United States Agency for International Development Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Office of Food for Peace

Annual Result Report Save the Children Federation, Inc

Transformation to Food Security Development Food Aid Program Award No: FFP -A-11-00015

Date Resubmitted: February 5, 2014 (Revision #1) Applicable Fiscal Year: FY2013

HQ Contact: Host Country Office Contact: Save the Children USA Save the Children Bill Noble Walter Mwasaa Senior Director, Food Security & Livelihoods Chief of Party 2000 L Street NW, Suite 500 PO Box 387 Washington, DC 20036 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +1-202-640-6751 Tel: 251-0113-206322 Fax: (202) 640-6950 Fax: (251) (372)-510 118 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Acronyms

ABE Alternative Basic Education Center

CAP Community Action Plans

DA Development Agent

DIP Detail Implementation Plan

ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

FDP Final Delivery Point

HHs Households

HTP Harmful Traditional Practice

IR Intermediate Result

KFSTF Kebele Food Security Taskforce

MFI Micro Finance Institutions

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

NRM Natural Resources Management

ORS Oromia Regional State

PASS Payroll and Attendance Sheet Software

PC Pastoralist Concern

PDM Post Distribution Monitoring

PLA Participatory Learning and Action

PW Public Work

PREP Pipeline and Resource Estimate Proposal

PTC/FTC Pastoralist/Farmer Training Centers

SC Save the Children

SRS Somali Regional State

T2FS-DFAP Transformation to Food Security Development Food Aid Program

ToT Training of Trainers

TLU Tropical Livelihood Unit

WFSTF Woreda Food Security Task Force

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 2 Progress against program targets in FY2013 ...... 2 2.1 Strategic Objective: Community and Households Resilience to Stress Period Improved ...... 2 2.1.1 IR 1:1: Timeliness, Appropriateness and Predictability of Food Transfer Improved. 2 2.1.2 IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced ...... 4 2.1.3 IR 1.3: Natural resource assets and their management improved ...... 5 2.1.4 IR 1.4: Social Service Community Assets Developed ...... 9 2.1.5 IR 1.5 Capacity Building ...... 10 2.2 Baseline Study for three new Woredas ...... 10 2.3 Joint supervision of program activities ...... 11 2.4 Food distribution monitoring ...... 11 3 Gender and Do no Harm ...... 12 4 Success Stories ...... 14 5 Challenges and lessons Learned ...... 15 5.1 Food Diversion in Filtu Woreda ...... 16 5.2 High Cost of Bids received for Woreda warehouse construction in Borana Zone and Dolo Ado. : ...... 16 5.3 Overlapping of season and free labor mobilization with PW ...... 16 5.4 Communities seeking payment to offload commodities at FDPs ...... 16

List of Tables

Table 1a : Amount of food distributed by type of food ...... 2 Table 2: Contingency Food Distributions carried over from FY12 into FY13 ...... 4 Table 4: Water harvesting for domestic use and livestock ...... 5 Table 5: Irrigation practices in the pastoral areas ...... 6 Table 6: Rangeland development and plantation in degraded lands...... 6 Table 7: Soil and Water Conservation work in degraded land ...... 6 Table 8: HHs reporting access to at least one of the assets established by T2FS program ...... 7 Table 9: Social infrastructure constructed in the physical year ...... 9 Table 10: Awareness of beneficiaries of their entitlements prior to the distribution ...... 12

1 INTRODUCTION

Save the Children’s (SC) Transformation to Food Security Program (T2FS) entered its second year of implementation on 1st October 2012. The program delivered its interventions in eight Woredas of Oromia and Somalia Regional State (Arero, Dhas, Yabelo and Dugda Dawa; and Barre, Dolo-Bay, Dolo Ado and Filtu). Program activities were expanded to three of the eight Woredas, Yabelo, Dhas and Dugda Dawa, while the other five had already completed a year of implementation.

During the second year, the program completed its planned activities achieving 88% of planned activities listed in the DIP. Key interventions included commodity transfers, rangeland and water development interventions, social infrastructure asset construction and capacity building. There was an increased focus on rangeland management especially in Borana zone that was delivered in tandem with Woreda level watershed plans. In Somali region Woredas, the program focused its efforts on constructing improved water structures to ease the stress on communities especially in the dry season.

The program spent $ 4,087,874 in 202e and $ 4,349, 3961, in ITSH1, representing 66% burn rate of the total obligated budgets available in year two. A total of 15,475 MT of food aid commodities were distributed to 154,35723 core beneficiaries and 24,708 contingency beneficiaries planned for FY13. In addition, SC distributed a total of 1,842 MT of Year 1 carryover commodities under the contingency budget to 59,590 persons from October to December 2012 (total FY 13 delivery of 17,317 MT to 238,655 persons). The beneficiary reach in FY13 for food, capacity building and natural resource management was 386,127 persons of whom 191,782 were male and 194,345 were female.

FY13 was a normal year in terms of rains, with no major conflicts or animal disease outbreaks reported. This relative stability allowed the program to deliver most of its activities under predictable conditions. Nevertheless, the program faced three major challenges during the fiscal year, including the 1) free labor mobilization4 in Borana zone and the absence of Kebele and Woreda officials who were engaged in elections and in on-going resettlement programs. Pastoralist Concern-a sub-awardee in Filtu Woreda, was suspended in May 2013, as a result of a misuse of commodities identified initially by USAID and confirmed by Save the Children and Somali Regional State. Consequently at the end of the fiscal year 2013 all T2FS activities were terminated in this Woreda.

1 All revisions are made in blue. 2 An analysis of the expenditure is presented below the financial report explaining the low burn rate. 3 Core beneficiaries are individuals who in a normal year receive six rations of the food commodities while contingency beneficiaries are only targeted when a shock affects the program Woredas and leads to increased caseloads or longer supply for the core beneficiaries. the contingency beneficiary figure is estimated at 20% of core beneficiaries. 4 As part of the government of Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation Plan, accelerated natural resource rehabilitation is implemented. This is a mandatory program where all community members commit about 1-2 months to implement public works that contribute to improvements in watersheds. This is done without any wages.

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2 PROGRESS AGAINST PROGRAM TARGETS IN FY2013

This report presents an overview of the T2FS program’s progress, challenges and accomplishments during Fiscal Year 2013 (October 1, 2012 – September 30, 2013). The report further details outcome level results compiled from the program’s annual survey conducted in August 2013. The program planned 84 activities under one Goal, one strategic objective and five IRs. The Detailed Implementation Plan (Annex E) and Indicator Performance Tracking Tables (Annex D) provide measures to the outputs and where applicable outcome level performance.

2.1 Strategic Objective: Community and Households Resilience to Stress Period Improved To achieve the SO five IRs were developed with different strategies and activities under different thematic areas. As the program’s operational area is highly food insecure, a significant number of people depend on food aid provisions; one of SC’s top priorities is the timely, appropriate, and predictable transfer of food. To achieve this objective, 15,056 MT commodities were distributed to 154,357 target beneficiaries (including 18,750 from Filtu who were subsequently no longer covered by the program). In addition, this commodity distribution also included 24,708 contingency beneficiaries of Bare. Overall, 96%5 of food commodities in the annual plan for core beneficiaries were delivered to the target population.

As shown above the program was able to deliver most of the planned ration in time. This was possible due to enhanced accountability to beneficiaries through joint verification of beneficiaries by Save the Children and Kebele officials at distribution points using client cards, use of the Payroll and Attendance Sheet Software (PASS), and posting lists at the Kebele level centers ahead of distributions.

2.1.1 IR 1:1: Timeliness, Appropriateness and Predictability of Food Transfer Improved Under this IR, program activities are geared towards achieving timely delivery to beneficiaries in a manner that assures that delivery is predictable to clients. Distribution, monitoring records and annual survey data provided information to measure the progress under this result area. Table 1a and 1b details show the amount of food distributed to date (by type of food, volume, and type of beneficiaries.

Table 1a: Amount of food distributed by type of food Public Works Transfers Direct Support Transfers Total Woreda [MT] [MT] [MT] Wheat Pulse Oil Wheat Pulse Oil Arero 691 69 21 480 48 14 1,324 Dhas 298 30 9 175 18 5 535 Yabelo 1,321 132 40 729 73 22 2,317

5 The 4% difference was occasioned by the non-delivery of 2 rounds of rations in Filtu after suspension.

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D/Dawa 771 77 23 456 46 14 1,386 Bare 1,037 104 31 816 82 24 2,094 Dolo Ado 1,779 178 53 1,619 162 49 3,840 Dolo Bay 1,133 113 34 895 79 37 2,291 Filtu 563 56 17 562 56 17 1,271 Total by 7,593 759 228 5,731 563 182 category Total by Commodity Type 13,324 1,322 410 15,056

Table 1b: Summary of Fiscal Year 2013distributions by commodity type and gender Commodity [MT] Beneficiaries Component Wheat Pulses Oil Total M F Regular 13,324 1,322 410 15,056 75,246 79,111 Contingency 371 37 11 419 12,106 12,602 Total 13,695 1,359 421 15,475 87,352 91,713

During the previous phase of the program, staff found that the construction and warehousing of commodities at the community level reduced inefficiencies and losses and expanded the program’s reach. This year the program has completed 10 new mini stores, bringing the total available to 110 built over the last four years. The construction of new mini stores reduces the time and cost for beneficiary to travel and collect the food from distribution points.

Woreda level warehouses planned to be constructed in FY13 were delayed because the cost that was received from public tenders was higher than the amount available in the approved project budget. All construction bids were more than twice Save the Children opted to handle material purchases and re-advertise a labor only contract which was finalized in September and fits within the budgeted amounts. Construction activities will commence in October and are expected to be completed by the end of January. These additional warehouses will ease the burden of food handling especially in the rainy season and reduce delays of distribution due internal transport challenges.

Two of the planned activities in this IR that recorded a low performance were the retargeting that had been planned for the new Borana Woredas, however entry conversations suggested that retargeting happen at the end of year one transfers. This is planned for October/November 2013. The process will identify potential inclusion and exclusion errors. Another low performance area was contingency retargeting; this is because only Barre Woreda received contingency stocks as per their requests. . Below are some key statistics about the food distributions that were completed:

• 84.9% of the beneficiaries received food within the stipulated 45 days of the previous distribution. This was indicative of a predictable transfer that enabled beneficiaries preserve assets and make expenditures as promoted under IR 1.2.

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• 54.7% of beneficiaries spent three hours or less travelling to and from distribution sites, while 34% spent 3-5 in transit. The remaining 10.4% travelled over 5 hours round- trip. Beneficiary ability to collect food and return home in the shortest time possible is indicative of increase in delivery points that reduces time burden, costs and effort in delivering food to homestead. It further results in increased consumption within households. • 54.1% of female beneficiaries collected food from the distribution centers. An increase in the number of women that receive food rations increases the possibility that it gets home and is consumed by household. In addition to FY13 planned commodity distributions, FY12 contingency distributions spilled over into FY13. Table 2 below presents a summary of the total distributions by Woreda delivered between October and December 2012.

Table 2: Contingency Food Distributions carried over from FY12 into FY13 Contingency Distribution MT [Oct-Dec 2012] Woreda Ben. # Wheat Oil Total Arero 7,809 234 7 241 Filtu 3,318 100 3 103 Dolo Bay 13,479 404 12.13 417 Dolo Ado 22,655 680 20.39 700 Bare 12,329 370 11.1 381 59,590 1,788 54 1,842

2.1.2 IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced Desired results under this IR are linked to implementation of activities that enhance the ability of communities to provide for their own income and reduce their expenditures on food items. The PSNP program is designed to protect asset depletion by providing food and/or cash transfers as appropriate. Addressing seasonal food gap periods is one of the ways that productive assets can be protected. There exists a challenge in achieving full family targeting. According to the annual beneficiary survey the mean household size was recorded to be 6.84 but the average registration was 4.56 persons per household representing 65.8% of members of a household as being targeted. .

The program used the Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) measure to determine asset holding changes since the August 2012 annual beneficiary survey. From the results, the mean value in August 2013 held steady at 3.66 on average. A deeper analysis household asset holding over the last 12 months reveals that 42.9% of the beneficiary HHs asset holding increased, 26.5% of the HHs showed no change but 30% noted a decline. The declines were noted to coincide with the need for non-food expenditures, prolonged food gaps going beyond the six months of the program food provision and other impacts such as conflict, selling to diversify livelihood base among others. Table 3 below summarizes the asset holding by region

6 Whereas the program principles desire full family targeting in households. The achievement has been very low mostly because the Woredas would like to reach more households.

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Table 3: Trends in beneficiary livestock asset holdings by region, 2012-2013

Trends of livestock assets of beneficiary HHs Total Increased Decreased No change Oromia Respondents 116 96 58 270 % within Region 43.0% 35.6% 21.5% 100% Somali Respondents 193 124 133 450 % within Region 42.9% 27.6% 29.6% 100% Total Respondents 309 220 191 720 % within Region 42.9% 30.6% 26.5% 100%

The other aspect of building household assets was tested by examining whether or not the program food aid recipients were willing to make expenditures based on the predictability of transfers. Seventy-two percent (72%) of households interviewed reported feeling confident that enough food would be provided by the program and used their income on non-food expenses. They also confirmed that they did not sell off livestock as they were certain another ration would be provided as scheduled. On average most households could only provide food for themselves for 7 months including PSNP transfers. This is indicative of a 5 month gap for most households.

2.1.3 IR 1.3: Natural resource assets and their management improved

A degraded natural environment is one of the key threats to the pastoral and agro pastoral livelihood system in the T2FS program zone. Climate change, human actions and other factors have led to reduced ability of the rangelands to provide sufficient grazing sufficient for livestock. This has left many households vulnerable to weather hazards and compromised their abilities to bounce back after unexpected shocks.

Managing and improving natural resource assets are critical to supporting and building households’ resilience to increasingly frequent shocks. The program is implementing a range of activities to this end, such as, rangeland and water resource development, and physical and biological soil and water conservation activities. Tables 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 below summarize achievements and beneficiary counts by implemented activity

Table 4: Water harvesting for domestic use and livestock Indirect Beneficiaries Livestock Types of activities Target Achieved Male Female Total served Construction of Hand Dug Wells(HDW) 6 6 3,110 2,914 6,024 31,655 Birka construction 3 3 3,772 3,104 6,876 4,000 Birka rehabilitation 2 2 1,884 1,742 3,626 4,500 Construction of water collection box/roof catchments 3 3 312 289 601 Hand Dug Well (HDW) rehabilitation 1 1 2,196 2,031 4,227 4,500

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Community pond construction 11, and Rehabilitation/de-silting 55 61 274 10,080 21,354 822,220 Traditional well rehabilitation with cattle trough construction 1 1

Table 5: Irrigation practices in the pastoral areas No of people benefited No Types of activities Unit Target Achieved Male Female Total Construction of soil-lined irrigation 1 canals Meter 1,700 1,550 203 90 293 Construction of irrigation concrete 2 lined irrigation canal Meter 230 230 443 457 900 Flood diversion on farm and grazing 3 land Meter 150 150 65 69 134 Diversion of water courses with check 4 dams using local materials m3 1,000 1,200 1,416 936 2,352

Table 6: Rangeland development and plantation in degraded lands No of people benefited Livestock Types of activities Unit Target Achieved Male Female Total served NRM and communal asset mapping Map 3 3 15,001 14,663 29,664 Clearing of invasive bush species in the key communal rangelands/ clearing ha 5,003 5,644 53,508 52,912 106,420 203,062 Rangeland reclamation/rehabilitatio n through area closure ha 6,035 3,370 31,217 31,536 62,753 246032 Support community and government based nursery site /dry land No NS 14 16 25,802 29,187 54,989 18,882 Tree seedling production, seedling plantation and distribution for # of forestation (pit seedlin preparation ) g 332,030 304,144 15,810 24,252 40,062

Table 7: Soil and Water Conservation work in degraded land No of people benefited Livestock Types of activities Unit target Achieved Male Female Total served Micro-basin construction No 445,750 258,094 50,807 52,745 103,552 18,882 Gully treatment/rehabilitation with local material (brush wood/stone check dam) M3 25,617 27,759 31,976 31,343 63,319

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Construction of check dam with Gabions for gully treatment M3 1,180 1,168.1 188 105 293 Check dam construction with local materials M3 1960 2,689 767 614 1381 Construction of soil bunds/Fanyajuu Km 279 288 40,796 42,096 82,892 Construction of stone bund Km 2 2 1,227 1,183 2410 Construction of tranche band No 329 463 1,227 1,183 2,410 In order to meet the regulation of environmental safeguarding, a total of 303 public works (PW) projects and sub projects were screened at the planning phase using an Environmental and Social Monitoring Framework (ESMF). This process was used to identify possible adverse impacts and develop appropriate mitigation measures.

The program survey looked at outcomes of these activities as summarized in Table 8. The survey only focused on those assets Table 8: HHs reporting access to at least one created by the program in the first and of the assets established by T2FS program second year only. Consequently 74% Status and Region of the households interviewed comparison Oromia Somali Total reported having access to a communal Yes Count 213 316 529 asset. These assets included grazing lands (20.6% of interviewed HH); % 40.3% 59.7% 100% and water for domestic use (10.6% of % of Total 73.80% interviewed HHs), for irrigation No Count 57 131 188 (6.5% of interviewed HHs), and for % 30.3% 69.7% 100% livestock (11.1% of interviewed % of Total 7.9% 18.3% 26.2% HHs). Key informant interviews in the annual survey revealed that Total Count 270 447 717 the areas benefiting from physical % of Total 100% structures have recorded significantly reduced soil loss. Livestock productivity is improved by better maintenance of soil moisture and restoration of degraded rangelands for production during the dry season. Most of these areas are fenced in and have rules (by-laws) governing their use to minimize the livestock and human interference.

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Photo 1: Paddocking done on area enclosure, Dambala Photo 2: Selective bush clearing, Dikale Saden, Kebele Kebele

As a result of these integrated conservation measures, enclosed areas are protected from greater degradation. Further, the rehabilitative effect is already visible as an additional source of feed for livestock at the time of the dry season.

Photo 4 Newly constructed Birka Photo 3: New pond under construction in Did Helobole Kebele, Dolo Bay Yabelo Kebele

In FY13, IR 1.3 recorded 86% achievement of planned activities. Among the key reasons for not achieving 100% output was higher than realistic plans in the activities that had been planned in Borana zone prior to Save the Children’s engagement. The free-labor mobilization in Borana zone that overlapped with the PSNP labor season impacted the ability of the program to meet its labor targets.

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Freshly excavated micro Micro basins are over sown Water retained in the micro Conserved enclosure basins and trenches with seeds to firm the soil basin helps increase the overgrown with grass and assist the recovery of moisture duration and just after one rainy vegetation percolation season

Photo schematic 5: The stages of Micro basin in construction and its progression toward improved grazing lands Boko, Dugda Dawa Woreda

2.1.4 IR 1.4: Social Service Community Assets Developed During the reporting period, the T2FS program, in collaboration with local government and beneficiaries, established different social infrastructure projects such as rural roads, new schools, expanded schools, veterinary posts, community mini stores, and improved public latrines. Most of the infrastructure constructed under the social services are cash intensive construction activities and engage skilled labor for most components of the activities. They are least affected by harsh weather and free labor mobilization. As such, the program achieved up to 96% completion measured against annual DIP targets. Table 9 below summarizes key achievements.

Table 9: Social infrastructure constructed in the physical year No of people benefited Livestock No Types of activities Unit target Achieved Male Female Total served Access road construction 1 and maintenance KM’s 891 775 56,366 53,274 109,640 Construction of local / foot 2 bridges # 9 9 540 594 1134 3 Construction of Vet posts # VP’s 4 4 56,906 53,868 110,774 27,450 Construction of formal/Alternative Basic # of Education ABE school school 4 schools s 5 6 600 495 1,095 Construction of additional class rooms for # of 5 school/expansion rooms 15 17 1,478 1,329 2,807 Construction of public # of 6 toilets with local materials Toilets 87 87 410 419 829 Construction of VIP toilets with blocks for public and # of 7 school service Toilets 15 16 694 394 1,088 Excavation of waste # of 8 disposal pits pits 29 29 4,346 8,718 13,064

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Construction of community # of 9 mini stores stores 10 10 7,561 7,970 15,531 Construction of Pastoralist/ Farmer # of Training Centers ( PTC/ 10 PTC/FTC) FTC’s 3 4 8,786 8,369 17155 Construction of Development Agent # 11 (DA)/teachers house rooms 9 11 848 664 1.512

Annual survey results revealed that 25% of beneficiary households had access to one or more program created assets.

2.1.5 IR 1.5 Capacity Building Planned capacity building activities were undertaken at the Woreda, Kebele and village levels. Key among these included: Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) training for staff and government officials; development of a Program Implementation Manual (PIM); Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF); Pastoral Public Works guidelines, Do No Harm Training of Trainers (TOT), and Community Action Plan (CAP) budget preparation workshops. The program provided introduction and refresher courses for Borana and SRS Woredas on PSNP PIM regulations and also a series of commodity management trainings. In addition, training was provided at the community level for project user committees to manage assets and activities after they have been developed or introduced by the program.

In the same period, program staff provided Training of Trainers on M&E, report writing and Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning System application for Regional Technical Assistants and experts of Somali Region Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Bureaus. The program did not meet all its targets under this IR compared to annual target achievement because of ongoing Kebele elections that kept Kebele and Woreda officials busy in campaigns and political strategy meetings. In most of the planned community level capacity building activities, significant participation was noted. In some cases, up to four times the targeted individuals attended trainings because of greater interest and low target estimates for community members. In other cases, there was significant under-attendance because of other commitments on the part of leadership or overestimation of targeted community members. Despite these challenges, the program achieved 90% of the intended target for these activities Monitoring and Evaluation

2.2 Baseline Study for three new Woredas Baseline study for Borana Woredas was completed by the consultant and draft report has been under review. This survey report provides aggregate information about the Borana zone Woredas and will enable the program track its progress by each region. This survey is annexed to this report.

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2.3 Joint supervision of program activities As per the agreements in place with Somali and Oromia regional state governments, T2FS undertook official joint monitoring of program activities with regional experts and Woreda officials. During the reporting period, the program: • Conducted a total of 94 joint monitoring visits with the minimum being 8 visits in Bare Woreda. • Organized a total of 90 meetings at Woreda level with the WFSTF. • Conducted 16 meetings with local development committees and institution leaders and 6 meetings with sub-awardee PC. • Organized zonal government and NGO meetings in each region to assess overall performance of the Woredas in the PSNP program (24 meetings were organized). • Conducted field visits in conjunction with the Government Regional Technical Advisors to see the performance on the ground and debriefed on findings after each visit. These visits were mostly positive; one area of improvement suggested by the SRS team was closer working with the Woreda Food Security Taskforce in general program delivery. Save the Children has since initiated monthly meetings with WFSTFs and invites Woreda officials to visit projects whenever they have time in addition to the scheduled joint monitoring work. • Implemented a mid-year review to evaluate progress, achievements and challenges in the 2012/13 DIP; action plans to address gaps were developed. • Established community and Woreda level Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation teams across communities and Woredas to handle the local monitoring and supervision of projects. This local involvement is expected to enhance ownership and ultimately contribute to post-implementation sustainability of the program developed assets.

2.4 Food distribution monitoring To evaluate the timeliness, predictability and appropriateness of food distribution, three phases of distribution monitoring have been developed: pre distribution, on the spot distribution and post-distribution. Pre and point distribution monitoring is conducted by food monitors and M&E officers.

The presence of these food monitors prior to distribution dates has played a key role in beneficiary mobilization, ration awareness and complaint resolution. On distribution dates, roving storekeepers, food monitors and food distributors work together at each food distribution site to enhance food distribution efficiency and effectiveness. Post distribution monitoring is conducted each quarter and includes qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. This involves focus group discussions and individual household interviews as the key data collection approaches. Record review and key informant interviews are used to triangulate the data collected and then a final analysis is completed to assess effectiveness of activities. As a result of these different qualitative and quantitative assessments, approximately 96.2% of the beneficiaries confirmed that they have a good understanding about their entitlement within the six rounds of food distribution. Table 10 summarizes the regional results after the sixth round of transfers.

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Table 10: Awareness of beneficiaries of their entitlements prior to the distribution Region * PSNP target beneficiary who are aware their six month entitlement Cross tabulation PSNP target beneficiary who Total understand their six month entitlement Yes No Missing Region Oromia Count 72 1 0 73 % within Region 98.6% 1.4% 0.0% 100.0% % of Total 55.3% Somali Count 55 2 2 59 % within Region 93.2% 3.4% 3.4% 100.0% % of Total 44.7% Total Count 127 3 2 132

% of Total 96.2% 2.3% 1.5% 100.0%

2.5 Annual Beneficiary Household Survey The program conducts an annual sample survey of its beneficiary population. 720 randomly selected beneficiaries were targeted with four not found, this household study allows the program to measure some of the outcomes from the activities. The study in 2013 did not include Filtu which was under suspension at the time of field work. Table 11 below presents the sample by Woreda and beneficiary type. Table 11: 2013 Annual Survey Sample Size by Woreda.

Woreda Type of beneficiaries Total 3 GENDER AND DO NO HARM PW DS A gender analysis study was conducted for the program in its first year. Using Dugda 46 13 59 this document as a guide, a number of Dawa activities were implemented in SC Yabelo 93 27 120 operational areas to ensure that women Arero 47 13 60 are benefiting equally from program Dhas 23 7 30 interventions and that major barriers to women’s empowerment are reduced. Dolo Ado 170 39 209 To this end, awareness raising sessions Dolo Bay 100 20 120 for women beneficiaries on their right Bare 95 23 118 to access communal assets and on their 574 142 716 entitlements were provided at all public Total 80.2% 19.8% 100.0% work sites, community gatherings and food distribution sites. Additionally, a number of community dialogue sessions were organized to discuss on Harmful Traditional Practices (HTPs). School clubs were set up and campaigns were organized to provide a forum for similar discussions among school aged children and youth. School clubs also conducted campaigns on promoting girl education. Behavior Change Communication materials were also produced and disseminated with messages encouraging community to eradicate HTPs in their respective areas as well as promote girls’ education. Gender interventions are delivered in collaboration with the women Save the Children Federation, Inc. - Ethiopia FY13 ARR – FFP-A-011-00015 Resubmission date: February 5, 2014 Page 12 affairs desk officer at Woreda level and relevant Kebele level women affairs officials. From the annual survey the following outcomes were noted under this cross cutting theme:

(1) 74.7% of the respondent HHs provided equal opportunity for both boys and girls to attend to school.

(2) 79.6% of interviewed beneficiaries reported that the decision to sell (or not) animals is made jointly by men and women.

In an effort to address women’s strategic needs, literacy classes were set up and leadership trainings have been given. This is aimed at improving women’s decision making roles both at household level and on different committees. One woman who has been attending literacy class in Dolo Ado, Suftu Kebele reflected on the benefit by saying that ‘it is like coming out of the dark into the light’. Her class showed their commitment by saying that ‘we will continue to come to class despite all our limitations until we are able to read signs posted on hospitals and the like in big cities.’ In leadership trainings, women also used the opportunity to discuss traditional/cultural/religious practices which are affecting them in many different ways. These efforts to increase awareness and positively impact behavior change with regard to gender focus on increasing women’s decision-making with men about family planning and healthy birth spacing. During the annual survey, the awareness level about the availability and use of contraceptives for family planning remain significantly low at 42.6% and 26.9% respectively.

Refresher trainings were offered to traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in Somali and Oromia regional Woredas, in collaboration with Woreda health offices. Covered topics such as importance of using clean instruments during delivery to prevent unwanted deaths of mothers and the importance of referring mothers to health centers for complicated deliveries were emphasized. These sessions have as objectives the importance of connecting the participants with available health care services. Participants visited health centers to see advantages of health facilities delivery system.

The program has incorporated “Do no harm” into its approach to planning, implementation and monitoring. Communities received training, and engaged in focus group discussions to mitigate any negative impacts of the program activities. One example of combining “do no harm” with gender considerations are efforts by program staff to promote 100% women participation to receive food at FDPs. Many of these women are pregnant and lactating. The program’s gender analysis, recommends that where feasible, activities that could exacerbate PLW’s heath status should be reduced. A balance between women collecting food at times when it puts added strain on them and the risk that the food doesn’t get home when delivered by men is being sought. The focus has been on ensuring that the delegation is done to correct persons. Educational sessions with men on nutritional matters of the family and using PDM to cross check food delivery are two strategies SC is using to ensure that the food aid is being used to the maximum benefit.

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4 SUCCESS STORIES Building Household Resilience through Improvements of Natural Resource “To get rid of a weed, its roots must be killed first” Soil erosion, range land degradation and the resulting depletion of range lands continues to be one of the major problem threatens the lives and livelihoods of pastoralist and agro pastoralists resides in Dugda Dawa Woreda. The story has not been any different for the community of Boko Kebele of Dugda Dawa Woreda in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Their grazing land has been thinning and farmlands devoid of moisture have witnessed declining yields season after season. Save the Children through its DFAP program started implementing program activities in October 2012 in the Kebele and has delivered Photo1: Once degraded land in Boko Kebele interventions geared towards activities blooms with new grass Rhodus grass related with improving natural resource that focused on soil and water conservation and rangeland management. Obbo Borama Bariso (pictured left) is one of the beneficiaries of Boko Keble, Dugda Dawa Woreda. He has 6 family members. Borama narrates the prevailing land degradation problem and its impact on their livelihoods. He says that, “previously, most of the range land areas were degraded due to soil erosion problem, and hence, our range lands were completely changed to bare lands. Moreover, the size and productivity of our range lands were gradually diminishing due to the high soil erosion problem. As a result, we have become susceptible to different shocks and stress. He continues to say that, “For some time Photo 2: Obbo Borama Bariso treads the the area I now stand on was a degraded regenerating grasslands land which was highly affected by soil erosion problem. The nearly bare land was not protected and with frequent movement of livestock and human beings, in the area crossing the area it had lost its grass and vegetation cover was losing its soil too and gullies had begun to develop”.

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Borama continues to explain how Save the Children through its Transformation to Food Security program has led to significant improvements. Through the micro basins trenches constructed with communal labor paid for through food commodities and demarcating and over sowing with grass seeds the area is on a sure path of recovery. “About one year ago, SC through its program mobilized us to construct the soil and water conservation structures, on the graded areas.

Pausing to wrap his shawl firmly around his shoulder he continues, “The whole community embarked on soil conservation activities to rehabilitate degraded rangeland. Thousands of micro basins and soil bund structure were constructed in this area within 2 months period and the area was enclosed from any human and livestock contact. In addition to this, the land was also sowed with different grass and tree seeds species. Immediately after four months of completion when the rains came we were surprised to see these miraculous changes on the previously degraded lands. We have learned that, we can be able to sow a new life to our otherwise assumed dead range lands. Now the rehabilitated sections are overgrown with by grass and different tree species and different wild animals such as midako (deer) have started to make their residence inside the enclosure.

He adds that supported by save the Children and reawakening a communal management process that had weakened and faded owing the degradation, they have developed bylaws for the management of this enclosure. Anyone whose animals stray into the grassland before it’s opened for use after 1-2 years will be charged Ethiopian 500 birr. This would help to strengthen the management of the range land, and hence, will protect the area to serve as a drought reserve area during drought season.

