leader ; and a little

15 0 CES ARE LOMBROSO

n use of am a a a ns the freque t d ged m ize , cont ining toxi , which is consumed by the peasantry of Northern and

a o of n a and a a Middle It ly in the f rm pole t m ize bre d , whilst the gro und landlords and their bailiffs live upon the better qualitie s of maize produced by the same peasants . I may quote here a passage from

’ the Prefa ce to my German tran slation of Lombroso s book on pella gra “ This bo ok is the result of resea rches which I

a s - n a a h ve pur ued for twenty ine ye rs , often mid very — tragic s urroundings tragic for the reason th at from these re searches al one I am able to show how human na r s s a a s s a s o ss tu e trive g in t every tep tow rd pr gre , and regards it almo st a s a crime . In Italy it is a s a m a 0 ecret to no one th t y ttempt to Show, in p

o s nan r and p ition to the domi t doct ine , upon the

n of um r s r m n s a la a foundatio n e ou expe i e t , th t pel gr

s s frOm a n a a ma z a s re ult intoxic tio with d m ged i e , rou ed — s o much ho stility I may almo st say S O much s candal

a of a an h i e nl sts and s a s s in the m jority It li yg p ychi tri t , that i n con sequence of this my reputation a s a p rac

e s an as an s a and ma ti ing phy ici , inve tig tor, ulti tely

a s as a a wa s s a n . a s l o te cher, everely sh ke The c u e of this bitter opposition is perhaps to be fo un d in the

a n s s n a m gre ter clever e of my Oppo ents , who reg rded y energetic a dvocacy of the ne w theory in the light of a so a a a as wa s a conse per n l tt ck , where it re lly the

n o of too a s n n and of que c my e rne t co victio , the PELLAGRA 15 I thought that it wa s only in this way th at I could hope to s ave thou sands and ten s o f thou sands from

n a a a a being un ecessarily s criﬁced . But gre ter c use of Opp osition was undoubtedly the h atred of novelty — - a all that deep rooted p s sion common to humanity .

At s s as s ﬁr t , indeed , it eemed to me if the truth mu t a a s n r a nd n s n in' lw y co que , co quer quickly, i ce this as wa s an s r one as and c e it Obviou t uth , e y to prove ,

No r m a very n atural one . do I doubt th at ulti ately

v a a for s the truth will ine it bly prev il , the clevere t m achina tion s must in the end recoil from the granite

r h wa lls they endeavour to ove throw . But he w o believes th at this will occur a t once and uni versally

is one n a a . who k ows little of hum n n ture Indeed ,

s n a all s c n we mu t expect the co tr ry , for truth which a only be proved by means of a long series of e xp e ri ments or by long - continued observations rarely fail to en counter an almo st in superable o bstacle ; and

n in a n a s s - s s s a in whe , ddition , eco omic cl intere t t nd — the way when thes e cO- Operate with the inﬂuence

s of n a and of a a a of cu tom , i herit nce , n tur l hum n — - s nn A short sightedne s then woe to the i ovator . S

a a a s a a law h ad M c ul y id , if the Newtoni n been

s to an a s s - s a Oppo ed y cl intere t , there would h ve been n o l ack of oppo sition to the doctrine of universal ” n gravitatio .

It wa s in the prolonged struggle for his profe ssional life with the powerful intere sts he h ad challenged by 15 2 CESARE LOM BROSO the publication of his discovery of the cause of pella gra that Lombroso became hardened and com ple te ly insensitive to the detraction which is always manifested so freely when scientiﬁc truths are dis ' 1 as n n r - - ple i g to the eco omic o political powers that be .

1 I n vie w of th e fa ct that Short ly afte r the de ath of Lombroso it wa s wide ly a s s e rt e d b oth in th e m e dical an d the l ay Pre s s of ’ this country and o f th e Unite d State s th at Lombro so s vie ws re garding th e natur e of p e lla gra h a d r e c e n tly b e e n Sh o wn t o b e e rrone o s ro e t D r E r H m on . e o . e a for r e r nfor a u , I w t u ll fu th i ti “ re e as o o s : On re e of o r e e r r o e t o an pli d f ll w c ipt y u l tt , I w t Italian colle a gue to inquire o f him what we re th e vie ws

re s e n e r r n h f He n orm s p tly h ld e ga di g t e e tiology o p e lla gra . i f me that th e maj ority of e xpe rime ntal p atholo gists in Italy ’ re m n n n f h r f L m He a s o ai co vi ce d o t e t uth o o bro so s vi e ws . l ’ r e e r s m e t o s e ar s 1910 Wie ner K linis c he Wo che ns ch/ri t f thi y ( ) f ,

2 . 9 R i k N o . 3 63 e re e re is an ar e aub t sche an , p , wh th ticl by , A s r an e e r m e n e r wh o a m s t o a e on rm e Lom u t i xp i t , cl i h v c ﬁ d ’ ” ro s o s e or me ans f e r m n s n ra s b th y by o xpe i e t o t . n e s on a e re ore n m e ro s n e s a ors o in U qu ti bly , th f , u u i v tig t , b th a and e ls e e re o fa s one orm or o e r o f th e It ly wh , h ld t by f th z ei s t e or o f th e e o o o f e a ra Lom ro s o th y ti l gy p ll g , which b b e lie ve d him se lf t o ha ve e stablis h e d b e yond the p ossibility o f

re u a o n . B ut r n th e as e ar s e or h a s n e e r f t ti du i g p t y thi th y , v 2 th el e s s e e n ar e s re e . I n the L a n ce t of e r ar 1 , b l g ly di c dit d F b u y , 1910 i b e o n th e re or of th e Pe a r a n e s a on , w ll f u d p t ll g I v tig ti Comm s s o n in s ome of th e a e rna e o e s e s are i i , which lt tiv hyp th m n a e s a e s omm s s on D r . a o w s C in di s cu ss e d . S b d p tch d by thi i i ar e o f th e Pe a ra F e Comm ss on in ta and in an ch g ll g i ld i i I ly, e or a no e in th e B ri tis h Me d ica l Jo um a l of Ma 21 we are dit i l t y ,

a a e e ra m h a d e e n r e e e r om D r . am on n e r told th t t l g b c iv d f S b , u d a e o f Ma 13 s a n The C omm s s on ha s e n e ro e d t y , t ti g i i d ﬁ it ly p v d th at m aiz e is n ot th e caus e o f p e llagra ; th e p ara sitic conve yor ’ ” s h e S im uhnwn r e ta ns is ro a e a th e m a e r i t p . It p b bl th t tt will s o on b e e n e s e e an d ann o b e e n e a e a ra d ﬁ it ly ttl d , it c t d i d th t p ll g pr e s e nt s m any a nalogie s with o th e r e nde mic disor de rs due t o

15 4 CESARE LOMBROSO

a crimin l . Experien ces of life even more bitter

’ than t hose of Ibsen s Enemy of the People were met by Lombro so in a Spirit of lofty stoicism .

O his s s a s i b wing to truggle to e t bli h the truth o , is

a s and of a a views regarding the c u e prevention pell gr , Lombroso suffered from a recurrence Of the economic struggles which h ad embittered his childhood and

r n youth . The powerful ag aria interests o f Lo mbardy and Venice establi shed a boycott again st Lombroso — as a physician amongs t the well - to do middle class and a lso in the medical circle of Northern Italy ; and a s a s s his s n a re ult of thi con ulti g pr ctice , which h ad n no s and his s n hitherto bee e rmou , re ulti g com f rta ble ms a and a s an o circu t nces , therewith l o the me s

o s n o f his s a s he needed for the pr ecutio re e rche , were “ ” all s a a a s and n wept w y . C u e Preve tion these two words sum up the whole life - work of this

d n a f m n . a s an a o a C u e preventio of pell gr , crime ,

na s n an - s sm o c a of a rchi m , prostitutio , ti emiti , p liti l

n s - s a ia a s a s corruptio , elf intere ted p rl ment ri m c u e

n of s si o an d and preve tion lying , hypocrisy , Oppre n — exploitation the se were the ta sk s to which Lombros o

his and s devoted whole life , which he pro ecuted with

nd a at a so o ut rest a without fe r , until length , fter

s s a om ns s a n and many truggle , c prehe ive under t ndi g

m a m na him to a cal , m ture wisdo ﬁ lly led recognize the m anner in which the evils affectin g s ociety a re d inseparably as sociated with wealth an civilization . PELLAGRA 15 5

The inves tigation int o the nature of pellagra was of n s a a a e ormou import nce to the It li ns , who con tin ned to suffer severely from this evil down to the

in present day. We might be ju stiﬁed here giving

a a a of a was det iled ccount these studies , bec use it

a a all in them th t Lombroso , bove , showed him — self to be a . c areful experimenter an experimental

of p ath ologist of the ﬁrst rank . But from the point

of a of s view this book , the Signiﬁc nce these inve tiga

and s s in tions truggles lie , not so much the enrich — ment and development of his kn owledge n ot so

a is to sa nt a —as much , th t y, in the i ellectu l Sphere in

’ a a and the light they throw upon the m n s intim te life ,

upon his ch aracter . In my concluding ch apter I s hall give some account of the means employed by tho se whose interests we re

’ aﬁe cte d by Lombro so s discoveri es (in co - Operation

as a s - a man and one with those to whom , elf t ught ,

s f a and s a he was an out ide the o ﬁci l profes ori l ring, object o f dislike) to annihil ate this obnoxious inve sti

To of of his a gator . the extent depriving him me ns

a a a a of livelihood in P vi , they were to l rge extent

s . B ut a a s as a s succe s ful fter truggle l ting thirty ye r ,

’ Lombro so s intoxication theory of pellagra h as been

s and h as f a ﬁnally victoriou , been O ﬁci lly recognized

a a n . by the It li n Gover ment Moreover, this theory h as been conﬁrmed by the mo s t recent investigations

and a a of Tirelli , Pellizzi , Gosio , Ferr ti , lthough other 15 6 CES ARE LOMBROSO toxins of damaged maize are now con sidered to be of g reater importance th an the one to which Lombroso gave the name of

