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Dodiri Knezova Krbavskih Sa Srednjovjekovnom Bosnom

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Dodiri Knezova Krbavskih Sa Srednjovjekovnom Bosnom ivan botica DODIRI KNEZOVA KRBAVSKIH SA SREDNJOVJEKOVNOM BOSNOM Apstrakt: Krbavski, koje je historiografija po rodonačelniku Kurjaku oprezime- nila kao Kurjakovići, svekoliko su obilježili hrvatsku kasnosrednjovjekovnu povi- jest kao zapažen rod iz Krbave u današnjoj Lici. Dovoljno je reći da su između 1298. i 1531, kada se prate u povijesnim vrelima, bili u rodbinskim vezama, gle- dano abecednim slijedom, s Batorijima, Babonićima, Bribirskima, Erdödyjima, Frankapanima, Gorjanskima, Hrvatinićima, Iločkima, Nelipčićima, Zrinskima, Zlatonosovićima, da im se vlastelinstvo na vrhuncu moći krajem 14. st. prostiralo praktički između Plitvičkih jezera i Ravnih kotara, da su imali kuće u gradovima poput Zadra, Bratislave i Zagreba, da su prvi u Hrvatskoj rješavali svoj politički i društveni status preko sjevera (Ugarske) itd. Mnogi su pripadnici ovoga roda bili u doticaju s bosanskim prostorom i njegovim ljudima. U radu se propituju politički, gospodarski, rodbinski i prijateljski odnosi knezova Krbavskih te dodiri s Bosnom do njezina dospijeća pod Osmanlije. Ključne riječi: srednjovjekovna Hrvatska, srednjovjekovna Bosna, knezovi Krbav- ski, rod Kurjakovići, hrvatsko-bosanski odnosi, srednjovjekovno plemstvo Abstract: Krbavski, whom historiography gave the surname Kurjakovićs after the name of their family founder Kurjak, defined Croatia’s late medieval period in many ways as a famous noble family from Krbava in today’s Lika. It’s enough to say that between 1298 and 1531, when traced at historical sources, they were in allied relations with important noble families such as, Batori, Babonić, Bribirski, Erdödy, Frankapani, Gorjanski, Hrvatinići, Iločki, Nelipčić, Zrinski, Zlatonosović and their estates at the end of the 14th century had spread between the Plitvice Lakes and the Ravni Kotari. They had properties ie. houses in cities like Zadar, Zagreb and Bratislava, and they were also the first nobles in Croatia who were resolving and es- tablishing their political and social status through the North (Hungary), etc. Many family members were in contact with the Bosnian area and its people. The paper discusses the political, economic, familial and friendly relations of the counts of Krbava toward Bosnia until the Ottoman conquest of the Bosnian territory. 119 ivan botica Keywords: medieval Croatia, medieval Bosnia, Counts of Krbava, Kurjaković fam- ily, Croatian-Bosnian relations, medieval nobility Uvod Kurjakovići su velikaški rod iz Krbave u današnjoj Lici. Hrvatsku su kasno- srednjovjekovnu povijest podosta obilježili svojim djelovanjem. Ta je velikaška kuća prepoznatljivija po rodnom prezimenu Kurjakovići, koje je u historio- grafskoj radionici skovano prema patronimu Kurjak, negoli po velikaškom na- slovu i stvarnom prezimenu Krbavski. Potomci njihova rodonačelnika Kurjaka Gusića oplemenjivali su se tako što su rođenjem uz naslov “kneza” (comes) dobivali prema posjedu prezimensku oznaku “od Krbave” (de Corbavia) iliti “Krbavski”.1 Heraldički su se prepoznavali po guski, rodnoj identifikaciji (po- tječu od Gusića), najčešće okrunjenoj, postavljenoj nad