By his estimates, 1,500 people and 2,000 cattle are expected to benefit from this enclosure that covers about 10 hectares. Some elderly members of the community have been overheard stating that an outsider has come to remind us of what our fathers always told us, that to get rid of a weeds, its roots must be killed first. This proverb means that explains that their problems are centered on their environment and restoring their natural environment will reduce hunger, conflict and restore the dignity of the Borana people. He encourages Save the Children to continue its work with communities, government and customary structures in Borana to ensure that many more activities of this nature are carried out. He quips in closing “I want a better life for my 8 grandchildren and the only lasting heritage I can bequeath them is a productive grazing and farming land”

5 CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED During the implementation year, no significant shocks in the program zone were registered. Some localized challenges that affected delivery of planned interventions did take place. On an administrative note, SC’s partner in Filtu was suspended and then terminated based on reports of misappropriation of food assistance. The following are some of the challenges noted in the period.

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5.1 Food Diversion in Filtu Woreda Save the Children’s partner in Filtu Pastoralist Concern was suspended after it was determined by various investigations to have been complicit in the diversion of commodities. Save the Children was issued the suspension by FFP in May 2013. After providing this to PC, Save the Children staff oversaw the delivery the remaining food commodities in Filtu which included T2FS fourth round and JEOP rounds one and two. On-going public works projects in this Woreda were completed during this period. This final set of activities in Filtu was completed in July 2013. PC’s sub-award was formerly terminated with SC in September 2013.

Save the Children has been required to submit a comprehensive Corrective Action Plan about its commodity management systems in Ethiopia, by 11/30/13. Staffs from SC/US and the SCI Country office are working with the TDFS staff on this endeavor. A workshop held in Washington at the end of September with Title II senior staff (including commodity managers) from eight countries reviewed the Filtu case to better document lessons learned and concrete recommendations to be included into the Corrective Action Plan.

5.2 High Cost of Bids received for Woreda warehouse construction in Borana Zone and Dolo Ado. As discussed in IR 1.1, the bidding process led to delays in construction of the warehouse planned because the bid amounts were higher than the budgeted amounts. SC opted to re- tender for labor only and supply the materials to the skilled laborers which reduced the cost to an affordable level. The structures are expected to be completed by January 2014.

5.3 Overlapping of season and free labor mobilization with PW The free labor mobilization sanctioned by the GOE for watershed management in Oromia Woredas was planned from January to February. The rainy season of the area is from March-May and majority of the activities were planned in this season. Adjusting Public Works implementation based on the community seasonal calendar and free mobilization period was found to be most effective to better involve the community and complete these tasks on time. In addition, supporting joint supervision missions with the Woreda development staff to spend more days in the field contributed to a more effective accomplishment of these PW activities.

5.4 Communities seeking payment to offload commodities at FDPs In some locations, the program had to deal with program beneficiaries being asked to pay porters to offload food. This was mainly in the new Woredas where the government contracted truck had previously delivered food straight to mini stores (and this service was paid by the government). This differs from the model used by SC where food is first trucked to a Woreda warehouse and then to mini stores on distribution day.7 To address

7 The traditional practice described here has worked in the 4 older Woredas but has been a challenged in the 3 new areas. The program is opening to changing its strategy and will review the feasibility of this. Budget realignment may be necessary.

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this, the program mobilized the community to consider offloading at the distribution point as a community contribution to the program. This process was reinforced by interactions with Woreda technical experts and community leaders, to create awareness about the program and increase their ownership. A strengthening partnership in management of the program was impacted through monthly meeting with WFSTF and quarterly review meeting with government partners. These regular meetings have made a significant impact on the achievement of program objectives.

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United States Agency for International Development Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Office of Food for Peace Annual Result Report Save the Children Federation, Inc Transformation to Food Security Development Food Aid Program Award No: FFP -A-11-00015

Attachment L. Success Stories

Building Household Resilience through Improvements of Natural Resource “To get rid of a weed, its roots must be killed first” Soil erosion, range land degradation and the resulting depletion of range lands continues to be one of the major problem threatens the lives and livelihoods of pastoralist and agro pastoralists resides in Dugda Dawa Woreda. The story has not been any different for the community of Boko Kebele of Dugda Dawa Woreda in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Their grazing land has been thinning and farmlands devoid of moisture have witnessed declining yields season after season. Save the Children through its DFAP program started implementing program activities in October 20123 in the Kebele and has delivered a number of intervention geared towards activities related with improving natural resource that focused on soil Photo1: Once degraded land in Boko Kebele and water conservation and rangeland management. blooms with new grass Rhodus grass Obbo Borama Bariso (pictured left) is one of the beneficiaries of Boko Keble, Dugda Dawa Woreda. He has 6 family members. Borama narrates the prevailing land degradation problem and its impact on their livelihoods. He says that, “previously, most of the range land areas were degraded due to soil erosion problem, and hence, our range lands were completely changed to bare lands. Moreover, the size and productivity of our range lands were gradually diminishing due to the high soil erosion problem. As a result, we have become susceptible to different shocks and stress. He continues to say that, “For some time the Photo 2: Obbo Borama Bariso treads the area I now stand on was a degraded regenerating grasslands land which was highly affected by soil erosion problem. The nearly bare land was not protected and with frequent movement of livestock and human beings, in the area crossing the area it had lost its grass and vegetation cover was losing its soil too and gullies had begun to develop”. Borama continues to explain how Save the Children through its Transformation to Food Security program has led to significant improvements. Through the micro basins trenches constructed with communal labor paid for through food commodities and demarcating and over sowing with grass seeds the area is on a sure path of recovery. “About one year ago, SC through its program mobilized us to construct the soil and water conservation structures, on the graded areas.

Annex 6: REVISED PSNP T2FS Indicator Performance Tracking Table (IPTT) Legend: FFP = Food f or Peace Required Indicators (FFPIB 11-03) M = Mission Required Indicators T2FS= Program Def ined Indicators PIM= GoE PSNP Program Indicators Required / Source Fiscal Year 1 (Oct 2011-Sept Fiscal Year 2 (Oct 2012-Sept Fiscal Year 3 (Oct 2013-Sept

SO: Community and Household Resilience to Stress Periods Improved Impact Indicators

I 1 A H h ld Di t Di it S (HDDS) (P l ti ) X () 5 87 6 75 TBD I.2 Percentage of households with moderate or severe hunger (HHS) (Population) X () 67 60% 60% TBD 1.3 Comparative (Reduced) Coping Strategy Index (Adapted from World Food Program and CARE with FFP consaltation during the workshop) (Population) X () 22 7 17 5 TBD I.4 Percentage of underweight (WAZ<-2) children 0-59 months, (overall and disaggregated by sex) (Population) X () 28 50% 22% TBD I.5 Percentage of stunted (HAZ <−2)children 0-59 months, (overall d di t d b ) (P l ti ) X () 31 20% 25% TBD IR 1.1: Timeliness, appropriateness and predictability of food transfers improved Outcome Indicators 1.1.1 Average number of months adequate household food provisioning from all resources amongst PSNP beneficiary households (Beneficiaries) X [+] 5 Months/Per Year 5 5 93 118 60% 6 7 117% 6 TBD*

1.1.2 Percentage of PSNP beneficiary households with adequate f d i i i f ll f 12 th (B fi i i ) X ( ) 4 5% HH/Y 10 0% 26 5% 265 0% 17 0% 30 0% 176% 22 0% 1.1.3.Percentage of participants who report they are able to plan ahead on the basis of PSNP transfers as of 2012 onwards (Beneficiaries) X (+) TBD Persons/Year 50% 89% 178% 75% 70% 93% 85% 90% 1.1.4. Average Number of days beneficiaries receive PSNP transfers ft th l d d t f di t ib ti (B fi i i ) X () TBD D/ 5 5 100% 1 1 100% 0 0%

1.1.5 Average time (hours) spent by beneficiaries (men and women) to bring back food to household on distribution day (Beneficiaries) X () 1 70 Hours/Per Year 15 1 150% 14 15 93% 13 1.1.6 Percentage of beneficiaries that are women that collect food f th di t ib ti t (B fi i i ) X () 25% P / 35% 68% 195% 38% 54% 142% 45% Output Indicators

1.1.7 Percentage of participants receive cash or food transfers at a l ithi t th h f th i h (B fi i i ) X () 70% HH/Y 73% 88% 120% 76% 87% 114% 80% 1.1.8 Number of households participating in the PSNP for at least 3 (f ) X () 60% HH /C l ti 70% 77% 110% 75% 67% 89% 80%

1.1.9 Percentage of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries reporting that th t ti d d ti f i (B fi i i ) X X () HH/Y 0% 92% 100% 75% 1.1.10 Percentage of distributed commodities that are delivered to household on distribution day (Beneficiaries) X (+) 72% MT 75% 80% 107% 79% 80% 101% 82%

1.1.11 Percentage of pregnant female participants that are moved b t PW d DS di t PIM l (B fi i i ) () 50% P 75% 75% 100% 85% 90% 106% 90% 1.1.12 Number of PSNP beneficiary households that received the appropriate/intended ration size and commodity mix based on their household composition/size during the most recent distribution (A t ) (B fi i i ) X ( ) 19 000 HH/Y 20 000 18 134 90 70% 26 241 29 127 111% 27 784 1.1.13 Number of PSNP beneficiary households that received last food/cash transfer within 45 days of previous food/cash transfer (timely) (Beneficiaries) X (+) 8 400 HH/Year 15 000 20 154 134 40% 23 500 24 268 103% 26 500 1.1.14 Number of PSNP beneficiary households indicating that they are able to plan household expenditures/investments ahead of time based on the reliability of past and assumed reliability of future transfers (predictable) (Beneficiaries) X (+) 7 678 HH/Year 12 000 14 240 118 70% 22 000 23 549 107% 24 500 IR 1 2 D l ti f d ti t d d O t I di t 1.2.1 Percentage of PSNP households whose asset levels are stable or increasing (Beneficiaries) X X (+) 15% HH/Per Year 17% 20% 117 6% 20% 26 50% 133% 25% TBD* 1.2.2 Percentage of HH who sell one or more lactating/in-calf female d/ l t h f d (B fi i i ) X () 50% HH/P Y 35% 9% 376% 25% 6% 410% 15% TBD* 1.2.3. Percentage increase in household income among beneficiary h h ld i i li lih d S t X () 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 35% Output Indicators 1.2.4 Number of Beekeeping groups f ormed and/or t d (b f i i ) X () 5 0 0 0 8 25 1.2.5 Number of gums and resins producer groups f d/ t d(B f i i ) X () 6 0 0 0 6 25 1.2.6 Number of f odder productions groups established/supported (Benef iciary ) X (+) 8 0 0 0 10 25 1.2.7 Number of milk processing and market groups t bli h d X () 0 0 0 0 3 9 1.2.8 Number of v agetable/cash crop producing groups established X (+) 0 0 0 0 10 25 1 2 9 Number of Aloe plant producing group established X (+) 0 0 0 0 2 Canceled 6

IR1 3 N t l t d th i t i d O t I di t

1.3.1 Number of hectares of natural resources showing improved bi h i l diti lt f USG i t X () 1845 H /Y 1200 3318 276 50% 1875 3154 9 168% 2025 1.3.2 Average months in a 12 month period of water availability at i d t t t X (+) 6 00 Months/Per Year 7 8 114 30% 8 5 66 71% 8 TBD* 1.3.3 Percentage of public works meeting minimum negative environmental impact based on ESMF screening that maintens quality standards and sustainability ratings according to check lists maintained by local management committees (disaggregated by asset type - e.g. roads, wells, basins, check-dams, ponds, etc) X (+) 75% PW /Per Year 78% 78% 100% 80% 80% 100% 83% 88% 1.3.4 Percentage of households using an improved drinking water f h (P l ti ) X () 67% HH/P Y 75% 63% 84% 80% 32% 39% 85% TBD 1.3.5 Percentage of households using drinking water for their livestock from any sources constructed by the program (Population) X (+) 70% HH/Per Year 75% 77% 102% 80% 29% 36% 85% TBD 1.3.6 Number of hectares under improved natural resource t lt f USG i t M () 1845 H /P Y 2670 3318 124 30% 2 700 3 234 120% 3000 1.3.7 Percentage of PW work implemented with no or no negative impact on environment based on IEE X (+) 80% PW /Per Year 85% 85% 100% 90% 90% 100% 95%

1.3.8 Percentage of households reporting that their environment has i d f th b fit f th it M () 60% HH/C l ti 75% 87% 116% 80% 78% 97% 85% Output Indicators 1.3.9 Number of vulnerable households benefiting directly from USG assistance (Beneficiaries) X (+) 24 538 HH/Year 24 586 24 586 100% 30 877 30 986 100% 30 877

1.3.10 Percentage of farmers who used at least [a project-defined minimum number of] sustainable agriculture (crop/livestock and/or NRM) practices and/or technologies in the most recent growing season (overall and disaggregated by sex) (Beneficiary) X (+) 57 0% HH/Year 65 0% 87 0% 133 8% 75 0% 36 2% 48% 80 0% TBD 1.3.11 Number of people (men and women) with increased economic benefits derived from sustainable natural resource management and conservation as a result of USG assistance (Population) X (+) 35 957 Persons/Cumulative 38 415 33 352 86 70% 91 875 87 494 95% 160 875 1.3.12 Percentage of community that complete NRM mapping (B fi i ) X () 65% C it /Y 70% 100% 143% 80% 100% 125% 85% 1.3.13 Percentage of PW plans developed following community l i id li X (+) 65% PW/Year 70% 100% 143% 75% 93% 124% 80% 1.3.14 Percentage of public works have an established management mechanism at completion (Population) X (+) 70% PW/Year 75% 75% 100% 80% 87% 109% 85% 1.3.15 Percentage of public works reaching satisfactory standards d t i bilit ti X () 65% PW/ 70% 87% 124% 75% 80% 1.3.16 Hectares of land put under irrigation as a result of USG it X (+) 20 Ha/Year 20 15 75% 50 70 1.3.17 Percentage of PW projects screened by Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) X (+) TBD PW/year 50% 100% 200% 70% 80% 114% 80% 1.3.18 Number of water points (springs, hand dug wells, boreholes, roof water harvesting schemes, cisterns, etc.) constructed/rehabilitated X (+) 20 PW/year 20 34 170% 50 69 138% 65 1.3.19 Number of water resources (ponds, birkas, etc.,) developed/maintained for livestock X (+) 30 PW/year 25 20 80% 45 65 144% 54 1.3.20 Cubic Meters of degraded gullies rehabilitated due to h kd t ti X () 506 M3/ 623 3382 100% 690 31616 100% 720 1.3.21 Number of people (men and women) in target areas with improved access to drinking water supply as a result of USG assistance (Population) X (+) 70 000 0 HH/Cumulative ######## ######## 110% ########## ######## 18% ########## IR 1 4 S i l S i C it A t D l d Outcome Indicators 1.4 .1 On average time of travel to service centers (health post, schools vet post & Market) x () 10 00 Hours/Per Year 8 3 266 67% 7 4 175% 6 3 00

1.4.2 Percentage of HH in PSNP woredas that report improved access to vet and health posts and primary schools (Beneficiary) x (+) 20% HH/Year 25 0% 92 0% 100+% 35 0% 8 6% 25% 40 0% TBD* Output Indicators 1 4 3 N b f bli k h l t t d () 8 S h l /P Y 7 1 14 3% 5 6 120% 7 1 4 4 Number of public works health post constructed x (+) 7 health posts/ Per Year 6 1 16 7% 8 0 0% 8 1 4 5 Number of public works vet post constructed x (+) 5 Vet Posts/Per Year 4 2 50% 10 4 40% 7 1 4 6 Kil t f bli k d t td () 675 KM/P Y 560 468 5 83 7% 1200 773 64% 1200 1.4.7 Percentage of public work schools and clinics providing services two years after completion x (+) 75% Facility/Cumulative 90% 1.4.8 Percentage of public work roads adequately maintained two years after completion x (+) 50% Facility/Cumulative 75% IR 1.5: Community and Government management of PSNP id Outcome Indicators 1.5.1 Percentage of kebeles that have incorporated Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) processes for PW planning and i l t ti X () 35% K b l /C l ti 50% 50% 100% 75% 100% 133% 85% 1.5.2 Percentage of target kebeles with established disaster early warning and improved woreda response plans in place X (+) 15% Kebeles/Cumulative 25% 0% 0% 75% 68% 90% 85% 1.5.3 Institutional capacity scores (composite indicator that looks at woreda and kebele FSTF capacity to plan and implement PSNP) (B fi i ) X () 50% I d /P Y 75% 70% 93% 85% 80% 94% 90% 1.5.4 Percentage of W/KFSTFs that operate PASS and use client cards successfully X (+) 0% KFSTF/Year 20% 90% 450% 60% 85% 142% 100% 1.5.5 Number of of Woreda Food Security Taskforce reporting presence of (1) PSNP PIM training manuals, (2) Woreda contextualized PSNP operating procedures (3) WFSTF Organogram and detailed responsibilities for each member (5) Documented PW norms (6) Documented targeting and appeals procedures (Beneficiary) X (+) 20% WFSTF/Year 20% 15% 75% 80% 88% 109% 100%

1.5.6 Percentage of trained woreda level trainees that follow through ith th i ti l ithi i th f t i i X (+) 50% Persons/Year 75% 75% 100% 85% 65% 76% 90%

1.5.7 Percentage PSNP beneficiaries’ that reported satisfaction with l l t f d i d li (B fi i i ) X (+) 73% P /Y 75% 81% 108% 85% 82% 96% 90% 95% Output Indicators 1.5.8 Number of people (men and women) receiving USG supported training in natural resources management and/or biodiversity ti (B fi i ) X (+) 300 Persons/Cumulative 450 131 29 1% 900 1610 179% 750 1.5.9 Percentage of beneficiaries received all information needed to understand how the program works (Beneficiaries) X (+) 35% Persons/year 80% 82% 103% 85% 88% 104% 92% 1.5.10 Percentage of PSNP staff report timely access to key program documents (Beneficiary) X (+) 60% Persons/year 80% 100% 125% 85% 80% 94% 95% 1.5.11 Percentage of PSNP plans fully incorporated in woreda d l t l X () 75% Pl /P Y 75% 80% 107% 85% 100% 118% 90% 1.5.12 Percentage of required program reports and plans produced Documents/Quarterly on time X (+) 60% Average 75% 70% 93% 85% 90% 106% 90% 1.5.13 Percentage of PSNP committees with Customary Institution (CI) membership (e.g. targeting, PW planning, water committee, etc) (B fi i ) X () 35% C ittt /C l ti 50% 50% 100% 85% 80% 94% 90%

1.5.14 Number of trainings offered to woreda experts on the establishment of community early warning and response planning X (+) 10 Trainings/year 15 10 66 7% 25 33 132% 5 1.5.15 Number woreda/kebele experts who receive trainings on PSNP management and implementation processes (Disaggregated by training activity) X (+) 250 Person/Cumulative 400 498 125% 700 728 104% 720 1.5.16 Number of people (men and women) trained in disaster preparedness as a result of USG assistance (Beneficiary) X (+) 2000 Persons/Cumulative 3500 1000 28 57% 6500 7500

1.5.17 Number of communities with early warning systems linked to a response system in place as a result of USG assistance (Beneficiary) X (+) 78 Community/Cummulative 100 60 60% 125 88 70% 135 1.5.18 Number of government staff members (men and women)trained by subject and by institutional affiliation to provide capacity development training and job-embedded coaching for PSNP (B fi i ) X (+) 130 Persons/Cumulative 125 156 125% 345 1423 412% 450 Cross Cutting Gender Indicators Gd

G.1 Percentage of empowered women and girls' through creating access to productive resources created by PSNP (NR; irrigation, d ti h lth d th i l i (P l ti ) X () 25% f l/ 75% 43% 57% 80% 92% 115% 85% 95% G.2 Percentage of pregnant female participants moved between PW and DS according to PIM rules (Beneficiaries) X (+) 60% pregnant women/year 90% 80% 89% 95% 90% 95% 98% 98% G.3 Percentage of women participants in program activities as a proportion of men (Beneficiary) X (+) 35% women/year 40% 50% 124% 45% 50% 111% 46% G.4 Percentage of women in leadership positions in groups and itt ti f (B fi i ) X () 14% / t 30% 30% 100%

G.5 Percentage of men who report that family decisions in program defined categories should be made jointly between spouses (e.g. d ti /h lth dit i f f d) (P l ti ) X () 25% M /E 2 80% 100% 50% TBD* Do no Harm DH.1 Number of documented conflicts over land and/or water use rights related to PSNP implementation (Beneficiary) X () TBD Conflicts/Year DH.2 Number of kebeles with functional CBEW mechanisms and d ht i f ti h i (P l ti ) X () 70 Kbl/C lti 100 60 60% 125 95 76% 145 126 DH.3 Percentage of KFSTFs that integrate Do No Harm in the CAP (Beneficiary) X (+) 50% Kebele/Cumulative 75% 70% 93% 90% 100% 111% 100%

Note: 4) All TBD* are those whose values will be completed when the baseline is conducted Required / Source Fiscal Year 1 (Oct 2011-Sept Fiscal Year 2 (Oct 2012-Sept Fiscal Year 3 (Oct 2013-Sept

% of % of % of T2F PI Change (+) or (- Target Target Ac t u a Target Indicator FFP M S M ) Baseline Value Unit Target Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Target l Achieved Final Evaluation Target GOAL: Chronic Food Insecurity of 154,357 PSNP beneficiaries in eight woredas of Somali and Oromiya Regional States Reduced T2FS-DFAP 2013 Annual Report for pastoral operational areas October 2012 to September 2013 GOAL: Chronic Food Insecurity of 154,357 T2FS-DFAP beneficiaries in Eight woredas of Somali and Oromiya Regional States Reduced 2012/13 SO: Community and Household Resilience to Shocks Improved Annual achivement Unit of No Detail Activity Annual Target Actual Status/Reason for deviation measurement Actual achived for achieved [%] the Year Target Month October 2012 to September 2013 IR 1.1: Timeliness, appropriateness and predictability of food transfers improved Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar May Apr Jun Jul Aug sep 1 Tertiary Transportation Woreda Capital to FDP MT 12,582 12,323 98% Completed X X X X X X X X X 2 Assessments and choice of new Final Delivery Points # of assessment 10 8 80% Completed 3 Food distribution to LBPW and Direct Transfer receipants MT 15,701 15,475 99% Completed X X X X X X Partly Done/Only Barre was able to undertake X 4 Conduct retargeting of program beneficiaries (20% retargeting ) for contigency beneficiaries # of beneficiary 31,470 22,685 72% targeting for contigency by September 30th. 5 Verification of DFAP beneficiaries [New woredas] Beneficiary 54,684 54,684 100% Completed X 6 Provision of client card and spouse photo graphic for beneficiaries # of card 10,300 10,571 103% Completed X X Not done/Due the over budgeted bider cost X X X submission there was repeted biding process and 7 Construction of new warehouse No 4 - 0% for the reason that it postponed to 3rd year implemetnation period IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced 1.2.2 Micro and Small Enterprise for youth groups 1.3.1 Water resource development 1 Construction of Hand Dug Wells (HDW) No 6 6 100% Completed X X X X X X Completed/Actual target was 3 but inadvertently X X X 2 Birka construction No 6 3 50% included as 6. 3 Birka rehabilitation No 2 2 100% Completed X X 4 Construction of water collection box/roof catchments No 3 3 100% Completed X X 5 Community pond construction and Rehabilitation/desilting No 55 61 111% Completed X X X X X X 6 Hand Dug Well (HDW) rehabilitation (with cattle trough construction for Arero) No 2 2 100% Completed X X 1.3.2 Small scale irrigation 1 Construction of irrigation canals Meters 1890 1,780 94% Completed X X X X X 2 Flood diversion on farm and grazing land (length of canal) Meter 150 150 100% Completed X X X X X 3 Diversion of water courses with check dams using local materials M3 1000 1,200 120% Completed X X X X 1.3.3 Rangeland development 1 NRM and communal asset mapping [New Woredas] Map 3 3 100% Completed X X 2 Invasive weed and Partinium Weed control on graizing and farm land ha 5,003 5,644 113% Completed X X X X X X Partialy done/The woreda government sector had X X X X X set higher than realistic targets for Borana new 3 Rangeland reclamation/rehabilitation through area closure ha 6,035 3,370 56% woredas before SC take the responsibility and this is the final achievemnt 4 Establishment and support community and government based nursery site /dry land No NS 14 16 114% Completed X X X Completed/The woreda government sector had set X X X X Tree seedling production, seedling plantation and distribution for aforstation (pit preparation in higher than realistic targets for Borana new woredas 5 # of seedling 417,030 288,775 69% Oromia) before SC take the responsibility and this is the final achievemnt 1.3.3 Soil and water conservation Completed/The woreda government sector had set X X X X X higher than realistic targets for Borana new woredas 1 Micro-basin construction No 445,750.0 258,094.0 58% before SC take the responsibility and this is the final achievemnt 2 Gully treatment/rehabilitation with local material (brush wood/stone check dam) M3 25,678 27,759 108% Completed X X X X X X 3 Construction of check dam with Gabions for gully treatment M3 1,171 1,168 100% Completed X X X X X X Completed/Extra checkdams and/or size were X X X 4 Construction of checkdam with local materials M3 1,461 2,689 184% included to cover the conservation areas in most suitable way to reduce erosion. 5 Construction of soil bunds/Fanyajuu Km 279 288 103% Completed X X 6 Stone bund Km 2 2 100% Completed X Completed/Extra bunds were included to cover the X X 7 Construction of tranche band No 329 463 141% conservation areas in most suitable way to reduce erosion. IR1.4 Social service community asset developed Completed/The remaining activities were expected X X X X X X from Filtu; otherwise, the acievement fo the seven 1 Access road construction and maintenance KM 891 773 87% woreda is 108% in which the plan is 620 and achieved 670. 2 Construction of local / foot bridge # of bridge/m3 9 9 100% Completed X X X 3 Construction of Vet post # of Vet post 4 4 100% Completed X X 4 Construction of formal/ABE school No. of ABC 5 6 120% Completed X X X 5 Consruction of additional class room for school/expansion # of room 15 17 113% Completed X X X 6 School rehablitation # of centre 8 8 100% Completed X X X Completed/Over planning is the cause for lower X X X X X 7 Construction of public toilets with local materials # room 108 87 81% than target performance, mainly due to new woredas in Borana zone. 8 Construction of VIP toilets with blocks for public and school service # of Toilet room 16 16 100% Completed X X X X 9 Excavation of waste desposal pits # of pit 29 29 100% Completed X X X X 10 Construction of community mini stores # of store 10 10 100% Completed X X 11 Construction of PTC/FTC No. of FTC 3 4 133% Completed X X 12 Construction of DAs house no. room 9 11 122% Completed X X X X 13 Purchase of hand tools for public workactivities # of tools 8819 9,020 102% Completed X X IR. 1.5 Community and GoE management of T2FS/DFAP improved 1.5.2 Natural Resource and Public work related capacity building strategies Completed/More than anticipated members X X 1 Awareness creation of T2FS-DFAP for the community # of participants 4,170 8,706 209% attended awareness sessions. 2 Participatory natural resource management(PNRM) training # of Participant 164 146 89% Completed X X X 3 Public work planning, implantation, management and ESMF training for woreda staff Participant 150 132 88% Completed X X X 4 Customary water management committee(WATSAN) training # of Participant 75 68 91% Completed X Refresher training and awareness creation for woreda and project staffs on Public work 5 #of participants 66 72 109% Completed project planning, participation and management 6 Watershed development training for woreda experts and SCI staff Trainees 40 44 110% Completed X Partially done/Availability of KFSTF members X X Refresh/ training for KFSTF on public work planning, implementation, monitoring and 7 # of Participant 74 35 47% owing to conflicting schedules reduced reporting participation Conduct exposure visit to agro-pastoralist community on the use and control of communal X 8 # of visit 1 1 100% Completed resource & public services Establish and train community based committee on the management, ownership and X X 9 Trainees 126 126 100% Completed sustainability of completed public work projects 10 Support elders' councils meeting on natural resources management/NRM/ do no harm # of meeting 924 932 101% Completed X X X 1.5.3 Program management, planning, implementation, monitoring and follow up strategy Completed/More than anticipated members X X X X 1 PSNP Guideline Training # of Participant 200 295 148% attended awareness sessions. Completed/Filtu woreda didn't conduct planned 2 Support Woreda FS office on early warning capacity and food security assessment # of Participant 8 7 88% trainings until the time of termination and this X X report represents for only seven woredas Completed/More than anticipated members 3 Establishing and training community early warning groups # of participant 30 38 127% X attended awareness sessions. Partialy covered/Woreda taskforce members were X X unable to attend in Dolo Ado while in Filtu the 4 Strengthening Appeal committee, WFSTF and technical committee at woreda # of committee 8 6 75% activity was planned for August 2013 by which time the program was suspended 5 Strengthening Appeal committee ,KFSTF and Technical committee at Kebele level # of committee 150 152 101% Completed X X X X 6 Community based participatory M & E training for government and SCI staffs Trainees 220 231 105% Completed X X X Partial Complete/Estimated number proved higher Commodity management training at secondary stores for Kebel and woreda Food security task 7 # of Participant 200 144 72% coupled with some officials who could not attend X X force members trainings owing to conflicting schedules 1. 5.4 Cross Cutting Activities - Gender Strategy I. Promoting gender equality through T2FS -DFAP Partial Complete/Excluding Filtu the achievement X X X X X X Conduct training on gender mainstreaming, awareness and HTPS for staff, key governemnt is 105%, which is the plan is 498 and due to this 1 # of trainees 720 521 72% staff and community leaders. reason the expected people to participate in this training were not included. Complete/More than anticipated members attended X X X X X X 2 Gender awareness raising trainings for beneficiaries on gender related program provisions # of trainees 2460 4,218 171% awareness sessions. Complete/This case also the Filtu issue, which is up X X X X to May the planned activities were not 3 Conduct leadership training to women, staffs and government sector offices # of trainees 331 267 81% accomplished; otherwise, ecluding Filtu the performance is 102% # of materials Completed/More than anticipated members X X 4 Production and dissemination of IEC/BCC materials focusing on gender equality and HTPs 1200 2,023 169% produced attended awareness sessions. Complete/More than anticipated members attended X X X X X 5 Public advocacy on international women's day # of participants 1200 2,629 219% awareness sessions. Strategy II. Equitable access for women and men, girls and boys, to food of sufficient quantity and quality Conduct hands on training for beneficiaries on the importance of adequate nutrition for X X X X pregnant and lactating women as well as children under 5 and evaluate community perception Complete/More than anticipated members attended 1 # of participants 2280 4,068 178% as to which HH members are most vulnerable during food insecurity to address discrepancies awareness sessions. between perception and reality 2 Conduct campaigns in schools to discourage HTPs # of campaigns 16 17 106% Completed X X X X X X X 3 Training for Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) # of trainees 238 167 70% Completed/Over estimated number of target TBAs Conduct workshop with male and female community leaders to develop initiatives which target Completed/Over estimated number of target X X X X X 4 # of Participants 1600 1,263 79% HTPs participants # of PW sites Completed/More than anticipated members X X X X X 5 Conduct awareness raising activities integrated with PW program addressing HTPs 64 328 513% covered attended awareness sessions. Completed/This achievement is considering the X X X Put in place compliant response management enabling tools(suggestion boxes, compliance # of suggestion Filtu perfroamnce take in the annual performance 6 150 120 80% recording sheets and guidelines) boxes est. for all woreda but excluding Filtu the achievement is 94%. Startegy III. Equitable access and use of communal assets and public services among different genders Awareness raising training for women beneficiaries on their right to access communal assets Completed/Increased program integration allowed X X X X 1 # of sites covered 64 80 125% and gender provisions in the program at PW sites officers to cover more sites Complete/fewer than anticipated cases were X X 2 Legal support to women and girls to reduce gender based violence # of cases 40 24 60% reported Strategy IV. Communities' gender sensitive PSNP management Completed/More than anticipated members 1 Literacy class for women to improve their decision making role # of participants 435 564 130% X X X attended classes 2 Conduct campaigns in schools to promote girl child education # of campaigns 16 17 106% Completed X X Completed/The case of Filtu contributed for this X X X X 3 Conduct training on gender equality and women's right to the community # of participants 351 311 89% under performance 4 Establish and strengthen gender clubs in schools # of clubs 24 23 96% Completed X X 1.5.5 Do no Harm and community management strategy 1 CS and DNH Training for woreda and staff # of Participant 115 166 144% Completed/even though listed separately this was X X 2 Training on Do no harm approach/ conflict sensitive for the stakeholders # of Participant 105 56 53% done jointly and eventually 222 persons attended X X T2FS-DFAP Detail Implementation Plan (DIP) Oct. 2011Sep.-2012 GOAL: Chronic Food Insecurity of 112,688 PSNP beneficiaries in five woredas of Somali and Oromiya Regional States Reduced SO: Community and Household Resilience to Shocks Improved % of target No Detail Activity Unit/ Dimension Total target Year 1 Actual achievedt Target months Oct 2011-Sep 2012 Monitoring and evaluation Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar May Apr Jun Jul Aug sep 1 1 Supervision to LBPW and related activities # Supervision Activities 65 65 100% X X X X X X X X X X 2 2 Monthly meeting with WFSTF # Meeting 50 38 76% X X X X X X X X X X Monthly meeting with local development committee and institutional 3 3 leaders # Meeting 28 21 75% X X X X 4 Quarterly Review meeting with partners # Meeting 20 15 75% X X X X 5 Prepare and submit monthly progress report(Monthly update) # Report 50 50 100% X X X X X X X X X X 6 Prepare and submit woreda Quarterly progress report # Report 20 20 100% X X X 7 Prepare woreda annual result report # Report 5 5 100% X X IR 1.1 Hunger season food gaps for CFI HH reduced 1 1 Food distribution for LBPW and direct transfer recipients Month 6 6 100% X X X 2 Transporting Food for LBPW and Direct transfer recipients MT 100% X X X 3 Assessments and choice of new Final Delivery Points Assessments 8 8 X X X IR.1.2 Natural resource asset and their management improved 1. Water resource development 1 1 Assessment of water sources to be improved Assessments 5 5 100% X X 2 2 Construction of Hand Dug Wells(HDW) # Wells 7 5 71% X X 3 Rehabilitation of HDWs # Wells 2 2 100% 3 4 Rehabilitate existing traditional wells # Wells 12 12 100% X 4 5 Birka construction # Birka 5 5 100% X X 5 6 Birka rehabilitation # Birka 3 5 167% X 6 7 Construction of livestock drinking trough # Trough 4 4 100% X X 7 8 Rehabilitation of Livestock Drinking trough # Trough 2 2 100% X X X 8 9 Water trucking for birka /HDW construction # Truck 26 26 100% X X X X X X X X 10 Pond excavation/construction # ponds 3 2 67% X X X 11 Pond rehabilitation # ponds 5 11 220% X X X 3 12 Construction of water collection box/roof catchments No 9 2 22% X X X X X X 13 Construction of rock catchments No 1 0 0% X 1.1 Small scale irrigation 4 1 Construction of water courses Meter 1190 131 11% X X 2 Construction of Irrigation canal Km 6 2.41 40% 2. Rangeland development 1 1 NRM/ communal asset mapping # Map 127 127 100% X X 3 2 support Elders' councils meeting on Natural Resource Management Meeting 2 2 100% X X X X 4 3 Training on gum and incense product processing Participants 76 76 100% X X X X 6 5 Bush clearing in the key communal rangelands Ha 1780 2979 167% X X 7 6 Experience sharing on the Prosopis utilization mechanism at Afar # Visit 0 0 0% X X 9 7 Establishment enclosure to rehabilitate communal grazing areas Ha 2000 935 47% X X X 10 8 Establishment of Permanent dry land nursery # Nursery 5 5 100% X 9 Practicing hay making techniques Ha 500 0 0% 10 Establish PNRM processes with CI and GoE Community 0 0 0% X X 3. Soil and water conservation 1 1 Gully rehabilitation/treatment M3 807 821 102% X X X X X X 2 2 Construction of check dams with gabions M-3 940 940 100% X X X X X 3 Construction of check dams with local materials M-3 1621 1621 100% 4 4 Construction of micro basin on key degraded rangeland Ha 10 9.5 95% X 5 5 Construction of stone bund terrace on the water catchments areas Km 0 0 X X X Experience sharing visit on dry land soil and water conservation 6 6 Practices # Visit 0 0 X IR1.3 Social service community asset developed 1 1 Access road construction Km 440 468.5 106% X X X X X X X X X 2 Access road rehabilitation with drifts Km 0 0 #DIV/0! X X X X 3 Construction of human health post(HPs) No 1 1 100% X X X 5 4 Construction of Alternative Basic Education School # School 27 26 96% X 5 Rehabilitation/expansion of Alternative Basic Education School No 0 0 0% X 6 Rehabilitation of Health Posts No 0 0 0% X 7 Construction of Vet post No 0 0 0% X 8 Rehabilitation of Vet post No 1 1 100% X 6 9 Construction of community mini warehouse made of Blocks Warehouse 8 7 88% X 7 10 Maintenance of community mini warehouse Warehouse 13 14 108% X 19 11 Construction of Development Agent's house Shade house 10 10 100% X 12 Construction of Farmer Training Center No 0 0 0% X 13 Construction of Animal crush No 0 0 0% X 20 14 Construction of multi-purpose sheds Shed 53 53 100% X X X X 21 15 Construction of local bridge/foot bridge Local bridge. 5 5 100% X X 4 16 Construction of public toilet/and in schools # Toilet 87 87 100% X 23 17 Excavation of waste disposal pits # Pits 32 32 100% X X X X sub total IR. 1.4 Community and GoE management of PSNP improved 1 1 Develop Community Action Plan (CAP) for all woredas Community 147 127 86% X Refreshment training on CAP preparation for project and Government 2 staffs Participants 35 67 191% X X Training of Kebele Food Security Task Force (FSTF) members on 2 3 commodity management at secondary stores Participants 57 86 151% X 4 Training on PASS software management Participants 20 0% 3 5 Familiarization of T2FS-DFAP to the stakeholders Workshop 5 6 120% X X 4 6 Awareness creation on T2FS-DFAP to the community Events/Meetings 110 95 86% X X X X X X 5 7 Support women groups to address their strategic needs Community 21 21 100% X X X 2 8 Training for Customary leaders in sustainable NRM Communal meetings 70 70 100% X X 9 Workshop on seasonal grazing management for woreda FSTF Communal meetings 25 25 100% X X X X 7 10 Training for customary water management committee(WATSAN) Communal meetings 36 36 100% X X X X 11 Refreshment Training on PW planning and management Communal meetings 400 75 19% X X X X 12 Training of Development Agents on Small irrigation farming Communal meetings 400 0 0% X X X X Training on Water pump and use of small scale irrigation for agro Participants 13 pastoralist 20 17 85% X X X X 14 Experience sharing on in areas where best practice in PW # visits 6 0 0% X X Training on Participatory Natural Resource Management (PNRM) for Participants 15 woreda and project staffs 144 100 69% X X Training on environmental protection and climate change adaptation at Community 9 16 local level 75 0 0% X 17 PW screening based on ESMF/EMMP Assessment 5 1 20% X 18 Training on Do No Harm approach for the woreda and project staffs Communities 70 50 71% X Training on Drought and early warning capacity and assessment for Communities 10 19 community 70 46 66% X 20 Training on Gender for Woreda and project staffs Participants 50 20 40% X Training on the effect of harmful traditional practice and HIV/ADS for Participants 11 21 womens 246 230 93% X 22 Purchase of labor based public works equipment/hand tools Lump sum 1180 5678 481% X Refresher training for Kebele Targeting/Appeals Committees (includes 23 woreda Officials) Committees 126 203 161% X X X 24 Support for and attendance of Regional and Federal JRIS Months 2 2 100% X X 25 Regional discussions on PW and food delivery months Meetings 4 4 100% X X 26 Food Supply Chain management training Participants 252 0 0% X X X X 27 Training on reporting, institutional arrangement and processes Woredas 5 0 0% X X X X X Support for and attendance of federal and regional level initiatives 28 on pastoralism Meetings 12 0 0% X X X X X 29 Joint Post Distribution Monitoring Assessments Assessments 4 1 25% X X X X 30 Midterm project reviews Woreda 5 5 100% X 31 Annual Outcome/Impact Survey Activity 1 1 100% X X 32 EDAC Coordination and Learning Forum Forum 2 2 100% X 33 Launch Workshop Activity 1 1 100% X SC Ethiopia T2FS FY13 DIP GOAL: Chronic Food Insecurity of T2FS-DFAP beneficiaries in Eight woredas of Somali and Oromiya Regional States Reduced SO: Community and Household Resilience to Shocks Improved Year 1 Year 2