’ Lombroso s proposal s in the province of agrarian

a n a a and reform were in part of purely tech ic l n ture ,

n n and in da at in p art ba sed upo a profou d ( his y ,

a s - o n s s of a a n s in le t , well gr u ded) di tru t the riv l f ctio

n n s o far the Italian parliament . At o e time he we t a s to believe th at nothing c ould be done to save the

as nd a a s a a as a s pe ants a sm ll f rmer from pell gr , long they remained in their North Italian homes ; and he recommended a wholes ale emigration to North 1 America .

is a a L s notwithstand It not improb ble th t ombro o , ing the univer sality Of his talents and his enormous

i s o a a r n s n a h t ric l cqui eme t , would , in better pecu i ry

s an s a n n s s of circum t ce , h ve co ﬁ ed him elf to the tudy

1 I n e of s a i e is n e re s n t o no e a a e vi w thi dv c , it i t ti g t th t I h v us re e e a m e a e r o a l s e in th e n e a e s j t c iv d dic l p i dic l pub i h d U it d St t , fr om which I le arn that durin g the winte r of 1909 - 1910 th e Rom an c e an d Sla v po pul ation of th e town s of th e Mississippi s n ns r a State s h a be e e xte ive ly avage d by p e llagra . As l te a s th e ’ “ e a r 1908 in th e re a Am e r an e oo s e r s Pr n e s y , g t ic t xtb k, O l i cipl “ an d r a i e o f Me n e we e arn a e l a r a h as not e e n P ct c dici , l th t p l g b ” o b s e rv e d in th e Unite d State s I ’ - . D r Kure ll r s h TRAN S LATOR S NOTE . a w ite to me t o t e follow in e ffe I re m e m e r e n - ﬁ ve e ars a o in as ms o g ct b tw ty y g , ylu b th in Pe nn s an a and in I l no s n n a s e s o f e a ra ylv i l i i , ﬁ di g c p ll g , with

- th e ara e r s s n e s ons in a di on t o th e m e n a iso r e r . ch ct i tic ki l i , d ti t l d d ” s B ut my Ame ric an c oll e ague s the n ridicul e d my dia gnosi .

CHAPTE R VII

E NVIRONME NT AND THE THE ORIE S AS TO THE

’ NATURE OF GE NI US e - LOMBROSO S GE NIUS AND E P RSONALITY .

’ I RE MARKE D before th at almost every one of Lombroso s “ a as it s a s of and books might h ve title , The C u e ,

o n n s Preventi n of O e exceptio mu t , how

be a to s a a on a s . ever, m de thi gener liz ti , or perh p two The ﬁrst of these relates to his book upon The ”1 Man of n and s . his Ge ius , the econd to work “ ”2 s in Pen iero e meteore , which were collected his researches into the co smic and telluric influences that determine human a ctions .

T a of a - na a n o spe k ﬁrst the l st med work , we le r

a s a s ar and a n n s from it , l o from e lier l ter mi or writi g ,

’ n n na that in Lombroso s opi ion it is not the i ter l , inborn factor s only th at exercis e an important in ﬂu ence upon the a ctions and the social behaviour of

’ 1 E nglis h translation in Scott s C onte mporary Scie nce

r e s S e i . 1 18 8 A o me of th In e rna on a e n i an . e Mil , 7 v lu t ti l Sci t ﬁc

r e s S e i . THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONME NT 15 9

a n s m s as a hum n bei g . Indeed , to Lo bro o determinist we owe a s ervice which di stinguishes him from the

great m ajority of modern determini sts . He wa s bold enough to revive and to re store to psychology the

as no t co smic determinism of the Pyth ago rean s . It w within the organism alone th at he sought the deter mining inﬂuence s oi physiologic al and psychologica l a f r a outsid e ctivity . He looked o these lso the — organism in the environment ; and his conc eption of t his environment was the very widest pos sible

se e . At s a ( p ﬁr t , when still quite young man he a s , l id tress , with Buckle , upon the inﬂuence of a — a is to a of a n civiliz tion th t s y , the cultur l enviro — a a . saw ment upon individu l phenomen He , indeed ,

s n na n are of an a a in the e phe ome , whe they bnorm l

a a — a n a sa ch r cter t ki g , for ex mple , the form of in nity ,

— s as a a crime , or prostitution di e e s of the soci l org n ism a s s , which become individu lized in predi po ed or m lf a oM e d per sons (the theory of degeneration) .

n am and a s Subseque tly he c e to note , perh p to over

s a n n o f a and os e tim te , the i ﬂue ce meteorologic l c mic

o ss s— n a is s a of pr ce e the i ﬂuence , th t to y, the

s a n n n . a s n h ad phy ic l e viro me t L ter till , whe he

as n a his - gr ped the e tire pl n of the ediﬁce of life work , the mo st important pa rt of that ediﬁce was always the — doctrine of c au ses and o f the environment under s tanding always by the term environment all th a t comes into relation fro m outside with the individua l 160 CESARE LOMBROSO a nd s m with ociety , everything co petent to determine his n s s his a a s and hi tende cie , his gift , c p citie , s actions . Lombroso ultimately came to regard environment a s profoundly importan t in determining the produc

o of a as ma n ti n crimin lity , y be see most clearly in a passage from the fourth ch apter of his work on The ” a s and ion of m of C u e Prevent Cri e , which I here give a portion . After a detailed explanation of the distino

n a n e tio between the older civiliz tio , typiﬁ d by force , a nd n m o a a n nn n co te p r ry civiliz tio , typiﬁed by cu i g , and having shown that both these types are manife sted

m a a s on to s a : e X e ri in the cri in l c reer , he goe y We p ence here de fac to the para llel activity of two forms of

na : a a s r m na a a crimi lity t vi tic c i i lity , ch r cterized by the relapse of a bnormally predi spo sed individual s to the employment of forcible mean s in the struggle for — existence means which o ur own civilization h as n use — an s a r ormally ceas ed to m l ughte , robbery with

n a and na m a viole ce , or r pe ; evolutio ry cri in lity , which i l ﬁ e nt in n far mo s ju st as ma e c inte tion , but re

its ans a and civilized in me , for in pl ce of force ” violence it employs cunning and artiﬁce . The ﬁrst form of criminality is exhibited only by a comp ara tive ly s ma ll number of unfor tuna te ly p redisp o s ed

ndividua ls s m o s who are n ot i ; the econd for , by th e suﬂi cie ntly strong to with stand the unfavoura ble

n n inﬂue nce s of the ir envir o me t .

s n a s and Thu , followi g in the tr ck of ' uetelet ,

162 CES ARE LOMBROSO

s in a s n a s type , which the degener tive predispo itio s lmo t a lways manifest them selves in the form of automatic

s o not m an a epileptic di charges . This d es e th t he a o n n a a ss a on in his lt gether de ied i dividu l cl iﬁc ti , but tea ching all individuals were contemplated in the light of one and the s ame fund amental determinism . Fro m the lowest s tep of this cla s siﬁc ation occupied

sa a a a s r n a s o s to by the v ge t vi tic c imi l , the s erie pr ceed the altitude on which is enthroned the ﬁgure of the genius .

s e s a o s s a Thi det rmini m , lth ugh not expre sly t ted ,

n r s a s his a of u de lie l o ccount genius . Almo st througho ut his whole life he wa s interested m “ in the problem of genius . We se e this fro his ﬁrst

an s in a 1855 n import t work , publi hed the ye r , upo the “ n i In sanity of Cardanu s. It ru s through the S x Italian and eight foreign editions o f his work on ” The Man of Genius . We s e e it also in the last

m a s s i port nt work publi hed before he died , on Geniu ” nd a Degeneration . It is well known that he regarded the analogy between the epil eptic automatic disch arge and the in spiration of genius as a proof of the identity of

i nit n s of the se two phenomena . Here the nde ﬁ e e s the concepts genius and epilepsy is compen sated by the importance and abund ance of the facts adduced by him to Show that in the essence of genius an ” anomaly is almost invaria bly to be recogn ized THE NA TU RE OF GENIUS 163

- and this not merely in the pec ul iarities commonly observed in men of geniu s in Spheres altogether independent of the direct manife stations of their

a a a s geniu s . But inspir tion , the disch rge itself , is l o

s a cosmically determined . Thu we underst nd why it ” is a a o f Man of th t , in the l st edition The Genius , the section upon the chara cteristics of the genius occupies no more space than does the account of the

f and s a h a environing causes o genius , occupie b rely lf the amount of Space given to the section upon genius as m anifested in the in sane . However much or however little of the se ideas may

o s s s a a one n o f be found to p s e perm nent v lue , poi t

’ unque stionable importance is Lombro so s demand that a mong the conditions of the work of genius we must s tudy the personality of the genius him self with all his

a cul riti A a t s individu l p e a e s . gl nce a the almo t inter minable s erie s of pathographie s of highly - talented pe rsons proves to us ho w s trong an inﬂuence

’ Lombroso S ideas exercised upon the intellectua l

o f a and to a n x n world Germ ny, wh t a e te t they gave rise to an a nthropological method of study of the m f nature of the an o genius.

a s ss ar We Germ n must see , unle we e blind , the enormous importance in relation to the work produced by the two mo st distinguished ﬁgures of our recent — intellectual hi s tory Richard Wa gner and Friedrich — Nietszche oi the severe s uffering with which bo th were 164 CESARE LOMBROSO

E n t i aﬂ icte d . ven if it be o true that path ology s the

o of s at an a a s not s r ot geniu , y r te , p tho , etho , will persist a s the Sphere in which mortal man attains the

s and one s highe t perfection , the in which he perform

’ And mbr the greates t deeds . Lo oso s own path through

n a s wa s s s s s life , overburde ed he with orrow , truggle ,

a ns and a s s s us a in a o f p i , depriv tion , how th t , def ult the forcible over - stimulation which severe suffering

s and a s induce in rich deep n ture , the energy of the highe st Spiritualization is unable to ra diate from the hidden depth s Of our nature ; and yet the se same

and s s ar in s sorrows truggle e likely, tho e in whom the divine ﬁre Of Prometheus has not glowed from the

s a san . ﬁr t , to le d to crime or to in ity

l of s a - a s In the ight thi ide , the life work of the m ter , who displayed the clo se relation ship between the se t r a a s a n s f n an hree g e t m nife t tio s of uf eri g hum ity ,

s sa and a geniu , in nity , crime , will no longer ppear so strange as his isolated and detached ideas appeared to his contemporaries . And we shall continue to return

n d a a to his s as an a s a a ga in a g in work , to r en l of means to help us to the understanding of the highe st

s f n and of the deepe st endowment o ma kind .