vodoravnim gredama u štitu.2 Taj je grb u ranonovovjekovnim heraldičkim katalozima plemstva Sve- toga Rimskoga Carstva znao čak predstavljati Hrvatsku.3 Rodoslovno stablo Kurjakovića, odnosno knezova Krbavskih čini gotovo sedamdeset članova, počevši od rodonačelnika Kurjaka Gusića, koji se prvi put spominje 1298, pa do smrti posljednjega muškoga potomka Ivana Karlovića 1531. godine.4 Srednjovjekovna Krbava, iz koje su podrijetlom i u kojoj je bila baština roda Kurjakovića, knezova Krbavskih, bila je županijsko i biskupijsko središte sred- njovjekovne Hrvatske i Splitske nadbiskupije. Nastojanjem već spomenutoga Kurjaka i njegovih sinova prometnula se u nasljedno vlastelinstvo njihovih po- tomaka koji su se ondje uzdržali, počevši od prve pol. 14. st., kada su se od svo- jih ujčevića Šubića osamostalili, pa do 1527, kada je sav prekovelebitski prostor 1 Slično su tako prema posjedu oprezimenjeni mnogi srednjovjekovni i ranonovovjekovni plemeniti poput Bajnskih, Blagajskih, Bribirskih, Bužimskih, Celjskih, Cetinskih, Čepinskih, Daruvarskih, Grabarskih, Humskih, Komorskih, Malomlačkih, Peranskih, Posedarskih, Trakošćanskih, Vran- skih, Zrinskih itd. Podrobnije objašnjenje za Zrinske vidi: Damir Karbić i Suzana Miljan, “Knezovi Zrinski u 14. i 15. stoljeću između staroga i novoga teritorijalnog identiteta”, u: Susreti dviju kultu- ra. Obitelj Zrinski u hrvatskoj i mađarskoj povijesti, ur. Sándor Bene, Zoran Ladić i Gábor Hausner, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2012, 15-16. 2 Amer Sulejmanagić, Grb knezova Kurjakovića Krbavskih, Državni arhiv u Gospiću, Gospić, 2017. 3 Amer Sulejmanagić, “Kurjakovići Krbavski ‒ grb jednog hrvatskog velikaškog roda u Europi”, Hrvatska revija, XIX/1, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2019, 24. 4 Velikaška je kuća Kurjakovići Krbavski obrađena u neobjavljenoj doktorskoj disertaciji autora ovoga članka. Usp. Ivan Botica, Krbavski knezovi u srednjem vijeku, Doktorska disertacija, Filozof- ski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2011. 120 dodiri knezova krbavskih sa srednjovjekovnom bosnom skupa s Krbavom potpao pod Osmanlije. Već je tada Krbava, pritisnuta osman- lijskim upadima i klimatskim zahladnjenjem koje je iz godine u godinu ništilo poljoprivredu,5 bila poluprazna i siromašna regija bez važnijega grada i biskup- skoga središta, a doskora je postala najpustija i najsiromašnija subregija u Lici. Gotovo je nevjerojatno da su iz takva kraja bili Kurjakovići Krbavski. Gle- dajući samo bračne veze s velikaškim kućama, bili su rodbina ili svojta Šubići- ma, Hrvatinićima, Nelipčićima, Blagajskima, Gorjanskima, Zlatonosovićima, Frankapanima, Iločkima, Batorijima, Erdödyjima, Zrinskima. Na vrhuncu su moći bili u vrijeme aspiracija Bosanskoga Kraljevstva na hrvatske krajeve. Tada su pod sobom držali veći dio teritorija između Plitvičkih jezera i Vranskoga jezera. Zbog postojane su vjernosti Žigmundu Luksemburškomu bili jedina ozbiljnija prepreka Hrvoju Vukčiću Hrvatiniću i Sandalju Hraniću na jugu Ugarskoga Kraljevstva kada su oni u ime Ladislava Napuljskoga raščinjavali prostor i običaje u Hrvatskoj. Knezovi Krbavski bili su dalmatinsko-hrvatski banovi, kraljevski župani, kaštelani, kapetani i vitezovi, dvorjani, bliski kraljevi suradnici i savjetnici. Čak je jedan Kurjaković