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West of England Low Carbon Initiative Project 2 Lot 4 Renewables and Low Carbon Energy in the West of England Final Report Revision 03 24Th February 2012 Contents

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West of England Low Carbon Initiative Project 2 Lot 4 Renewables and Low Carbon Energy in the West of England Final Report Revision 03 24Th February 2012 Contents West of England Low Carbon Initiative Project 2 Lot 4 Renewables and Low Carbon Energy in the West of England Final Report Revision 03 24th February 2012 Contents 1 Executive Summary 6 2 Introduction 22 3 Overview of Technical Potential 24 4 Previous Studies 32 5 Gap Analysis 46 6 WoE Geography and Stakeholders 48 7 Case Studies and Best Practice 58 8 Opportunities 64 9 Workshop Summaries and Action Plans 94 10 Conclusions 99 11 Recommendations and Action Plans 101 12 References 103 West of England Low Carbon Initiative Project 2 Lot 4 2 Lot Project Initiative Carbon of England Low West 2 Final Report revision 03 Acknowledgements This study was carried out by Buro Happold. We would like to acknowledge the following organisations and individuals for contributing or developing data and information that has been used within this report: Ÿ Regen South West Ÿ SQW - Renewable and Low Carbon Energy Capacity Methodology Ÿ The Project Steering Group, consisting of : Jane Wildblood (Bath and North East Somerset), Celia Beeson (Bristol), Michael Reep and Jessica Harper (North Somerset), Jane Thompson and Jane Antrobus (South Gloucestershire) Ÿ The South West Observatory The following consultants who developed previous studies for the UAs: Ÿ AECOM (Bath & North East Somerset District Heating Opportunity Assessment Study and South Gloucestershire Report on the Potential for Renewable and Low Carbon Energy Supply) Ÿ CAMCO (Bath & North East Somerset Renewable Energy and Planning Research) Ÿ The Centre for Sustainable Energy (Bristol City Wide Sustainable Energy Study) The following speakers for contributing to capacity building workshops: Ÿ Charlotte Parkes, Islington Borough Council Ÿ Mike Smith, Cofely Ÿ Alasdair Young, Buro Happold Ÿ Hazel William, Regen SW Ÿ Rachel Coxcoon, CSE Ÿ David Tudgey and Daniel Quiggin, Bristol Energy Network Ÿ John Malone, Energy 4 All Ÿ Peter Capener, Bath and Western Community Energy Ÿ Robert Tudway, GLA 3 ©Buro Happold 24th February 2012 Glossary West of England: The counties formerly known as Avon. These are the Unitary Authorities of: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire and Bristol City. Unitary Authority: is responsible for all local government within its area. It is a type of local authority that forms a single tier of local government as opposed to two tier systems where functions are divided between county councils and district councils. Sustainable energy: used to describe both renewable energy and low carbon energy technologies, including combined heat and power. Low carbon energy produces less carbon than traditional forms of energy production. If energy production can be carried out closer to demand through smaller decentralised power plants, then energy which would otherwise be wasted can be used and distributed to these buildings. Renewable energy: energy that comes from sources which are not used up faster than they are generated. Renewable energy sources include sunlight, wind, tide, wave, geothermal and biomass power. Renewable sources of energy are generally less concentrated than non-renewable energy, and require a distributed energy system. DECC methodology: This is the standard methodology for assessment of the potential for sustainable energy in the English regions. It was published by DECC in 2010, so studies carried out prior to that date were not able to follow it. Technical potential: This is the total energy that can be obtained from a resource using today’s technology. This is equivalent to ‘stage 2’ of the DECC methodology, ‘technically available resource’. Practical potential: This is the total energy that can be obtained from a resource, taking into account technical, economic and supply chain constraints. The exact de! nition of these constraints will vary depending on regulatory requirements as well as political and community will. These constraints are negotiable, as they depend on the social choices that are made, and so the practical potential is di" cult to quantify. Constrained potential: the amount of renewable energy available is constrained by a number of factors, from land use to regulatory, planning and ! nancing issues. The amount of constraint and number of constraints applied to a resource increases as the analysis moves through the stages of the DECC methodology. Anchor load: a single large heat demand, such as a swimming pool or a hospital, which can form a stable demand and customer for a district heating system. The presence of anchor loads can signi! cantly increase the viability of a district heating network in a particular location. Merton Rule: the Merton Rule was ! rst implemented in the London Borough of Merton in 2003, as a requirement that new developments generate at least 10% of their energy needs from on-site renewables. Since then, the Planning and Energy Act 2008 has enabled all councils in England and Wales to implement similar policies, with the threshold of percentage of renewable energy generated at the discretion of the council. Combined Heat and Power: Simultaneous generation of both electricity and heat, which saves energy by making use of heat which would otherwise be wasted. Planning Policy Statement 1 : Delivering Sustainable Development, ! rst implemented in January 2005. Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty: a landscape conservation status which reduces the likelihood of wind turbines being permitted in the area, although it does not prohibit wind turbine development entirely. Section 106: The section of the Town and Country Planning Act which relates to the payment of monies from developers to the local council towards the external costs of the development. These include impacts on transport and other infrastructure and services which the council will have to pay for. West of England Low Carbon Initiative Project 2 Lot 4 2 Lot Project Initiative Carbon of England Low West 4 Final Report revision 03 Abbreviations AONB - Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty B&NES - the Unitary Authority of Bath and North East Somerset BCC - the Unitary Authority of Bristol City Council CHP - Combined Heat and Power CIL - Community Infrastructure Levy CSE - Centre for Sustainable Energy DECC - Department for Energy and Climate Change ESCo - Energy Service Company GIS - Geographical Information Service LEAF - Local Energy Assessment Fund LEP - Local Enterprise Partnership NS - the Unitary Authority of North Somerset odt/ha - oven dried tonnes per hectare (unit used for biomass resource assessment) PPS1 - Planning Policy Statement 1 S106 - Section 106 SAC - Special Area of Conservation SG - the Unitary Authority of South Gloucestershire SSSI - Site of Special Scienti! c Interest UA - Unitary Authority WoE - West of England 5 ©Buro Happold 24th February 2012 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Introduction This report builds on the other West of England Low Carbon Initiative projects commissioned by the four Unitary Authorities (UAs) that make up the West of England (WoE), and other relevant studies across the UAs, to identify opportunities for developing regional sustainable energy infrastructure and to help build capacity to facilitate this. This report summarises Stage One and Stage Two of Project 2, Lot 4 “Renewables and Low Carbon Energy in the West of England”. Stage One of this project focused on the existing evidence base around the WoE’s capacity for deployment of sustainable energy. Stage Two used this evidence base to build capacity by presenting the ! ndings of this report in a series of workshops with appropriate stakeholders. The workshops concluded with next step actions to set out clear ways forward for realising sustainable energy opportunities for the WoE. The outcomes of the workshops informed the recommendations for WoE wide action by the UAs. The study has found that there is signi! cant potential for sustainable energy in the WoE, with the largest potential for sustainable energy in rural areas being wind power and biomass, whereas in urban areas the largest potential is for heat networks, energy from waste, heat pumps, and solar PV. Through the case studies and workshops, this study showed the importance of leadership from the UAs in order to achieve policy objectives and advance the agenda of sustainable energy. ‘Technical Potential’ This study brought together existing data to assess the overall technical potential for sustainable energy in the WoE. The technical potential is the maximum amount of energy which could be supplied using today’s technology; assuming that economic, social and deployment factors were not an issue. If all the technical potential for sustainable energy in the WoE were implemented, it would be possible to achieve approximately a 44% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from heat and electricity (not including carbon dioxide emissions associated with transport, agriculture or aviation), compared to meeting current demand through conventional energy generation and supply methods. This would require an extremely challenging level of activity and acceptance of new infrastructure. Even if it is possible to achieve the full 44% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, there is a signi! cant shortfall to achieve the overall 80% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions required by the 2008 UK Climate Act, which includes transport agriculture and aviation emissions. This demonstrates the importance of demand reduction through energy e" ciency and other measures, as well as the need for additional sustainable energy from outside the WoE, such as o# shore wind turbines, tidal power or nuclear power.
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