s do s - of o s If we wi h to ju tice to the life work L mbro o ,

s of his own s a t we must not omit the tudy per on li y , m a a a a . to which , therefore , ﬁn l gl nce y be directed

B his - t and e a a y bir h by his own , p culi r temper ment

to a s a to a he belonged th t Jewi h ris cr cy to which , as

166 CESARE LOMBROS O sought for persona l gain from the conceptions of whos e value and importance he was so ﬁrmly con

vince d an d a as . , which c me to him , it were , intuitively

n a s l a n n in his Indeed , his pri cip l trength y in i tuitio ,

a s f f re dy gra p o the es sential . His theories o intuitive genius lay s tress upon certain analogies be tween in ' tuition and epileptoid st ate s and the great reverence paid by him to truth may po ssibly have led him at

s s a o a time to undere tim te the p werful , lthough not a a u s I a a lw ys f lly consciou , ntellectu l ctivity which

a s p ve the way to every happy discovery . We c annot here a ttempt to Show the extent and

’ importance o f Lombroso s c ontributions to Italian culture outside the domain of an thropological re

s a s . his o and . e rche From h use in Turin , from the

of ﬁ a and a sts who a d circle thinkers , of ci ls rti ssemble

as ff s a n n and there , there w di u ed powerful i ﬂue ce , at times the very consciousne ss of Italy seemed

d n a a to at . An be centred here work , u ce singly, manifold r eceptivity and activity found the un ity and the energy requis ite for their concentrated effects in the ﬁery S oul in who s e ardour the mos t

’ n s m n s s and whose heteroge eou ele e t were fu ed , spirit lives on in his successors a nd disciples

curs ore s qui vitai lampada tradunt APPE NDIX A

LOMBROSO’ S SPIRITUALISTIC RE SE ARCHES

DURIN G the correctio n of the previous ch apters I have ’ a Lombros s ﬁn a nd m and re d o al po sthu ous work , I feel that it is expedient to a ppend a brief a ccount of ’ Lombro so s a n s s a s de li g with the piritu li ts , which were , a a s of his a s n a indeed , , ch r cteri tic peculi r per o lity , but are without signiﬁcance in relation to his more im — portant inve stigations tho se which interest us and s will intere t posterity . It was about the year 1890 that throughout E uro pe s a n of a s s n o o s s and the inve tig tio s psychi tri t , eur l gi t , psycholo gists into the s ubject of hypnotism att ained D n 1 t 18 0 their a cme . uri g the year s 885 o 9 there wa s an uncea s ing current of hypn otic experiments . Almo s t every clinic h ad it s o wn mediums ; and soon s o f s s not a a ome the e medium , of whom few ttended a on e n n na more th n cli ic , produced occult phe ome , s uch as the action o f medicaments at a distance o and o s o a ff of ma n (B urru ther ) , the p l rizing e ect g ets ,

- a s and o - a n in a thought tr n ference , th ught re di g , ddition to the phenomena o f the hypnotic Sleep and hypno tic n N t n n s s . o s ea s a s s ugge tio infreque tly uch S ce the e, s s s me n s n s s m in tituted by eriou of cie ce , clo ely re e bled ” the phenomen a o f the animal ma gnetis m o f the 167 168 CESARE LOMBROSO

fir st third of the ninete enth century and the S eances of n the Spiritualists during the middle third offli e ' n M n . e n s na ce tury who , u que tio bly , were well ex p e rie nce d in observation and in rigorous experiment — s me n a s a R Pr r ' and uch Ch rcot , ichet , eyer , Fo e , — Zollner believed in the reality of the occult pheno mena which gradually made their appearance in the no ms hyp tic mediu . a 1888 L s s o f In the ye r , ombro so published a erie a s m n s n o s ciall with , a e e y exh u tive experi e t de li g m re p o m s o f s s on a n a and the li it ugge ti in the w ki g st te , the influence of a permanent ma gnet up on sugge sted s ns a n s s e tio . It wa s most remarkable that thi po si tivis t s a a man a h ad n inve tig tor , who se h bit it bee t o n n ms n s a n and co fi e hi elf to objective i ve tig tio , to cons ider s ubjective phenomena a s entirely subsidia ry and a m m a on o to de l with the with extre e c uti , Sh uld c oncern himself with matters so little acce s sible to o bjective obs ervation a s the rea ction to hypnotic procedure s and the examination of s ugge sted ideas n and r s and in hyp otized hyste ic al s ubject , while a s a s to as s a mat eng ged in thi p th of tudy oci te , ulti ely ,

and ma o - a s more more inti tely with th ught re der ,

a s and a a r s s . Spiritu li ts , other th um tu gi t wa s n a s his o m n con It , i deed , re ult of verwhel i g viction at of a nd of ma a , once the objectivity the teri lity o f th o man s of n ons a s s a e perf r ce hyp otized pers , oci ted with a reluctance to accept the explanation of such n m na a o s —viz phe o e by purely s ubj ective f ct r , their — explanation solely by means of idea s that led Lom bro so to the credulou s a s sumption th at there existed a peculiar material condition Of the brain s ubstan ce na a s the caus e o f a ll the se catego rie s of phenome .

170 CESARE LOM BROSO a o his la n f ll int p , upo which wa s in scribed in isolated 1 Polish words a prophecy of the speedy restoration of n the kingdom of Pola d . I took an exa ct tran script Of

s ma s a and s a - d a a sa thi nife t tion , mu t repe t to y wh t I id s e n a s a o a a s s a ss ixt e ye r g , th t if ( the medium erted , though I do not my s elf believe it) the spirit o f — Kos ciuszko really wrote the se ho peful words ins tead — “ o f prophe sying ﬁ nis P olo nice then in the fo urth

‘ dimension the sp e lling and grammar of the Polish a a s l ngu ge mu t h ave been very badly pre served . (Charle s Dickens made the s ame observa tion in respect ” to E nglish spelling as exhibited by spirits ) At that time it wa s my impre s sion tha t in the se ’ ea s Lombro so s s wa s a s S nce intere t in the Spiritu li ts , “ ” not in s s an d in a the pirit , , the next pl ce , in the a o ma r - m wa s bn r l t a nce State of the mediu s . This un do ubtedly s o at that time ; but his subsequent publication s h ave shown that at a later date he went a s and a to ra n much further th n thi , scribed the b i substance the faculty o f exercis ing a po werful inﬂu th f a o ence beyond e periphery o the body ( lth ugh , n nd ns a n n on according to the domi ant a still u h ke opi i , the function Of the bra in- subst ance is s ubject to the

l f n on . a aw o isolated nervous co ducti ) For ex mple ,

A n e i nc s P s chi ue s 1892 . 146 in the n a le s d s S c e e y q , , p e t s e m a s o ws . Lo o q , br so wrote f llo “ Not one of the se facts (which we must admit to a s s ann n a a be f ct , ince we c ot de y th t which we h ve

“ seen with o ur o wn eyes) is o f a nature to render it necessary t o s uppose for its explanation the existence o f a world different from that a dmitted by neuro

1 P re no mina e s s as a n on e o e ra rom a u tiv , uch y c uld xt ct f f h e an a e dictionary in de fault o f all kn o wle dge o t l gu g . ’ LOMBROS O S SPIRITUALISTIC RESEA RCHES 171

n a s s path ologists to exist . I see othing in dmi ible in the s upposition that in hysterical and hypno tized on a n n s person s the stimulati of cert i ce tre , which be come powerful owing to the p aralyz in g of all the s and s s a a s s n and a s other , thu give ri e to tr n po itio tr n ss oi s a s ma a s s in a an s mi ion p ychic l force , y l o re ult tr In s a formation into lumin ous or motor force . thi w y can s a a we under t nd how the force , which I will c ll a a a can for a cortic l or cerebr l , of medium , ex mple , a s a a m n r i e t ble fro the ﬂoor , pluck someo e by the a s or a s s — n be rd , trike him c re him very freque t é In o n s n a s an . a phe omen in these ces cert in c nditio , are a a m which very r re , the cerebr l move ent which we a i n s an m c ll thought s tra smitted to di t ce , so etimes

a s s a . sm ll , sometime very con ider ble Now , in the sa a s is an s ma me w y in which thi force tr mitted , it y a s a s and s ma l o become tr n formed , the p ychic force y

n r n t m a ifest itself a s a moto force . DO we o se e the m a gnet give ris e to a deﬂection of the compa s s - n eedle witho ut any visible intermediary We must not without further con s ideration dismiss s a as a s a s a m n thi ide b urd , bec u e very Si ple experime t s ufﬁces to Show th at the well - known and continuous

a - a m n o - a is sa he t r diation fro the livi g b dy th t to y , the dispersal from the body of ultra - red etheric un d ula — tion s undergoes no table and easily meas ura ble a s a s a n r an in ch nge , in soci tio with eve y ch ge the n a r o na s as i tellectu l o emoti l equilibrium , ju t the a s a s n o f a rteri l pul e , which ch nge under the inﬂue ce

na s an s s a o s a emotio l di turb ce , give ri e to v rying cill

B ut do s s s s s - a tion s in the air . we not po e s en e org ns a dequate t o detect either thes e atmo spheric o r thes e na to s a etheric un dulation s . We were u ble e t blish 172 C ESARE LOMB ROSO