Notes No Detail Activity Unit of measurement Yr 1 Planned YR1 % AchiComments YR2 PlannedYR 2 Revised Comments YYR2 Achiev% Devation Narrative IR 1.1: Timeliness, appropriateness and predictability of food transfers improved 1 Tertiary Transportation WMT 11460 1 15698 12852 revised to re 12323 0.958839 2 Assessments and choice o# of assessment 5 1 3 10 revised afte 8 0.8 Less actual points assessed because of budget and PW choices measure cha3 Food distribution to LBPWMT 6 1 6 months 15701 changed fro 15745 1.002802 new Yr2 4 Conduct retargeting of p# of beneficiary n/a n/a 7718 31470 revised beca 22685 0.720845 Partly Done/Only Barre was able to undertake targeting for contigency by September 30th. new Yr2- rev 5 Verification of DFAP beneBeneficiary n/a n/a 0 54684 revised beca 54684 1 new Yr2- rev 6 Provision of client card an# of card n/a n/a 0 10300 revised beca 10571 1.026311 new Yr2- rev 7 Construction of new wareNo n/a n/a 0 4 0 0 Delays explained in narative over budgeted bider cost submission there was repeted biding process and for the reason that it postponed to 3rd year implemetnation period new Yr3- rev 8 Conduct targeting of pro# of beneficiary new Yr3- rev 9 Woreda level warehouse # of warehouse new Yr3- rev 10 Woreda level warehouse # of warehouse new Yr3- rev 11 Plastic sheet for warehou# of plastic sheet new Yr3- rev 12 Pallet for warehouse # of plate IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced 1.2.1 Livelihood Diversification Activities new Yr2 1 Establishment and Promo# of group n/a n/a 8 7 new Yr2 2 Support/ establish Gums # of group n/a n/a 6 14 new Yr2 3 Establishing and supporti# of group n/a n/a 8 3 new Yr2- rev 4 Establishing and support # of group n/a n/a 0 24 new Yr2- rev 5 Provision of Grinding mill unit n/a n/a 0 7 new Yr2 6 Establish Aloe vera produNo groups n/a n/a 2 4 new Yr2- rev 7 Handcrafts producing gro # of group n/a n/a 0 8 new Yr2- rev 8 Animal marketing groups # of group n/a n/a 0 2 new Yr2- rev 9 Provision of milking goats # of group n/a n/a 0 70 Adjusted sev Activity cancelled new Yr3- rev 10 Establishment of Small sc #of groups n/a n/a n/a n.a n.a n.a n.a 1.3.1 Water resource development Construction of Hand Dug No Wells (HDW) with cattle 1 trough 7 0.71 9 6 6 1 2 Birka construction No 5 1 5 6 3 0.5 Completed/Actual target was 3 but inadvertently included as 6. Construction of water No collection box/roof 3 catchments 9 0.22 2 3 3 1 4 Community pond construNo 5 2.2 19 55 Adjusted bas 61 1.109091 new Yr3- rev 5 Birka rehabilitation No 2 2 1 new Yr3- rev 6 Construction of cistern No 0 0 #DIV/0! new Yr3- rev 7 Shallow well/Ela rehabilitNo 2 2 1 1.3.2 Small scale irrigation 1 Construction of irrigation Meters 6km 0.4 177 1890 1780 0.941799 Flood diversion on farm and grazing land (length of New Yr2 -rev 2 canal) Meter n/a n/a n/a 20 150 150 1 New Yr2 -rev 3 Diversion of water courseM3 n/a n/a n/a 220 lm 1000 1200 1.2 Original targets based on estimates 1.3.3 Rangeland development new Yr2- rev 1 Invasive weed and Partinha n/a n/a n/a 0 5003 5644 1.128123 Rangeland ha reclamation/rehabilitation through area closure 2 2000 0.47 151 6035 3370 0.558409 Partialy done/The woreda government sector had set higher than realistic targets for Borana new woredas before SC take the responsibility and this is the final achievemnt 3 Establishment and suppoNo NS 5 1 7 14 16 1.142857 Completed. 2 Extra sites were identified to support the rehabilitation activities new Yr2- rev 4 Tree seedling production, # of seedling n/a n/a 0 417030 288775 0.692456 Completed/The woreda government sector had set higher than realistic targets for Borana new woredas before SC take the responsibility and this is the final achievemnt new Yr3- rev Planting pit preparation No 1.3.3 Soil and water conservation new Yr2 1 Micro-basin construction No n/a n/a 445750 258094 0.579011 Completed/The woreda government sector had set higher than realistic targets for Borana new woredas before SC take the responsibility and this is the final achievemnt 2 Gully treatment/rehabilitM3 807 M3 1.02 3 km 25678 27759 1.081042 3 Construction of check damM3 940 M3 1 90 lm 1171 1168 0.997438 Construction of checkdam M3 with local materials 4 1621 M3 1 628 lm 1461 2689 1.84052 Completed/Extra checkdams and/or size were included to cover the conservation areas in most suitable way to reduce erosion. new Yr2- rev 5 Construction of soil bund Km n/a n/a 0 279 288 1.032258 new Yr2- rev 6 stone bund Km n/a n/a 0 2 2 1 new Yr2- rev 7 Construction of tranche bNo n/a n/a 0 329 change unit 463 1.407295 Completed/Extra bunds were included to cover the conservation areas in most suitable way to reduce erosion. new Yr3- rev 8 Construction of eyebrow N0 new Yr3- rev 9 Construction of Cut off DrM3 IR1.4 Social service community asset developed 1 Access road construction KM 560 0.84 595 891 773 0.867565 Reduced target when Oromiya woreda plans were incorporated Construction of local / foot # of bridge/m3 2 bridge 10 0.5 6 9 9 1 3 Construction of Vet post # of posts 4 0 2 4 4 1 4 Construction of formal/A# of ABC 7 3.71 8 5 6 1.2 One extra school included after budget consideration showed it was affordable Construction of additional # of room classroom for 5 school/expansion 5 0 0 15 17 1.133333 Extra class rooms included when new woreda plans were taken into account Construction of public toilets with local materials new Yr2 6 # room n/a n/a n/a 103 108 87 0.805556 Reduced target when Oromiya woreda plans were incorporated 7 Construction of VIP toilet# of Toilet room 7 1.57 3 16 16 1 8 Excavation of waste desp# of pit 23 1.39 45 29 29 1 Construction of community # of store 9 mini stores 12 0.58 19 10 change unit 10 1 new Yr3- rev 10 Gabion ford construction M new Yr3- rev 11 Construction of Animal cr# of crush new Yr3- rev 12 Purchase of hand tools fo# of tools new Yr2- rev 13 Construction of PTC/FTC # of FTC n/a n/a 0 3 Revised afte 4 1.333333 1 PTC included in Yabello based on pre-entry woreda DIP. IR. 1.5 Community and GoE management of T2FS/DFAP improved 1.5.1 Livelihood activities implementation strategies new Yr2 1 DAs training on animal a# of Participant n/a n/a 50 35 n.a 0 new Yr2 2 Livelihood Diversification # of Participant n/a n/a 120 86 n.a 0 new Yr2 3 Community conversation # of Participant n/a n/a 4530 n.a 0 new Yr2 4 Business development an# of Participant n/a n/a 611 Adjusted ban.a 0 Activity cancelled 1.5.2 Natural Resource and Public work related capacity building strategies 1 Awareness creation of T2Participants/communitie 110 0.86 70 4170 Year 1 Com8706 2.08777 Completed/More than anticipated members attended awareness sessions. 2 Participatory natural reso# of Participant 110 1 286 164 146 0.890244 Participant

3 Public work planning, im 400 0.19 8 trainings 150 Year 2 targe 132 0.88 Partially done/Availability of KFSTF members owing to conflicting schedules reduced participation 4 Customary water manag# of Participant 36 1 17 committ 75 Year two tar 68 0.906667 new Yr2- rev 5 Watershed development Trainees n/a n/a 0 40 not planned 44 1.1 6 Refresh/ training for KFST# of Participant 400 0.19 184 74 35 0.472973 Partially done/Availability of KFSTF members owing to conflicting schedules reduced participation 7 Conduct exposure visit to # of visit 6 0 8 1 1 1 new Yr2- rev 8 Establish and train commTrainees n/a n/a 0 126 126 1 9 Support elders' councils m# of meeting 70 0.71 219 924 Actual numb 932 1.008658 new Yr3- rev 10 Biophysical water and soi # of Participant new Yr3- rev 11 Training on GPS/GIS appli# of Participant new Yr3- rev 12 Training on pastoral PW, # of Participant 1.5.3 Program management, planning, implementation, monitoring and follow up strategy new Yr2 1 PSNP Guideline Training # of Participant n/a n/a 184 200 295 1.475 Completed/More than anticipated members attended awareness sessions. new Yr2 3 Community based trainin# of participant n/a n/a 25 55 38 0.690909 Partialy covered/Woreda taskforce members were unable to attend in Dolo Ado while in Filtu the activity was planned for August 2013 by which time the program was suspended new Yr 2 5 Strengthening Appeal com# of committee n/a n/a 128 8 6 0.75 Completed/Filtu woreda didn't conduct planned trainings until the time of termination and this report represents for only seven woredas new Yr2 8 Commodity management # of Participant n/a n/a 183 200 Actual numb 144 0.72 Partialy covered/Woreda taskforce members were unable to attend in Dolo Ado while in Filtu the activity was planned for August 2013 by which time the program was suspended new Yr3- rev Strengthening Appeal co# of committee 150 152 1.013333 new Yr3- rev Participatory M&E traininTrainees 220 231 1.05 new Yr3- rev PASS Soft Ware training fNo of participant 1. 5.4 Cross Cutting Activities - Gender Strategy I. Promoting gender equality through T2FS -DFAP new Yr3- rev 1 Conduct training on gend# of trainees 720 521 0.723611 Partial Complete/Excluding Filtu the achievement is 105%, which is the plan is 498 and due to this reason the expected people to participate in this training were not included. new Yr2- rev 2 Gender awareness raising # of trainees n/a n/a 0 2460 added after 4218 1.714634 Complete/More than anticipated members attended awareness sessions. Strategy II. Equitable access for women and men, girls and boys, to food of sufficient quantity and quality new Yr2- rev 1 Conduct hands on trainin# of participants n/a n/a 0 2280 added after 4068 1.784211 Complete/More than anticipated members attended awareness sessions. new Yr2- rev 3 Conduct campaigns in sch# of campaigns n/a n/a 0 16 added after 17 1.0625 Startegy III. Equitable access and use of communal assets and public services among different genders new Yr2- rev 4 Awareness raising trainin# of sites covered n/a n/a 0 351 added after 311 0.88604 Strategy IV. Government and Communities' gender sensitive PSNP management new Yr3- rev 1 Conduct training on gend# of participants 351 311 0.88604 new Yr3- rev 2 Establish and strengthen # of clubs 24 23 0.958333 new Yr3- rev 7 Conduct leadership train# of trainees 1.5.5 Do no Harm and community management strategy new Yr2- rev 1 CS and DNH Training for w# of Participant n/a n/a 160 115 166 1.443478 new Yr2- rev 2 Training on Do no harm a# of Participant n/a n/a 0 105 added after 56 0.533333 Completed/even thoug FFP = Food for Peace Required Indicators (FFPIB 11-03) M = Mission Required Indicators Annex 6: REVISED PSNP T2FS Indicator Performance Tracking Table T2FS= Program Defined Indicators (IPTT) Legend: PIM= GoE PSNP Program Indicators Required / Source Fiscal Year 1 (Oct 2011-Sept 2012) Fiscal Year 2 (Oct 2012-Sept 2013) Fiscal Year 3 (Oct 2013-Sept 2014) Fiscal Year 4 (Oct 2014-Sept 2015) Fiscal Year 5 (Oct 2015-Sept 2016) Revised % of Change Baseline % of Target Target % of Target Target % of Target % of Target Indicator FFP M T2FS PIM (+) or (-) Value Unit Target Actual Achieved March 2013 Target Actual Achieved Deviation Narrative Target Comments Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Final Evaluation Target GOAL: Chronic Food Insecurity of PSNP beneficiaries in eight woredas of Somali and Oromiya Regional States Reduced SO: Community and Household Resilience to Stress Periods Improved Impact Indicators I.1. Average Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) (Population) X (+) 5.87% n/a 0.0675 7.5 40.00%

I.2 Percentage of households with moderate or severe hunger (HHS) (Population) X (-) 67.60% n/a 0.5 40% 40.00% I.3 Comparative (Reduced) Coping Strategy Index (Adapted from World Food Program and CARE with FFP consultation during the workshop) (Population) X (-) 22.70% n/a 0.175 12% 12% I.4 Percentage of underweight (WAZ<-2) children 0-59 months, (overall and disaggregated by sex) (Population) X (-) 28.50% n/a 0.22 18% 18% I.5 Percentage of stunted (HAZ <−2)children 0-59 months, (overall and disaggregated by sex) (Population) X (-) 0.312 n/a 0.25 0.2 0.2 IR 1.1: Timeliness, appropriateness and predictability of food transfers improved Outcome Indicators There is an opportunity of HHs get food form internal 1.1.1 Average number of months adequate household food provisioning from all Months/Per sources due to asset resources amongst PSNP beneficiary households (Beneficiaries) X [+] 5 Year 5 5.93 1.186 6 6 7 1.166666667 protecion. 6.5 7 8 8 There is an opportunity of HHs get food form internal From 22% changed to 30% considering 1.1.2 Percentage of PSNP beneficiary households with adequate food provisioning sources due to asset full family targeting of the OR woredas from all resources for 12 months (Beneficiaries) X (+) 4.5% HH/Year 10.0% 26.5% 2.65 0.265 0.17 0.3 1.132075472 protecion. 30.0% will support to improve 27.0% 30.0% 1.1.3.Percentage of participants who report they are able to plan ahead on the basis of PSNP transfers as of 2012 onwards (Beneficiaries) X (+) n.a Persons/Year 50% 89% 1.78 0.75 0.75 0.699 0.932 85% 90% 90% 90% Due to strong awarness created in the community and KFSTF about the importance of timeliness food transfer that helps to reduce 1.1.4. Average Number of days beneficiaries receive PSNP transfers after the the day after the planned planned date of distribution (Beneficiaries) X (-) n.a Days/year 5 5 1 3 1 1 3 date. 1 0 0 0% number of community based mini stores in near by to the community for timely food This BL Value was changed because of provissioning and reduce the that it doesn't represent the three new 1.1.5 Average time (hours) spent by beneficiaries (men and women) at Hours/Per distance to travel to collect woredas (Agreed and originally BL distribution day (Beneficiaries) X (-) 1.7 Year 1.5 1 1.5 4 1.4 1.5 2.666666667 their entitlment. 3 value was 1.7) 2 2

Due to the awarness creation to minimize selling of food aid and encurraging women to 1.1.6 Percentage of beneficiaries that are women that collect food from the Persons/per collect the food by Target slightly lowered because of the distribution center (Beneficiaries) X (+) 25% year 35% 68% 1.95 0.45 0.38 0.541 1.202222222 themselves. 50% new woredas 55% 60% Output Indicators 1.1.7 Percentage of participants receive cash or food transfers at a place within one to three hours of their home (Beneficiaries) X (+) 70% HH/Year 73% 88% 1.2 0.9 0.76 0.866 0.962222222 95% 95% 95% 1.1.8 Percentage of households participating in the PSNP for at least 3 consecutive HHs/Cumulativ Due to the high exclussion years. (Beneficiaries) X (+) 60% e 70% 77% 1.1 0.85 0.75 0.667 0.784705882 and inclussion errors with 90% 95% 95% asked to use current program data only so could not determine a start value/ 1.1.9 Percentage of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries reporting that the targeting initially set at zero as focus was on and graduation processes are fair (Beneficiaries) X X (+) n.a HH/Year 0% 92% 1 0.94 0.87 0.925531915 0.95 graduation/ current data is on the 95% 95% This is due to data 1.1.10 Percentage of pregnant female participants that are moved between PW and management system at DS according to PIM rules (Beneficiaries) x (+) 50% Persons 75% 75% 1 1 0.79 0.8 0.8 woreda level among the 100% 100% 100% 1.1.10 Percentage of distributed commodities that are delivered to household on distribution day (Beneficiaries) X (+) 0.72 MT 0.75 0.8 1.067 0.9 0.85 0.9 1 1 To be deleted per ALT request 1

1.1.11 Number of PSNP beneficiary households that received the appropriate/intended ration size and commodity mix based on their household should this be increased?/ Adjusted composition/size during the most recent distribution (Appropriate) (Beneficiaries) X (+) 19,000 HH/Year 20,000 18,134 0.907 28800 26240.69 29127 1.011354167 30,135 from 28800 to 30135 28,800 28,800 1.1.12 Number of PSNP beneficiary households that received last food/cash should this be increased?/ Adjusted transfer within 45 days of previous food/cash transfer (timely) (Beneficiaries) X (+) 8,400 HH/Year 15,000 20,154 1.344 28800 23500 26307 0.9134375 30,135 from 28800 to 30135 28,800 28,800

1.1.13 Number of PSNP beneficiary households indicating that they are able to plan household expenditures/investments ahead of time based on the reliability of past and assumed reliability of future transfers (predictable) (Beneficiaries) X (+) 7,678 HH/Year 12,000 14,240 1.187 22000 22000 23549 1.070409091 24,500 25,900 28,000 IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced Outcome Indicators The only resources is food aid and there is no any livelihood support to strenghten the economy so as to properly invest on the 1.2.1 Percentage of PSNP households whose asset levels are stable or increasing communal assets built by the (Beneficiaries) X X (+) 15% HH/Per Year 17% 20% 117.6% 50% 0.2 0.265 0.53 program. 75% 80% 90%

This viration comes due to the timely provissioning of the entitlement ot the community and there was also no as such high drouhgt, 1.2.2 Percentage of HH who sell one or more lactating/in-calf female and/or calves which forces them to sell to purchase food (Beneficiaries) X (-) 22% HH/Per Year 35% 9% 376% 15% 0.25 0.061 2.459016393 lactating and in-calf animals. 10% 7% 5% 1.2.3. Percentage increase in household income among beneficiary households There is no livelihood receiving livelihood Support X (+) 32% 0% 0% 0% 0.4 0.1 0 0 support at all 55% 75% 90% 0.9 Output Indicators # of group/cumulati 1.2.4 Number of livestock marketing groups formed and/or supported (beneficiary) X (+) n.a ve n/a n/a n/a 16 15 32 16 # of group/cumulati 1.2.5 Number of gums and resins producer groups formed/supported(Beneficiary) X (+) n.a ve n/a n/a n/a 12 12 24 12 # of group/cumulati 1.2.6 Number of small scale irrigation groups established/supported (Beneficiary) X (+) n.a ve n/a n/a n/a 8 8 16 8 Required / Source Fiscal Year 1 (Oct 2011-Sept 2012) Fiscal Year 2 (Oct 2012-Sept 2013) Fiscal Year 3 (Oct 2013-Sept 2014) Fiscal Year 4 (Oct 2014-Sept 2015) Fiscal Year 5 (Oct 2015-Sept 2016) Revised % of Change Baseline % of Target Target % of Target Target % of Target % of Target Indicator FFP M T2FS PIM (+) or (-) Value Unit Target Actual Achieved March 2013 Target Actual Achieved Deviation Narrative Target Comments Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Final Evaluation Target 1.2.8 Number of individuals who have received USG supported short-term Participants/Cu agricultural sector productivity or food security training x (+) n.a mulative n/a n/a n/a 1580 3200 3200 1580

1.2.9 Number of food security private enterprises (for profit), producer organizations, water users associations, women's groups, trade and business Participants/Cu associations, and community-based organizations (CBOs) receiving USG assistance. x (+) n.a mulative n/a n/a n/a 130 130 66 IR1.3 Natural resource assets and their management improved Outcome Indicators

Added by 15% from last year; On the baseline we were advised to 1.3.1 Number of hectares of natural resources showing improved biophysical disaggregate programs and we have conditions as a result of USG assistance X (+) 1845 Ha/Year 1200 1327 1.106 3156 1875 3154.9 0.999651458 2156 therefore started at 0 2100 2100

The capacity of the project to provide service is as reported and all the process of data collection was considered only water porject potable 1.3.2 Average months in a 12 month period of water availability at improved water Months/Per and yet built by the program structures X (+) 6.00 Year 7 8 114.30% 8 8 5.66 0.7075 in the last two years. 8 9 9 in all oprational woredas the process of prject screening 1.3.3 Percentage of public works meeting minimum negative environmental impact using the ESMF guideline was based on ESMF screening that maintains quality standards and sustainability ratings not effective and for the according to check lists maintained by local management committees (disaggregated reason that some projects by asset type - e.g. roads, wells, basins, check-dams, ponds, etc) X (+) 75% PW /Per Year 100% 100% 100.00% 100% 0.8 0.8 0.8 were commenced without 100% 100% 100% 100% 1.3.4 Percentage of households using an improved drinking water sources for investment in water human (Beneficiary) X (+) 67% HH/Per Year 75% 63% 84% 80% 0.8 0.315 0.39375 harvesting stracture so as to 85% 40% 40% This is due to the low investment in water harvesting stracture so as to accomudate the demand of 1.3.5 Percentage of households having water for livestock from any sources the community that passess constructed by the program (Beneficiaries) X (+) 70% HH/Per Year 75% 77% 102% 80% 0.8 0.287 0.35875 through the CAP process. 85% 90% 95% planning and the high demand 1.3.6 Number of hectares under improved natural resource management as a result of the community and of USG assistance X (+) 1845 Ha/Per Year 2670 3318 124.30% 2700 2700 9014 3.338518519 governmetn giving due 3000 3450 2500 1.3.7 Percentage of PW work implemented with no or no negative impact on environment based on IEE X (+) 0.8 PW /Per Year 0.85 0.85 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1 1 1 100