bio čuvar krune sv. Stjepana u Višegradu. Izuzev krbavskoga vlastelinstva iliti kneštva, roditeljske baštine na sjecištu današnje Like i sjeverne Dalmacije, bili su prisutni u ćićarijskoj Istri, Bosanskoj krajini, zapadnoj Slavoniji, Prekodravlju, središnjoj i zapadnoj Ma- đarskoj, središnjoj i zapadnoj Slovačkoj, Zagrebu i njegovoj okolici. Trajno su neki imali kuće u Zadru, Požunu (Bratislavi) i Zagrebu, a povremeno su neki od njih živjeli u Zadru, Višegradu, Levicama, Budimu, Veneciji, Požunu (Bratislavi) i Zagrebu. Konstantu svoga visokoga položaja u društvu zahvaljuju tomu što su se čvrsto držali kao rod i što su u političkim procjenama uglavnom bili jedinstveni. Prva su velikaška kuća iz Hrvatske koja je svoje sinove voljno usmjeravala prema sjeveru, tj. Ugarskoj. Početkom 15. st. kada se Hrvatska lo- mila između napuljskoga ili luksemburškoga izbora za vladara, više je knezova Krbavskih živjelo na sjeveru, tj. Ugarskoj, negoli na jugu, tj. Hrvatskoj. Iako su bili s juga, koji je svoj pogled usmjeravao na vladara preko Jadrana, postojano su zagovarali rješenje dinastičkoga pitanja u korist sjevera. Prva su hrvatska velikaška kuća koja je u Svetoj kruni Ugarskoga Kraljevstva (Corona sacra re- giae Hungariae), kako se od Ludovikove nasljednice Marije intenzivnije počelo 5 Ivan Jurković, “Model uzročno-posljedičnih veza osmanske ugroze, klimatskih nepogoda, gladi i kuge na privredu hrvatskih i slavonskih vlastelinstava u zadnjim desetljećima 15. i tijekom 16. stoljeća”, Tabula, 12, Filozofski fakultet, Pula, 2014, 139-149. 121 ivan botica nazivati zemlje pod krunom sv. Stjepana,6 vidjela Hrvatsku i njezin opstanak. Posljednji od njihova roda Ivan Karlović prvi je 1. siječnja 1527. potpisao ispra- vu u Cetingradu, opečativši ju usto svojim pečatom, kojom je Habsburgovci- ma ponuđena vlast nad Kraljevstvom Hrvatske i Dalmacije. Knezovi Krbavski, osim što su bili politički i društveno vrlo angažirani, nastojali su biti i poslovni ljudi. Neki su, zahvaljujući krupnim trgovačkim i novčarskim poslovima, ste- kli nekretnine u dalmatinskim gradovima te imali štedne knjižice u Veneciji. Potomci će od takvih živjeti izuzetno pristojno od kamata, pogotovo oni koji su živjeli u Šomođskoj županiji u današnjoj Mađarskoj. Uzevši u obzir sve te i mnoge druge činjenice, sasvim je razvidno da su kne- zovi Krbavski morali doći u doticaj sa srednjovjekovnom Bosnom i ljudima koji su potjecali s bosanskoga prostora. U nastavku će se kronološkim slijedom progovoriti o njihovu suodnosu, odnosno o njihovim političkim, gospodar- skim, poslovnim, rodbinskim, prijateljskim i neprijateljskim dodirima sve do dospijeća bosanskoga prostora pod Osmanlije. Pod okriljem “dominusa” Bosne Početci velikaške kuće Krbavskih idu od Kurjaka Gusića na izmaku 13. i na samom početku 14. stoljeća. Kurjak je do ženidbe sestrom Pavla I. Šubića bio običan plemić od roda Gusića.7 Lako je moguće da ga je izabranica, na- žalost nepoznata imena, upoznala dok je bio familijar njezina brata i njezine velikaške kuće Bribirskih. Brakom je postao zet Pavla I. Šubića, najmoćnijega čovjeka s juga, koji ga, pišući isprave majestetičnim pluralom kao da je vladar, oslovljava cognatus noster.8 Bračnom je svezom stekao velikaški status i krbav- sko vlastelinstvo
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