’ their existence until physiology h ad given us Mo sso s ’ s m ra a nd Z a s plethy og ph mboni dry battery . There wa s a very powerful s ubj ective reason why Lombro so did n ot apply a strenuou s criticis m to the no m a E sa of Pi km Hi a c ann . s occult phe en of u pi , , etc o wn mos t important idea s h ad a t ﬁrst encountered a o and n n doubt from the le rned w rld , in ma y cases co m and te pt ridicule . For this reason he was free from n a a in a a r o a the te dency , tr dition l c demic ci cle s , t w rds an extreme reserve in relation to completely ne w fact s and s on a om a and theorie c tr ry to the d in nt views , n n therefore da gero us to tho se a dvoc ating them . O n a o a s wh o the co tr ry , to d ubt the good f ith of tho e were producing the ne w hypnotic and other mediumistic phenomena wa s not only contrary to his natural dis o s o n a a o f a n n s s and s o s to p iti n , i c p ble y petti e indi p ed

s r an n a wa s n s a a s con mi t ust ythi g th t u u u l , but it l o flicte d with the tendencies re s ulting from his o wn pers onal experience s . I n ar 18 2 n o the ye 7 , whe he br ught before the Medical Ac ademy of Milan h is experiment s and investigations regarding the etiology of pellagra n s n o f s a wa s thro ugh the co umptio poilt m ize , he s r n Po a D a a accused by the u geo rt , e n Of the medic l facul ty of Pavia and an a dvocate o f the interests of a an s a a s his m s the gre t l dlord , of h ving f l ified experi ent , and of having artificially induced le sions in the — animal s he experimented on the re s ult being that

r a s n and the whole matte w tur ed to ridicule , he and his p ellagrous chickens were made fun of at the next c arnival . Lombroso wa s accustomed to quote a verse from “ D n 10 non ian e a s i n a a te , p g , de tro impetr i ( I did

174 CESARE LOMBROSO

(whose s ubjective ca u sation he left an Open que stion ) he drew the following inference : The magnet is an ' o n n t bject k ow o have effect within the physical sphere . a ne w s is s n its a a n s If re ult ee to follow pplic tio , thi s a s a s a a a and nn mu t l o be of phy ic l ch r cter , ca ot be f o an . s o s s y other Thu in the hypn tized per on , who e cerebral molecules are in a condition differen t from

a a n on - n s th t in the br in Of the hyp otized per on , the magnet h a s given ris e to a rearrangement of the a ff cerebr l molecules . If the observed e ect is purely s m s on a s ubjective , we u t c clude th t the ubjective phenomena are depen dent upon the physical condi s and a a a n f ra tion , th t the re rr ngeme t o the cereb l molecules gives ri s e to the phenomenon of S O- called ” polariz ation . ’ Psychologically allied with this is Lombro so s

an a s - a f a utter ce reg rding mu cle re ding , to the ef ect th t an act is f a t a s an s if of the will ef ective di t ce , thi s a far n a a prove th t the will , from bei g imm teri l , is n m non o f m and is r a a phe o e move ent , , therefo e , i n s s his a s a o a . s m n fe t ti of m tter Indeed , he expre e a stonishment that thought - trans ference is s o rarely “ observed : May it be th at in the forms of energy n nam s a n s k own under the e of electricity , m g eti m , — a and s n is o sa he t , light , ou d , there pr duced the me and one a s s ma thin g as in thought ; if dmit thi , y it no t be tha t thought is simply a phenomenon of ” n 1 moveme t . At the time when these ﬁrst experimental studies Lom so wa s o s s a were published , bro , h wever , till ceptic l a s n na a s is o regar ding s piritu li tic phe ome , pr ved by

1 1 s e s s ch ue s 904 . Arma le s d e S cie nc P y iq , ’ LOMRROS O S SPIRITUA LISTIC RESEAR CHES 175

an s in the follo wing utter ce , which I publi h here full becaus e in it we can already detect the psychological tendencie s which ultimately led him to capitulate i n e a a e . . , to recognize the existe c of telep thic phenomen “ at Seances E very epoch is unripe for the discoveries which have h ad few precur sors ; a nd if it is unripe it i n n is al so unadapted to perceive ts ow i capacity . The repetition of the same di scovery prepares the bra in to a o wn a and n s m n s a a m ke it its , to ccept it , ﬁ d i d gr du lly n n becoming les s hostile to its a ccepta ce . For early twenty years the dis coverer of the c ause of pellagra

wa s regarded throughout Italy as mad ; to - day the a a m s a s at a a c de ic world till l ugh crimin l nthropology ,

at n s at a . hyp oti m , homeop thy Who knows whether .

to - da a at a s ma n ot a so we , who y l ugh Spiritu li m , y l be in error ' Thanks to the mis onei sm which lies o a in all are a s n c nce led us , we , it were , hyp otized a a s a a a of s a g in t the new ide s , inc p ble under t nding a are and an san s n s th t we in error , like m y in e per o , ' s a s s us a d whil t the d rknes hide the truth from , we l ugh ’ at tho se wh o stand in the light L inﬂuenza della ’ a a s o Fa n ulla d ella civilt e dell occ i ne sul genio , f n 1 Nr D ome ica , 883 , .

a 1891 n o s a s a In the ye r , whe L mbro o , in s oci tion

a and am h ad s with Bi nchi T burini , held the ﬁr t s E sa a a a n in a sitting with u pi P ll di o , he wrote letter i l “ to Dr . C o ﬁ : I am ashamed and sorrowful tha t with so much Obstin acy I have contested the pos si

ilit of so - a d s a s b y the c lle piritu li tic facts . I say the a cts am n s f , for I incli ed to reject the piritualistic theor a s s and a s a s y , but the f ct exi t , reg rd facts I ” o in a a am gl ry s ying th t I their Slave . s f There oon followed other Sittings , most o them 176 CESARE LOMB ROS O

E sa a a s on Ak k with u pi medium , conducted by V sa ow an r l To s d D u P e . ( thi period belong all the s ittings s o a ie miradz ki and in which I my elf to k p rt with S , in ’ which there took pla ce Lombro so s thorough investi gation of the trance - state of bo th the male mediums 1 n a . 896 a s a s a me tioned bove ) From onw rd , fter ob erv “ ns a on a Pickmann tio m de the thought re der , Lombro so published in his A rchivio di p sichia tria a perpe tual record of his mediumistic experiments His a s o of all s a his a l t w rk , publi hed fter de th n i no ti i 20 R s . icerche sui fe omeni p e Spiritici , pp 8 , n E a Turi , Unione ditrice , might be reg rded by

m - the credulous a s a Greeting fro the Spirit World .

S - We , however , who renounce this pirit World , may well content our selve s with the undying intel lectual achievements of the decea sed inve stigator ; to our enemies we freely give the Lombroso of senile

fo r Lo so of decay , the mbro youth , for ever young , is ours .

APPENDIX C

F CT AND D CUME NT OF P TI M 1841- 1865 A S O S OSI VIS ,

P P T K 1841- 1850 RE ARA ORY WOR ,

JOULE The rmo ge nic E ff e cts of th e E le ctric Curre nt . H s f th In e n ERSCHEL Philo ophy o e ductive Sci c e s .

LI T : D n a on a e s m d e r s i S a s ti l Sy te politi ch e n Okonom e .

. d r R MAYER E rha ltun g e r E ne gie . R G Han dwOrt e rbuch d e r Ph siol ic o . . WA NER y g

. C T : C rs d e so e o s e A OM E o u philo phi p itiv . L F s n d s C n s . EUERBACH We e e hris te tum .

1843 . M n . I e Lo J . S LL I ductiv gic .

s - MATTEUCCI Di cove ry o f the N e rve Curr e nt . F D : E e r ca o n on and he a ure f . ARA AY l ct i l C ducti t N t o M r atte . o t E lec tric a l I n can d e cen t D is cove ry f he s La/mp .

: E e ro n am Me asure me n s . W. WEBER l ct dy ic t i b D is cove ry of A n ae s the s a y E the r . HE LMHOLT z : D ie E rhaltun g d e r Kraft (Cons e rvation of

E ne rgy) . s o A n ae s the sia b Chlor o o rm D i cove ry f y f .

' UETELET Du s y steme So cial .

- O D : Anima E e r D uB OI s REYM N l l ct icity . o G o ld i n Ca l or ni a D is cover y f if .

9 Di s ove r ie s o B a cillus o A n thr a x a n d o An ilin e 184 . c f f f D e s y . T P : o a a s e n o f a s o f 185 0 . HERBER S ENCER S ci l St tic (Id tity L w o O rganic and S o ci al E voluti n ) . 178 FACTS A N D DOCUMENTS OF POSITIVISM 179

- I ITIVI 185 1 1860 . D OM NANCE OF POS SM,

1 1- 1 Mile a e o E ur o e an R a il/wa S s tems 85 860 . g f p y y

in cr e a s e s by 250 p e r cen t .

5 L f e o o 18 1 LL Prin e s o . . YE cipl G l gy ’ LOMBROSO Con ce rning Marz olo s Monume nti s torici ’ ” rive la ti dall an alisi de ll a par ola .

SCHO PENHAUER Pare rga un d Pa ralipome na . D is cove ry 0f the N e a n d er tha l S kull an d Other E vid e nce s

of the A n tiquity of Ma n . H T m s e ELMHOL Z Ophthal o cop . H K In n Co RU M ORFF : ductio il . RI D e r und D ram a CHAR WAGNER Op . MILLET Le Se me ur ; un d COURBET D as B e gr abnis von

Orn ans .

L T Kr d e s L e ns MO E S CHOT e islauf e b . E n PFLUGER le ctro to us . N I In s a ns R ar n e a e s o o AEGEL ve tig tio e g di g V ge t bl Phy i l gy . ' un d t ﬁ F r e and r B UCHNER Kra ft S o ( o c Ma tte ) . n P s FARAD AY Ma g e tic hilo ophy .

D is over o Ho t - ai r E n ine o B e s se mer S te el a n d c y f g , f ,

ili e - io le of An n v t .

T IT : L s f s WAL WH MAN e a ve o Gra s . D is cove r o the Ann ula r K iln o the R e ne r a t G y f , f eg ive a s

Furn a ce a nd o the Me r cur ia l Air - um , f p p . V ON LI I e r r . G o an d a e of A r r J EB Th y P ctic g icultu e . E L s L PLAY e Ouvrie rs E ur opée n s .