1.3.8 Percentage of households reporting that their environment has improved for the benefit of the community X (+) 60% HH/Cumulative 75% 87% 116% 0.8 0.8 0.776 0.97 0.85 90% 95% Output Indicators 1.3.9 Number of vulnerable households benefiting directly from USG assistance (Beneficiaries) X (+) 24,538 HH/Year 24,586 24,586 100% 30,877 30877.4 30986 1.003517136 30,877 30,877 30,877 1.3.10 Percentage of farmers who used at least [a project-defined minimum number of] sustainable agriculture (crop/livestock and/or NRM) practices and/or technologies in the most recent growing season, (overall and disaggregated by sex) (Beneficiary) X (+) 0.57 HH/Year 0.65 0.87 1.338461538 0.362 0.75 0.362 1 0.85 0.9 TBD

1.3.11 Number of people (men and women) with increased economic benefits derived from sustainable natural resource management and conservation as a result Persons/Cumul Revised to beneficiary as there will be of USG assistance (Beneficiary) X (+) 35,957 ative 38,415 33,352 86.70% 91,875 91875 87409 0.951390476 160,875 no population based survey 172,250 200,000 Community/Ye 1.3.12 Percentage of community that complete NRM mapping (Beneficiary) X (+) 0.65 ar 0.7 1 1.43 1 0.8 1 1 0.9 0.95

1.3.13 Percentage of PW plans developed following community planning guidelines X (+) 65% PW/Year 70% 100% 143% 100% 0.75 0.932 0.932 100% 100% 100% As the community are not settling for long in a specific place even though there is system to establish committee it was difficult to 1.3.14 Percentage of public works have an established management mechanism at make it complete for all completion (Population) X (+) 70% PW/Year 75% 75% 100% 100% 0.8 0.455 0.455 projects. 100% 100% 100% This needs further assessment with different qualitative and perception 1.3.15 Percentage of public works reaching satisfactory standards and sustainability measurment among the ratings X (+) 65% PW/year 70% 87% 124% 90% 0.75 0 community. 95% 95% 95% Proper measurment for 1.3.16 Hectares of land put under irrigation as a result of USG assistance X (+) 20 Ha/Year 20 15 75% 50 50 0 reporting were not 70 35 40 1.3.17 Percentage of PW projects screened by Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) X (+) TBD PW/year 0.5 1 2 0.8 0.7 0.8 1 0.85 0.95

1.3.18 Number of water points (springs, hand dug wells, boreholes, roof water Planning problem with harvesting schemes, cisterns, etc.) constructed/rehabilitated X (+) 20 PW/year 20 34 170% 50 50 78 1.56 significant under estimation. 69 70 80

1.3.19 Number of water resources (ponds, birkas, etc.,) developed/maintained for Planning problem with livestock X (+) 30 PW/year 25 20 80% 45 45 65 1.444444444 significant under estimation. 54 60 63

Interst of the government in Oromia operational was and due to this reason the level of mobilizing the community 1.3.20 Cubic Meters of degraded gullies rehabilitated due to check dam to perform their entitlement construction X (+) 506 M3/year 623 3382 543% 28,310 690 31616 1.116778523 was too high. 30,500 35,000 35,000 target had included all previous activities revised to 1.3.21 Number of people (men and women) in target areas with improved access only DFAP to drinking water supply as a result of USG assistance (Population) X (+) 70000 HH/Cumulative 75000 80000 1.1 21354 120000 21354 1 25000 35000 40000 phase IR 1.4: Social Service Community Assets Developed Outcome Indicators This is due to the revission in 1.4 .1 On average time of travel to service centers (health post, schools, vet post & Hours/Per the target and the number of Market) (Beneficiaries) x (-) 10 Year 8 3 267% 2 7 4 0.5 service provisioning 1 1 1 Required / Source Fiscal Year 1 (Oct 2011-Sept 2012) Fiscal Year 2 (Oct 2012-Sept 2013) Fiscal Year 3 (Oct 2013-Sept 2014) Fiscal Year 4 (Oct 2014-Sept 2015) Fiscal Year 5 (Oct 2015-Sept 2016) Revised % of Change Baseline % of Target Target % of Target Target % of Target % of Target Indicator FFP M T2FS PIM (+) or (-) Value Unit Target Actual Achieved March 2013 Target Actual Achieved Deviation Narrative Target Comments Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Final Evaluation Target this data was measured in communities that were targeted by social services. Number of vet posts The revised data looks at the % of the constructed by the project is entire woreda population reporting 1.4.2 Percentage of HH in PSNP woredas that report improved access to vet and very few and it is only in access to DFAP constructed health posts and primary schools (Beneficiaries) x (+) 20% HH/Year 0.25 0.92 - 35% 0.35 0.086 0.245714286 Oromia operational woreda. 40.0% infrastructre 15.0% 20.0% Output Indicators

This is one school make this difference and this is due to the effort made to use the resources propoerly and Schools/Per involve community according 1.4.3 Number of public works schools constructed x (+) 8 Year 7 1 14.3% 5 5 6 1.2 to the agreed work norms. 3 6 3 health posts/ the direction of HP demand agenda and hence there is no plan for 1.4.4 Number of public works health post constructed x (+) 7 Per Year 6 1 16.7% 8 8 0 0 during the CAP process. 0 3rd year. 9 4 Vet Posts/Per WFSTF that may become 1.4.5 Number of public works vet post constructed x (+) 5 Year 4 2 50% 10 10 4 0.4 difficult to filfull all the entire 3 According to the DIP for 3rd year 6 3

1.4.6 Kilometers of roads improved or constructed (MISSION) x (+) 675 KM/Per Year 560 468.5 83.7% 891 1200 773 0.867564534 Planning problem 793 According to the DIP for 3rd year 1000 780

1.4.7 Percentage of public work (schools, clinics and roads) that remain in use without requiring no more than routine maintenance activities envisioned in the Facility/Cumula project handover documentation two years after completion x (+) 75% tive 90% 95% 95% 1.4.8 Percentage of public work roads adequately maintained two years after Facility/Cumula completion x (+) 0.5 tive 0.8 0.85 0.95 IR 1.5: Community and Government management of PSNP improved Outcome Indicators 1.5.1 Percentage of kebeles that have incorporated Participatory Learning and at the center of the regions Action (PLA) processes for PW planning and implementation X (+) 0.35 Kebeles/Cumu 0.5 0.5 1 0.85 0.75 1 1.176470588 opoerational areas it enable 0.9 0.95 0.95 1.5.2 Percentage of target kebeles with established disaster early warning and Kebeles/Cumul improved woreda response plans in place X (+) 0.15 ative 0.25 0 0 0.75 0.75 0.677 0.902666667 0.95 0.95 0.95

1.5.3 Institutional capacity scores (composite indicator that looks at kebele FSTF capacity to plan and implement PSNP) (Beneficiary) X (+) 50% Index/Per Year 0.75 0.7 0.933333333 0.85 0.85 0.8 0.941176471 0.9 0.95 0.98

1.5.4 Percentage of kebeles that operate PASS and use client cards successfully X (+) n.a KFSTF/Year 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.85 0.944444444 1 1 1

1.5.5 Percentage of Woreda Food Security Taskforce reporting presence of (1) PSNP PIM training manuals, (2) Woreda contextualized PSNP operating procedures (3) WFSTF Organogram and detailed responsibilities for each member (5) Documented PW norms (6) Documented targeting and appeals procedures (Beneficiary) X (+) 20% WFSTF/Year 20% 0.15 0.75 0.8 0.8 0.875 1.09375 0.9 Save the Children request to complet 1 1 Some of the government staff 1.5.6 Percentage of trained woreda level trainees that follow through with their give due attention to the action plans within six months of a training X (+) 50% Persons/Year 0.75 75% 1 0.85 0.85 0.65 0.764705882 rutine responsibility. 0.9 0.95 0.95

1.5.7 Percentage PSNP beneficiaries’ that reported satisfaction with local This is beyond the scope of government performance and service delivery (Beneficiaries) X (+) 73% Persons/Year 75% 81% 1.08 0.85 0.85 0 the program. 0.9 0.95 0.95 Output Indicators

Increase is largely because of the extensive watershed activities implemented in Borana zone. We previously did not have the Oromiya woreda plan when we did the year 2 As the training was organized proposal and DIPs after engagement on spot at community and the number of persons to be trained woreda level, it enable to has increased and thus the increase. 1.5.8 Number of people (men and women) receiving USG supported training in enggage more peole above The numbers will reduce as the natural resources management and/or biodiversity conservation(Beneficiary) X (+) 300 Persons/Cumu 450 131 0.291111111 900 900 1610 1.788888889 the planned target 2655 integration and role of DAs takes root. 1200 850 1.5.9 Percentage of beneficiaries received all information needed to understand how the program works (Beneficiaries) X (+) 35% Persons/year 0.8 82% 1.025 0.85 0.85 0.881 1.036470588 0.92 0.95 0.95 1.5.10 Percentage of PSNP staff report timely access to key program documents (Beneficiary) X (+) 60% Persons/year 0.8 100% 1.25 0.85 0.85 0.8 0.941176471 0.95 1 1 Early commencement of the planning process provides support to the the woreda to incorporate to the woreda 1.5.11 Percentage of PSNP plans fully incorporated in woreda development plans X (+) 75% Plan/Per Year 0.75 80% 1.066666667 0.85 0.85 1 1.176470588 based plan. 0.9 0.95 1

Documents/Qu 1.5.12 Percentage of required program reports and plans produced on time X (+) 0.6 arterly Average 0.75 0.7 0.933333333 0.85 0.85 0.9 1.058823529 1.5.13 Percentage of PSNP committees with Customary Institution (CI) Committees/C membership (e.g. targeting, PW planning, water committee, etc) (Beneficiary) X (+) 35% umulative 0.5 50% 1 0.85 0.85 0.8 0.941176471 0.9 0.95 0.95 1.5.14 Number of trainings offered to woreda experts on the establishment of community early warning and response planning X (+) 10 Trainings/year 15 10 0.666666667 33 25 33 1

1.5.15 Number woreda/kebele experts who receive trainings on PSNP Person/Cumula management and implementation processes (Disaggregated by training activity) X (+) 250 tive 400 498 1.245 700 700 728 1.04 756 950 900 1.5.16 Number of people (men and women) trained in disaster preparedness as a Persons/Cumul result of USG assistance (Beneficiary) X (+) 2000 ative 3500 1000 0.285714286 6500 1.5.17 Number of communities with early warning systems linked to a response Community/Cu system in place as a result of USG assistance (Beneficiary) X (+) 78 mmulative 100 60 0.6 88 125 88 1

Similar to above on top of the fact that many kebele officials and DAs in the new woredas will be receiving these trainings for the first time. We therefore had to bump up the numbers Majority of the trainings were so as to ensure smooth operations. provide at woreda level and You will note that the figures go back 1.5.18 Number of government staff members (men and women)trained by subject all opportunity were invested down in year 4 and 5 as these will only and by institutional affiliation to provide capacity development training and job- to enggage more people in be refresher and needs assessment embedded coaching for PSNP (Beneficiary) X (+) 130 Persons/Cumu 125 156 1.248 345 345 1423 4.124637681 the training. 1512 driven. 490 550 Cross-Cutting Gender Indicators G.1 Percentage of pregnant female participants moved between PW and DS pregnant according to PIM rules (Beneficiaries) X (+) 60% women/year 0.9 0.8 0.888888889 0.95 0.8 0.916 0.964210526 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 Required / Source Fiscal Year 1 (Oct 2011-Sept 2012) Fiscal Year 2 (Oct 2012-Sept 2013) Fiscal Year 3 (Oct 2013-Sept 2014) Fiscal Year 4 (Oct 2014-Sept 2015) Fiscal Year 5 (Oct 2015-Sept 2016) Revised % of Change Baseline % of Target Target % of Target Target % of Target % of Target Indicator FFP M T2FS PIM (+) or (-) Value Unit Target Actual Achieved March 2013 Target Actual Achieved Deviation Narrative Target Comments Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Target Actual Achieved Final Evaluation Target

G.2 Percentage of women participants in program activities as a proportion of men Planning proplem during the (Beneficiary) X (+) 35% women/year 0.4 50% 1.2375 0.45 0.95 0.9 2 revission in march 2013.. 0.46 0.47 0.48

G.3 Percentage of women in leadership positions in groups and committees as a women/every Planning proplem during the proportion of men (Beneficiary) X (+) 14% two years 0.3 0.45 0.5 1.666666667 revission in march 2013.. 0.37 0.4

G.4 Percentage of men who report that family decisions in program defined categories should be made jointly between spouses (e.g. education/health Men/Every 2 expenditure , marriage, use of food) (Population) X (+) 0.51 years 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 0.65 0.8 0.9 No of G.5 Proportion of females in USG-assisted programs designed to increase access to female/every production economic resources (assets, credit or employment) X (+) 0% year 0% 0.8 0.796 0.995 0.25 35% 45% Cross-Cutting Do No Harm Indicators

Kebele/Cumula DH.1 Percentage of KFSTFs that integrate Do No Harm in the CAP (Beneficiary) X (+) 0.5 tive 0.75 0 0 90% 0.9 1 1.111111111 Strong awarness rasing prac 1 1 1 DH.2 Number of kebeles with functional CBEW mechanisms and drought information sharing (Population) X (+) 70 Kebele/Cumula 100 60 0.6 125 125 95 0.76 145 170 170 126 Annex 6: REVISED T2FS-DFAP Performance Monitoring Plan

Indicator Description Method/Approach Unit of Measure/Method Source Frequency Analysis Plan Responsible GOAL: Chronic Food Insecurity of 154,357 PSNP beneficiaries in eight woredas of Somali and Oromiya Regional States Reduced SO: Community and Household Resilience to Stress Periods Improved Impact Indicators 1.1 Average Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) Dietary diversity score does not measure the diet quality or calore Population based Survey result Score (Number)/Average (HH) Baseline, Midterm and start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant & M&E advisor intake. DDS measure the socio economic status of the HH. The HH from primary data collection Endline Surveys and end line (questionnaires designing consumed more diversified food/food groups are considered as and report write up by better economic status in terms of food security. The number of consultant) individual food groups consumed a given period by household. An average of different food groups (1.cereals 2.roots and tubers 3. pulses/legumes 4.milk and milk products 5.eggs 6.meat and offal 7.fish and seafood 8.oil/fats 9. sugar/honey 10.fruits 11.vegetables 12.others (spices, sodas etc.) implies that their diets offer some diversity in both macro and micronutrients. This indicator can be calculated using 24 hours recall from the respondents. To get information for this indicator the respondent is asked “Yesterday, did you or anyone in your household consume (list of food groups). The sum of the “Yes” (Yes=1, No=0) responses quantifies the indicator for each household, which can be then averaged over the target population. 1.2 Household Hunger Scale: Percentage of households with FFP Standard Indicator - measures severity of hunger in a household. Population based Survey result Percentage (Number of households in Baseline and Endline Surveys start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant & M&E advisor moderate or severe hunger (HHS) The HHS is most appropriate to use in areas of subtantial food from primary data collection moderate or severe rank)/Percentage (HH) and end line (questionnaires designing insecurity. FANTA guideline for "Household Hunger Scale: Indicator and report write up by Definition and Measurement Guide" will be used to measure this consultant) indicator 1.3 Comparative (Reduced) Coping Strategy Index (Adapted The coping strategy index (CSI) to measure household vulnerability to Population based Survey result Index/HH Baseline, Midterm and start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant & M&E advisor from World Food Program and CARE with FFP consultation food insecurity in times of stress. the CSI is calibrated so that the from primary data collection Endline Surveys and end line (questionnaires designing during the workshop) maximum possible value is 100. A zero value indicates high food and report write up by security (no coping strategies were used), and a value of 100 indicates consultant) extreme food insecurity. To calculate this indicator the guideline on “ Measuring food insecurity: Can an indicator based on localized coping behaviors be used to compare across contexts?” by Maxwell, Daniel, Richard Caldwell and Mark Langworthy, Food Policy, Volume 33, Issue 6, December 2008 will be used. 1.4 Percentage of underweight (WAZ<-2) children 0-59 Weight-for-Height z-score (<-2SD and <-3SD) using WHO/CDC new Population based Survey result Number/Average children under 5 yrs in a Baseline and Endline Surveys start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant & M&E advisor months, (overall and disaggregated by sex) (FFP) standard over total number of children 0-59 months from primary data collection HHs for underweight and end line (questionnaires designing and report write up by consultant) 1.5 Percentage of stunted (HAZ <−2)children 0-59 months, Height-for-age z-score (<-2SD and <-3SD) using WHO/CDC new Population based Survey result Number/Average children under 5 yrs in a Baseline and Endline Surveys start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant & M&E advisor (overall and disaggregated by sex) (FFP) standard over total number of children 0-59 months (2006) from primary data collection HHs for stunting and end line (questionnaires designing and report write up by consultant) IR 1.1: Timeliness, appropriateness and predictability of food transfers improved Outcome Indicators 1.1.1 Average number of months adequate household food The average numbers of month’s beneficiaries in USG-supported HH and beneficiary based Number/Average months of PSNP Baseline, Midterm, Endline start, mid term, SPSS software will be applied Consultant and SC internal provisioning from all resources amongst PSNP beneficiary social assistance programs are able to meet their basic food needs. survey will be deployed beneficiary HHs meeting adequate food and Annual Surveys Annual and end (questionnaires designing staff (M&E, DCP) households (MISSION) The indicator focuses on the desired outcome of improved food supply throughout the year line and report write up by access. Food access depends on the ability of households to obtain consultant) food from their own production, stocks, purchases, gathering, or through food transfers from relatives, members of the community, the government, or donors. A household’s access to food also depends on the resources available to individual household members and the steps they must take to obtain those resources, particularly exchange of other goods and services. This indicator's information is collected by asking the question "which were the months (in the past 12 months) in which you did not have enough food to meet your family’s needs?" and this is 12 months recall by monthly. Then the average month is calculated by counting all 12 individual month's information.

SPSS software will be applied 1.1.2 Percentage of PSNP beneficiary households with (questionnaires designing adequate food provisioning from all resources for 12 months Mission indicator that identifies PSNP beneficiaries have sufficient HH and beneficiary based Preparation of PSNP beneficiary HHs have Annual and mid and report write up by (MISSION) food supply throught out the last year. survey will be deployed meeting the required food supply last year Annual survey term, consultant) SC M&E Advisor

SPSS software will be applied (questionnaires designing 1.1.3 Percentage of participants who report they are able to PIM indicator identifies the Percentage of households that owing to and report write up by M&E plan ahead on the basis of PSNP transfers as of 2012 onwards predictability and knowledge of PSNP transfer processes can plan and HH and beneficiary based staff and data analysis by (PIM) make decisions around food and expenditure survey will be deployed Number/Percentage (individuals) Annual Program Survey Annually consultant) SC M&E Advisor

SPSS software will be applied Community and beneficiary (questionnaires designing This is an average of the number of days it beneficiaries are receiving based survey will be deployed; and report write up by M&E 1.1.4 Average Number of days beneficiaries receive PSNP food after the announced and planned date. It is a proxy for a robust and documents will be staff and data analysis by transfers after the planned date of distribution supply chain system. reviewed Number of Days/Average Annual Program Survey Annually consultant) SC M&E Advisor & DCP This is an average of the time it takes beneficiaries to collect food from distribution point. It is a measure of effort required to bring food SPSS software will be applied home and a proxy measure for Percentage of food reaching (questionnaires designing households the longer the time the more likely its sold to pay for Community and beneficiary and report write up by M&E 1.1.5 Average time (hours) spent by beneficiaries (men and transport etc, also less beneficiaries will attend further off based survey deployed for staff and data analysis by women) at distribution day (Beneficiaries) distributions primary data collection Time in Hours/Average Annual Program Survey Annually consultant) SC M&E Advisor & DCP

SPSS software will be applied (T2FS) This looks at the beneficiaries that are women as a fraction of (questionnaires designing the total PSNP beneficiaries that go to food distribution centers in Community and beneficiary and report write up by M&E 1.1.6 Percentageof beneficiaries that are women that collect person and is a proxy for women decision on food usage as well as based survey deployed for PDM assessments and on- staff and data analysis by SC M&E Advisor & Gender food from the distribution center increases possibility that most food is used in the household primary data collection Number of Women/Percentage going monitoring Quarterly consultant) TA Output Indicators

SPSS software will be applied (questionnaires designing Mission indicator measures average time that takes beneficiaries to Beneficiary based survey and report write up by M&E 1.1.7 Percentage of participants receive cash or food transfers bring food back home from distribution points. (proxy indicator for deployed for primary data staff and data analysis by at a place within one to three hour of their home (MISSION) the amount of food reached home for consumption) collection Time in Hours/Average Annual Program Survey Annually consultant) SC M&E Advisor & DCP 1.1.8 Number of households participating in the PSNP for at Measures predictability of PSNP beneficiaries to remain on the Community based survey and Number of beneficiaries Annual Program Survey Annually SPSS software will be applied M&E and CB advisors least 3 consecutive years. muster list for 3 consecutive years and it contributes to measure the secondary data from woreda >3years/Percentage (questionnaires designing gradation and asset building at HH level. and Kebeles and report write up by M&E SPSS software will be applied 1.1.9 Percentage of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries Community and beneficiary (questionnaires designing reporting that the targeting and graduation processes are fair Mission indicators that measures fairness of the program with regard based survey deployed for and report write up by M&E (MISSION) to targeting primary data collection Level of satisfaction Annual Program Survey Annually staff and data analysis by M&E and CB advisors Measures adherence to PIM requirement and that women are not 1.1.10 Percentage of pregnant female participants that are denied food because of pregnancy or required to work when unable Secondary data sources will be Trend analysis and document moved between PW and DS according to PIM rules(PIM) to. checked Number pregnant women/Percentage distribution list Quarterly review from woreda SC M&E Advisor & DCP 1.1.11 Number of PSNP beneficiary households that received Mission indicator measures ration proportion and amount of food Community and beneficiary Amount and type of food resources PDM qualitative and Quarterly and SPSS software will be applied SC M&E Advisor & DCP the appropriate/intended ration size and commodity mix transfer to the PSNP beneficiaries based survey and documents distributed quantitative report and food annually (questionnaires designing based on their household composition/size during the most review distribution list and report write up by M&E recent distribution (appropriate) (PIM/MISSION) staff and data analysis by consultant)

1.1.12 Number of PSNP beneficiary households that received Mission/PIM indicator measures timeliness food distribution and it is Community and beneficiary Duration of food distributed among two PDM qualitative and Quarterly and SPSS software will be applied SC M&E Advisor & DCP last food/cash transfer within 45 days of previous food/cash directly linked with the asset protection of the HHs. based survey and documents food distribution period quantitative report and food annually (questionnaires designing transfer (timely)(PIM/MISSION) review distribution list and report write up by M&E staff and data analysis by consultant)

1.1.13 Number of PSNP beneficiary households indicating that A proxy indicator measures a composite resource allocation for the Community and beneficiary Duration of food distributed among two PDM qualitative and Quarterly and SPSS software will be applied M&E, Gender and CB they are able to plan household expenditures/investments HH expenditure in respect of food distribution and existing resources based survey and documents food distribution period quantitative report and food annually (questionnaires designing advisors ahead of time based on the reliability of past and assumed in the house review distribution list and report write up by M&E reliability of future transfers (predictable) (PIM/MISSION) staff and data analysis by consultant) IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced Outcome Indicators 1.2.1 Percentage of PSNP households whose asset levels are Proxy indicator that identifies the Percentage of households that have HH and beneficiary based US$ /Average (HH) Baseline, semiannual and start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant, Livelihood TA stable or increasing (MISSION) assets (primarily livestock - camels and shoats) that have increased survey will be deployed Annual Program Survey and end line, (questionnaires designing and M&E Advisor on baseline number or record stability Annual and report write up by consultant) 1.2.2 Percentage of HH who sell one or more lactating/in-calf Modified mission indicator that identifies the Percentage of Community and beneficiary Number/average HHs sell in-calf Baseline, Midterm, Endline start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Consultant, Livelihood TA female and/or calves to purchase food (T2FS) households that sells in-calf female and/or caves to purchase food based survey female/calves and Annual Surveys and end line/ (questionnaires designing and M&E Advisor and other important items. Annual and report write up by consultant) 1.2.3. Percentage increase in household income among Measures increase in household incomes brought about by livelihood HH and beneficiary based US$ /Average (HH) Annual Survey Annual SPSS software will be applied Livelihood TA beneficiary households receiving livelihood Support and other program interventions survey will be deployed (questionnaires designing Output Indicators Livelihood TA 1.2.4 Number of livestock marketing groups formed Count of groups formed and or supported with training and inputs in and/or supported (beneficiary) the specific thematic area and being functional in generating benefits. Regular monitoring Groups/Number Progress reports on-going tabular analysis Livelihood TA 1.2.5 Number of gums and resins producer groups Count of groups formed and or supported with training and inputs in formed/supported(Beneficiary) the specific thematic area and being functional in generating benefits. Regular monitoring Groups/Number Progress reports on-going tabular analysis Livelihood TA 1.2.6 Number of small scale irrigation groups Count of groups formed and or supported with training and inputs in established/supported (Beneficiary) the specific thematic area and being functional in generating benefits. Regular monitoring Groups/Number Progress reports on-going tabular analysis A household is beneficiary if it contains at least one individual who is Livelihood TA a beneficiary. An individual is a beneficiary if s/he is engaged with a project activtiy and either already has shown benefit from the activtiy or has high liklehood of gaining one of those benefits due to his/her 1.2.7 Number of vulnerable household benefiting directly from siginificant level of engagement with the project. USG assistance A household is beneficiary if it contains at least one individual who is Livelihood TA recieved the support. An individual is a beneficiary if s/he is engaged with a project activtiy and either already has shown benefit from the 1.2.8 Number of individuals who have received USG supported activtiy or has high liklehood of gaining one of those benefits due to short-term agricultural sector productivity or food security his/her siginificant level of engagement with the project. training Regular monitoring Groups/Number Progress reports on-going tabular analysis Livelihood TA 1.2.9 Number of food security private enterprises (for profit), producer organizations, water users associations, women's Count of formulated groups with different purposes that have got groups, trade and business associations, and community- support and training with a defined function and provision of services based organizations (CBOs) receiving USG assistance. in respected thematic areas. Regular monitoring Groups/Number Progress reports on-going tabular analysis IR 1.3 Natural resource assets and their management improved Outcome Indicators 1.3.1 Number of hectares of natural resources showing Measuring demonstrated where there is biophysical monitoring data Community based survey, hectares Annual Program Survey Annually SPSS software will be applied NRM Advisor improved biophysical conditions as a result of USG assistance showing stability, improvement, or slowing the rate of decline in one physical observation and NRM (questionnaires designing (MISSION) or more selected natural resources parameters over time. documents reviewing will be and report write up by M&E deployed staff and data analysis by consultant)

1.3.2 Average months in a 12 month period of water Measures number of months in a calendar year that water is available Community and beneficiary months Baseline Survey and Annual start, mid term SPSS software will be applied PW Advisor availability at improved water structures (T2FS) in water structure improved by the program. This takes into account based survey will be deployed Program Survey and end line, (questionnaires designing rains and therefore also is a proxy for time after rains water is Annual and report write up by available consultant) 1.3.3 Percentage of public works meeting minimum negative Proxy indicator that measures the impact of the PW intervention on Physical observation and number of PW Annual Environmental Annually SPSS software will be applied NRM & PW Advisors environmental impact based on ESMF screening that the environment (NR degradation, health husards, economical secondary data revision monitoring Survey and (questionnaires designing maintens quality standards and sustainability ratings according damage and etc) and whether the it giving the intended purpose deployed review and report write up by to check lists maintained by local management committees and/or the right service to the targate community consultant) (disaggregated by asset type - e.g. roads, wells, basins, checkdams ponds etc) (T2FS) 1.3.4 Percentage of households using an improved drinking Percentage of households that use water from an improved water Beneficiary based survey will number of improved sources Baseline Survey and annual start, mid term SPSS software will be applied PW Advisor water sources for human (FFP) source (“improved” water includes water from any pump tube well be deployed; and documents Program Survey and end line, (questionnaires designing that has been tested or from rain water harvested, or sand filtered will be reviewed Annual and report write up by pond water which is bacteria free. Improved sources may still contain consultant) harmful substances, and water can be contaminated during transport and storage. Proper transportation and storage should also be taken in account to identify as improve water) for home consumption for drinking by FFP definition

1.3.5 Percentage of households using drinking water for their This measures Percentage of households that use water for livestock Beneficiary based survey will number of improved sources Baseline Survey and annual start, mid term SPSS software will be applied PW Advisor livestock from any sources constructed by the program (T2FS) consumption from any source (includes, ponds, Birka, hand dug wells, be deployed; and documents Program Survey and end line, (questionnaires designing springs and diversions by T2FS definition will be reviewed Annual and report write up by consultant) 1.3.6 Number of hectares under improved natural resources Measures activities that promot enhanced management of natural Physical observation and Hectares of land put undr NRM practice and Key informant discussion, Annually SPSS software will be applied NRM Advisor management as a result of USG assistance (MISSION ) resources for one or more objectives, such as sustaining soil and/or secondary data revision existing local institution ot manage the seconderay data and physical (questionnaires designing water resources, mitigating climate change, and/or promoting deployed, assessing capacity of NRM activties observetion by techncial and report write up by M&E sustainable agriculture, etc. Management should be guided by a local institutions and skill personels staff and data analysis by stakeholder-endorsed process following principles of sustainable transfer to the community in consultant) NRM, improved humanand institutional capacity for sustainable NRM, NR management practices access to better information for decission-making, and/or adoption of sustainble NRM practices.

1.3.7 Percentage of households report that their environment A proxy indicator measures the type of benefit gained by HHs Community based survey and Number of HH/Checklist Annual Environmental Annually SPSS software will be applied NRM & PW Advisors has improved for the benefit of the community (MISSION) (includes: access to fodder, water sources, etc) due to the PW documents review monitoring Survey and (questionnaires designing, intervention showing impact of the program as a fraction of total HH review data analysisand report write interviewed. up by M&E staff) Output Indicators 1.3.8 Number of vulnerable households benefiting directly A household is beneficiary if it contains at least one individual who is Community based survey and Number of HHs on going monitoring on going SPSS software will be applied M&E and CB advisors from USG assistance (MISSION) a beneficiary. An individual is a beneficiary if s/he is engaged with a documents review progress (questionnaires designing, project activtiy and either already hasshown benefit from the activtiy monitoring data analysisand report write or has high liklehood of gaining one of those benefits due to his/her up by M&E staff) siginificant level of engagement with the project.

1.3.9 Number of people (men and women) with increased Measures increased economic benefits including: increased Community and HHs based Number of HHs gained economic benefit Annual Survey and On-going on going SPSS software will be applied M&E, NRM & Gender economic benefits derived from sustainable natural resource household income, average increase in income per household, survey; and documents progress monitoring progress (questionnaires designing, advisors management and conservation as a result of USG assistance number of new enterprises developed (including but not limited to reviewed monitoring data analysisand report write (MISSION) fisheries, susatinable turism, forestry/agroforestry, sustainable /Annual up by M&E staff) agriculture, microenterprise, etc.), economic benefit from ecosystem services, etc. Economic benefit may be on actual cash transactions or other economic value of natural resources.

