“On the Side of the Angels?

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“On the Side of the Angels? ”On the Side of the Angels?” Representationer av kristendomar i TV-serien Arkiv X ”On the Side of the Angels?” Representations of Christianities on the television series The X-Files Oliver Madden Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap, Religion Religion III 15 hp Handledare: Sören Dalevi Examinator: Kerstin von Brömssen 2014-01 ABSTRACT The X-Files is a television show that was produced between the years 1993-2002 . The series has gone down in history for capturing the zeitgeist of the 1990s with its postmodern distrust of authorities and its interest in new forms of spirituality. In several episodes, the main characters come in contact with the Christian religion. This thesis examines how different forms of Christianity were portrayed in The X-Files. The questions asked concerns the secondary characters that are featured individual episodes of the series and can be described as representations of different form of Christianity. Through close readings of six episodes the following results were discovered: Generally speaking, one cannot say that the portrayal of Christians is exclusively positive or negative. It is multifaceted, which is in line with postmodern nature of the show. A common stereotype is the Protestant fundamentalist, which can prove to be good characters as well as charlatans. The Catholic Church is portrayed as a liberal church whose primary role is therapeutic and Catholicism is presented as the normative form of Christianity. The X-Files contradict a lot of stereotypes that exist in American film and television. Although fundamentalists have a prominent role, they often end up as portrayed in a relatively positive way. The common horror stereotype where Catholic priests struggle with the supernatural, is also one with which the series break, and instead Protestant characters are given these roles. The X-Files highlight the positive and negative aspects of both fundamentalist and liberal Christianity. Even so the form of Christianity that gets the most screen time in the series is fundamentalist. keywords: The X-Files, film and religion , television, popular culture, religion SAMMANDRAG The X-Files (svensk titel Arkiv X) är en TV-serie som producerades mellan 1993-2002. Serien har gått till historien för att fånga tidsandan och dess postmoderna misstro mot myndigheter och intresse för nyandlighet. I ett flertal avsnitt kommer huvudpersonerna i kontakt med den kristna religionen. Uppsatsen undersöker hur olika former av kristendom gestaltas i The X-Files. Frågeställningen berör de bikaraktärer som dyker upp i serien och som kan beskrivas som representationer av kristendomar. Genom närläsningar av sex avsnitt nås följande resultat: Generellt sett kan man inte säga att framställningen av kristna är uteslutande positiv eller negativ. Den är mångfacettered, vilket stämmer väl överens med TV-seriens postmoderna och ”livsåskådningsfragmentariska” natur. En vanligt förekommande stereotyp är protestantiska fundamentalister, som kan visa sig vara goda karaktärer eller charlataner. Den katolska kyrkan framställs som en liberal kyrka vars främsta roll är terapeutisk och katolicismen framställs som den normativa, sansade och vanliga formen av kristendomen. The X-Files bryter mot en hel del stereotyper som förekommer i amerikansk film och TV. Trots att fundamentalisten har en framträdande roll så framställs den ofta i slutändan i en relativt positiv dager. Skräckfilmsstereotypen där katolska präster tampas med det övernaturliga bryter serien också mot, och låter protestantiska karaktärer ha dessa roller istället. The X-Files lyfter fram positiva och negativa aspekter hos såväl fundamentalism som mer liberal kristendom. Med det konstaterat så är slutsatsen ändå att den kristendomsform som får mest utrymme i serien är fundamentalistisk. Nyckelord: Arkiv X, film och religion, TV, populärkultur, religion Innehåll 1. Inledning .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Syfte och frågor ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Forskningsläge .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Metod ............................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Närläsning av sex avsnitt ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Miracle Man (Säsong 1; Avsnitt 17) ............................................................................................. 9 2. 2 Revelations (Säsong 3; Avsnitt 11) ............................................................................................ 13 2.3 Gethsemane och Redux II (Säsong 4: Avsnitt 24 och Säsong 5: Avsnitt 2) ............................... 16 2.4 All Souls (Säsong 5; Avsnitt 17) ................................................................................................. 17 2.5 Signs & Wonders (Säsong 7; Avsnitt 9)...................................................................................... 20 3. Diskussion och analys ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 De missförstådda fundamentalisterna.......................................................................................... 25 3.2 Protestantiska charlataner ............................................................................................................ 30 3.3 Katolska Själasörjare ................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Vanliga kristna ............................................................................................................................ 35 3.5 Ulvar i fårakläder......................................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Kristus-gestalter........................................................................................................................... 40 4. Sammanfattning och slutsats ............................................................................................................. 41 4.1 Slutsats ........................................................................................................................................ 43 5. Källor och Litteratur .......................................................................................................................... 44 5.1 Källor ........................................................................................................................................... 44 5. 2 Litteratur ..................................................................................................................................... 44 1. Inledning TV-serien The X-Files (svensk titel Arkiv X) är känd för att under 1990-talet ha fångat samtidens anda, med dess postmoderna misstro mot myndigheter och dess intresse för nyandlighet. I serien undersöker två FBI-agenter, Dana Scully (som är en skeptiker) och Fox Mulder (som tror på övernaturliga fenomen) diverse bisarra fall med kopplingar till det paranormala, UFO:n och statliga konspirationer. Under seriens nio säsonger, som består av både enskilda fall, och en övergripande konspirations-story (den s.k. ”mytologin”), möter de två agenterna ett stort antal fenomen kopplade till olika religioner. Förutom UFO-kulter, indiansk andlighet, österländsk religion och andra varianter av andlighet (mutanter, varulvar, vampyrer etc.) så har ett antal avsnitt också att göra med den kristnadomen. I dessa avsnitt kommer de två agenterna i kontakt med karismatiska predikanter och helare, apokalyptiska extremister, romersk-katolska kyrkan, bibliska mytologiska varelser och legender, fundamentalister, demoniska väsen mm. Inte minst spelar kristendomen, specifikt katolicismen, en stor roll för karaktären Scully (spelad av Gillian Anderson) vars katolska uppfostran – trots hennes roll som naturvetare och skeptiker – är en stor del av hennes identitet. Karaktären Mulder (spelad av David Duchovny), som tycks kunna tro på vilket nyandligt, paranormalt fenomen som helst, avvisar dock all form av organiserad kristenhet. Serien är en av de 1990-talets mest framgångsrika TV-serierna. Den har av TV-kritiker ansetts ha ett överväldigande inflytande över TV-mediet, och vara en ”kulturell prövosten” för 1990-talet.1 Det är viktigt att ta i beräkningen den samtida kontext i vilken serien fanns. Mulder och Scullys äventyr är en produkt av 1990-talets postmodernism och knöt an till den stämning som rådde under decenniet. Inte minst vad gällde intresset för nyandlighet och den misstro som fanns mot samhälleliga institutioner såsom statliga underrättelsetjänster, men också de traditionella kyrkorna. Populärkulturella fenomen, såsom film eller TV-serier fungerar ofta som en samtidsspegel, inte minst vad gäller synen på andlighet eller religion.2 Eftersom The X-files var ett kollosalt stort fenomen då det sändes, kan man anta att intresset för TV-serien också speglade ett intresse för andlighet. Tack vare att serien fortfarande är populär och finns att tillgå på DVD gör att den fortsätter att förmedla den mentalitet i vilka den blev till. 1http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/film/x-hits-the-spot-27880105.html (2014-01-19)
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