THE F CL I L OF P ITIVI 1 57- 1860 OUR ASS CA YEARS OS SM , 8 .

M s f r h 1857. B : E a e o o t e An a s s of a se s UNSEN x ct th d ly i G . M L : Tr a d e s D é énére s ce n s e s ORE ité g . M X : Ma e r a s Con e on o f H s AR t i li t c pti i tory . r B UC KLE His to y o f Civiliz ation . ’ T VILL La Revolution e t l An cie n Re im OC' UE E g e . F T Ma am e B ar LAUBER : d o v y . Ce llul VI RCHo w : ar a h l e . 1858 . p t o o gi HI L e r h de r P s i . M. SC FF h buch y ologic 180 CESARE LOMBROSO

H n B m n a s s . 1859 . KIRCH OFF u d UNSEN : Spe ctru A ly i D WI r n o f e e s AR N O igi Sp ci .

. M On e r . J . S ILL Lib ty D is cover o the Te le ho ne the I ce Ma chine an d the A z o y f p , ,

n a t e Co lo uri g M t r s .

H s s FEC NER P ychophy ik . ’ B OUCHER D E PERTHE S : D e l Homme Antédiluvie n e t d e (E e s e s uvr s .

H D E T h e Ga s E n ne B OUC ER PER HES D is cove ry of t gi .

SEMPER : D e r Stil .

FT - E T 1 1- 1 5 FF 86 86 . A ER EC S ,

A E M r 1 1 B CHOF N D as M e rre a ar . 86 . : utt cht ( t i chy)

GRIESIN GER Pa thology of Me ntal D isor de rs .

SCHLEICHER : Grammatik d e r indoge rmanis che n Sprachen . M T Fr h im rii n ANE u st uck G ne .

D OS T OI E FFS KY : Ra skoln iko w.

FONTANE : Wan de runge n dur ch die Ma rk . Liber a t in ion of S erf s Rus sia . P HERBERT S ENCER : Firs t Principle s . I Th e C me of L o e BSEN o dy v . T OURGUE N E FP : a e rs d n s F th an S o . ruc tion o ci l Cons t f P a ﬁ c R a i way . ’ Linc o ln s E ma n cip a tio n P r o c la ma tion . ’ B is m a r c k s R e a lp o litik (B loo d a n d I r on) . ’ HUXLEY Man s Pla c e in N ature . L LL An of Man YE tiquity .

HUGGINS Spe ctra o f Fixe d Stars and N e bul a . B S ur l e e e l e a n o s e t l a N a r e de ROCA Si g , Di g tic tu l ’A hémi p e . T e o r f PAS EUR Th y o Fe rme ntation . R : ie d e esne ENAN V J . D WUN T Vorle s unge n ub e r die Me ns che n und Tie rse e le . L O e n o e a OMBR SO G i folli . A Th e n . WAGNER e R ig of Law in the Appare ntly Vola n ar A ons of H man B e n s t y cti u i g .

L LL B astiat - e ASSA E Schultz .

D E T e n e Mau e rin GONCOUR R é p .

INDEX

A. n ro o o r m na S i nifi A th p l gy, c i i l . g can e o f 130 - 138 D PT TIO d e e n o f d e c , A A A N , fici t , on re ss for 147 148 e ne ra e s 123 C g . , g t , “ o f ome n S e e oman Africo ~ He ll e ne ra e o f a la r a w . W c C b i , ” a m 129 s Cri inal ” n - se m sm 149 rar an n e s t a t o n 114 A ti iti , Ag i I v ig i , n - s o a e n e n e s o f e e n rar a n ro e ms o m ro so A ti ci l t d ci d g Ag i p bl , L b , c ra e s 104 105 127 t , , e s 119 123 rian re orm 15 1 typ , . f , 6, 57 ne ed for s e re a on o f fl kow Von 176 g g ti , , , 146 co o ism a nd r m na 95 Al h l c i i lity, A e - a r S ee a p e h ra te s . r m Altruism de ficie nt in crimina l lik c c P i to id a r e e s t 105 v i ti ’ or onme n o f un shme n An o es Lombro s o s a e n for App ti t p i t , g , t l i t 131 th e di sco e r o f 112 v y , r ot . S e e ar on nar s m 149 A g J g A chi , ri s o ra e w s 164 165 nima ma n e sm 168 A t c cy, J i h , , A l g ti , rr e s t o f d e e o me n in r m Anoma o s a ra r o f e n s A v l p t c i l h te g , u c c iu m 4 ina l s . S e e a s o a s 6 162 163 l At vi , , ’ Art for a r s sa e i n r m na s n r o o o e ar er and re e n t k , c i i l , h l g , l A t p y i c t 89 s r nifica tions o f t he e rm g t , Art na ra sm in 133 10 no te , tu li . r o r is me o , n e w, t he u f s e - ma e r o f 132 A t tic th d f it ubj ct tt , ’ o s sm 134 Lombro so s on e on o f p itivi , c c pti , r s n s r a a nd o s v sm 135 137 138 A t , i du t i l , p iti i , , , 133 ac o r n t o r o ro a c di g Vi ch w, B c , ' Ascha fie nbur 60 no e 147 177 and Ma nt e az za 135 g , t , , g , s mme r a a 104 , f l , - A y t y ci r mina 18 54 . S ee a s o c i l , l ta s m 19 - 25 45 - 48 59 60 or ans as A vi , , , , , se para te g , 95 96 101 105 118 160 , , , , , ra n s ul e t c . , l , b i k 162 ta bular s ta te me n t o f sm a nd r me . Se e a rima t o id a r e e s c i At vi p v i ti , and ro s on 5 9 60 p , , 27- 29 tituti s r an om n o n in a 165 a e n a no on of Au t i d i i It ly, fund m t l ti , 42 B . s o nom 47- 53 phy i g y , a a e me n of dis Bachofe n 180 tabul r s t t t , tinctive ana om a a on ran s 113 t ic l B c , F ci ,

ara ers n a n B e e r A . 24 no te ch ct , i dic ti , , g e o a e r o te 66 no rma on e n a a , a b l c g it B g h t , W lt , qu d pr e disp osrtion in more nobe ’ an 800 no n - nsane a t e r Zam on s dr 172 th i B t y, b i y, r minal s 54 e e 110 c i , B b l, 182 I ND E X 18 3

Be ltrani- a a 80 ara e rs ce re bro e no us r ma Sc li , Ch ct , g , p i i e ned 94 t o d e tc . S e e n e r Ad e ctival B ikt, , u d j an 175 177 t e rm Bi chi , , o e ne l aw the un ame n a ar o 168 Bi g tic , f d t l , Ch c t , Charne i 118 g , 7 o o i a e e rm na on o f s o a e a s 169 Bi l g c l d t i ti ci l Ch t , r m na s 97 e nome na 10 e t s e . ph , 7 q Child c i i l , Ciol ﬁ 1 5 d e t e rm n sm . S e e a s o De 7 i i l , e rm n s m as s - n e re s s o e r o f in re ~ t i i Cl i t t , w , p o f o m roso 161 162 e n n s re ago f r 15 1 L b , , v ti g p t uth , , s mar 165 152 Bi ck ,

Bist o lﬁ 82 as s s r e . S e e ass war , Cl t uggl Cl ame or n e ss 131 ass war t h e a nd s o a s volu Bl w thi , Cl , , ci l o o s ons e s o f 177 on 121 122 124 125 B k c ult d . li t , ti , , , , orn r m na as se s ffe re n a on and r m na . Se e B c i i l C i i l , Cl , di ti ti by orn ro 121 b th ugh , orn r m nals orm a e e ne ra n a o se r a on 136 B c i i f d g Cli ic l b v ti ,

e s e . 105 o m e 178 tiv ubtyp , C t , vi ,

o e r d e e r e s 180 on e n a . S e e n e r an e B uch P th , C g it l I h it c o r e o s r m na 87 on re ss for r m na n ro o B u g i c i i lity, C g C i i l A th p ra n in r m na s 38 - 45 o 147 148 B i c i i l , l gy, , re a - rio s a t an 1898 153 on e n ona e e me n in r me 90 B d t Mil , , C v ti l l t c i , re e n ra a m ro e men orre a on o f ro 104 B di g , ci l i p v t by, C l ti g wth , 129 146 osm a sa 13 6 , C ic c u lity, ro a 135 180 e te rm n sm 69 132- 134 B c , , d i i , , r an 91 n e nce s 159 B u t, i ﬂu . r s a 141 ra n o - a a e e o me n s ra os B u , C i f ci l d v l p t , ti u ne r 8 179 o f 31 34 B ch , , , ,

e 107 ran o o . S e e l Buckl , C i l gy Skul

ns en 134 1 9 180 ran ome r . S e e Bu , , 7 . C i t y Skull

r a 7 re s . nt e rna ron a 28 29 Bu d ch , C t i l f t l , , e m o ra 29 t p l , r e a so r mina C ime . S e l C i l C . and ns a n 84 85 i ity, , ’ a a r a Lombros o s or in 114 a nd imb e ilit 84 85 l , , c , , C b i w k l y race s o f 114 129 and se as e 97 , , di , amorra t he 91 a s e s and re e n on o f 147 C , , c u p v ti , ann a ro 181 re a e t o e n s and t o C izz , l t d g iu a ta n s me n om ros o nsa n 164 C pi l pu i h t , L b i ity, 2 a o rs 1 8 o a . S e e o a rime f v u , p litic l P litic l c ’ n e ome Lombroso s m na e ar a r or r . S e a s o n ro o o C d , J , w k C i i l l A th p l gy , o n 112 162 r m na , , c i i l arrara 81 177 a e nt a 131 C , , ccid l , d re ve ntion 158 an o o o e a a s e an r . S e ls o An C u , th p l gy a s e s an re e n on o f r me t hro ol o r m na C u p v ti c i , p gy , c i i l 147 o n re ss for 147 148 C g , , Ce ccarel 177 os e o n a on o f , p itiv f u d ti , Ce re b ro e nous ara e rs 27- 29 134 g ch ct , , 54 s n an e o f 130 - 138 ig iﬁc c , am er a n o st on 129 s e - ma te r o f 132 Ch b l i , H u , ubj ct t ,