1.3.10 Percentage of PW plans developed following Seeks to determin the communities where on average on a scale of Community based survey and Number/Average of PW plans developed in Program and woreda Quarterly SPSS software will be applied PW & CB Advisors community planning guidelines (PIM) one to five the score is 4 or higher for involvement of randomly documents reviewed the kebeles reports/field visits (questionnaires designing, selected households in designing and making choices of and planning data analysisand report write for PW activities. This will be used as a proxy for community up by M&E staff) ownership and plans. It will also be a proxy for sustainability and usefulness of activities 1.3.11 Percentage of public works have an established Measures proportion of commmunities that have put in place post Community based survey and Average PW management system in the Program and woreda Quarterly SPSS software will be applied PW & CB Advisors management mechanism at completion (PIM) implementation management procedures and at a minimum includes, documents reviewed kebeles reports/field visits (questionnaires designing, a standing committee, communally agreed by laws and cost recovery/ data analysisand report write or other mechanisms to cover for recureent costs. up by M&E staff)

1.3.12 Percentage of public works reaching satisfactory Measuring the level of satisfaction from the PW intervention and for Community and beneficiary Number of HHs benefited and type of Annual and Midterm Surveys Annual and mid SPSS software will be applied PW & M&E advisors standards and sustainability ratings (PIM) this (Proxy indicator on the Percentage of people benefiting from the based survey; and documents benefit from each type of PW intervention term (questionnaires designing, intervention and type of benefits gained from the PW will be reviewed data analysisand report write measured) up by M&E staff)

1.3.13 Hectares of land put under irrigation as a result of USG Measure size of land in hectares placed under irrigation due specific Community based survey and Number of hectares under irrigation on going monitoring On going Review of report on trend PW Advisor assistance (MISSION) program interventions without which it wiould not have happened. documents reviewed and comparison bases 1.3.14 Number of water points (springs, hand dug wells, A sum total of all water development activities that are completed Woreda and Kebele level Number of water points constructed on going monitoring on going Review of report on trend PW Advisor boreholes, roof water harvesting schemes, cisterns, etc.) using program resources and disaggregated by appropriateness for document review and comparison bases constructed/rehabilitated (MISSION) animal, human use or both. A sum total of all water development activities that are completed Woreda and Kebele level Number of water points constructed on going monitoring on going Review of report on trend PW Advisor 1.3.15 Number of water resources (ponds, birkas, etc.,) using program resources and disaggregated by appropriateness for document review and comparison bases developed/maintained for livestock (MISSION) livestock use. 1.3.16 Cubic meters of degraded gullies rehabilitated due to The physical volume of gabion constructed. The measure is done by Secondary data sources will be Meter Cubed on going monitoring on going SPSS software will be applied NRM Advisor check dam construction (T2FS) length and average cross-sectional area. checked (questionnaires designing, data analysisand report write IR 1.4: Social Service Community Assets Developed Outcome Indicators 1.4.1 On average time of travel to service centers (health post, Measure of reduction in time taken to get access after completion Community based survey will Time in Hours/Average Annual Program Survey/ Annually Trend analysis on community SC internal staff schools, vet post & Market) (T2FS) and commencing of service and indirectly looking the contribution of be deployed Project Activity Proposal report roads rehabilitation and construction. 1.4.2 Percentage of HH in PSNP woredas that report improved Measures of community usage/appreciation of the facilities build, Community based survey will Number reporting positive use/percentage Baseline Survey and Annual start, mid term SPSS software will be applied PW, CB, Gender and M&E access to health posts and primary schools(T2FS) standard government of Ethiopia average time travel to get the be deployed Program Survey and end line, (questionnaires designing advisors service should employed. Annual and report write up by consultant) Output Indicators Count of new schools constructed and existing ones expanded Secondary data sources will be Field Visits/ Project Activity Trend analysis from woreda 1.4.3 Number of public works schools constructed (PIM) beyond 50% of curent capacity. checked number Proposal on going report PW Advisor Count of health posts constructed and existing ones expanded or Secondary data sources will be Field Visits/ Project Activity Trend analysis from woreda 1.4.4 Number of public works health post constructed (PIM) rehabilitated checked number Proposal on going report PW Advisor Count of vet posts constructed and existing ones expanded or Secondary data sources will be Field Visits/ Project Activity Trend analysis from woreda 1.4.5 Number of public works vet post constructed (PIM) rehabilitated checked number Proposal on going report PW Advisor 1.4.6 Kilometers of roads improved or constructed (MISSION) Measures a road that opens up transport from rural spaces where Secondary data sources will be Length (KM) number (drifts) Field Visits/ Project Activity Quarterly and Trend analysis from woreda PW Advisor rural-based production activties such as agriculture are taking place checked, collect perception of Proposal annual survey for report and connects with population centers with market activty. Aroad individuals peopl perception improvement indicates that the intervention siginificantly improved the ease of commercial transport along that road. In general, a road need not necessary be paved with cement or asphalt but should be signifcantly facilitate the transport of gogds compared to the previouse situation without the road or without the road imporvement.

1.4.7 Percentage of public work (schools, clinics and roads) Count of schools and clinics and vet posts that continue to provide that remain in use without requiring no more than routine service 2 years after completion owing to quality of work and/or Woreda line bureau Annually - after maintenance activities envisioned in the project handover sutystained maintenance by community without support by T2FS or Secondary data sources will be reports/field visits / Annual two years of Trend analysis from woreda documentation two years after completion other external party checked Number/Percentage Program Survey completion report PW Advisor

IR 1.5: Community and Government management of PSNP improved Outcome Indicators 1.5.1 Percentage of kebeles that have incorporated Count of kebeles that use PLA to plan. This is defined based on PLA Community based survey and Number/Checklist Annual Survey/Post training Annually Analysis from woreda and CB, PW, NRM & M&E Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) processes for PW concepts and guidelines to be developed by the program. secondary data from woreda follow up kebele based report advisors planning and implementation (T2FS) and Kebeles 1.5.2 Institutional capacity scores (composite indicator that Measure of ability of Kebele taskforces ability to implement and plan Community and Woreda level Number/Checklist/Average Score Annual Survey/Post training Annually Analysis from woreda and CB & ME Advisors looks at kebele FSTF capacity to plan and implement PSNP) PSNP activities, and measures quality of Kebeles annual plan. assessment follow up kebele based report (T2FS) 1.5.3 Percentage of W/KFSTFs that operate PASS and use Count of Kebeles and woredas in which capacity to use PASS is in Survey at woreda and kebele Annual Survey/Post training Annually/On- Review of report on trend client cards successfully (T2FS) place as evidenced by its utilizations level Number/Checklist follow up going and comparison bases CB Advisors 1.5.4 Number of WFSTF reporting presence of (1) PSNP PIM Count of WFSTF with relevant documents and structure. Survey at woreda and kebele Number/Checklist Annual Survey/Post training Annually/On- Review of report on trend CB & ME Advisors training manuals, (2) Woreda contextualized PSNP operating level follow up going and comparison bases procedures (3) WFSTF Organogram and detailed responsibilities for each member (5) Documented PW norms (6) Documented tar (T2FS) 1.5.5 Percentage of trained woreda level trainees that follow A proxy indicator for capacity built at woredas level that measures the Woreda level assessment Number/Checklist Annual Survey/Post training Annually/On- Trend analysis from the CB Advisors through with their action plans within six months of a training level of use of earned knowledge and skills follow up going report (T2FS) 1.5.6 Percentage of PSNP beneficiaries that report satisfaction A proxy indicator for capacity build at woredas level that measures Beneficiary level assessment Number/Checklist Annual Survey Annually SPSS software will be applied CB & ME Advisors with local government performance and service delivery the level of use of earned knowledge and skills and how the use is will be deployed (questionnaires designing, related to PSNP (PIM) perceived by communities- (Composite indicator that looks at data analysisand report write Targeting, location of activities, information dissemination ) up by M&E staff)

Output Indicators 1.5.7 Number of people (men and women) receiving USG The number of individuals participating in learning activties intended Kebele level assessment Number/Checklist on going monitoring on going Trend analysis from the CB, Gender, NRM & M&E supported training in natural resources management and/or for teaching or importing knowledge and information on natural report advisors biodiversity conservation (MISSION) resources management and biodiversity conservation to the participants with designed instractors or lead persons, learning objectives, and outcome conducted fulltime or intermittently. NRM and biodiversity conservation training can consist of transfer of knowledge, skills, or attitudes through structured learning and follw- up activties or through less structured means, to solve problems or fill identified performance gaps. Training can cosist of long-term acadamic degree programs, short- or long-term non-degree techncial courses in acadamic or in other settings, non-acadamic seminars, workshops, on-the-job learning experiances, observational study tours, distance learning exercises or interventions. 1.5.8 Percentage of beneficiaries received all information Measures beneficiaries understanding of PSNP processes. A Beneficiary level assessment Number/Checklist/Average Annual Survey/Post training Annually Trend analysis based on CB & ME Advisors needed to understand how the program works (PIM) beneficiary has the information if - he/she knows 1)- Program will be deployed follow up performances of reports Objective 2:) Targeting Criteria 3:) Ration Size; 4) Planning processes 5:) Safeguards that exist eg Appeals Committee:) 6:) Roles of diferent actors (Government Woreda Kebele NGO) 1.5.9 Percentage of PSNP staff report timely access to key Proxy indicator measure the level of technical understanding on PSNP Woreda level assessment Number/percentage of staff Annual Survey/Post training Annually Trend analysis based on CB & ME Advisors program documents (PIM) staff with regard to the PIM follow up performances of reports 1.5.10 Percentage of PSNP plans fully incorporated in woreda Measure status of woreda plan for its incorporating the PSNP plan Woreda and kebele level Number/percentage of woreda plan Annual survey/assessment Annual Review woreda plan and the CB & ME Advisors development plans (PIM) assessment report composition of reports

1.5.11 Percentage of PSNP committees with Customary Measures inclusion of CI members in committees where at least one Community and Woreda level Number/Average (Committees) Annual Program Survey Annual SPSS software will be applied SC internal staff Institution (CI) membership (e.g. targeting, PW planning, member is included for being a part of a customary system. assessment (questionnaires designing, water committee, etc) data analysisand report write up by M&E staff)

1.5.12 Number woreda/kebele experts who receive trainings Count of all experts who receive various trainings Woreda and kebele level Number on going monitoring on going Trend analysis based on CB & ME Advisors on PSNP management and implementation processes assessment performances of reports (Disaggregated by training activity) (T2FS) 1.5.13 Number of government staff members (men and Count of all experts who receive various trainings and measure the Woreda and kebele level Number on going monitoring on going Trend analysis based on CB, Gender & ME Advisors women)trained by subject and by institutional affiliation to status of knowledge transfer to the community through the assessment performances of reports provide capacity development training and job-embedded measurement of community perception and measuring the quality of coaching for PSNP (T2FS) the report Cross-Cutting Gender Indicators Gender G.1 Percentage of pregnant female participants moved Measures program ability to adjust beneficiaries between Direct Secondary data sources will be Number/Percentage Review of master on going SPSS software will be applied Gender, NRM, PW & M&E between PW and DS according to PIM rules (PIM) Support and Public Works categories and is a proxy for effective checked list/distribution list progress (questionnaires designing, advisors targeting mechanisms monitoring data analysisand report write up by M&E staff)

G.2 Percentage of women participants in program activities as Measures women participation in all project activities. Includes Survey at woreda and kebele Number/Percentage Review of master on going SPSS software will be applied Gender & M&E advisors a proportion of men (T2FS) participation in choice, implementation, post implementation level list/distribution list/ PW lists/ progress (questionnaires designing, management. A woman is said to have participated if she in her own Survey monitoring data analysisand report write perceptions feels that her interests were incoroportated in the choice up by M&E staff) of activities implemented in her kebele.

G.3 Percentage of women in leadership positions in groups Measures women representation in leadership structures in Secondary data sources will be Number/Percentage Review of committee on going Trend analysis from reports Gender & CB Advisors and committees as a proportion of men (T2FS) communities. This will cover, user [water, rangeland etc) commitees, checked memberships and bylaws progress appeals and targeting commitees and KFSTFs in target kebeles monitoring

G.4 Percentage of men who report that family decisions in Proxy indicator measures HH decision making and identifying the type Beneficiary level assessment Number/Percentage Baseline survey and annual start, mid term SPSS software will be applied Gender & M&E advisors program defined categories should be made jointly between of decision made by the spouse independently and jointly with the will be deployed assessment and end line, (questionnaires designing, spouses (e.g. education/health expenditure , marriage, use of husbands Annual data analysisand report write food) (MISSION MODIFIED) up by M&E staff)

G.5 Propertion of female in USG-assisted programs designed Measures women’s access to financial and economic resources Secondary data sources will be Number/Percentage Reviwe program Annualy Trend analysis and excel Gender Livelihood and M&E to increase access to production economic resources (assets, created through the program in propertion to their counterparts of checked documments and annual sheet summary advisors credit or employment) men report Do no Harm DH. 1 Percentage of KFSTFs that integrate Do No Harm in the Measures inclusion of Do No Harm principles in CAP processes. A Community based and Number/Checklist/Percentage Field Visits, Annual Survey/ on going SPSS software will be applied Gender & CB Advisors CAP (T2FS) Kebele is said to have integrated DNH if in planning a minimum three secondary data assessment. Kebele Task Force progress (questionnaires designing, of the following are used in choice of activities. 1- Is the activity monitoring data analysisand report write implemented on contested site (internal to the Kebele)? 2. Is the up by M&E staff) activity likely to result in negative impact on environment (social, economic and natural) ? 3. Are planned the activity likely to cause / exarcerbate existing clan conflicts (internal/external)? 4. Is a clear management process defined/envisioned with responsibilties and user rights clearly documented? DH.2 Number of kebeles with functional CBEW mechanisms Measures information dissemination at Kebele level. Randomly Woreda and kebele level Number Field Visits, Annual Survey/ on going SPSS software will be applied CB & ME Advisors and drought information sharing (T2FS) interviews a number of beneficiaries a Kebele is said to have a assessment; and secondary Kebele Task Force progress (questionnaires designing, functional CBEW if over 67% of interviewed beneficiaries are document reviewed monitoring data analysisand report write informed reguarly from different sources about forecasted rains, up by M&E staff) floods, drought and get information in the event of an outbreak of animal and human disease

Note: 1) All individual level indicators will be disaggregated by sex. 2) All HH level indicators will be disaggregated by male versus female headed HHs. 3) Public works indicators will be modified based on woreda/kebele level planning decisions. Host Country or Countries Awardee Food Aid Program Category Ethiopia Save the Children Federation, Inc. Multi-Year Assistance Program

Award Number Life of Award (mm/yy to mm/yy) FFP Funding Source FFP-A-11-00015 10/11 to 9/16 Development Funding

Submission Date (mm/dd/yy) Submission Type Fiscal Year 11/4/2013 Original 2013

Total Food Aid Monetization Budget Section 202(e) funds ITSH funds Cost Share Other - Specify Commodity ($) ($) ($) ($) (mission, private sector, host government, etc.) Program Element (MT)

Planned for FY13 Planned for FY13 Planned for FY13 Planned for FY13 Planned for FY13 Planned for FY13 Specify

Natural Resources and Biodiversity 0 2,533,432 0 Assistance and Recovery 15,520 0 1,211,229 6,755,050 Strengthen Microenterprise Productivity 0 699,667

Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust (applicable only to those receiving BEHT resources)

TOTAL 15,520 $0 $4,444,328 $6,755,050 $0 $0

Highly Vulnerable Children (HVC) Beneficiary Data Does your program implement activities to benefit highly vulnerable children? (Proposal YES PREP and ARR) All Food for Peace Programs Fiscal Year 2013 Beneficiary Data by Program Elements

Remember: Food aid pograms operating in more than one host country should provide an aggregate total on the Beneficiaries by Sector tab, and then provide totals disaggregated by individual country of operation on the Regional Beneficiaries by Sector tab. The instructions for both tabs are the same.

Host Country or Countries Awardee Food Aid Program Category Ethiopia Save the Children Federation, Inc. Multi-Year Assistance Program

Award Number Life of Award (mm/yy to mm/yy) FFP Funding Source FFP-A-11-00015 10/11 to 9/16 Development Funding

Submission Date (mm/dd/yy) Submission Type Fiscal Year 11/4/2013 Original 2013

FY13 Results Report Data Outyear Estimates Planned Beneficiaries FY13 Reached Beneficiaries FY13 Planned Beneficiaries FY14 Outyear Estimates Program Element FY13 Planned FY14 Planned FY15 Planned FY17 Planned Male Female Male Female FY13 Planned Total Male Female FY16 Planned Total Total Total Total Total Natural Resources and Biodiversity 141,249 86,572 227,821 104,430 102,632 207,062 141,249 86,572 227,821 227,821 227,821 310,805 Social Assistance 100,892 61,837 162,729 87,352 91,713 179,065 100,892 61,837 162,729 162,729 162,729 165,677 Strengthen Microenterprise Productivity 4,212 6,490 10,702 0 0 - 4,212 6,490 10,702 10,702 10,702 9,063 ------Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust (applicable only those food aid programs receiving BEHT resources) ------

Total Direct Beneficiaries 246,353 154,899 401,252 191,782 194,345 386,127 246,353 154,899 401,252 401,252 401,252 485,545

IDP and Refugee Beneficiary Data Name and Contact Information of Individual Completing this Form

Does your food aid program implement activities to benefit IDPs or refugees? No Planned FY13 Reached FY13 Planned FY14 Name: Complete If yes, what was the number of IDP beneficiaries in FY10? Address: If yes, what was the number of refugee beneficiaries in FY10? Phone: Email: Descriptive Baseline Report for Save the Children USA Transformation to Food Security Development Food Aid program (in Borena, Ethiopia)

May 2013

USA/EFO

Study Team: Mulugeta Tefera, Selma Girma, Etsub Haillemichael

Contents Executive Summary ...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5 1.1 Overview of DFAP ...... 5 1.2 Objectives of the Baseline Survey ...... 5 2. Methodology of the Survey ...... 7 2.1 Types of Evaluation Designs ...... 7 2.2 Sampling ...... 7 2.3 Indicators and Questionnaire Design ...... 8 2.4 Data Entry and Analysis ...... 8 2.5 Organization of the Baseline Survey Report ...... 9 2.6 Limitation of the study ...... 9 3. POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ...... 10 3.1 Demographic Structure of Survey Population ...... 10 3.2 Age and Marital Status of Household Heads ...... 10 4. FOOD SECURITY ...... 13 4.1 Number of Months with Adequate Food Provisioning ...... 13 4.2 Food Access (HDDS and HHS) ...... 14 4.3 Household Hunger Scale ...... 15 4.4 Household Food Insecurity Coping Strategy ...... 16 5. HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY ...... 18 5.1 Average Value of Household Asset Holding ...... 18 5.2 Household Consumption Expenditure ...... 19 5.3 Poverty Profile Comparison ...... 22 6. ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION AND DRINKING WATER SOURCES ...... 23 6.1 Improved Sanitation Facilities ...... 23 6.2 Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources ...... 23 7. GENDER AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES ...... 26 7.1 Women’s decisions on purchase and sale of household assets ...... 26 7.2 Female Circumcision ...... 27 7.3 Women’s Decision on Seeking Health Services ...... 29 8. ACCESS TO PSNP AND CREDIT SERVCES ...... 31 8.1 Households Access to PSNP ...... 31 8.2 Persons Living with Disabilities Benefiting from the PSNP ...... 31 8.3 Understanding on Graduation ...... 32

8.4 Access to Credit ...... 33 9. SOCIAL SERVICES ...... 35 9.1 Access to primary schools and health posts ...... 35 9.2 Access to Domestic Water Sources ...... 36 3.1 Improved water sources for livestock ...... 37 10. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN ...... 38 10.1 Introduction ...... 38 10.2 Prevalence of Child Malnutrition ...... 38 10.2.1 Stunting ...... 39 10.2.2 Underweight ...... 40 10.2.3 Wasting ...... 41 11. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE PROGRAM IMPLICATIONS ...... 44 11.1 Household Food Security ...... 44 11.2 Asset Holdings ...... 44 11.3 Household Consumption Expenditure ...... 44 11.4 Gender and Social Perspectives ...... 45 11.5 Access to Social Service ...... 45 11.6 Access to PSNP and Credit Services ...... 45 11.7 Nutritional Status of Children ...... 46 2.11 Annex 1: Indicators of DFAP Ethiopia in the SCUS operation areas...... 48

Tables Table 1: Geographic distribution of sample areas ...... 8 Table 2: Demographic structure of sample households ...... 10 Table 3: Household structure and members’ relation to the household heads (%) ...... 10 Table 4: Age distribution of household heads ...... 11 Table 5: Marital status of household heads ...... 11 Table 6: Educational status of people in the sample households ...... 12 Table 7: Average number of months with enough food per year ...... 13 Table 8: Percentage of households by number of months with enough food in 2012/13 year ... 13 Table 9: Households' consumption of foods (%) ...... 14 Table 10: Average household dietary diversity score ...... 15 Table 11: Percentage of households by HHS ...... 16 Table 12: Frequency of food insecurity coping behaviors ...... 16 Table 13: Mean score per coping strategy index by survey regions ...... 17 Table 14: Percentage distribution of HHs by level of CSI in 2011/12 and by woreda ...... 17 Table 15: Mean asset holding per household (in Birr) ...... 18 Table 16: Percentage of households by reasons for loss of livestock asset ...... 19 Table 17: Annual average per capita expenditure in Birr ...... 20 Table 18: T-test results on mean household expenditure difference by gender ...... 21 Table 19: Annual average per capita per day expenditure (in PPP rates) in USD ...... 21 Table 23: Percentage of people classified as poor based on international and national standards ...... 22

Table 24: Average Income Poverty Gap (in Birr) ...... 22 Table 22: Percentage of households by type of toilet facilities ...... 23 Table 23: Access to improved drinking water sources during dry season, % households ...... 24 Table 24: Access to improved drinking water sources during wet season, % households ...... 25 Table 25: Proportion of currently married women who make decisions independently or jointly on purchase and/or sale of assets ...... 27 Table 26: Proportion circumcised daughters ...... 27 Table 27: Proportion of CMW & MHHs who believe that female circumcision should be stopped ...... 28 Table 28: Responses of women and men on who makes decisions on FGM ...... 28 Table 29: Reasons of parents for perpetrating female circumcision on their children ...... 29 Table 30: Percentage of women reported decision makers on seeking health services for themselves ...... 30 Table 31: Percentage of women reported decision makers on seeking health services for their children ...... 30 Table 32: Percentage of households having access to PSNP ...... 31 Table 33: Percentage of households by period they started PSNP support ...... 31 Table 34: Persons living with disabilities in PSNP households receiving PSNP transfer ...... 32 Table 35: Percentage of households living with persons with disability not receiving PSNP support and the reasons ...... 32 Table 36: Perceptions of PSNP households on graduation (% of households) ...... 33 Table 37: Sources of credit by gender and percentage of household heads ...... 34 Table 38: Mean access to credits per household (Birr) ...... 34 Table 39: Factors constraining access to credit by percentage of households...... 34 Table 40: One-way walking distance of primary schools and health posts from residential places ...... 35 Table 41: One-way walking distance of primary schools and health posts from residential places ...... 36 Table 42: Duration of rainy seasons and access to improved water sources ...... 37 Table 43: Percentage of households by sources of water for livestock ...... 37 Table 44: WHO recommended cut off points for anthropometric data analysis ...... 38 Table 45: Prevalence of chronic malnutrition based on height-for-age z-scores by sex ...... 39 Table 46: Prevalence of underweight based on weight-for-age z-scores by sex ...... 40 Table 47: Prevalence of acute malnutrition based on weight-for-height z-scores by sex ...... 42 Table 48: Percentage distribution of severe and global stunting, underweight and wasting across the different age categories ...... 43 Table 49: WHO recommended classification of severity level of malnutrition on the basis of the percentage prevalence of the three anthropometric indices ...... 43

Figure 1: Seasonality of food supply, % of households with enough food by month ...... 14 Figure 2: Average household dietary diversity score by quartiles ...... 15 Figure 3: Percentage share of food expenditure ...... 21 Figure 4: Percentage of PSNP client heard about graduation ...... 33 Figure 5: Percentage of household heads by access to credit ...... 33 Figure 6: Gaussian curve for Height for Age index of the survey (Red) against WHO’s population standard (Green) ...... 40 Figure 7: Gaussian curve for Weight for Age index of the survey (Red) against WHO’s population standard (Green) ...... 41 Figure 8: Gaussian curve for Weight for Height index of the survey (Red) against WHO’s population standard ...... 42 Figure 9: Percentage prevalence (< -2 Z score) of HAZ, WAZ and WHZ by age category and by sex of children ...... 42

iii

List of Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome CDC Center for Disease Control CMW Currently Married Women CRS Catholic Relief Service CSA Central Statistical Authority CSI Copping Strategy Index DFAP Development Food Aid Program EDHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey ENA Essential Nutrition Action ESDP Education Sector Development Program FANTA Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance FC Female Circumcision FFP Food for Peace FH Food for Hungry GER Gross Enrollment Ratio HDDS Household Dietary Diversity Score HH Household HHS Household Hunger Scale HIV Human Immune Virus IPTT Indicators Performance Tracking Table IR Intermediate Result MHH Male Head of Household MoE Ministry of Education MoH Ministry of Health PPS Probability Proportional to Size PSNP Productive Safety Net Program REST Relief Society of Tigray SCUS Save the Children USA SD Standard Deviation SO Specific Objective SoC Scope of Work SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science T2FS-DFAP Transformation to Food Security -Development Food Aid Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID U.S Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization

Executive Summary

This baseline survey was conducted in woredas four (Dugda Daw, Dhas, Yabellow and Arero) of Borena Zone, Oromia Regions for the Transformation to Food Security - Development Food Aid Program (T2FS-DFAP) in Ethiopia implemented by Save the Children USA (SCUS). The survey in Borena Zone is conducted as a follow-up to DFAP baseline survey conducted in 2012 in SCUS and other four DFAP implementing NGOs. This survey was necessitated to focus only in Borena Zone because USAID provided an additional funding to SCUS to expand the DFAP into three new woredas which were not considered in the first program implementation plan. Therefore, the purpose of this base survey is to collect data and provide values for program impact and outcome indicators in these woredas.

Methodology The study has applied an adequacy evaluation model for its design and implementation. The sampling approach allows comparison of the before and after situations of program impact and outcome indicators. The sample size for the survey was determined based on the target to reduce stunting among under 5 years children by 7.5 percentage point. Cluster sampling approach was used by considering kebeles (sub-districts) as primary sampling units and households as secondary units. A 35X44 or 35 kebeles and 44 households per kebele was the sampling approach. Based on this sample size was determined to be 1,540 households. The final number of interviews conducted is 1,533 (99%), well within the 10% security margin built into the sampling design.

The survey was conducted during a hungry season, February 2013, for program target areas This helped to display to food and livelihood security situation of sample households during food shortage periods.

The indicators applied in the DFAP are multi-sectoral that can be grouped by five thematic areas for the reporting purpose: food security, water, sanitation and hygiene, household economy, and nutrition and health. In addition to the program outcome indicator the survey has collected data on variables that could further explain indicators. This executive summary presents the findings of the survey in relation to the program indicators (Annex 1).

Survey Household Characteristics The total sample households interviewed constitute 10,025 persons. At an average a family has 6.5 persons, About 15.5% of the sample households are functionally led by women. About 20.1% household heads are reported literate. From the total school age children (7-14 years) in the sample households only a quarter (25.6%) are literate. Based on the survey results literacy rate is low (1.3%) both among female household heads and school age girls (19.6%) compared to their male counterparts.

Food security Household dietary diversity score (HDDS), household hunger scale (HHS), food insecurity coping strategy index (CSI), and number of months with adequate food provisioning were the four indicators used for measuring the outcomes of DFAP. The baseline values of these indicators in SCUS operational areas were:  Average HDDS = 4.5

 HHS, percentage of HHs with moderate to severe hunger = 25.3%  Mean household CSI score = 9.16  Average number of months with adequate food provisioning( PSNP and Non- PSNP beneficiaries households) = 3.7 months

In general all these food security indicators show prevalence of food insecurity in the survey area. Although the average HDDS value seems reasonably good, 4.5, about a quarter the population had less than 3 groups of food per day at the time of the survey. Apart from this useful food groups such as vegetables and fruits which are good source of micronutrient and animal protein consumption is very uncommon in Borena. The data also shows higher prevalence of moderate to severe hunger among female headed households (30%) than male headed households (24%).

Access to improved sanitation facilities and drinking water sources DFAP considers improved sanitation and clean drinking water sources as crucial to reducing diseases and improving health, nutrition and style of living of households in the target areas. Based on the findings of the baseline survey only about 1.5% of sample households have access to improved sanitation facilities unshared with neighbors. Likewise 28% and 23% of households reported access to improved drinking water sources during dry and wet seasons, respectively. Mostly households resort to unsafe drinking water sources in wet season than during the dry period because people tend to use seasonal and unprotected water sources like ponds that are readily available nearby their villages.

Household asset holdings The DFAP indicator on household asset is stated as percentage of households whose asset levels are stable or increasing. This indicator is expected to measure asset stability or change over the program life time, i.e. between baseline and final evaluation time. Thus, from the baseline survey we can only tell the average asset holding per household. Based on this, the average value of assets owned currently by households is Birr 43,886. This average asset holding is lower than the level owned a year ago by about 28%. This asset reduction is mainly attributed to forced sell of animals to buy food, and death and slaughtering of animals as a result of drought and livestock disease.

Household consumption expenditure and prevalence of Poverty

In the sample woredas the household consumption expenditure data analysis indicates that average annual total per capita spending to be Birr 5,590. It was Birr 5,863, and 3,987 for MHH and FHH respectively. Based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) multiplier for Ethiopia in 2011, assuming that Birr 11.42 could buy USD 1 consumption items at the international market, the average per capita per day expenditure in the sample area is about USD 1.34. According to international (1.25 USD/day/adult equivalent) and national (10.4 Birr/day/adult equivalent) standards, about 63.1% and 58.3% of the sample population, respectively, live under poverty line. Based on the findings of the survey, the population under poverty line faces an average deficit of Birr 1,509 per adult per year as per the national standard.

Gender and social perspectives Gender and social perspective indicators included in the DFAP mainly focus on decision-making roles of women and men on household assets, female circumcision, and health service seeking. The baseline values of these indicators are as follows. Nearly about 97%, 87% and 88% of 2 currently married women reported that they sell or buy camel, cattle and shoats (sheep and goats) jointly with their husbands respectively. This joint decision make seems high and a favorable environment within families. However, it does not indicate that decision making on cash resources generated from sales of assets to be the same.

Based on the responses from mothers only about 9% of them indicated to have circumcised daughters in their family. About 67% of mothers and fathers of daughters indicated that FC should be stopped. About 41% of fathers of female children reported that mothers made the decisions to circumcise girls without consulting their husbands. About 67% of mothers link female circumcision with religious or ritual requirement while nearly 55% of fathers stated the practices as factor for promotion of girls' marriageability. Unlike the other parts of Ethiopia female circumcision is less spread practice in Borena areas. However, the presence significant proportion of households remained indifferent (18%) or recommended (15%) the continuation of the practice there is a higher attitude for the continuation and expansion of such a practice in the study areas. Therefore, expansion of awareness and promotion campaigns for the abolition of FC through health extension system and community based organizations will remain important.

About two third (66%) and three fourth (75%) of currently married women indicated that they usually make decisions together with their husbands for seeking health services for themselves and their children respectively. About one third (34%) of these women reported that their spouses are the one to decide for them to go to health facilities during illness.

Productive Safety Net and Access to Credit Services

About 23.6% (a quarter) of households in the study area have access to PSNP transfer at the time of this survey. Nearly 3.2% of the sample households who were PSNP clients at some point in the past reported their exclusion from the program due to their graduation and omission during retargeting exercises. About 57% PSNP clients reported that they know about the graduation from PSNP once they are able to meet their household food needs. Almost all households gave their consent to requirement for graduation from PSNP.

