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State-Of-The-Art Asssessment of Smart Charging and V2G Services

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OVERVIEW SEEV4-CITY PLAYING FIELD State-of-the-Art Assessment of Smart Charging and Vehicle 2 Grid services Funding: EU - Interreg North Sea Region Priority 4: Promoting green transport and mobility Duration: Sep 2016 – Oct 2020 Budget: € 5,012,000 Consortium: 11 partners Project Coordinator: Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Authors: Ghanim Putrus, Richard Kotter, Yue Wang, Ridoy Das, Edward Bentley, Xuewu Dai and Geoff O’Brien (University of Northumbria at Newcastle, UK - UNN) Renee Heller and Ramesh Prateek (Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands – HvA) Rebecca Gough (at the time of the first version with Cenex UK). Bert Herteleer (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) Participants: Yue Cao and Marco Zilvetti (Northumbria University) Date: 24/01/2018 Revised: 11/07/2020 Thanks to all individuals, organisations and companies who participated in the review process. Executive Summary Electro-mobility – especially when coupled smartly with a decarbonised grid and also renewable distributed local energy generation, has an imperative role to play in reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. In parallel, the regulatory framework continues to set new and challenging targets for greenhouse gas emissions and urban air pollution. EVs can help to achieve environmental targets because they are beneficial in terms of reduced GHG emissions although the magnitude of emission reduction really depends on the carbon intensity of the national energy mix, zero air pollution, reduced noise, higher energy efficiency and capable of integration with the electric grid, as discussed in Chapter 1. Scenarios to limit global warming have been developed based on the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and these set the EV deployment targets or ambitions mentioned in Chapter 2. Currently there is a considerable surge in electric cars purchasing with countries such as China, the USA, Norway, The Netherlands, France, the UK and Sweden leading the way with an EV market share over 1%. To enable the achievement of these targets, charging infrastructures need to be deployed in parallel: there are four modes according to IEC 61851, as presented in Chapter 2.1.4. The targets for SEEV4City project are as follow: o Increase energy autonomy in SEEV4-City sites by 25%, as compared to the baseline case. o Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 150 Tonnes annually and change to zero emission kilometres in the SEEV4-City Operational Pilots. o Avoid grid related investments (100 million Euros in 10 years) by introducing large scale adoption of smart charging and storage services and make existing electrical grids compatible with an increase in electro mobility and local renewable energy production. The afore-mentioned objectives are achieved by applying Smart Charging (SC) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technologies within Operational Pilots at different levels: o Household. o Street. o Neighbourhood. o City. SEEV4City aims to develop the concept of 'Vehicle4Energy Services' into a number of sustainable business models to integrate electric vehicles and renewable energy within a Sustainable Urban Mobility and Energy Plan (SUMEP), as introduced in Chapter 1. With this aim in mind, this project fills the gaps left by previous or currently running projects, as reviewed in Chapter 6. The business models will be developed according to the boundaries of the six Operational Pilots, which involve a disparate number of stakeholders which will be considered within them. Within every scale, the relevant project objectives need to be satisfied and a study is made on the Public, Social and Private Economics of Smart Charging and V2G. In order to accomplish this work, a variety of aspects need to be investigated: o Chapter 3 provides details about revenue streams and costs for business models and Economics of Smart Charging and V2G. o Chapter 4 focuses on the definition of Energy Autonomy, the variables and the economy behind it; o Chapter 5 talks about the impacts of EV charging on the grid, how to mitigate them and offers solutions to defer grid investments; 1 o Chapter 7 introduces a number of relevant business models and considers the Economics of Smart Charging and V2G; o Chapter 8 discusses policy frameworks, and gives insight into CO2 emissions and air pollution; o Chapter 9 defines the Data Collection approach that will be interfaced with the models; o Chapter 10 discusses the Energy model and the simulation platforms that may be used for project implementation. 2 STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................ 7 PART I: SEEV4-CITY PROJECT – OVERVIEW ................................................................................... 13 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 13 Why electro-mobility? .................................................................................................... 13 General introduction to SEEV4-City and problem definition ..................................... 15 Main project objectives and research questions ........................................................ 16 SEEV4City project partners: ........................................................................................... 17 Scope of the project ....................................................................................................... 17 Purpose and overview of the report ............................................................................ 17 Project implementation methodology......................................................................... 18 References ...................................................................................................................... 20 PART II: STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW ............................................................................................ 21 2. ELECTRIC VEHICLES, RENEWABLE ENERGY (PHOTOVOLTAIC) AND V2G TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................. 21 Electric vehicles, types, charging and standards ........................................................ 22 2.1.1. Types of electric vehicle ............................................................................................................ 22 2.1.2. Electric vehicle conductive charging ........................................................................................ 26 2.1.3. EV battery and energy storage ................................................................................................. 26 2.1.4. Charging power levels and AC distribution charging architecture ...................................... 30 2.1.5. Modes of EV charging ................................................................................................................ 31 2.1.6. DC Fast charging ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.7. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure (domestic and non-domestic) .............................. 38 2.1.8. Electric vehicle communication system, safety, and infrastructure .................................... 43 EV trends, market penetration and forecast .............................................................. 45 Renewable energy source: Photovoltaic...................................................................... 54 2.3.1. Introduction to the PV system .................................................................................................. 54 2.3.2. PV trends, market penetration and forecast .......................................................................... 55 Vehicle to Grid technologies ......................................................................................... 62 3 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 65 References ...................................................................................................................... 67 3. ELECTRICITY GRIDS AND BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE ................................................. 72 Electricity grid in EU and NSR........................................................................................ 73 3.1.1. 3.1.1 Electricity grid and energy prices in the NSR countries ............................................... 73 3.1.2. Network services in the NSR countries ................................................................................... 81 Network services ............................................................................................................ 96 3.2.1. Balancing services ...................................................................................................................... 96 3.2.2. Frequency response .................................................................................................................. 99 3.2.3. Reserve service ......................................................................................................................... 103 3.2.4. Reactive power service ...........................................................................................................
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