ommo t o m . ara e r s cs n r orn 100 131. S e e a s o Ch ct i ti c c i i b , , l nal s and e e s 98 99 r m na e pil ptic , , C i i l typ 18 4 CESARE LOM BROS O

r m na o rn t he nse nsi C i i l b , i bility D . o f 88 89 an e 1 3 , . D t , 7

e e ne ra te , 131 a rw n 33 47 117 134 1 0 d g D i , , . , , 8 ’ ” e l e 140 , 145 B an in s e s e n o f Man 33 pi ptic, D c t , , a a 140 145 11g h bitu l , ,

nsane 131 140 , 145 arw n an e e ar 4 i , , D i i tipp d , 7 ar on o f S ee ar on ar j g J g D winis m . S e e Evolution r s r e n e 139 - 149 e a f j p . , n e re n e t o in r m u i ud c ” D th i di f c , c i i rim na Man the 140 nals 88 no e C i l , , , , t im a r 1 r na n e 31. S e e a so e na l , , om roso a o rs C i tu l p lty L b f v u , Criminal type and 128 r m na orn e ce n ra a on o f Go e rnme nt C i i l , b D t liz ti v , and e e s 98 - 103 om roso a o rs 127 pil p y , L b f v u ,

o as ona 131 140 145 e e ne ra e t h e a n an - so a cc i l , , , D g t , , ti ci l ass on 140 145 e n 104 105 by p i , , b i g, , i 2 e e o a 119 1 0. S ee a s o ne ra e s 123 p l tic l , , l D g t ,

o a r m na e e ne ra 1 - on 5 ct se . 103 105 P litic l c i i l D g ti , q , ,

- s o o . 79 105 . S ee a s o 159 160 162 p ych l gy l , , s o o r m na and r me 103 - 105 P ych l gy , c i i l c i , s n a nce o f e rm 93 e n s and 162 ig iﬁc t , g iu , no e ra a s n an e of e rm t p ctic l ig iﬁc c t , te n e n e s n e r an e o f 104 d ci , i h it c , 96 97 101 s ma ta o f 103 —105 , , tig , e the 102 e or o f 160 typ , , th y , r i sm of ea o f 55 De Go n o r 180 c it ci id , c u t, ’ mea n n and im a o ns e mo ra Lombroso s a in i g l it ti D c cy, f ith , o f t he o r ne 50 125 d ct i , h sio c m o f 5 1 e n a a norma e s 104 p j , D t l b liti , es Seimi c co in arative l D e e r e s o e r 180 typ , ' p y P th , B uch , rare 61- 63 e s e n o f Man , D c t “ a mo e r- s e nse 63 33 117 l ck th , ,

oman . S e e o man as e s ne 13 14 w W D pi , , r m e m n s m 69 10 et s nal e r 7 e . 116 C i i D t i i , , q , , r m na ata s 160 120 121 123 132- 134 C i i lity, vi tic , , , , , ion 100 138 by , e vo utionar 160 o o i a o f o m roso 10 y , bi l g c l , L b , 7, n e n e o f e n ronme n on 116 120 121 161 162 i ﬂu c vi t , , , , , 160 osm 69 132- 134 c ic , , r m na o t he 64 145 e onom o f ar 116 123 C i i l id , , , c ic, M x , .

- ri m n als r e o f 84 86 e e o me n mora . S e e ora C i , c u lty , D v l p t, l M l re e ssn e ss o f 84 85 e e o me n ckl , . d v l p t

re s ons o f 85 86 ia nos is ffe re n a . S e e p ibility , , g , di ti l Dif e onom s a s o f 86 87 fe re ntial a no s s c ic t tu , , di g i r m n o o s oo o f os e e ns ar e s uo te d 170 C i i l gy , ch l p itiv ick , Ch l , , 140 iffe re nce s indivi ual om ara , , c p ris i 153 t ive l n m or an 161 p , y u i p t t , Cr o - a no n re s ori man of 33 ffe re n a a nosis o f a r e e s M g , p hi t c , Di ti l di g v i ti Crossin o f ra es and it s e ffe c o f rim na 83 - 91 g c , t c i l , o n o a e o on 74 f e re n a on in man s e e s p litic l v luti , Di f ti ti hu p ci , r e in ome n 5 8 122 C u lty w , o f r m na s 84 - 86 se a 57 58 121 c i i l , xu l, , , ’ nn n and o r e 160 Lomb ros o s law o f 57 Cu i g f c , ,

186 CESARE LOM BROSO

G . s or e e rm n s ie o f 107 Hi t y , d t i i t v w , Ga e 141 et 3 b lli , o e n e s Ga 13 14 1 , re s or man o f 33 ll, , , 7 H hl f l p hi t ic , omo d e lin ue ns 120 e e Garo a o 140 141 H q , . S also f l , , Gas aro ne s o f 32 r m nal p , kull , C i i

- - indus trialis 22 Ge n s 70 73 119 120 162164 , 1 iu , , , , nea n e r a ens a nd ano ma 162 s 120 . S ee ly , d th l i , Ge n s a nd e e ne ra on 162 also r m e man iu D g ti , P i itiv sa e ns 124 G e n s a nd e e s 162 p , iu pil p y , i na ra ar a o f a it s fre e d om ro m m sone sm l , nd f i i , tu v i bility it s onse e n e s 120 70 c qu c , ins 180 n o n o f in romo in H gg , fu cti , p t g u man sm mo e rn 125 so ia e o on 120 H , , c l v luti , u i d l e 180 n e o f for th e e a r me n s Hux y, , i d x d p t t ’ e ne ra ia 128 o f Fran e 72 H , l , c , y c oz oism 133 in t he nsa ne 163 164 H , i , , y no sm 168 and re a n s m 72 73 H p , public i , , y ti os a as 104 and re o on 70 - 72 H p p , v luti , y di ’ ’ Ger a s ra w n Tét e d un ic ult d” i g, é 5 1 . Supplici , I s e n 180 G a s one . E . 181 I , l d t , W , b ’ “ Go nea u 129 I se n s An nem of t he bi , b ” E y e o e 154 Goe e 111 113 pl , th , , P s on of re e w th e 133 Go n o r d e 180 Ill f ll , , c u t , , u i i ili S e e a s o n Gos o 156 mb e c t . l I sa n t i , y i y and r me 4 8 Gre e ra a e e me nts in a a r a , 8 , 5 k ci l l C l b i , c i m a e n e o f re orme rs 145 129 I p ti c f , m r s onme n t ae Gre e n an e r ra n o f 44 45 , tte s on l d , b i , , I p i t Mi l dt , Gre e in rom the s r - or 141 t g f pi it w ld , ’ m u s e r m na 84 85 94 a f 176 I p l iv c i i lity , , , Inca on e th e 35 Gri es n e r 7 100 180 , , i g , , , b Gro o rre a ion o f 104 In h e sta grar a 114 wth , c l t , c i A i r o f cr1minals 9 G e n 7 Incor g l , 7 udd . i ibi ity n a e re n e s om ara I dividu l diff c , c p t ive l n m or an 161 y u i p t t , H .

a nd e n ronme n 132et se . vi t , q ae e 118 181 a ors n e n n 158 H ck l , , f ct i ﬂu ci g , uo e 118 n o e 160 q t d , t ame Va n 142 143 n al sm and o al ism H l , , , I dividu i S ci , ’ an e - s a e and ro e n Lomb ro s o s a e o ar s H dl h p d p j cti g ttitud t w d . r e a , 104 124 ar e n a m an 81 n s r a ar s and os sm 133 H d , M xi ili , I du t i l t p itivi , e n e 88 no e n e r tan e o f r m na te n e n H i z , t I h i c c i i l d e e ni ra a e e men s in l a e s 96 97 101 H ll c ci l l t ci , , , r a 129 at h olo ical 161 162 b i , g , , e m o 134 178 179 nhigitio n a o f in H l h ltz , , , , l ck , e 4 4 4 H nke lo hr . 7, 104 2. 9 e re tar e a e nts r m n nn o a o n and m s one sm 66 - 69 H di y quiv l , c i i I v ti i i , a a nd e e s a s 103 nse ns o f orn r m na 88 lity pil p y , I ibility b c i i l , ,

He re dity . S e e a lso Inhe rita n ce 89

r m na 96 97 nsan and r me , 84 85 c i i l , , I ity c i , e rs e 178 e n s and 163 164 H ch l , g iu , , INDEX 187

nsa n t mora 100 - 103 117 s 178 I i y, l , , Li t , a ro e ss ona seas e o f s Von 141 p f i l di Li zt, , r s one rs 97 o m ros o ro n 1 p i . L b , A ,

ns ra on osm e e rm na o m ros o e sare , r 1 I pi ti , c ic d t i L b , C bi th ,

- on o f 163 t h e a m , 1 3 ti , f ily nte e a s t he and a l a n oo a nd o 1- 10 I ll ctu l , , It i childh d y uth , o a s m 149 am s or 1- 3 S ci li , f ily hi t y, a ian n e n e on e na re orm ant e e e nts 1- 13 It l i ﬂu c p l f , c d , 143 144 re o onar e n e n e s 4 , v luti y t d ci , a nd a r o o 5 6 M z l , , J . and an a 7 33 P izz , . ar on o f cn minals 88 n o e 91 g , , , and Mole sch ot t 7 8 9 10 J t , , , , 92 a nd o a 9 Sk d , e is ar s to ra the 164 165 a nd V r o 9 J w h i c cy, , , i ch w, s r t he , 129 a nd Mant e az z a 10 pi it , g , e s i s e s o f 2 , l a l , and G o 11 J w civ di bi iti lgi , o e 1 8 l , 7 re e e ss ors in re s e ar 13 J u p d c ch , ud e n e e n - m s m J he tz e . S A ti se iti 17