From the sample PSNP client households only 19.6% of have access to credit services from MFIs, NGOs or Household Asset Building Program (HABP). The average size of loan per household was Birr 3,546. Majority of PSNP client households could access to credit to engage in asset building or business activities to eventually graduate from PSNP as envisaged in the Ethiopian Food Security Program. About 41.3% and 34.6% of households reported absence of credit providers and lack of confidence to take credit respectively as the key constraints for taking loan.

DFAP, as part of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in Ethiopia, has the strategy to provide direct support for the chronically food insecure people with disabilities. Currently only about 41.4% of persons with disabilities and living in PSNP client households are getting PSNP transfer in the SCUS operational areas.

Social services DFAP has outcome indicators on access to primary schools and health posts as per the government standards, duration of availability of domestic water from improved structures, and percentage of girls attending schools constructed by the program (PSNP). However, according

3 to the government standards access to primary schools and health posts are not measured by distance from service users and percentage of households. Therefore, the values for the indicators on the two social services are just reported by considering the average distance from the sample households. Based on this, the following are calculated as the baseline values of the social service indicators.  Average one-way distance of primary schools (first cycle, grades 1-4) = 2.2 km  Average one-way distance of health posts = 4.4 km  Average months in a calendar year of water availability at improved water structures = 4.53 months  Percentage of households using improved drinking water sources for livestock = 45%

Nutritional status of children

The survey indicated high prevalence of malnutrition in the study areas of Borena Zone. DFAP has three indicators on nutritional status of children. The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting were 37.1%, 20.0% and 5.9% respectively. As has been the case in other areas, stunting (37%) prevails in greater proportion compared to underweight (20%) and wasting (5.9%).

As demonstrated by the results of this study, moderate level of malnutrition is prevalent in the study area in proportion greater than the severe level. Prevalence moderate stunting, moderate underweight and moderate wasting were 18.9%, 14.6% and 3.7% respectively and found to be high. Moderate malnutrition should receive high public health attention not only due to their size but also because of the fact that they remain hidden and largely unrecognized. Moderately affected children appear quit healthy even if their risk of developing sickness is much greater than the well nourished children. It is important to take appropriate actions before the situation of children with moderate level of malnutrition deteriorates to severe level

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of DFAP

Save the Children USA (SCUS) Development Food Aid Program (DFAP) is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development/Food for Peace (USAID/FFP). It will cover approximately the period between October 2011 and September 2016 with a final goal of “Chronic Food Insecurity of 112,688 PSNP beneficiaries in eight woredas of Somali (4) and Oromia (4) regional States Reduced.” This program is designed with a specific objective (SO) of “Community and Household Resilience to Stress Periods Improved.” Moreover, as it is indicated in the performance indicators tracking table (IPTT) the program has the following intermediate results (IR) to indicate its outcomes in relation with the SO:

IR 1.1: Timeliness, appropriateness and predictability of food transfers improved; IR 1.2: Depletion of productive assets reduced; IR 1.3: Natural resource assets and their management improved; IR 1.4: Social service community assets developed; and IR 1.5: Community and government management of PSNP improved. IR 1.6: Women empowerments

The baseline survey is designed to collect data on the indicators for the above SO and IRs. The survey results show the current status of communities and households in relation with identified indicators, and will help to measure changes during future monitoring and evaluation undertakings.

This baseline survey is an extension of a similar survey conducted in five woredas of Somali (4) and Oromia (1) regions respectively in February 2012. The same year, after conducting the first baseline survey SCUS got additional findings from USAID/FFP to expand DFAP into three additional lowland woredas of Borena Zone in Oromia Regional State. Based on this SCUS took initiative to carry out this new baseline survey in the three additional woredas and another woreda which was part of DFAP as of 2011. These four Borana woredas are Arrero, Dhas, Dugda Dawa and Yabello.

1.2 Objectives of the Baseline Survey

The DFAP baseline survey was originally designed not only for SCUS operational areas but also for other three DFAP Awardees, namely CRS, FH and REST, operating in the highland areas of Oromia, Amhara and Tigray regions, respectively. The baseline survey for these organizations was jointly organized in 2012 in terms of indicator selection and methodological approach. Two separate reports were prepared from the survey conducted in 2012 - one for SCUS and another for all DFAP awardees. The first report was prepared separately to show the peculiar nature of lowland areas where SCUS works without mixing the survey results with the highland areas.

The joint baseline survey had a common objective for the four Awardees. This common objective was to generate statistically valid information that would serve as the bases for

5 comparison with the same type of information collected during the final evaluation. In addition, the scope of the joint baseline survey had defined the following specific objectives:

 Determine the baseline values of key impact and outcome level indicators for the four awardees;  Collect data compatible with the final evaluation and which enable to determine the level of changes on impact and outcome indicators between baseline and final evaluation;  Collect data that will allow for bivariate and multivariate analysis required for FFP indicators; and  Help establish annual and end-line targets for those indicators, as applicable.

The current baseline survey, maintained the abovementioned common and specific objectives by focusing only in four SCUS operational woredas of Borena Zone, Oromia Regional State.

2. Methodology of the Survey 2.1 Types of Evaluation Designs

Three main types of designs may be used in pre/post -evaluation studies: Adequacy (Simple before/after comparisons); Plausibility (Before/after comparisons with controls) and Probability (Causal analysis of before/after differences) [Habicht and Victora, 1999]. The consultations between the Awardees and Dadimos on the Scope of Work (SoW) for this assignment has led to the selection of an “adequacy” evaluative model in which outcome data are collected before the program or during this baseline survey to be compared with the data to be collected after the program during the end line survey.

2.2 Sampling

The baseline survey sampling strategy is a two-stage sampling in which the primary units (clusters) are kebeles selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), and the secondary units which are households selected using systematic random sampling technique from the sample kebeles. The household sample size determination per awardee (program unit) was jointly made by the four DFAP implementing agencies in 2012 on the basis of prevalence of child stunting as an outcome indicator of the DFAP. Based on the SoW for the 2012 baseline survey which outlined the sampling methodology and sample size determination, with the exception of exclusive breast-feeding, the sample size required to measure the expected change in stunting satisfies the sampling requirements for all other indicators that allow detection of planned changes at awardee level (See Annex 5 for the SoW). The current survey in Borena woredas also followed the 2012 SoW by treating these implementation woredas as single program unit.

Based on this sampling strategy, a total of 1,540 households, including 10% additional households to account for attritions and non-response cases were included per program unit1. The SoW also suggested 35 clusters (kebeles) that made the sample to be 35X44 by considering 44 households per cluster. Using PPS method this sample size is distributed in the five woredas as presented in the table below.

The primary sampling units (kebeles) were selected by Dadimos from the data provided by each SCUS before the beginning of the fieldwork. The secondary sampling units (households) were identified by field supervisors using a random number table and cluster specific sample interval from the list of households made available by kebele offices and SCUS staff.

1 n = D [(Za + Zb)2 * (P1 (1 - P1) + P2 (1 - P2)) /(P2 - P1)2] where n = minimum sample size of each program unit; D = design effect for cluster designs (it assume an implicit value of D = 2); P1 = the level of the indicator when measured as a proportion at the time of baseline (which is this case is 44.03% as taken from the previous Title II program evaluation result); P2 = the expected level of the indicator at end of the current DFAP which is 35.6%, by targeting the size of change to be 7.5%; Za = the Z-score corresponding to the degree of confidence desired in order to conclude that a change of the size (P2 - P1) is not due to chance (a – statistical significance level of .95 gives Za=1.645); and Zb = the Z-score corresponding to the degree of confidence desired in order to detect with certainty a change of the size (P2 - P1), if such a change has effectively taken place (b –statistical power equals .8 gives Zb=.84). Then this result was inflated by 10% to compensate for missing and non-response cases. This makes the total number of children to be 1050. In addition, considering the proportion of under five children to be 15.8% from five persons per household the total sample size per Awardee is estimated at 1,540.

Table 1: Geographic distribution of sample areas Number of sample Number of HHs Woreda kebeles interviewed Arero 6 264 Dhas 4 176 Dugda Dawa 14 616 Yabelo 11 484 Total 35 1,540

2.3 Indicators and Questionnaire Design

One particular feature of this survey is that it was jointly undertaken by four different development organizations known as Awardees. Since not all parties have the same data needs, between-program differences were accommodated by designing the survey questionnaire in a modular form so that each Awardee could select and implement the set of modules that would best suit its particular needs. To this end, list of indicators were prepared by awardees indicating for which organizations each indicator is applying. From the total 34 list of indicators, 20 were applicable for SCUS (Annex 1).

The survey questionnaire is designed mainly using Food for Peace (FFP) Standard Indicators Methodology Guide (2011). The questions and indicator formulation methods for 18 indicators out of 34 were taken from this guide. The rest of the indicators were either prepared by the Dadimos or taken from other widely recognized and tested instruments developed by FANTA and others. Please see Annex 2 for the household questionnaire applied for the baseline survey.

2.4 Data Entry and Analysis

The raw data was entered into a computerized database system using the CSPro 4.0 program specifically designed for the same survey in 2012. As part of the data quality control mechanism, a portion (10%) of the data was entered using a double entry protocol. In addition, random visual comparisons between the original forms and the computer database were performed after the data was entered on the data that had not been double entered.

Three statistical software systems were used for data analysis purpose. Once all the data entry and cleaning were completed, the data was then exported to SPSS (v20.0) for analysis. Further data cleaning was made using SPSS by looking into frequency distributions and cross tabulations to identify outlier cases. The ENA for SMART (Nutrisurvey) software was used to derive the Z-scores2 that were used to compare each child’s anthropometric measurements to the CDC/NCHS/WHO reference standards. In addition DASP, an add-on to STATA software was applied to undertake poverty analysis from consumption expenditure data.

2 The Z-score is defined as the deviation of the value of an individual child from the median value of the reference population, divided by the standard deviation for the reference population (CDC, 1978).

2.5 Organization of the Baseline Survey Report

The survey report is organized into nine chapters. Chapter One gives background information on the objectives, scope and organization of the baseline survey as well as the methodological approach and organization of the survey. The second chapter presents socio-demographic characteristics of the households covered by this survey. Chapter Three reports the food security situation of sample households at the time of this survey or at the start of DFAP. Chapter Four provides information on program indicators related to household asset holding, productivity of staple food crops and household consumption expenditure. Likewise, Chapter Five continues explaining the results of the survey on water, hygiene and sanitation facilities and behaviors of the sample households. Chapter Six examines gender social perspectives related to decision-making roles of women and men, domestic violence, gender preference for sending children to school, female circumcision and access to PSNP transfer by people living with disabilities. Chapter Seven discusses indicators related to social services including primary schools, health posts and water supply for domestic purposes and livestock. Chapter Eight is devoted to the analyses of nutritional status of under five children, child feeding practices, childhood diarrhea and antenatal care. Chapter Nine reports on multivariate analyses factors that affect child malnutrition. Finally Chapter Ten provides conclusions and key recommendations for future programming.

2.6 Limitation of the study

The baseline survey is designed to collect report data mainly related to the project indicators. This means we have not followed a well defined framework to help us undertake a multivariate analysis on factor affecting the program outcome, i.e., malnutrition. The result of multivariate analysis using the data collected for this baseline survey could not explain factors malnutrition statistically in a satisfactory way.

The sample size for this survey is determined at program level (for Borena Zone woredas). However, based demand from SCUS we have reported the survey data disaggregated by woreda. This woreda disaggregated data can be used for program planning purpose mainly to plan project activities depending local situations. As it can be seen from this report some woredas have better access to some services than others with the sample frame. Based on this SCUS management staff make decision what level of effort or resources should go to specific woreda based on the local situations explained by the baseline survey complemented by additional local level participatory assessment. The baseline data as disaggregated by woreda cannot be used for comparison with end line data for evaluation purpose.

3. POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Demographic Structure of Survey Population

The baseline survey is conducted in 1,540 sample households.. In total, about 84.5 of total sample households are led by male and the remaining 15.5% by female (Table 2). As the table below shows Dhas Woreda has the highest (31.6%) proportion of female headed households while Dugda Dawa constitutes the lowest (6.5%).

The survey data reveal that the male-female ratio of the people in the sample households is almost proportional, constituting 50.4% males and 49.6% females. As indicated in Table 2, at an average the family size in the sample areas is about 6.5 persons per household, which is relatively higher in these lowland areas when compared to the national average rural family size of 4.9 persons according to the 2007 census report of the Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency (CSA). As commonly expected in rural areas, households are largely formed from nucleus family members constituting household heads (15.1%), spouses (12.9%) and sons or daughters (63.9%). Unlike the other lowland areas polygamous households are not come and only 18 cases (0.2%) of households reported this. (See Table 3)

Table 2: Demographic structure of sample households Population unit D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total N=616 HHs N=176 HHs N=484 HHs N=264 HHs N=1540 HHs N=4781 N=942 N=2686 N=1616 N=10025 persons persons persons persons persons Sex of HH members Male Female male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Household heads (%) 93.5 6.5 68.4 31.6 78.7 21.3 77.3 22.7 84.5 15.5 Member of HHs (%) 51.6 48.4 47.2 52.8 49.9 50.1 49.9 5010.0 50.4 49.6 Mean HH size (#) 7.8 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.5

Table 3: Household structure and members’ relation to the household heads (%) Relationship to head Proportion by gender Both Cumulative Male Female Head of household 84.5 15.4 15.1 15.1 1st wife 100 12.9 28.0 2nd, or 3rd …. wife 100 .2 28.2 Son or daughter 53.1 46.9 63.9 92.1 Son/daughter in-law 40.5 .59.5 .4 92.5 Grandson/daughter 49.8 50.2 2.6 95.2 Mother or father 20.4 79.6 .5 95.7 Father/mother in-law 60.0 40.0 .0 95.7 Brother or sister 56.6 43.4 1.0 96.7 Other relatives 32.6 67.4 1.9 98.6 Adopted child, custody 36.5 63.5 1.1 99.8

3.2 Age and Marital Status of Household Heads

The mean age of a household head in the survey area is 45 years. The age of female household heads in higher (52) as compared to male household heads (44) mainly because they lose their husbands to death, divorce or separation at some point and remain single afterwards. As the age distribution table below indicates the majority of household heads (a little

10 below one-third) are between 35 and 44 years old. In general, there are no child household heads with age below 18 years. In this survey we only came across two households being led by a 13 and 15- year-old children.

Table 4: Age distribution of household heads D/Dawa Dhas Yabella Arero Male Female ToTal Age <=24 3.4% 3.4% 7.2% 4.6% 2.1% 4.3% 3.4% group 25-34 28.6% 22.4% 23.1% 26.4% 13.6% 24.4% 28.6% 35-44 28.6% 16.6% 23.5% 24.4% 17.0% 23.3% 28.6% 45-54 14.9% 14.9% 21.6% 18.7% 22.6% 19.3% 14.9% 55-64 10.3% 18.4% 14.0% 13.7% 15.3% 14.0% 10.3% >64 14.3% 24.3% 10.6% 12.2% 29.4% 14.8% 14.3% Mean age in years 43..0 43.6 49.7 43.4 44.0 52.2 45.2

Over fourth in five (82.8%) of household heads are married while the remaining 1.6%% and 14.9% are divorced/separated and widowed respectively (Table 5). Very few household heads (0.7%) are single. Large portion of female households are divorced/separated (38.6%) and widowed (91.6%).

Table 5: Marital status of household heads Status D/Dawa Dhas YabelloArero Male Female Total Married 92.8% 64.6% 75.0% 86.5% 98.1% 82.8% Single 0.5% 2.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% Divorced or separated 1.0% 4.0% 1.9% 0.8% 0.5% 7.6% 1.6% Widowed 5.7% 29.1% 22.7% 12.4% 0.7% 91.6% 14.9%

Educational status of members of sample households is analyzed and reported in Table 6. The table shows that one-fives (20.1%) of household heads are literate and able to read and write in any language. Household heads literacy rate is higher in Dugda Dawa (29.0%) and lowest 6.9% in Dhas woredas. Literacy rate among school age children, 7-14 years old, in the sample woredas was found to be about 25.6%. This means only one in five school age children are not able to read and write. When these data are examined by woredas, the literate school-age children in Dhas is low (14.9%) as compared to Dugrda Dawa (40.9%). According to the survey findings about 67.5% and 21% of school age children have been literate by attending in first cycle primary schools and religious/traditional schools, respectively. The lower rate of literacy and school attendance among school age children entails to focus to be give for supporting the expansion of primary school in Borena woredas. Particularly the public work component of PSNP (or DFAP) should give due consideration to this local need.

Table 6: Educational status of people in the sample households Education D/ Dhas Yabello Arero Sex Dawa Male Female Total Education of all HH heads Literate 29 6.9 10.4 26.0 23.5 1.3 20.1 Highest Church/mosque school/traditional 51.9 0 6.0 7.3 6.1 7.2 grade First cycle primary (1st grade to 4th grade) 39.8 18.2 11.0 22.4 29.7 6.1 27.6 Completed Second cycle primary (5th to 8th grade) 40.3 45.5 22.0 24.7 34.3 9.1 32.1 Secondary level education ( 9th to 10th grade) 6.6 27.3 9.0 3.5 7.8 7.2 Above 10th grade 5.5 9.1 52.0 41.2 20.9 78.8 26.0 Education of all HH members, 7 years old and above Literate 40.9 14.9 20.9 30.8 31.5 19.6 25.6 Church/mosque school/traditional .5 .0 2.1 4.7 1.0 17.1 1.4 First cycle primary (1st grade to 4th grade) 82.3 73.5 75.0 76.5 82.8 .3 79.4 Second cycle primary (5th to 8th grade) 13.1 23.5 15.7 14.1 11.6 4.6 14.4 Secondary level education ( 9th to 10th grade) .0 .0 .7 1.2 .3 1.8 .3 Above 10th grade 4.0 2.9 6.4 3.5 4.3 76.2 4.4 Education of all HH members 7-14 years old Literate 27.9 12.3 19.3 21.5 22.9 23.3 23.1 Church/mosque school/traditional .5 0 2.1 4.7 1.0 1.8 1.4 Highest First cycle primary (1st to 4th grade) 82.3 73.5 75.0 76.5 82.8 76.2 79.4 grade Second cycle primary (5th to 8th grade) 13.1 23.5 15.7 14.1 11.6 17.1 14.4 completed Secondary level education ( 9th to 10th grade) .0 0.7 1.2 .3 .3 .3 Above 10th grade 4.0 2.9 6.4 3.5 4.3 4.6 4.4

4. FOOD SECURITY

4.1 Number of Months with Adequate Food Provisioning

This section discusses the adequacy of food access at household level in survey areas during the last one year, i.e. from February 2012 to January 2013. The sample households were asked whether they had enough food to cover their needs on a month by month basis during the reference period. The summary of their responses in terms of number of months with adequate food supply is presented in Table 7. Based Table 7: Average number of months with on this, households in the sample Borena enough food per year woredas had enough food for about three Woredas MHH FHH Total and half months (3.68) per year. This means at an average households faced food D/Dawa 3.31 3.53 3.32 C.I.(3.12-3.5) shortages for about 8 months per year. Dhas 4.84 4.53 4.74 C.I.(4.4-5) Regionally, households had two and four months of enough food to cover their needs Yabello 3.42 2.97 3.33 c.I(2.9-3.6) in Oromia and Somali, respectively, in the Arero 4.40 4.00 4.36 C.I(4.2-4.5) reference one year period. Average number of months with enough food Total 3.68 3.65 3.68 c.I(3.5-3.8)

As the household food access situation presented in Table 8 indicates only a few (2.8%) households had enough food to eat at all times during last year. About 15.6% of the sample households reported to have insufficient food all throughout the year. Although almost all households reported food shortage all through the year as indicated in Figure 1 below relatively the time from April to August can be regarded as a better period in which over 40% of the population have access to adequate food for household consumption.

Table 8: Percentage of households by number of months with enough food in 2012/13 year Number of months D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total Cumulative 12 months .7 0 9.0 0 2.8 2.8 11 months .2 0 0 0 .1 2.9 10 months .2 .6 1.0 0 .4 3.3 9 months .2 7.5 1.7 1.2 1.7 5.0 8 months .5 9.2 1.7 0 1.8 6.8 7 months 2.0 6.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 10.1 6 months 4.1 11.0 5.7 7.4 6.0 16.1 5 months 11.3 6.9 10.2 48.4 17.1 33.2 4 months 24.8 16.8 8.2 13.6 17.2 50.4 3 months 27.0 30.6 8.5 11.2 19.4 69.8 2 months 17.1 9.8 3.0 11.2 11.2 81.0 1 month 5.6 2.5 2.7 3.6 84.6 0 month 6.5 .6 44.6 .8 15.4 100.0

D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total

100 90 80 70 60 HH 50 of

% 40 30 20 10 0

Figure 1: Seasonality of food supply, % of households with enough food by month

4.2 Food Access (HDDS and HHS)

Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) is the sum of food groups consumed by households within 24 hours prior to the interview. According to FFP Standard Indicators Methodology Guide issued in 2011, HDDS is considered as a proxy indicator of household socio-economic status. It is also seen as important indicator of food access at household level calculated from the number of food groups consumed by households.

The dietary diversity indicator uses 24 hours recall on consumption of food Table 9: Households' consumption of foods (%) from twelve food groups that are Food group D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total recommended as being important Cereals 95.6 98.8 99.495.8 97.2 contributors to the nutritional quality of a diet. The food groups included in the Root crops 52.2 5.2 12.1 9.9 27.1 dietary diversity score of this baseline Vegetables 33.5 1.1 14.39.2 18.8 study were cereals, roots and tubers, Fruits 6.8 .6 6.7.4 4.5 pulses/legumes/nuts, vegetables, milk Meat/ poultry 10.3 5.2 4 5.4 6.8 and milk products, fruits, fish, meat and poultry, sugar/honey, eggs and others Eggs 3.7 2.9 3.42.7 3.3 miscellaneous foods. Foods consumed Fish 0.0 0.0 2.8 .7 by the respondent households during Milk and milk products 76.1 95.4 74.7 87.7 80.4 the 24 hours preceding the survey are Pulses/legumes/nuts 8.5 14.9 11.9 34.4 16.1 presented in Table 9. Almost all Oil/fat 69.0 34.5 32.986.1 59.1 households (97.2%) reported the consumption of cereals, followed by Sugar/honey 61.7 90.8 90.693.8 80.4 coffee and tea (80.4%). Then cereals, Miscellaneous 91.7 86.2 96.2 97.7 93.5 milk /milk products as well as (coffee or tea) sugar/honey were part of the diet for about 80.4% households. Consumption animal and plant sources of protein, fruits and vegetables are very low in the survey areas (Table 10).

Average dietary diversity score (HDDS) is a standard indicator for measuring the outcome of DFAP in terms of measuring changes in household access to food over the program life time. This indicator shows over all nutritional adequacy at hoousehold leveel. Some level of increase in household dietary diversity reflects an improvement in the household diet (Marie, 2002). However, the dietary diversity score does not indicate the amount of food consumed. Studies have shown that the overall nutritional quality of the diet improves with increasing number of food items and food groups consumed.

As the survey data summarized in Table 8 below indicate, the average HDDS in sample woredas is estimated at 4.5. This means at an average houuseholds have reported the consumption of four to five food groups within the 24 hours recall during the survey season, which is commonly characterized as dry and hungry season3 of the year. There is no significant difference in the average HDDS between male and female headed hhouseholds.

Table 10: Average household dietary diversity score Gender of D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total HH Head MHH 4.5 4.4 4.2 5.2 4.6 FHH 3.7 4.2 4.0 5.0 4.2 Both 4.5 4.4 4.2 5.2 4.5

Analysis of HDDS data by quartile of the sample population shows about 25% (first quartile) of households consumed 3 food groups per day. This group households are characterized by low level of Figure 2: Average household dietary diversity HHDS (Figure 2). score by quartiles 4.3 Household Hunger Scale

Household Hunger Scale (HHS) is the second important indicator applied in DFAP to measure access to food at household level. It measures the percentage of households with moderate or severe hunger. This indicator is based on three variables showing the food access situation of households throughout the four weeks prior to the interview date. These variables are posed to the respondents as follows:

i) In the past [4 weeks/30 days] was there ever no food to eat of any kind in your house because of lack of resources to get food? ii) In the past [4 weeks/30 days] did you or any household member go to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food? iii) In the past [4 weeks/30 days] did you or any household member go a whole day and night without eating anything at all because there was not enough food?

The detailed analysis methodology for HHS as an outcome indicator is done on the basis of FFP Standard Indicators Methodology Guide (2011). The findings of the baseline survey data analysis presented in Table 11 show that about a quarter (25.3%) of households lived in moderate or severe hunger during the survey season. The hunger level was also high among

3 The survey was conducted from February 7 to 26, 2012. 15 female headed households in which about 30.4% were moderately or severely hungry as compared to 24.3% in the case of male headed households. Likewise, the result of the survey indicates that food insecurity is more rampant in the Arero where about half (49.8%) households extant under moderate to severe hunger in this season.

Table 11: Percentage of households by HHS Hunger Scale D/ Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total n = (473) n=( 170) n = (321) n=( 257) n =(1221) Little to no hunger 22.4% 48.8% 18.4% 16.7% 23.8% Moderate hunger 12.1% 20.0% 25.2% 47.1% 24.0% Severe hunger 1.5% 0 .6% 2.7% 1.3%

Indicator value: MHH 37.8% 7.8% 24.7% 15.2% 24.3% Percentage of HHs FHH 2.6% 3.6% 6.7% 1.7% 30.4% with moderate to Both 13.5% 20.0% 25.9% 49.8% 25.3% severe hunger

4.4 Household Food Insecurity Coping Strategy

The concept of coping strategy is defined as the behaviors that households revert to when food is in short supply to meet their needs during the food shortage period. In this survey, we applied the coping strategies index (CSI) field manual developed by Daniel Maxwell and Richard Caldwell in 2008. This field manual suggests two types of approaches for computing CSI, depending on the socio-cultural and economic scope of a study area. The first approach is called Original (Context-Specific) CSI while the second is known as Comparative (Reduced) CSI. The original (context-specific) CSI can be created using location-specific behaviors to generate location or group-specific food insecurity severity scores. The comparative (reduced) CSI is developed to compare food security situation across different contexts. This baseline survey used the second method as the socio-cultural and economic conditions that determine the coping behaviors of households in program areas, at country level in Ethiopia, are diverse.

Table 12: Frequency of food insecurity coping behaviors Coping strategies At least one 1 2-3 4-6 Never Daily in a week day/week days/week days/week Eating less-preferred foods 26.8 73.2 10.2 12.3 3.6 .7 Reducing number of meals per day 48.9 51.1 15.5 22.4 6.1 .3 Borrowing food/money from friends 53.0 47.0 24.0 24. 4.2 5.4 and relatives Limiting adult intake 53.3 46.7 13.6 18.4 9.2 2.1 Limiting portions at mealtime 60.1 39.9 12.8 31.4 10.5 4.9

In this respect, the sample households were asked to report on what coping strategies they used during the past 7 days (prior to the interview) and if there have been shortages of food or money to buy food. Five coping strategies, including relying on less preferred foods, reducing the number of meals eaten per day, restricting consumption of adults so as children can eat normally, borrowing food/money from friends and relatives, and limiting portions at mealtime were considered in this survey. The summary of the responses from the sample households on

16 how often they practiced each coping strategy during the 7 days recall period are reported in Table 12, above.

As reported in Table 10, above, over half of the households (60.1%) responded that they limited portions at meal time at least once in a week during the last 7 days. About half of the households (53%) limited adult intake at least once per week so as can eat normally, while the same proportion of the households borrowed food or money to feed the family. The same time a quarter of the households (26.8%) resorted to eating less-preferred foods.

Average coping strategy index (CSI) is considered as an outcome indicator for DFAP. First we multiplied the frequency of weekly occurrence of each of the five coping strategy at household level by their weights (given below Table 13). By adding up these products a CSI score was computed for each household in the sample. Based on this, the average CSI score of all households in our sample during the reference period (within 7 days prior to the interview) was estimated at 9.16 and it was 9.14 for MHHs and 6.26for FHHs. The average CSI score among FHHs is significantly higher in contrast with the case in MHHs. Geographically, the highest CSI scores were reported in Arero Woreda (14.04) as compared to Yabelow (5.72).

Table 13: Mean score per coping strategy index by survey regions Coping Strategies D/ Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total (n=610) (n=173) (n=474) (n=255) (n=1512) a) Eating less-preferred foods 1.49 1.98 1.37 3.44 2.05 b) Borrowing food/money from 4.70 3.43 2.51 5.75 4.14 friends and relatives c) Limiting portions at mealtime .57 .48 .19 1.15 .61 d) Limiting adult intake 1.26 1.17 .88 1.86 1.30 e) Reducing the number of meals 2.36 1.29 1.10 2.07 1.73 per day Mean of coping strategy index scores MHH 8.68 8.12 5.98 13.54 9.14 FHH 11.05 9.07 4.68 18.38 9.26 Both 8.84 8.42 5.72 14.04 9.16 C.I.(7.7-10) C.I.( 7.3-9.3) C.I.(4.7-6.6) C.I.(12.5-15.7) C.I.(8.54-9.8) Note: The following universal severity weights were applied: a = 1, b =2, c =1, d =3 and e = 1

In order to help the implementing agency plan for change in CSI targets we have presented percentage distribution of sample households by level of severity of CSI in Table 14. Based on our own categorization of CSI scores by severity level, 8.7% of households have high CSI score which implies the severity food insecurity at the time of this survey. Particularly, more severe food insecurity is prevalent in Arero woredas in which about 20.0% of households fall under high CSI score compared to almost none in Dhas.

Table 14: Percentage distribution of HHs by level of CSI in 2011/12 and by woreda CSI Level D/ Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total (n=610) (n=173) (n=474) (n=255) (n=1512) Low CSI 48.6% 30.7% 61.2% 29.2% 44.2% Moderate CSI 42.9% 69.1% 36.3% 50.8% 47.1% High CSI 8.5% .2% 2.5% 20.0% 8.7% Low CSI = Below 5 CSI score; Moderate CSI = 6 - 25 CSI score; and High CSI = Over 25 CSI score

5. HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 5.1 Average Value of Household Asset Holding

DFAP, as one of its indicators, uses “percentage of households whose asset levels are stable or increasing”. This indicator can be calculated by tacking change in asset values owned by households during the baseline survey and final evaluation. As this is the time for baseline survey, however, it is not possible to provide percentage of households with stable or increased asset levels. Therefore, the current mean value of asset ownership should be seen as a baseline and the indicator value to be calculated at the end of the program by comparing mean asset holding through conducting the final evaluation among the same households interviewed during the baseline survey.

According to the survey data, the total asset value owned per household for the surveyed areas at the time of this survey was Birr40,206. The most important asset holding of the sample households reported is livestock, which accounts for 97% of the total asset value followed by consumer goods (1.7%). The result of the survey also shows that the total asset value owned per household in Dhas Woreda is Birr 49,841 while it is Birr 32,650 in Dugda Dawa (Table 15). This indicates that households in Somali region are relatively better off than their counterparts in Oromia region.