- r s r e n e r m na 1 149 - , 39 r m na a n r o o o 18 5 4 Ju i p ud c , c i i l c i i l th p l gy , ompar son o f rope an K c i Eu . with me lan ode rmic race s Kan 111 ’ ’ t , L uomo bianco e l uomo K r of 180 i ch f, di colore 33 K rn 103 i , o os on t o his e s 55 56 pp iti vi w , , Kne 103 cht, me r s and e e s o f his ’ ” it d f ct Kos c s o s s r 170 iu zk pi it, or 5 6 5 7 65 w k , , , Krae e n 141 p li , oman a s r m na and W ”C i i l Kra ss , 94 u ros te 56- 64 P titu , Kulisz e w a ame 81 , M d , o a r m n a s a nd P litic l C”i i l Kure lla , 177 e o ons 64 - 79 ’ R v luti , Kure lla s a r e s e d e s ’ ” N tu g chicht omo e n o 72 ” L u di g i , e r re e rs 94 96 ” V b ch , , The Man o f G e n s 72 iu , A rchivia i sichia tria d p , 79 L . ome e at r n 79 - 83 h lif Tu i . a o r rea s o m ros o ad r mina s o o 79- 105 L b u bu u , L b c i l p ych l gy, voca t e s 128 a e rs of 80 , d ught , “ “ La onna e n e n e l a ro Pa limse sti d e l ar e re 95 d d li qu t , ”p c c ,

s a e l a o nna norma e 56. n o e itut , d l , t “ ” S e e als o Woman a s Criminal on t he re la tions be twe e n e pi an re o rm 156 157 e s and r m na 98 L d f , , l p y c i i lity , as 8 103 L chi , 7 ass a e 71 180 his on e on o f e e s 99 L ll , , c c pti pil p y, “ ara e r a on o f 71 and t h e erm e e ne rat on ch ct iz ti , t d g i , a a te r 111 104 105 L v , , ’ Law Lo mb ros o s n e re s in 126 a s a so a re ormer 106- 129 , i t t , ci l f , n orm o f 137 his me o s 106- 129 u if ity , th d , Le a 179 his s n ance in the s or Pl y , ig iﬁc hi t y m o f s e n 6 e Ze ﬁra o e r o f e sare e 10 et se . L vi , ( th C ci c , q om ro s o 2 3 his me o o f or 111 et se L b ) , , th d w k , q. e Von 179 181 his a o ra e s 112 Li big , , , p th g phi , ” e - or a s s o a re orme r Lom wor on ar a n s 112 Lif w k ci l f , k C d u , ’ br os o s 106- 129 148 a e n for ana o 112 , , t l t l gy, 18 8 CES ARE LOMBROS O

om ros o or in a a r a 114 om roso his once on o f an L b , w k C l b i , L b , c pti “ o n th e on e on o f th e t hro olo 135 136 c c pti ” p gy , , soc a or ani sm 116 124 his re e re n e for o se r n i l g , , p f c b vi g his principa l co ntributions t o sta tes ra the r than p ro

s o o o 118 et se . e sse s 135 ci l gy, q c , an d the as s war 121 122 and the e e r me n a me o cl , , , xp i t l th d, 24 1 135 , 136 “ ’ a nd re a a o n 119 128 and Fe chner s s o v lu ti , , p ych his a i e o a r s o a s s 137 tt tud t w d S ci l phy ic , ism 124 o t e n m s n e rs o o Ge r , f i u d t d b his i oso 124 man o o st s an e ph l phy , bi l gi p y as mun a o n i or 124 chia tris ts 13 icip l c u c ll , , 7 no e and t h e no on o f n orm t ti u if ity, “ not a ar ma n 124 13 p ty . 7 a nd e mo ra 125 and sitivis 138 d c cy , m, and uma n s m 125 a nd e te rminism 138 h i , , a nd so a re orm 125 - 129 and so a re a 138 ci l f , ci l ctivity, e s on ar ame n ar a nd re s ons 138 vi w P li t y p ibility, o e rnme n 125 no e 128 and a or onme n of n s g v t , t , pp ti t pu i h e s on n e rsa s ra e me n 138 vi w u iv l uff g , t , ’ 126 no e uomo e n en e 140 t L d li qu t , nte res te in the e a ra e r and r m na r s r e n e i d l g l th c i i l ju i p ud c , an t he e onomi or e r 139- 149 th c c d , 126 and School of Positive a nd a ta sm 127 r m no o 140 c pi li , C i i l gy , and n s r a sm 127 o n unis hme nt 140 145 i du t i li , , , a nd t he a rar an ro e m 127 a n e rr 140 g i p bl , F i , “ ” and ro t ec on 127 and Garo a o 141 p ti , f l , and e e n ra a on o f a nd Krae e n 141 d c t liz ti p li , o e rnme nt 127 and the s e n e of la w 144 g v , ci c , a nd a o r re a s 128 a ar an 146 l b u bu u , utilit i , views on punis hme nt in and the Con e ss for Criminal e n e ra and o n a a n ro o o in 1906 147 g l , c pit l A th p gy , , n s me n in ar u ar 148 157 pu i h t p tic l , , 128 es s m sm e n e n t o in p i i , t d cy , a o a e s ar a se ec on o ld a e 148 dv c t tifici l l ti , g , 128 m s t ca e n e n 148 y i l t d cy, and e e n s 128 an o m s in th e e o f ug ic , pti i t fi ld o n e a ra 129 so a re orm 148 p ll g , ci l f , on races o f o e rn a 129 as l e a e r o f a an ol a S uth It ly, d It li p itic l s n ca n e o f r mina an ra a sm 149 ig ifi c c i l dic li , thr o olo 130- 138 and a r s o a sm 124 p gy , M xi t S ci li , m na l aw and i e n et s 149 o n r ts e . c i i l q , or e me n 131 re e om rom o or n sm f c t , f d f pp tu i , o o s e as 133 149 hyl z i t id , and os e s e n e 134 o os e t o om romise 149 p itiv ci c , pp d c p , his re s e for a s 134 t h e e a ra on ro e rs p ct f ct , p ll g c t v y, his n e r for ma te r a 134 149 - 157 hu g i l , ins ufficie nt ve rifica tion o f proscribe d fo r political re a a s 135 s ons in 1898 153 f ct by, ,

- - o ccas ona re o f 135 o co te t he e t o d o , i l c dulity , b y t d by w ll s r a s e e rie n es 135 154 pi itu li tic xp c ,

190 CES ARE LOMBROSO

’ e e a is m e rs s te n 5 a re man s a e in 117 134 M di v l , p i t, N tu , pl c , , e e rranea n re on ra es of e an e r a 32 120 M dit gi , c , N d th l , , 129 co son 14 16 Ni l , , e ums s r a s 136 e t s e r e r 86 163 M di , pi itu li tic, Ni z ch , F i d ich , , e t e oro o ca n ue n es 15 9 N on - mo ra oman n a me n a M l gi l i ﬂ c , l , w fu d t lly ’ ’ e o o f or Lombroso s 111 so in Lombroso s e 59 M th d w k , , ( vi w) , et seq. e ne r 181 M y t , O. ro e a ar a in rela on Mic c ph ly , p ti l , ti t o ri m na 41 cas ona r m na s orm the c i lity , Oc i l c i i l f lan re a - r o s at 1898 153 ma or o f ome n r m na s Mi , b d i t , , j ity w c i i l ,

- i . S . 178 180 181 6264 M ll , J . , , l m e 179 O sm . S e e r a s Mill t , cculti Spi itu i s one s m 66- 76 r an a ons r m na 91 Mi i , O g iz ti ” , c i i l , as man e s te in the e l a ra Or an sm o f uman so c e if d p l g g i h i ty, con ro e rs 151 116 t v y, in re a o n to ne w s o e r es a s ra ne me a or 124 l ti di c v i , t i d t ph , ‘

175 r ans r me n ar . S e e O g , udi t y Rudi i e s a e t 141 me n ar M tt l t d , t y Moe li 103 Oss iﬁ cation o f s t re s o f s , u u kull , Mole scho t t 7 8 9 10 134 179 e l ari e s in 34 35 , , , , , , p cu i ti , , ora e e o me n n e r or in M l d v l p t , i f i ome n 59 w , P . ima e oa of 5 9 ult t g l , m e e t he 102 a aeo man 44 i b cil , , P l lithic , m e i 104 a a no sa a 169 172 175 i b cil ty, P ll di , Eu pi , , , , nsa n 100 - 103 1 6 i ity, 7 ora ra iona and ea an a ar o o me o 7 33 M lity, t dit l id l , P izz , B t l , , 6 no t e aras sm o f r m na s 95 7 P iti c i i l , o r and r me 97 ar ame n ar o e rnme n Lom M bidity c i , P li t y g v t ,

ore 13 - 17 105 179 roso on 125 no e 128 M l , , , b , t , ’ o re s e ar 48 ass on r m na 100 , l , M l , ” P i c i i ity by Morlocks t he 123 no e as e r 180 , , t P t u , ’ oss o s e smo ra 172 a o ra e s 112 163 M pl thy g ph , P th g phi , , ’ o e r o o oman s n on a o o ca n e r an e 161 M th h d , w fu cti P th l gi l i h it c , o f its n e n e o n he r se a a os and e os 164 , i ﬂu c xu l P th th ,

- ffe re n a on 57- 59 e a ra 12 129 149 157 172, di ti ti , P ll g , , , , o e r - se nse ac o f in e n ne 173 M th , l k , g ui i s e i wome n criminals and in rece nt the orie s as t o t t ro s u e s 63 o o 152 153 no e p tit t , l gy , , t 1 n m a re in e ma e r m in t h e n te a e s , 56 u i p i d , f l c i i U i d St t nal s a ss on a nd ema e no e , by p i , f l t o o na r m na s 62 63 Palla roz e in 156 ccas i l c i i l , , g , u e r Ma x o e 92no te e 45 156 M ll , F. , qu t d, P llizzi, , s e - rea in 174 e na re orm 139 - 149 Mu cl d g , P l f , e r e s o e r d e 180 P th , B uch , ﬂu e r 134 179 P g , , Ph sical phe nome na o f sp1r1t ’ o broso s n e r re ta ae e 179 ua is m, L m N g li , i t p

a ra sm in art 133 on o f, 171 N tu li , ti na 47- 53 Se e m na s o nom th e r m , a re r m na . ri h g , l N tu , c i i l C i l P y i y c i i Pickma nn 172 176 type , , INDEX 19 1