Table 15: Mean asset holding per household (in Birr) Asset category4 D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Percent Period Total age Livestock 30,746 48,841 41,652 46,748 38,985 97.0% Productive Asset 582 108 223 189 348 0.9% Household goods 338 74 128 40 191 0.5% Consumer goods 985 512 425 562 682 1.7% Total 32,650 49,536 42,429 47,540 40,206 100% Currently C.I (30,320- (43,269- (36,846- (39,276- (37,734- (2012) 35,514) 56,369) 47,837) 55,445) 42,886) Livestock 35,451 55,402 46,977 90,933 55,402 99.0% Productive asset 586 111 231 157 111 0.2% Household goods 324 30 104 36 30 0.1% Consumer goods 956 393 430 775 393 0.7% A year ago Total 37,317 55,936 47,742 91,902 55,936 100% Percentag Livestock -13.3% -11.8% -11.3% -48.6% -29.6% e change Total -12.5% -11.4% -11.1% -48.3% -28.1% in asset value over a year

The direction of the national Food Program in Ethiopia is to stabilize and increase the value of households’ asset over time. The survey attempted to compare values of household asset holdings at the time of the survey period and a year ago. The mean asset value owned per household was found to be Birr 40,206 during the survey time (2013) and Birr 55,402 a year ago

4 Please refer to Annex 2 for the details on the types of household assets 18

(2012). Surprisingly, the trend of asset value indicates a reduction by 28.1% (Birr 15,731) per household. The reduction in mean household asset was mainly due to reduction in value of livestock asset ownership. As indicated in Table 16, the mean livestock asset holding per household has shown a reduction by 30% over one year period. The higher mean asset value reduction is observed in Arero (by 48%) as compared to other woredas.

Table 16: Percentage of households by reasons for loss of livestock asset Livestock type Cattle Shoats Equines Camel Poultry N = 1112 921 56 167 275 We were forced to sell animals to buy food 50.8% 62.3% 42.9% 45.5% 25.1% Livestock died or was slaughtered 31.0% 39.7% 28.6% 27.5% 68.0% We sold the animal for another family reasons 7.6% 10.1% 3.6% 7.8% 4.4% We were forced to sell the asset to pay for health expenses 4.7% 3.3% 1.8% 1.2% 1.1% The asset was stolen 3.7% 4.7% 14.3% 18.6% .4% We were forced to sell the asset to pay for education expenses 3.6% 2.2% 5.4% 1.2% 1.8% We used the asset in a social occasion 3.1% 1.5% 1.8% 0.0% .4% We had to sell the asset to meet social obligations, e.g. wedding 2.1% .2% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% Livestock was sold as an income-generating activity 2.0% .3% 1.8% 1.2% .4% Livestock reproduced 1.6% .4% 0.0% 1.2% 1.1% Other (specify) 1.4% 1.1% 3.6% 1.2% 2.2% We were forced to exchange the asset for food .7% .3% 1.8% 0.0% .4% We bought this asset .4% .7% 0.0% 1.2% .7% Someone gave us this asset for free .1% .2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Note: The sum of percentages across column are be greater than 100% because some households might have lost the asset due to multiple reasons.

Sample households were further asked the reasons for the reduction of livestock asset and the summary of household responses are presented in Table 16. Based on this forced sell and death of animals were found to be the top two reasons for the loss of livestock asset. About 50,8%, 62,3%, and 45,5% of households reported the loss of cattle, shoats and camel, economically the most important livestock, respectively, due to forced sell to buy food. Similarly death or slaughtering animals due to droughts and livestock diseases was stated by about 31%, 39.7%, and 27.5% of households for the lost cattle, shoats and camel respectively. Therefore, addressing these pair of issues has significant value in stabilizing or increasing household asset in Borena lowland area dominated by livestock economy. For proper action planning it is vital to undertake a qualitative investigation to fully understand the causes for these household asset destabilizing phenomena.

5.2 Household Consumption Expenditure

Household income or consumption expenditure data have been used as a means to compare the welfare level among households. However, in developing countries consumption is typically preferred over income as it better captures the welfare level of households. This is mainly due to the fact that households are likely to under report their income level more than they do their consumption level (Ravalion, 1992). Hence, consumption expenditure is used in this survey as a welfare indictor, and measured as the sum of total food consumption and non-food expenses.

To estimate total food consumption, the survey respondents were asked a series of questions on how much the household has consumed out of 56 food items over the past seven days. For each of the food items, each respondent was asked to state how much of the item consumed at household level. Hence, food consumption expenditure is constructed through aggregating own production, purchase from the market, food items received as a gift or remittance from other sources. It also included the estimated value of all meals eaten away from the home by all household members over the past seven days. To reduce the effect of local price variations and biases by respondent households, a kebele level median price of each food item was used to calculate the value each food item consumed.

In addition to food, other basic non-food consumption expenditure such as fuel, clothing, schooling, health, cleaning items, shelter and several miscellaneous items needed to ensure basic personal needs were also estimated. The respondent stated how much was spent during the last month or year on the item, depending on the typical frequency of purchase. Moreover, estimated use-value or an actual or imputed rental value was used for consumer durable goods such as house.

According to the survey, the average per capita Table 17: Annual average per capita expenditure in Birr consumption spending per Expenditure Total annum which includes food Woreda category MHH FHH expenditure and basic non- Arrero Food items 12,593 4,344 11,789 food consumption Non-food items 1,099 1,029 1,091 expenditure for whole Total 13,688 5,372 12,881 surveyed areas was found Birr 5,590. The average total Dugda Food items 4,143 5,574 4,234 per capita spending for Dawa Non-food items 726 569 719

Arrero, D/Dawa, Yabello and Total 4,873 6,147* 4,953 Dhas woredas reported to be Birr 12,881, 4,958, 3,840 and Yabello Food items 3,095 3,387 3,157 4,856 respectively (Table Non-food items 726 500 679 17). Total 3,825 3,887 3,840

Dhas Food items Moreover, the mean per 2,259 1,741 2,091 capita annual spending on Non-food items 431 361 409 food among households in Total 2,690 2,106** 2,500 all the survey areas was Birr Food items 5,096 3,451 4,856 3,451, which consists 87% of the total value of household Total Non-food items 767 536*** 734 consumption expenditure. Total 5,863 3,987 5,590 There is similarity in Note: * = significant at p<0.10, ** = significant at p<0.05; *** = percentage share of significant at p<0.01. household food expenditure across the intervention areas, which are 92%, 85% and 84% for Arero, Dugda Dawa and Dhas respectively (Figure 4).

94% The t-test results (Table 18) indicate that male-headed 92% 92% households were significantly better off in 90% total spending per capita 88% 87% than female-headed 85% households. On the other 86% hand, the result of the expenditure

84% 84% survey (Tables 19) shows 82% that male-headed food 82%

of households have higher

% 80% average consumption (both in food and non-food) 78% expenditure per household than female-headed 76% households. Arrero D/Dadwa Yabello Dhas All Figure 3: Percentage share of food expenditure

Table 18: T-test results on mean household expenditure difference by gender Expenditure category Household Expenditure in birr T-test FHH 13,149 Food MHH 22,880 .047**

Both 21,462 FHH 2,416 Non- food MHH 4,068 .000*** Both 3,828 FHH 15,565 Total expenditure MHH 26,948 .021** Both 25,290

Similarly, the consumption expenditure data was also estimated using the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) multiplier, i.e., the number of units of a country currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services consumed in the international market. Thus, the World Bank data on the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) multiplier for Ethiopia for FY 2011, approximately Birr 11.42 equals to 1 USD, was used by this study Table 19: Annual average per capita per day to allow conversion of expenditure values into expenditure (in PPP rates) in USD a universally comparable unit (USD). The Expenditure category MHH FHH Total estimated result shows the average annual consumption spending per capita per day to be Food 1.22 0.83 1.16 USD 1.64. The average consumption spending Non-food 0.18 0.13 0.18 per capita per day was found to be USD 1.41 Total and USD 0.96 for MHH and FHH, respectively 1.41 0.96 1.34 Percentage share of (Table 25). On the other hand, the percentage 86.9% 86.6% 86.9% of food expenditure per day the same for MHH food expenditure and FHH which is about 86.9% of total expenditure (Table 19).

5.3 Poverty Profile Comparison

The poverty indices estimation has been performed using two poverty lines. These are the national poverty line, which is Birr 10.4 per adult person per day, and the international poverty line, USD1.25 per adult per day. As estimated from the household baseline survey data, Table 23, the proportion of people who lived below the national poverty line as measured by poverty head count index for the entire study area is 58.3%. Likewise, the proportion of the sample population living below the international poverty line, $1.25 per day per person, for the entire survey areas was found to be 63.1%. Gender-wise, approximately 61.5%, and 71.5% of the population of MHH and FHH respectively live below the international poverty line.

Table 20: Percentage of people classified as poor based on international and national standards People living under MHH FHH Total The international poverty line ( USD1.25 / adult / 61.5% 61.5% 63.1% day)5 The national poverty line (10.4 Birr / adult / day) 57.0% 65.8% 58.3%

The average consumption expenditure for an adult person per year of the poor Table 21: Average Income Poverty Gap (in Birr) households in all the intervention areas Awardees MHH FHH Total average was Birr 2,273, while the average Mean income per adult 2,318 2,043 2,273 expenditure gap for poor people to per year of the poor reach the poverty line or meet their Mean consumption 1,464 1,738 1,509 daily minimum subsistence is Birr 1,509 expenditure poverty gap (40%) per year. The average annual Percentage gap 38.7% 46.0% 39.9% expenditure gap of poor people in the surveyed area was found to be Birr 1,464 in MHHs, Birr 1,738 per year (Table 24).

5 Calculated by considering PPP2005 = 5.44, Source: World Bank, 2012; CPI2005=100 and; CPI2011=210, Source Central Statistical Authority, Ethiopia. 22

6. ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION AND DRINKING WATER SOURCES

Access to improved sanitation facilities and clean drinking water are crucial to bringing about reduction in diseases and improving the overall health, nutrition and style of living of household members. This is done by breaking the cycle of disease transmission and reducing the exposure risks. Diseases like diarrhea are mainly water-borne and rampant in lowland areas because of favorable temperatures for multiplication of micro-organisms. This is aggravated by living conditions like improper excreta disposal which worsens the situation. Reductions in morbidity are expected to improve productivity and nutritional status by reducing the effects of dehydration, fever and mal-absorption of nutrients. Water, if not purified, can carry dangerous diseases and consequently cause considerable morbidity and mortality.

6.1 Improved Sanitation Facilities

Based on FFP Standard Indicators Methodology Guideline (2011) a sanitation facility is considered improved when an improved toilet is used without being shared with other households. As indicated in Table 21 there two types of improved toilet facilities, including ventilated improved pit latrines and pit latrines with slab used by very few (5.4%) sample households. Majority of these improved toilet facilities are shared among neighboring households. Therefore, only 1.5% of the total sample households have access improved unshared sanitation facilities in the survey areas. This indicates that use of improved sanitation facility is universally unknown in Borena woredas where this study is conducted. According to the DHS 2011, 90.4% of the households in the rural parts of Ethiopia do not have access to improved sanitation facilities, which is higher than the results from the program area.

Table 22: Percentage of households by type of toilet facilities Type of toilet facility % Status No facility/bush/field 84.0 Non-improved = Pit latrine with no slab/open pit 10.6 94.6% Ventilated improved pit latrine 1.3 Improved = 5.4% Pit latrine with slab 2.8 Unshared and Composting toilet 1.2 improved = 1.5%

6.2 Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources

Access to improved drinking water is one of the livelihood impediments in lowland areas of Ethiopia. As Tables 24 and 24 indicate about 28% and 23% of the households in the SCUS program areas of Borena Zone have access to improved sources of drinking water during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Compared to the DHS 20116 findings which states that nationally about 42% of the rural households have access to improved drinking water sources, these results from the program areas are very low.

In the survey areas, access to improved water sources is low during the wet season when compared to the dry season as the people resort to short distance unprotected surface water sources that are easily available during the rainy seasons. During the wet season, unprotected

6 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, 2011 23 springs are the most common source of water (for 44% of households) for in the sample areas while unprotected birka and springs are the most common sources (each 34%) in the baseline survey.

Table 23: Access to improved drinking water sources during dry season, % households Sources of drinking water D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total (n=558) (n=187) (n=446) (n=284) (n=1475) Improved Piped into yard/plot 7.5% 22.8% 8.6% 10.0% 10.1% Canvases tank 7.5% 22.8% 8.6% 84.0 10.1% Public tap 11.1% 6.9% 7.2% 1.1 7.6% Tube well/borehole 1.5% 0.0% 0.6% 1.3 0.8% Piped into dwelling 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 2.8 0.7% Protected public well 0.7% 1.1% 0.0% 9.6 0.4% Rain water protected 0.3% 0.5% 0.2% 1.2 0.4% Protected spring 0.5% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% Water vendor 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% Birka protected 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% Protected well in yard/plot 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.2% All improved sources 35.50% 23.00% 27.40% 18.70% 28.20% C.I.(31.5_39.5) C.I.(17.0_29.0) C.I.( 23.3_31.5) C.I.(14.2_23.2) C.I.(25.0_30.5) Unimproved Open well in dwelling 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Open well in yard/plot 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.6% Open public well 1.1% 0.0% 0.5% 3.2% 1.1% Unprotected Spring 28.6% 31.2% 41.7% 36.4% 34.4% Birka unprotected 36.9% 34.9% 35.2% 26.8% 34.3% Pond/lake 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% Dam 1.1% 1.1% 0.4% 5.4% 1.7% Rain water harvesting 6.0% 0.0% 3.5% 4.3% 4.2% unprotected Others 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 1.3% All not improved sources 64.5% 77.0% 72.6% 81.3% 71.8%

Table 24: Access to improved drinking water sources during wet season, % households Sources of drinking water D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total (n=568) (n = 187) (n =473) (n =284) (n= 1512)

Improved Piped into dwelling 21.3% 16.6% 16.5% 12.7% 17.6% Public tap 7.9% 4.8% 8.2% 0.0% 6.2% Tube well/borehole 1.6% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.8% Protected spring 0.9% 1.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.7% Piped into yard/plot 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.6% Birka protected 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% Rainwater protected 0.4% 0.5% 0.0% 0.7% 0.3% Protected well in dwelling 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Protected public well 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Protected well in yard/plot 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% Canvas tank 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% All improved sources 24.3% 31.9% 17.4% 21.8% 22.6% C.I.(20.8_27.8) C.I.(25.2_38.6) C.I.(14.0_20.8) C.I.(17_26.6) C.I.(20.5_24.7) Unimproved Un protected Spring 48.6% 40.6% 45.0% 38.0% 44.5% Pond/lake 11.1% 34.2% 20.5% 24.3% 19.4% River/stream 1.6% 0.0% 2.1% 12.0% 3.5% Rain water, unprotected 0.4% 1.6% 0.8% 5.3% 1.6% Birka unprotected 1.8% 0.0% 1.9% 0.0% 1.3% Others 1.8% 0.0% 1.9% 0.0% 1.3% Water vendor 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.9% 0.7% Open public well 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 0.6% Open well in yard/plot 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.3% Open well in dwelling 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Dam 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% All not improved source 75.7% 68.1% 82.6% 78.2% 77.4%

7. GENDER AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES

Available literatures indicate that pastoralist women (including women in Borena) are victims of social, economic and political marginalization, and they also suffer inequality in accessing resources, social services and participation in decision-making7. Although there are cross cultural variations, the overall pattern of gender relations favors men in the distribution of resources, opportunities, power and access to and control over resources. In general, men dominate the political, economic, and social arena in all cultures. Factors that determine gender roles, access to and control over resources and decision-making power at the household and public domains include general economic conditions, institutional structures, socio-cultural factors, social norms, attitudes, legal systems, policies, education and training as well as 8 political events .

The DFAP implemented by SCUS in lowland areas has four outcome indicators to measure its contributions to women’s empowerment of the program over its five years life time. These indicators are: 1. Proportion of women who reported to have jointly decided on purchase and/or sale of asset (cattle, camel, shots, pack animals and agricultural produces) with their husbands/partners; 2. Proportion of currently married women who believe that the practice of female circumcision should be stopped; 3. Proportion of male head of households who believe that the practice of female circumcision should be stopped; and 4. Percentage of currently married women aged from 15-49 reporting that they make decisions independently or jointly with their spouses with regard to seeking health services. 7.1 Women’s decisions on purchase and sale of household assets

For the purpose of DFAP, the indicator on household assets focuses on the decision-making role of currently married women (CMW) only. So a question was posed to married women in the sample households as to who makes decisions on household assets. As indicated in Chapter 5 of this report over 97% household asset value in Borena area is accounted to livestock, mainly camel, cattle and shoats (sheep and goats). Therefore we calculated this indicator based on the responses given by CMW. The question was posed only to those married women in the household who had sold or bought these assets in the last 12 months prior to the survey. Based on this the result of the survey data shows that in most cases joint decision-making by men (household heads) and women (spouses) on purchase and/or sale of household assets (livestock) is a common phenomenon in the survey areas (Table 25). As per the program indicator, the proportion of currently married women that jointly made decision on purchase and/ or sale of camel, cattle and sheep/goat are 97.2.5%, 87.4% and 87.9%, respectively. In conclusion although overwhelming majority of CMW reported that selling and purchasing of

7 Naomi Kipuri and Andrew Ridgewel (2008): A Double Bind: The Exclusion of Pastoralist Women in the East and Horn of Africa 8 Almaz (1991): Perspectives on Gender and development in Gender Issues in Ethiopia (ed. Tsehai Berhane-Selassie) IES. 26 assets are the joint role of men and women, it still important to examine to the decisions role of women on cash generated from the sale of asset.

Table 25: Proportion of currently married women who make decisions independently or jointly on purchase and/or sale of assets Assets D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total N Camel 100.0% 91.7% 96.6%100.0% 97.2% 108 Cattle 81.7% 91.3% 95.4%67.9% 87.4% 572 Sheep/Goat 80.6% 91.9% 94.3% 73.7% 87.9% 602

7.2 Female Circumcision

The World Health Organization defines female circumcision (FC) as, “All procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organ whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons". It is a deeply rooted traditional practice which is one form of violence against girls and women that has serious physical consequences that adversely affect health. Furthermore it is a reflection of discrimination against women and girls”. 9

The practice of female circumcision (FC) is widespread in Ethiopia. FC has harmful consequences to women’s health and wellbeing. Hemorrhage, infections, women’s infertility, obstetric complications (including fistula) and the possibility of HIV/AIDS transmission are the major health hazards related to FC.

The study has examined the prevalence of female circumcision among households with girls. In order to determine the prevalence of the practice in the study areas, currently married women and male heads of households were asked whether any of their daughters have undergone circumcision. Since traditionally women (mothers) are more involved in the circumcision of girls we have considered to report prevalence of FC based on the responses from them. Based on this across the study woredas about one in ten (9.1%) girls have gone through FC. This prevalence of FC seems low as compared to the national estimate indicated above. However, as clearly shown in Table 27, high variations were witnessed in the for study woredas of Borena Zone with regard to the prevalence of female circumcision. About 17.4% of Table 26: Proportion circumcised daughters girls in Yabelo Woreda undergone Responses Woredas circumcision. In contrary to this, almost D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total no (only 1.1%) were reported to be No 98.9% 93.9% 82.6% 85.4% 90.9% circumcised in Dugda Daw Woreda. The current study disclosed that the number Yes 1.1% 6.1% 17.4% 14.6% 9.1% of girls affected by the practice of female circumcision has been reducing significantly in the study areas, particularly in Oromia.

The main purpose of the study was to find out mainly the proportion of currently married women (CMW) and male heads of households (MHH) who believe that the practice of female circumcision should be stopped as one of the program outcome indicators. CMW and MHH in

9 WHO, 1996, Toubia,1999 27 the sample households were independently asked about their current stand on the practice. As can be seen from Table 28, three five people believe that the long established practice of female circumcision should be stopped. Specifically, 62.2% of CMW and 67.5% MHH of proclaimed the need for stopping the practice. However, still sizable proportion of CMW (23.8%) and MHH (17.8%) are indifferent to the issue of FC. These individuals may make up their mind overtime and take a stand in fervor of this anomalous practice on girls unless otherwise appropriate awareness raising campaigns waged against FC by the community and health extension workers with the due support from programs like DFAP. Above all, better educational attainment of girls, anti-FC laws and regular awareness-raising efforts are some of the contributing factors for the increasing opposition to the practice.

Table 27: Proportion of CMW & MHHs who believe that female circumcision should be stopped Responses Currently Married Women Male Household Heads D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total It should be stopped 50.0 88.1 68.8 67.8 62.0 58.3 95.9 70.0 69.8 67.5 It should continue 1.2 9.5 23.3 29.7 14.2 .4 4.1 25.4 26.7 14.7 I have no idea or am 48.8 2.4 7.9 2.5 23.8 41.3 0 4.6 3.4 17.8 indifferent Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

In addition to the information regarding the program outcome indicators, the study has also attempted to identify decision makers on female circumcision practice in and outside of the household. In both regions, predominantly mothers alone or jointly with fathers of the girls make decisions on female circumcision (Table 28). According to 63.7% and 41.5% of CMW and MHH, respectively, mothers decide to circumcise their daughters. Likewise, 25.3% of CMW and 27.1% of MHHs reported such decisions to be jointly made by mothers and fathers of the girls. Small (less than 7%) proportion of CMW and MHH reported that decisions on circumcision are made by the fathers. Contrary to this about 32.7% of CMW and 24.1% of men indicated that they did not who makes such decision. This is mainly associated with the fact that even FC is uncommon in the sample households and through some communities.

Table 28: Responses of women and men on who makes decisions on FGM Currently married women Male household heads Decision makers D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero All D/Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero All Father alone 4.0% 26.2% 8.9% 1.0% 6.5% 5.0% 8.3% 4.7% 3.8% 4.9% Mother alone 10.7% 31.0% 53.8% 63.7% 34.3% 14.1% 41.7% 66.3% 58.7% 41.5% Father and mother jointly 19.0% 38.1% 28.5% 30.4% 25.3% 25.3% 47.9% 20.7% 33.7% 27.1% Children themselves 1.3% .4% 3.1% 1.0% Others 1.6% 2.4% .9% 2.5% 1.0% 1.4% Don’t know 64.7% 2.4% 7.6% 4.9% 32.7% 53.1% 2.1% 4.1% 24.1%

The reasons for the prevalence of female circumcision vary cross culturally. Several studies show that the pervasiveness and persistence of the practice of female circumcision can be explained by psychosexual, social, hygienic, aesthetic and religious reasons.10 This study also tries to find out the reasons for the practice in the two study areas. Overall, the study participants mentioned religious/ritual obligations, girls’ suitability for marriage and reducing

10 NCTPE, Old Beyond Imaginings: Ethiopia Harmful Traditional practices, 28 females’ sexual desires, respectively, as reasons for the prevalence of the harmful traditional practice (Table 29).

Table 29: Reasons of parents for perpetrating female circumcision on their children Reasons Men Women D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total Religious/ ritual 59.2% 86.8% 67.9% 80.7% 67.2% 12.6% 30.5% 26.3% 30.4% 20.6% Marriageablity 11.2% 4.7% 11.5% 6.9% 10.1% 52.2% 59.6% 56.7% 58.5% 55.1% Reduce the females’ sexual 7.1% 7.0% 6.9% .5% 6.0% 5.7% 9.2% 4.4% 1.4% 5.1% desires Maintain cleanness & provide aesthetic 3.9% 1.3% 2.3% 4.6% 1.3% 2.6% appearance Other 18.5% 1.6% 12.5% 11.9% 14.5% 24.9% .7% 11.3% 9.7% 16.8%

As depicted in the following table, the highest proportion (67%) of men’s respondents in the study area mentioned religious and ritual (cultural) reasons for the practice of female circumcision. About 10% of men respondents also cited the issue of proving to be marriageable (FC is viewed as a prerequisite for an honorable marriage) as a reason for the pervasiveness and persistence of the tradition. Significant variations were not recorded in the two study sites. As regards to women’s respondents, the finding of the study shows reverse trend to that of men respondents. Nearly 55% of women respondents indicated marriageability as the tope reason for the practice of FC. Religious and/ or ritual is also cited by almost a one-fifth of the women as a reason for the practice. In general, as the finding of this study revealed, there are no significant variations on gender and study areas as regards to reasons for the practice of FC.

7.3 Women’s Decision on Seeking Health Services

The study has attempted to determine the decision-making power of women in seeking health services for themselves and their children. In order to capture data related to women’s independent or joint (with her spouse) decisions on matters pertaining to their own health and the health of their children, currently married women aged between 15 and 49 were asked about their decisions on seeking health services. The DFAP indicator states that “percentage of currently married women age 15-49 reporting that she makes decisions either by herself or jointly with her spouse regarding seeking health services for her own health or for their own children.” Based on this, about 81% of currently married women reported that they make decisions for their own or their children’s either by themselves and or jointly with their spouses (See Tables 30 and 31).

As the data obtained from the two study areas indicates (Table 30), the majority of the respondents (72.6%) mentioned that decisions are made jointly by women and men (spouses) on seeking health services for the female partner. Analysis by region shows that almost 80% of the interviewees in Oromia mentioned joint decisions while nearly 72% of respondents in Somalia indicated joint decisions. As compared to the case in Somali (20.2%), only 3.7% of the respondents in Oromia identified that men (husbands) decide on seeking health services for their wives. This finding indicates that women in Oromia seem to be more empowered than their counterparts in Somali in terms of making decisions of seeking health services.

Table 30: Percentage of women reported decision makers on seeking health services for themselves Responses D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total Woman alone 1.8% 6.8% 2.3% 4.3% 3.0% Husband/partner alone 33.7% 33.3% 39.2% 29.5% 34.2% Either by women and/or her 64.5% 56.7% 61.5% 70.5% 65.8% spouse C.I.(60.5-68.5) C.I.(51.4-68.2) C.I.(52.9-64.1) C.I.(60.1-72.3) C.I.(60.1-65.5) Note; The sum of the percentages across column is greater that 100% because the last row is the sum of the percentages of women making decision alone and together with their husbands.

As regards decisions pertaining to seeking health services for their children, respondents were asked whether women decide independently or jointly on seeking health services during their children’s illness. As Table 31 clearly indicates, the finding on who decides in seeking health services for women is almost similar to that of the children. The majority of the study participant women (72.4%) in the two study areas mentioned that decisions are passed jointly, while 18.5% of the respondents disclosed men’s independent decisions on seeking health services for their children. Men’s independent decision on seeking health services for children appears to be lower (3.7%) in Oromia than in Somali (20.4%).

Table 31: Percentage of women reported decision makers on seeking health services for their children Responses D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total

Woman alone 1.1% 8.0% 4.8% 4.0% 3.2% Husband/partner alone 23.9% 16.1% 38.5% 17.6% 25.0% Either by women and/or 71.0% 83.9% 61.5% 82.4% 75.0% her spouse C.I.(71.4-78.6) C.I.(68.6-83.2) C.I.(51.1--2.3) C.I.(73.1-83.67) C.I(69.3-74.3)

8. ACCESS TO PSNP AND CREDIT SERVCES 8.1 Households Access to PSNP

Most of Borena woredas are characterized by chronic food insecurity. In the four study woredas a little less than a quarter (23.6%) of the sample households were having access to PSNP at the time of this survey (Table 32). As indicated in Table 33, PSNP commenced with about 10% of the current beneficiaries in 1997 E.C. Half of these beneficiaries started to receive PSNP transfer as of 2000 E.C. The total percentage of households increased over the last eight years and reached to the current level. During these times about 3.2 % past beneficiaries have been excluded from PSNP due to their graduation and exclusion during retargeting. In general the exiting beneficiaries have received PSNP support for about five years (4.73) since the start to the program.

Table 32: Percentage of households having access to PSNP Woreda Sex PSNP status Total Arero D/Dawa Yabello Dhas MHH FHH Benefited from PSNP at any 41.9% 19.4% 23.8% 19.4% 23.1% 33.2% 24.7% time in the past Current PSNP beneficiaries 40.4% 18.8% 22.3% 18.9% 22.1% 31.9% 23.6% Currently excluded past 1.8% 2.5% 5.3% 2.9% 3.0% 3.8% 3.2% beneficiaries Reason Graduated .0% .0% 14.3% 100.0% 22.2% .0% 16.7% for Excluded during 100.0 100.0% 85.7% .0% 77.8% 100.0 83.3% exclusion retargeting % % Mean No. of year received 4.25 5.55 3.80 6.48 4.75 4.65 4.73 PSNP

Table 33: Percentage of households by period they started PSNP support Cumulative Arero D/ Dawa Yabello Dhas Total Percent 1997 8.1% 12.6% 9.6% 0 9.3% 10.1% 1998 2.7% 20.2% 1.8% 7.7% 16.9% 1999 9.0% 20.2% 14.0% 11.8% 14.3% 31.2% 2000 14.4% 14.3% 17.5% 64.7% 19.8% 51.1% 2001 34.2% 6.7% 9.6% 15.1% 66.1% 2002 22.5% 19.3% 44.7% 17.6% 27.8% 93.9% 2003 5.4% 5.9% 1.8% 2.9% 4.2% 98.1% 2004 3.6% .8% .9% 2.9% 1.9% 100.0

8.2 Persons Living with Disabilities Benefiting from the PSNP

In the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) persons with disabilities living in chronically food insecure are entitled to direct support. These people are expected to get food transfer from PSNP without labor contribution. In order to measure the percentage people with disabilities benefiting from PSNP we interviewed current PSNP client (which means chronically food

31 insecure) households if they were having these type of people and were PSNP beneficiary at the time of the survey. In the baseline survey questionnaire, disabilities were defined as physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, and developmental or some combination of these observed on people within sample households. Old age members were not considered as persons with disability. This definition was well explained to respondents in the time of interviews.

As shown in Table 34 in the PSNP client households, the presence of 29 people with disability was reported. Of these, about 12 people or about 41.4% of are receiving PSNP transfer. Respondents were further asked as to why the people with disabilities in the households were not receiving PSNP transfer at the time of this survey. As indicated in Table 35, about 44.1% of respondent households reported that person with disabilities was not recognized as a needy person by the targeting as the exclusion of this individuals from PSNP. Similarly, about 13.6% of Table 34: Persons living with disabilities in PSNP households households reported receiving PSNP transfer exclusion of persons with Total people with disability (N) 29 disabilities due the fact that People with disability receiving PSNP (N) 12 either these individuals Percent of Person with disability receiving 41.4% joined the family or became PSNP (%) C.I.(23.5_59.3) faced disability after PSNP targeting was done. .

Table 35: Percentage of households living with persons with disability not receiving PSNP support and the reasons Reasons for not Receiving PSNP % Not recognized as a needy person by the targeting body 44.1 Person came to the HH or became disabled after PSNP targeting 13.6 Due to fear of stigma and discrimination after disclosing disability status 6.8 The household has no food shortage & no need for support from PSNP 8.5 Person with disability had no interest to get registered as PSNP beneficiary 1.7 Other 25.4

8.3 Understanding on Graduation

Graduation of households from chronic food security the ultimate goal of Ethiopia's Food Security Program. Graduation is a safe exit of households from PSNP once they are able to meet their annual food need by their own. Graduation is not a widely promoted aspect of PSNP in lowland areas. However, incongruous with the highland PSNP the Oromia Regional Government upholds graduation in Borena areas. As displayed in Figure 4, below, about 57% of sample households reported that they have heard about graduation of households from PSNP.

The knowledge about graduation varies from woreda to woreda in Borena sample survey areas. For instance this information is widely available in Dhas Wredas (72%) as comparred to Arero (46%). The survey further asked PSNP clients if they support graduation and the reasons for their support. Based on this, almost universally (94%) respondent households acknowledged their support to the graduation from PSNP. From these about 52.9% and 24.8% of households indicated it reduces dependency on external support Figure 4: Percentage of PSNP client heard about graduation and to let others benefit from PSNP respectiively as main reason for their support to graduation. Similarly both effect of graduation on initiating households to build asset and promote leaning among the community to bring improvement in life were stated by 11.1% of households (Table 36).

Table 36: Perceptions of PSNP households on graduation (% of households) Perceptions MHH FHH Total PSNP client HHs supporting graduation 93.7% 95.2% 94.0% Reasons It reduces dependency on external support 49.6% 63.2% 52.9% for Others also should benefit from that 26.1% 21.1% 24.8% supporting It lets HHs to be active in building their asset 11.3% 10.5% 11.1% graduation Others will learn from graduates how to bring 13.0% 5.3% 11.1% positive changes in life Total 100% 100% 100%

8.4 Access to Credit

PSNP beneficiary households were asked if they had access to credit in recent the past (since 30.0% they become PSNP clients. In total from 26.3% about 19.6% of households reported 25.0% 22.5% that have received credit for different 21.3% 19.6% purposes (Figure 5. Gender wise, male 20.0% household heads had better access to 15.3% 15.0% credit (21.3%) compared to female 12.3% household heads (12.3). 10.0% 9.1% About 45.1%, 35.3% and 17.6% of 5.0% households reported to receive credit

0.0% from MFI, NGOs, and Household Asset D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero MHH FHH Total Building Program (HABP) sources Figure 5: Percentage of household heads by access to credit 33 respectively (Table 37). At an average a PSNP client household received credit from these sources which amounts Birr 3,546. Similarly on a average a households has repaid Birr 1,390 or 39.2% of the total loan they received. In general MHHs tend to have high repayment rate (40.3%) compared to FHHs (12.4%)

Table 37: Sources of credit by gender and percentage of household heads MHH FHH Total MFI 44.4% 50.0% 45.1% NGO 35.6% 33.3% 35.3% Gov't HABP 17.8% 16.7% 17.6% Others (specify) 2.2% 0.0% 2.0%

Table 38: Mean access to credits per household (Birr) Woreda Sex D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero MHH FHH Total Amount received 3,651 1,301 3,140 5,694 3,638 2,428 3,546 Interest rate pay 623 225 832 468 587 1,080 642 Amount replayed 1,629 750 1,893 473 1,467 300 1,390 Amount repaid (%) 44.6% 57.6% 60.3% 8.3% 40.3% 12.4% 39.2%

We further asked PSNP clients for the reasons that inhabited them not to take credit and build assets or expand livelihood opportunities. About 41.3% and 34.6% of households indicated absence of financial service providers and fear risk were stated respectively as reasons for not taking loan (Table 39).

Table 39: Factors constraining access to credit by percentage of households MHH FHH Total No credit providers 45.6% 27.1% 41.3% I afraid credits 29.7% 50.8% 34.6% Other 14.9% 15.3% 15.0% High interest rate 6.2% 5.1% 5.9% No need for credit 3.6% 1.7% 3.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

9. SOCIAL SERVICES

The SCUS DFAP program has four indicators that measure the program outcome in relation with its interventions to expand social services. These indicators are:

i) Percentage of HHs in PSNP woredas report improved access to primary schools as per government standard; ii) Percentage of HHs in PSNP woredas report improved access to health posts as per government standard; iii) Average months in a calendar year of water availability at improved water structures; iv) Percentage of households using improved drinking water sources for livestock; and v) Percentage of girls attending schools constructed by the program.

9.1 Access to primary schools and health posts

The first two indicators are supposed to be seen in terms of distance between the residence of households and the services, i.e., primary schools and health posts. The average travel distance or the time taken to reach these services as means to measure these indicators is stated in the Indicators Performance Table of the program as prepared by SCUS.

The baseline survey team made a review of different government documents on ways of measuring access to primary schools and health posts. It found out that access to primary schools, according to the government’s approach, is measured by school enrolment rates in a particular administrative boundary such as region or national level. The IV Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) indicates the general enrolment rate for primary school for Somali region will increase from 63.8% in 2009/10 to 100% in 2014/15 (MoE, 2010). Similarly the consultants came to know that access to health posts are planned in such a way that a health post can serve about 5,000 people in surrounding villages and two female heath extension workers are employed at one health post (MoH, 2005). In both cases, the government standards do not formally measure access in terms of distance and percentage of households.

Table 40: One-way walking distance of primary schools and health posts from residential places 1st Cycle Primary Schools Health post Distance D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total 30 min or less 18.4% 8.8% 17.3% 27.1% 18.5% 44.3% 13.2% 27.9% 57.3% 38.5% 30.1 -60.0min. 23.5% 35.9% 27.6% 11.2% 24.0% 17.6% 11.3% 24.3% 17.3% 18.9% 60.1- 90.0min. 0.8% 6.1% 2.7% 3.3% 2.4% 9.2% 15.1% 7.9% 11.8% 10.1% 90.1-120.0min. 10.5% 11.0% 12.6% 2.2% 9.7% 13.7% 24.5% 18.6% 3.6% 14.1% 120.1 -150.0min. 46.8% 0.6% 0.9% 1.1% 0.5% 3.8% 5.7% 4.3% 10.0% 3.2% Above 150 min. 18.4% 37.6% 39.0% 55.0% 44.9% 11.5% 30.2% 17.1% 57.3% 15.2% Average distance 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.4 2.9 1.2 2.1 1.5 0.8 1.3 in hr. Average distance 14.2 12.9 14.8 16.9 14.7 5.9 10.6 7.7 4.2 6.6 in km

Therefore, the baseline survey asked households within the walking distances of the two services from their residences and summarized the responses in Table 35 as per the program

IPTT of SCUS. Although this approach cannot help in comparing the survey results with the government standard, it can easily measure the change in access to services as a result of the program interventions, if the same baseline survey questions are used during the evaluation time. Table 41: One-way walking distance of primary schools The average one-way distance of and health posts from residential places first cycle primary schools in Borena 1st Cycle Primary Schools for the adult Zone where SCUS operates is about D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total 14.7 km from the residential places of the sample households. The 30 min or less 18.4% 8.8% 17.3% 27.1% 18.5% children in the sample area have to 30.1 -60.0min. 23.5% 35.9% 27.6% 11.2% 24.0% travel long distance or remain at 60.1- 90.0min. home without attending to school. It 0.8% 6.1% 2.7% 3.3% 2.4% highly likely that due to this reason 90.1-120.0min. 10.5% 11.0% 12.6% 2.2% 9.7% over a quarter of school age children 120.1 -150.0min. 46.8% 0.6% 0.9% 1.1% 0.5% in Borena are literate. (Table 31). Above 150 min. Thus, these data show that efforts 18.4% 37.6% 39.0% 55.0% 44.9% should be exerted to reduce the Average 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.4 2.9 distances of primary schools and distance in hr. health posts from households in Average Borena, while more attention would distance in km 14.2 12.9 14.8 16.9 14.7 be required in terms of improving quality of infrastructures through PSNP public work activities.

9.2 Access to Domestic Water Sources

The DFAP intends to improve access to domestic water from improved water sources for human consumption. Consensuses have been reached between the baseline study team and SCUS to consider two water sources (birka and hand dug well) that will be promoted by the program for measuring access to domestic water sources. In addition, the indicator also states the duration of the use of improved water sources during a normal rainy year. Normal rainy year is considered mainly because access to water from the improved structure can be ensured only when the rain season is appropriate. In the case of households reported concurrently using both structures as source of water, the study considered the structure with longer duration of service to calculate the average duration of access to the improved structures.

Table 32 shows the average duration of rainy seasons and the use of water from improved structures after the end of the rainy seasons. In the survey areas there are two rainy seasons. According to the survey respondents, the two rainy seasons last for three and half (3.44) months every year. The same households in both regions also reported the use of improved water sources for about four and half (4.53) months per year after the secession of the rainy seasons.

Table 42: Duration of rainy seasons and access to improved water sources Average duration Duration of domestic water Total duration of water of normal rainy access from improved structures access from improved seasons after the rainy seasons sources per year D/Dawa 4.12 4.94 8.038 C.I.( 7.57_ 8.5) Dhas 4.08 3.7 6.96 C.I.( 6.4_7.5) Yabello 4.28 4.5 7.7 C.I.( 7.2_8.2) Arero 3.72 2.2 4.8 C.I(4.3_ 5.25) All 4.07 4.23 7.04 C.I(6.8_7.33)

3.1 Improved water sources for livestock

Basically, the baseline data was collected on sources of water for livestock both during the dry and rainy seasons from the sample respondent households. However, livestock owners do not largely worry during rainy season where to provide drinking water for their animals as they can obtain water from different surface water sources. During this occasion, people do not normally look for improved water sources. Therefore, the consultants calculated the indicator value on access to improved water sources for livestock only for the dry season. As indicated in Table 33, about 45% of sample households reported to have access to improved water sources for their animals at the time of this survey. The improved water sources include ponds, birkas and hand dug wells – all with cattle trough. Likewise, about 43% of the households use unimproved water sources. Nearly 11% of the households also reported not to have livestock and no need for water sources for animals. Relatively, households in Oromia (57.7%) have better access to improved water sources as compared to Somali region (44.2%).

Table 43: Percentage of households by sources of water for livestock D\Dawa Dhas Yabello Arero Total N=523 N=181 N=332 N=260 N=1296

Have no livestock 16.3 6.6 32.2 24.2 20.6 Improved livestock water sources 53.3 68.0 40.7 56.2 52.7 C.I.(49_57.6) C.I.(61.2_74.79) C.I.(35.4_45.98) C.I.(50.2_62.23) C.I.(49.98_55.42) Unimproved livestock water sources 30.4 25.4 27.1 19.6 26.7

10. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN 10.1 Introduction

Nutrition plays a critical role in economic and human development. Appropriate nutrition actions in general and that of children under five in particular enable the creation of a healthy and productive labor force which is vital to ensuring rapid social and economic development. Good nutritional status is a cornerstone to the health of all people, enabling them to reach their full potential as individuals and societies. Accordingly, nutrition has long been recognized as a fundamental human right enshrined in key international conventions. The right to nutritional security is also upheld by the Ethiopian Constitution, entrusting the government to act appropriately to ensure that these nutritional rights are adequately protected, especially among the most vulnerable – children, women, the elderly, and the infirm.

According to the global conceptual framework developed by UNICEF11,, nutritional status in children is the result of a long sequence of interconnected events that are classified as the immediate, the underlying and the basic causes or determinants of malnutrition. Inadequate dietary intake and disease are considered the most significant immediate causes of malnutrition of children. The underlying causes for inadequate dietary intake and diseases are insufficient food availability and access, inadequate care for children, and insufficient health services as well as inadequate provision of a healthy environment. Finally, the basic or structural causes of malnutrition include economic, technological, political, cultural, and institutional structures and processes, the means of control of physical resources, and the level of human development.

10.2 Prevalence of Child Malnutrition

Malnutrition which can present itself as an acute, chronic or both conditions accounts for significant proportion of death or sickness of children in Ethiopia12. This study collected sex, age, height, and weight of children aged 6 to 59 months to calculate anthropometric indices as a way of determining nutritional status of the study area. The level of stunting (HAZ scores), underweight (WAZ scores) and wasting (WHZ scores) were computed from the World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standard reference population using ENA software. The derived values of the anthropometric indices of the study population were obtained as positive or negative standard deviation units from the median value of the WHO reference group distribution.

Table 44: WHO recommended cut off points for anthropometric data analysis

Malnutrition index Z score < - 3 - 3 < = Z score < - 2 Z score < - 2 Chronic malnutrition (HAZ) Severe stunting Moderate stunting Global stunting Underweight (WAZ) Severe underweight Moderate underweight Global underweight Acute malnutrition (WHZ) Severe wasting Moderate wasting Global wasting

WHO set cut-off values to separate children with normal growth pattern from the ones with growth failures. As seen in table 01, Z scores for anthropometric indices less than minus three (< - 3 SD) delineate severe degree of growth failure while Z score magnitudes lying between

11 UNICEF, 1990 12 WWW.UNICEF.ORG 38 minus three and minus two (- 3 SD < = Values < - 2 SD) demarcate moderate level of malnutrition. Percentage of all values less than -2 Z score represent prevalence rate of specific anthropometric index under consideration.

The study did not collect data on presence of nutritional edema or did not measure MUAC of the study subjects as these two variables have not been considered central in the M&E plan of the project.

10.2.1 Stunting

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition which is characterized by physical shortness and or poor cognitive development. Stunting is attributed to protracted experience of poor nutrition, thus is an indicator of child’s past nutritional status. Stunting is derived from length and age measurements.

Table 45: Prevalence of chronic malnutrition based on height-for-age z-scores by sex Types of Prevalence All Boys Girls n = 1302 n = 654 n = 648 Prevalence of stunting 37.1% (34.5-39.7) 43.4% (39.6-47.2)a 30.7% (27.2-34.3 )a (<-2 z-score) Prevalence of moderate stunting 18.9% (16.8-21.0) 20.6% (17.5-23.7) 17.1% (14.2-20.0) (<-2 z-score and >=-3 z-score) Prevalence of severe stunting 18.2% (16.1-20.3) 22.8% (19.6-26.0) 13.6% (10.9-16.2) (<-3 z-score) a: Chi-square = 37, p = 0.000

Table 40 presented the prevalence of stunting derived from the height for age z-score in comparison to the reference population. Overall, 37% of the children were stunted with no marked difference on the prevalence between moderate (18.9%) and severely stunted levels (18.2%). These prevalence levels are close to what was found for Oromiya regional figures in the DHS study where the global stunting was 41% while severe stunting became 18%13.

Stunting prevalence 30- 39%, by WHO standard, is marker of severe degree of chronic malnutrition (see Table 06). This study confirmed not only elevated levels of stunting but also inclining trend with age cohort which is similar to the national DHS result. It is important one looks at this figure parallel to the overall environmental situation, food security status and public health services in the study area in order to bring out meaningful interpretation.

As seen in the Gaussian Curve in Figure 001, the red line which represents the children in study area while the green line shows the distribution of malnourished children in the WHO standard population. The line for study population is shifted toward the left and more flattened than the green standard population curve. This implies greater level of stunting and more spread z- scores among the study population compared to the population standard.

13 Ethiopian DHS 2011 39

The prevalence of stunting among male infants and children (43.4%) appears to be slightly more compared to girls (30.7%) and this difference is statistically significant. The prevalence of stunting showed substantial increase as the age group steps up (Table 05). This may underline the fact that stunting once occurred in children tend to be carried forward unless children from 48-59 months exhibited the highest (56% global stunting and 26% severe stunting) level of stunting than any other age group. The tendency of stunting to rise with advancing age confirms what has been found by the recent national Figure 6: Gaussian curve for Height for Age index of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health survey (Red) against WHO’s population standard (Green) Survey (EDHS) 2011.

10.2.2 Underweight

Underweight which demonstrates the general nutritional health of a population can be a combined or individual effect of height for age and weight for height z-scores. Underweight is calculated from weight for age index. As displayed in Table 03 and Figure 2, the prevalence of underweight is 20.0% among all children in the survey areas with statistically significant difference between boys (29.%) and girls (11%). The level of severe underweight is 5.3% among all infants and children while boys continue to be the (8.4%) more affected sex group (2.4%). The corresponding underweight figures for Oromiya region are slightly higher than the findings shown here. DHS 2011 revealed percentage of severe and global underweight were 7.8% and 26% respectively.

Table 46: Prevalence of underweight based on weight-for-age z-scores by sex Types of Prevalence All Boys Girls n = 1404 n = 704 n = 700 Prevalence of underweight 20.0% (17.9-22.1 C.I.) 29.0% (25.6-32.3 11.0% ( 8.7-13.3 C.I.)a (<-2 z-score) C.I.)a Prevalence of moderate underweight 14.6% (12.8-16.4 C.I.) 20.6% (17.6-23.6 8.6% ( 6.5-10.6 C.I.) (<-2 z-score and >=-3 z-score) C.I.) Prevalence of severe underweight 5.4% ( 4.2- 6.6 C.I.) 8.4% ( 6.3-10.4 2.4% ( 1.3- 3.6 C.I.) (<-3 z-score) C.I.) a: Chi-square = 80, p = 0.000

The Gaussian curve in figure 002 shows that the red curve has moved slightly away from the green curve toward the left indicating higher prevalence of underweight in the study groups.

Children aged 48-60 months shoulder a higher burden of underweight (24%) level compared to the younger age categories. Being underweight appears to peak (34%) among 24-35 months for

40 boys while the pinnacle for girls is between 48-60 months. Underweight appears to raise initially as the age of children increases but tends to stabilize toward later ages (Figure 004). This gradual slow down could be a resultant effect of increasing stunting level and decreasing wasting level as age of children progresses since underweight is a function of stunting and wasting.

From WHO perspective (see Table 06), underweight prevalence of 20- 29% is graded as serious level of malnutrition . The result from this study and the DHS finding for Oromiya region fall well within this category prompting further exploration Figure 7: Gaussian curve for Weight for Age index of to track down the reasons leading to the survey (Red) against WHO’s population standard elevated levels of underweight in the (Green) study population.

10.2.3 Wasting

Wasting, also known as acute malnutrition, is the most popular of the three indices in health and humanitarian programming. It is obtained by reading the weight for height z-score. The index demonstrates current nutritional status of infants and children.

As table 04 shows the prevalence of global malnutrition (GAM, z-score < -2) in the study area is 5.9% with boys (8.4%) shouldering slightly more of the burden compared to girls (3.3%). Nearly 4% of the children in the survey have moderate acute malnutrition (MAM, -2 < z-score > -3). Severe acute malnutrition (SAM, z-score < -3) stands at 2.2% for all children with no significant disparity between the sexes. The findings of acute malnutrition are comparable to Oromiya regional level of SAM which was found to be 2.8% while the prevalence for GAM was as high as 9.7%14.

Among the different age categories, 6-23 months appear to be more affected by GAM (7%) compared to other age groups. This may be attributed to the fact that this period may be the time when complementary feeding is introduced to children which opens way for accidental feeding of children with contaminated food or water leading to infection and wasting. Wasting tends to decline as children’s age advances. This trend is also exhibited in the national DHS results.

14 EDHS 2011 41

Figure 8: Gaussian curve for Weight for Height index of the survey (Red) against WHO’s population standard

Table 47: Prevalence of acute malnutrition based on weeight-for-height z-scores by sex Types of Prevalence All Boys Girls n = 1295 n = 651 n = 644 Prevalence of wasting 5.9% (4.6- 7.1 C.I.) 8.4% (6.3-10.6 C.I.)a 3.3% (1.9- 4.6 C.I.)a (<-2 z-score) Prevalence of moderate wasting 3.7% (2.7- 4.7 C.I.) 5.5% (3.8- 7.3 C.I.) 1.9% (0.8- 2.9 C.I.) (<-2 z-score and >=-3 z-score) Prevalence of severe wasting 2.2% (1.4- 3.0 C.I.) 2.9% (1.6- 4.2 C.I.) 1.4% (0.5- 2.3 C.I.) (<-3 z-score) a: Chi-square = 20, p = 0.000

Figure 9: Percentage prevalence (< -2 Z score) of HAZ, WAZ and WHZ by age category and by sex of children

Table 48: Percentage distribution of severe and global stunting, underweight and wasting across the different age categories Sex Age in months Stunting Underweight Wasting % < -3 % < -2 % < -3 % < -2 % < -3 % < -2 Both sexes Total 21.3 40.9 5.4 20 1.9 5.7 6-11 months 10.2 21 7.5 13.9 2.4 7.1 12-23 months 19.4 31.3 2.6 15.6 1.5 7.1 24-35 months 23.4 42.7 4.8 23.2 1.4 4.8 36-47 months 23.9 48.2 6.9 20.1 2.3 5.3 48-60 months 25.9 56.5 5.9 24.3 2.6 4.6 Boys Total 26.7 48.4 8.4 29.1 2.6 8.2 6-11 months 15.5 28.6 12.8 18.6 2.4 8.2 12-23 months 28.9 45.5 4.9 28.7 2.5 11.5 24-35 months 27.4 52 7.1 34.6 2.2 8.3 36-47 months 31.1 52.2 9.1 26.9 2.5 6.9 48-60 months 25.5 56.1 9.5 31.4 4 6.1 Girls Total 15.9 33.4 2.4 11 1.2 3.1 6-11 months 4.8 13.3 2.3 9.2 2.4 5.9 12-23 months 11.6 19.7 0.7 4.7 0.7 3.4 24-35 months 19.2 33.1 2.3 11 0.6 1.2 36-47 months 16 43.8 4.4 12.7 2.1 3.5 48-60 months 26.3 56.8 2.2 17 1 3.1

Table 49: WHO recommended classification of severity level of malnutrition on the basis of the percentage prevalence of the three anthropometric indices Severity of under nutrition Stunting Underweight Wasting % of HAZ < -2 SD % of WAZ < -2 SD % of WHZ < -2 SD Acceptable <20 <10 <5 Poor 20-29 10-19 5-9 Serious 30-39 20-29 10-14 Critical >= 40 >=30 >=15

11. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE PROGRAM IMPLICATIONS

11.1 Household Food Security The different indicators used in this survey indicates that Borena households in SCUS operational areas are largely characterized by food insecurity. Households at an average have adequate food access from all sources available to them for approximately 3.7 months per year. In addition, the proportion of food self-sufficient households throughout the year in the surveyed woreda stands at 2.8% of the total sample households. Mostly households face food shortage during the consecutive months from July to February.

The sample households were asked on the type of different food groups they consumed using a 24 hour recall period to calculate household dietary diversity score (HDDS). The overall mean HDDS in the sample Borena areas area was found to be about 4.5. This means that, on average, households had consumed about four to five different food groups. However, a quarter households in the sample were found to have an average HDDS equals three. With regard to household hunger scale (HHS) about 25% households in the survey areas were affected by moderate or severe hunger. The average coping strategy index for the entire surveyed areas was found to be 9.2.

Based on the above indicators, the prevalence of household food insecurity is high in the program areas. Thus, reduction of food insecurity through PSNP transfers and longer term development interventions such as household asset protection (mainly livestock) and development of locally appropriate production strategies such as irrigation facilities should continue to be the focuses of DFAP.

11.2 Asset Holdings

The average asset value owned by households for the baseline year was found to be Birr 40,206. Livestock appears to be the most important wealth accumulation strategy for most of the population in all the survey areas, accounting for about 97% of the total value of the average household assets. About 28% of household asset value reduction was reported by the sample households in one year period prior to the survey due to forced sell of animals, and drought and livestock diseases affecting the livestock population. Thus, a program intervention that facilitates in enhancing feed and water availability and animal health on the one hand and building community resilience against shocks that induce forced sell of livestock asset can help these communities secure their livelihoods and improve their capacity for adapting to the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, strategies for diversification of assets, other than livestock, at the household level must be explored by the DFAP.

11.3 Household Consumption Expenditure

The mean annual per capita per annum expenditure in the survey areas was Birr 5,590. This was Birr 5,863 and Birr for MHH and FHH respectively. In general, as a typical characteristics of developing world overwhelming majority (87%) of household spending per year goes to food.

Based on the consumption expenditure survey) about two in three of 63% of the population leaves under the international poverty line (USD 1.25 per day per person). According to the national poverty line, the average income poverty gape of the poor people is about Birr 1,509 per capita per year.

11.4 Gender and Social Perspectives

The study found that the highest proportion of currently married women (CMW) decided jointly to purchase and/or sale livestock. About 90.9%, 81.5%, 71.1% and 71.1%, 65.8% of currently married women reported to have jointly decided on the purchase and/or sale of horse and mule, camel, cattle, sheep/goat and donkey, respectively. As the survey findings indicated, the existing gender-based decisions on agricultural produces seem to be slightly different from decisions on livestock. The majority of women respondents reported that they independently decide on the purchase and/or sale of cereals (41.5%) and pulses (57.4%).

The study also found that the overwhelming majority of CMW (79.1%) and MHH (78.1%) included in the study opposed the practice of female circumcision (FC) and claimed that it should be stopped. As regards to the decisions on girls’ circumcision, 80% and 72% of the interviewees reported that they decided jointly on matters related to female circumcision in Oromia and Somali, respectively. The findings of the study also show that the majority of respondents (72.6%) reported that decisions are made jointly by women (wives) and men (husbands) on seeking health services for women and children.

These findings on gender highlight the need for further enhancement of women’s decision- making power at the household level in the program intervention areas. Besides, the result of the survey signifies the need for tailored health care services for girls and adult women who have already undergone FC and also calls for systematic actions to prevent the practice of this harmful tradition.

11.5 Access to Social Service

More than 77.4 % of the population in the sample area did not have a year round protected water source, 98.5% did not use toilet facilities at all and many said that they used the nearby bush for defecation. Thus, interventions in this area should focus on improving access to drinking water. Equally promotion of proper hygiene and sanitation knowledge and practices at household level should be given a priority for the reduction in the incidence of communicable diseases which have direct bearing on child growth and nutritional status.

11.6 Access to PSNP and Credit Services

About 23.6% of households in the sample woredas are PSNP clients and receiving the transfer from this social protection program. Although beneficiaries reported receiving PSNP supports as of 2005 over 50% of current beneficiaries started obtaining the supports after 2008. At an average exiting households have received PSNP support for the past five years.

DFAP considers target beneficiaries’ disability status in its Productive Safety Net Program targeting. The study revealed that 41.4% of people with disability living in chronically food

45 insecure households (current PSNP beneficiaries) were reported receive PSNP support. Although the total number people does not seem to be high as reported by sample households about 58.6% people with disability in chronically food insecure households were found not receiving PSNP support. As to the reasons for not receiving the transfer, 44.1% of respondents reported that they did not register persons living with disabilities for the fact that they were not recognized as needy persons by the targeting bodies. Therefore, promotion of awareness among community based and kebele institutions responsible for PSNP targeting should aware about the provision given to people with disability to obtain direct support transfer from the program.

Household asset building and stabilization is one of the strategies of Ethiopia's Food Security Program (EFSP) through promotion of small business opportunities for chronically food insecure households. Particularly provision of credit services and extension supports to these households are envisaged to graduate them from PSNP support. This study collected information on access to credit services by PSNP clients. Based on nearly 20% of PSNP client households have received PSNP support. The current coverage of credit service in the study areas is low and it largely focused accommodating MHH (21.3%) that FHH (12.3%). Therefore, strengthening credit system in the areas and paving ways that enable women to have equal access with men for credit deserves strong attention to realize the objective of EFSP.

11.7 Nutritional Status of Children

In this survey, anthropometric data on height and weight, including age and sex, were collected from all children aged between six and fifty nine months in the sample households to determine their nutrition status. Based on these measurements, the prevalence of stunting was 37.1% and that of severe stunting was 18.2%; the prevalence of underweight was 20.0% and severe underweight was 5.4%: and the prevalence of wasting was 5.9% and that of severe wasting was 2.2%. Similar to the findings of EDHS (CSA, 2011), this study has shown that malnutrition continues to be significant problem of the study site.

The survey results showed that nutritional problem is very common in all project areas. As demonstrated by the results of this study, moderate level of malnutrition is prevalent in the study area in proportion greater than the severe level. Prevalence moderate stunting, moderate underweight and moderate wasting were 18.9%, 14.6% and 3.7% respectively and found to be high. Moderate malnutrition should receive high public health attention not only due to their size but also because of the fact that they remain hidden and largely unrecognized. Moderately affected children appear quit healthy even if their risk of developing sickness is much greater than the well nourished children. It is important to take appropriate actions before the situation of children with moderate level of malnutrition deteriorates to severe level.

This has implications for the designing of programs which improve health and nutrition as important components of the food security program framework and stress the need for appropriate “utilization” of foods as well as sanitation and hygiene at the household level. Nutritional status is a function of food security, caring practices (behavior) especially of the mother and a healthy environment, and not just a mere absence of food, and hence improvement in nutritional status requires a multi-faceted response. Implementing partners need to work closely with the ministry of health and the ministry of agriculture at all levels. The health extension program needs to be supported in the implementation of the community-based

46 nutrition program through facilitation of trainings, and organizing various community discussion fora.

Alike other findings from Sub Saharan Africa, this study has confirmed that malnutrition has statistically significant sex inequality. The prevalence is much higher in boys when compared to girls. International literature provide various explanations including systemic sex differences in values of the reference standard population, family favoritism toward daughters, biological differences, etc (Henry Wamani and et. Al, 2007). This result is intriguing and should be explored further by qualitative means to uncover the local reasons for this inequality.

2.11 Annex 1: Indicators of DFAP Ethiopia in the SCUS operation areas Module in the Ind Survey # List of Indicators Indicator value Questionnaire Boys = 43.4% Percentage of underweight (WAZ<-2) children aged 6-59 Girls = 30.7% 1 months (sex disaggregated) Total = 37.1% L Boys = 29.0% Percentage of stunted (HAZ<-2) children aged 6-59 months Girls = 11.00% 2 (sex disaggregated) Total = 20.0% L Boys = 8.4% Percentage of wasted children 6-59 months (sex Girls = 3.3% 3 disaggregated) Total = 5.9% L Percentage of households with access to an improved 11 sanitation facility 1.5% F Percentage of households using an improved drinking 28.2% during dry season 12 water source 22.6% during wet season G

13 Average Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) 4.5 C.1 Household Hunger Scale (HHS): Percentage of households 15 with moderate or severe hunger 25.3% C.2 Percentage of people with disabilities in PSNP woredas that 16 are served by the program 41.2% J 17 Copping Strategy Index (CSI)/resilience indicator 9.2 C.3 Average months of adequate food provisioning from all 18 sources 3.7 C.4

Proportion of women who reported to have jointly decided Camel = 97.3% on purchase and/or sale of asset (cattle, Camel, shots, pack animals and agricultural produces) with their Cattle = 87.4% 19 husbands/partners during the last 12 months Sheep/Goat = 87.9% I.1 Proportion of male head of households who believe that the 24 practice of female circumcision should be stopped. 67.5% I.4 Proportion of currently married women who believe that the 25 practice of female circumcision should be stopped 62.0% I.4 % of HHs is reported during the final evolution by comparing with baseline data. The mean asset value during % of households whose asset levels are stable or the baseline is estimated at = 26 increasing ETB 40,206 per household H.2 Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 reporting that she makes decisions either by herself or jointly with her spouse regarding Seeking health services for her own Her own = 65.8% 27 health or for their own children Children = 75.0% I.5 % of HHs is not a way government standard is Percentage of HHs in PSNP woredas report improved measured. Thus we present 30 access to primary schools as per government standard the mean distance of primary K

schools (grade 1-4) in the program area. This is 14.7 km. % HHs is not the way the government standard is reported. Rather it states one health post per 5,000 people. Thus we have considered average distance to Percentage of HHs in PSNP woredas report improved correspond with this indicator 31 access to health posts as per government standard which equals to 6.6 km. K Average months in a calendar year of water availability at 32 improved water structures 7.1 months K % of households using an improved drinking water sources 33 for livestock 52.7% K

Ruel, Marie. (2002). Is Dietary Diversity an Indicator of Food Security or Dietary Quality? A Review of Measurement Issues and Research Needs. IFPRI FCND Discussion Paper