’ a e in a re man s 134 ro e ar an the 122 Pl c N tu , , P l t i , , a , l e 179 r m na 86 Pl y , c i i lity, Pl e hve 110 rome e s t he ﬁr e of 164 , P th u , , ’ e smo ra , osso s 172 ros e t he 56 Pl thy g ph M , P titut , , o e r and art na t ra sm in ros e s ommon se a P t y , u li P titut , c ly xu lly 13 3 r 63 f igid , o a r me e sse n e of 67 Pros on 115 P litic l c i , c , tituti , n ua a ors of 76 a n o f 59 i divid l f ct , tiquity , 79 an a a s e nome non in t vi tic”ph o a r me , 119 Lomb ros o s e 58 59 P litic l c i vi w, , o a r m na s 55 i P litic l c i i l , as count e rpart of maj or cr as s ca on o f 55 56 minalit in t h e ma e 60 cl iﬁ ti , , y l , o a Cr m na s and Re volu 62 P liti”c l i i l on 64 - , 79 a nd marr a e 67 no e ti i g , t o s rea l sm in 133 P litic , i , Pr t ct ion om ro so o ose to e , L b pp d , or a 173 P t , p2z

o s e r m no o o - , s o o f se o e n s and re o 71 P itiv c i i l gy ch l , P ud g iu v lt, 14 0 s o - s s 137 P ych phy ic ,

e of the or 1 - , 33 s olo r m na 79 105 vi w w ld P ych gy , c i i l , os sm 13 4 , , 138 n s me n 138 P itivi Pu i h t , re n F h , 7 a or onme n o f 131 c pp ti t , and t h e n s r a ar s 13 , 3 e or o f 145 146 i du t i l t th y , , and s e n ro re ss 133 ci tiﬁc p g , re ara o or 1841 p p t w k ( ' . 1850L 1 8 e e e 107 160 178 ' u t l t , , , dominance (1851 179 four clas sical ye ars ( 1857 R . 179 180 - , a e r e e s 1861- 1865 180 a e s o f a a r a 114 129 ft ff ct ( ) , R c C l b i , , 181 a es o f o e rn ta R c S uth I ly,

a s and o me n s of 1 8 a a sm om ros o and , 149 f ct d cu t , 7 R dic li , L b an e o anne s 40- 42 R k , J h , re s os on t o r me 160 e a on th e r o f t o o ra P di p iti c i , R cti f uit pid its or an ara e r 9 nno a on 68 - 70 g ic ch ct , 7 i v ti , re s or a i s o a 131 138 142 man . S e e r m e e P hi t ic P i itiv R ctiv ty, ci l , , , Man e a ism in o s 133 R l p litic ,

Pre l d u 176 e c e n ore e a . S e e ore ea , , R di g f h d F h d re e r 168 e sm 97 P y , R cidivi , r ar 14 16 1 e rocal a on e e e n n P itch d . , , 7 R ci cti b tw i di Primat oid ar e e s 27 29 30 d a and e nv ronme n 132 v i ti , , , , vi u l i t, 43 44 , , 54 134 e n on of e rm 3 0 31 e e ssn ss of r m na s 84 85 d ﬁ iti t , , R ckl e c i i l , , r m e ar an 156 15 man 32 3 3 . S e e a so e orm a r 7 P i itiv , , l R f , g i , , A a sm e na 139 - 149 t vi p l , ro e ss o na r me 90 e orme r s o a om roso as P f i l c i , R f , ci l , L b , ro na sm 27 31 106- 129 148 P g thi , , , ro re ss a s n en e a e orme rs m a e n e o f 145 P g i ﬂu c d by clim tic R f , i p ti c ,

and o e r s a co n e orms r ue h ow e e e 126. th phy ic l R f , t , ff ct d , d itio ns 72- 76 S e e a s o sone sm , l Mi i n e a e s o ne ss o f 68 e 8 i vit bl l w , R ich , osi sm and 133 e a se s in o r me 97 p tivi , R l p t c i , re re s es o f 6 t e an 8 180 e se . n p qui it , 7 q R , , 192 CESARE LOMBROSO

e ca n sm and e n s 72 73 e a iffe re n a on 57 58 126 R publi i g iu , , S xu l d ti ti , , , Re s arch e s n o s r a s m 167 S e e a so ffe re n a i t pi itu li , l Di ti l g6 tion ’ e s o ns 83 - 86 97 130 Lombroso s l aw o f 5 R p ibility, , , , , 7 132 133 138 in sa a e s as om are , , v g c p d t h e ro e m o f 130 132 138 i e ra e s p bl , , , with civ liz d c , e a a on of old a es 119 58 R v lu ti v lu , , 128 e a r t o f ros e s S xu l f igidi y p titut , e o s 71 R v lt , 63

- e o t on 64 9 . S e e a so e a n re ase in e n ne R v lu i , 7 l S xu lity i c d g ui ly o a r me r mina e m n ne e s 63 P litic l c i c i l f i i typ , na re o f 70 not n re as e in e ma e tu , i c d f l

Re volutio nis t . S e e Politica l criminals by pas sion and crimmal e ma e occas ional criminals f l , assion 63 b7 p , 77 R1b ot 96 ie mira d zki 16 1 S , 9 , 70, 176 e r e sui e nome n i notisi e n ca n e o f r m na an ro Ric ch ” f i p Sig ifi c c i i l th s iritici 1 6 olo 13 - 1 , 7 p gy, 0 38 Ric t 168 169 e e m an ara r s s o f r m na s . , , Si i ch ct i tic c i i l ' Ride d u mce 53 S e e Primatoid ar e e s , v i ti es s er l a r 27 32 o a 9 Ridg , up ci i y, , Sk d , o man e e o e s o f e e rrane an anoma e s o f in re a on t o R c p pl M dit Skull , li , l ti re o n 129 mora m e 104 gi , l i b cility, Ro ncoro ni 45 ca a a o f 36- 38 , cubi l c p city , me n ar o r ans 45 - 4 s mo 25 Rudi t y g , 7 E ki , , ' Ruh mkorfl 179 e r na sm 26 29 , u yg thi , , sse l or o n 181 nca one 35 Ru l , L d J h , I b , me as re me n s o f e re me u t , xt S . value s common in crim Sand e r 1 3 inal s 3 38 40 41 42 , 0 , 7, , , , S a o e a 35 e ar e s o f in re a on t o c ph c ph ly, p culi iti , l ti S ch ae ffle 117 r m na a n ro o o 26 , c i i l th p l gy, f 179 3 9 Schi f, e e r 180 e iar e s in o ss a on o f Schl ich , p cul iti ific ti ' S chdnl ank 110 s re s 34 35 , utu , , o o o f os e r m no o ro na sm 27 31 Sch l P itiv C i i l gy , p g thi , , 140 s a oc e ha 3 5 c ph p ly, o e n a e r 107 117 179 ste no ro a 41 Sch p h u , , , c t phy, m submicro ce halic in r m e nce . Se e os s Sci P itivi p , c i

e ntifi . S e e o s e inals 37 Sci c P itiv , e re a on of an - s o a es s t ure s oss ca on of 34 S g g ti ti ci l typ , u , ifi ti , , 146 35 28 S e e a so orm an one s 35 e e on ar ia 1 . S l cti , tific l , l W i b , an S e e ar on Euge nics Sl g. J g e m ra a e eme n s m or o a e n ronme n man and S itic ci l l t , i p t S ci l vi t , , an e o f 129 132- 134 c , e m e r 180 na e a o f e e ne ra e S p , i d qu cy d g t e ns e ss e r o f oman 5 8 n id a s 104 S ibility , l , w , i div u l , a o f in orn r m na s 88 rea v 131 138 142 l ck , b c i i l , , cti ity, , , versus n s men 142 89 pu i h t , and in e i e s 99 re o rme r om ros o as 106 p l ptic , f , L b , e r 169 S gi ,

194 CESARE LOMBROSO

Von e 1 9 181 oman as r m na 55- 64 Li big, 7 , W c i i l , Von s 141 a se n e o f s in e Li zt, b c di t ctiv anthro ologica l ch ar

. acte rs i n 55 5 6 W , , ro s on in omen Wages a nd prices in re la tion to p tituti w re ar e om roso rime 87 88 g d d by L b c , , as counte rpart o f crim a ner A . 180 W g , , inalit in me n 60 61 a ne r i ar 163 178 179 y , , W g , R ch d , , , om ara e n re e n W r c p tiv i f qu cy a the as s . S e e as s war , cl Cl o f r m na in e e r 1 8 c i i lity W b , W . 7 ome n 61 62 2 o w , , ls . G te 12 n e . o te W l , H , qu d , e r m na s as e s e rmar 59 chi ﬂy c i i l by p W t ck , s on and o casiona man a 179 i c l Whit , W lt , r m nals 62 63 64 t he an a on at a s an e c i i , , , Will , , cti di t c , ’ 1'4 Woolner s ti 47

- or all e 132et se . ma e r a na re o f 174 W ld , t , q t i l tu , orm an ones 35 oman e ss e r a r a t o f 5 8 W i b , W , l v i bili y , n 180 ess e r s e ns o f e ne ra Wu dt, l ibility (g l, and t o a n 58 p i ) , Y. s m a re a e r e e o y p thy , g t d v l p o r m na s 97 me n o f 5 8 59 Y uthful c i i l , t , , r e in 58 c u l , Z . maso is tic na re of 59 c tu , ’ e ro sm s t ron a norma in Zam on s dr a e r 1 2 ti , g, b l , b i y b tt y, 7 5 9 Zo a 180 l , mora e e o me n nfe r Zo ne r 168 l d v l p t , i i ll , orit of 59 Zuku 1 y , nﬂ , 8

2 ha tes r A venue Lond on W Rebmam. M M , 1 9 , S f bu y , ,

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