Where Do Prenatal and Postnatal Healthcare Providers Fit In?
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Infant Safe Sleep in Ohio: Where Do Prenatal and Postnatal Healthcare Providers Fit In? Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nichole Laureen Hodges, M.P.H. Graduate Program in Public Health The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Mira Katz, Advisor Sarah Anderson Lara McKenzie Mary Ellen Wewers Copyright by Nichole Laureen Hodges 2016 Abstract Introduction: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sleep-related sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) are among the leading causes of infant mortality in the United States (U.S.) and are associated with significant health disparity. Healthcare professionals can influence their patients’ infant safe sleep choices; however, little is known about the practices of prenatal and postnatal healthcare providers related to this topic. The purpose of this study was to assess the infant safe sleep knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of lactation consultants, obstetric physicians, and certified nurse midwives (CNMs) in Ohio and identify barriers and enabling/reinforcing factors associated with providing infant safe sleep education in the obstetric environment. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used. Focus groups were held with certified lactation consultants in Ohio to discuss their role and the advice they provide to women about infant safe sleep and reducing the risk of SIDS and other causes of infant sleep- related death. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted with physicians and CNMs. Surveys were sent to a census of all licensed physicians in the registry of the State Medical Board of Ohio with “obstetrics,” “obstetrics and gynecology,” or “maternal and fetal medicine” as their first area of specialty (n=1,771) as well as all nurses included in the licensing registry of the Ohio Board of Nursing as a CNM (n=333). ii Results: Four focus groups were held with certified lactation consultants (n=22). Major themes that emerged included: lactation consultants’ belief in the importance of bedsharing for supporting breastfeeding; frustration with policies that prohibit lactation consultants from discussing bedsharing with clients; and the impact of employer policies on the advice they provide while on the job. Preliminary findings from the focus groups were discussed and checked with a subgroup of participants to ensure the credibility of the findings. Response rates for the obstetric physician and CNM surveys were 30% and 55%, respectively. Most participants were relatively knowledgeable about the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) infant safe sleep recommendations. CNMs were more likely than physicians to express positive attitudes about providing infant safe sleep education and to report that they regularly discuss this topic with their patients. Greater knowledge, positive attitudes, and prior SIDS training were significant predictors of whether respondents provided infant safe sleep education to their patients. The majority of survey participants perceived barriers to providing infant safe sleep education in the obstetric environment, but many expressed interest in doing so. Discussion: Prenatal and postnatal healthcare providers interact with expectant mothers and mothers of newborns at a critical time for infant safe sleep decision- making. This study reveals that mothers may not be receiving messages from lactation consultants that are consistent with the AAP’s infant safe sleep recommendations. Also, although many obstetric physicians and CNMs had knowledge about the topic, most are not regularly recommending infant safe sleep information to their patients. More should iii be done to ensure that expectant mothers and mothers of newborns are receiving frequent infant safe sleep advice from their healthcare providers and that the information is consistent with the recommendations of the AAP. iv Dedication Dedicated to my grandmother, in honor of your strength, grace, and countless sacrifices; to my mother, for your unwavering support; and to my beloved daughters, you are my inspiration and greatest joy. v Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank some of the many people who contributed to the successful completion of this research study. My advisor, Mira Katz, provided mentorship throughout my graduate school experience and I am grateful for her guidance and valuable contributions to this research. I would like to thank my committee members, Sarah Anderson, Lara McKenzie, and Mary Ellen Wewers, for sharing your expertise with me and providing support and encouragement along the way. I was aided in this research by a committed team of graduate research assistants: Amanda Blackett, Jake Kosinski, Nicole Murphy, and Erin Schmitt. I truly value all of the time and effort that each of you dedicated to this project. To Gary Smith, I sincerely appreciate all of the encouragement you have provided throughout this endeavor. I would not have been able to pursue this opportunity without your support and professional guidance. To Rachel Moon, Marit Kington, Rosalind Oden, Joana Iglesias, and Fern Hauck, thank you for allowing me to use your physician survey instrument as a guide for my research. I am inspired by the work you have done in this field. vi This study would not have been possible without the generous support of my funders, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank them both. Funding for this study was provided by the Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital through Grant # 1R49 CE002106 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Center for Injury Research and Policy. Also, thank you to the Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion in the College of Public Health at The Ohio State University for providing departmental funds to support this research. Last but certainly not least, I would like to express tremendous gratitude to my family and friends for their steadfast support of this journey. In particular, I would like to thank my husband for his patience and encouragement; my sister, for always being my biggest cheerleader; and Christy, for instigating this whole crazy endeavor in the first place. vii Vita December 2000 ..............................................B.A. English Literature and Theatre Arts, East Carolina University August 2005 ...................................................M.P.H. Public Health, The Ohio State University 2005-2015 ......................................................Injury Prevention Coordinator, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital 2015 to present ..............................................Senior Research Associate, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Publications Hodges, N.L., Shoben A.B., Paskett, E.D., & Katz, M.K. (2015). The impact of a literacy- sensitive intervention on CRC screening knowledge, attitudes, and intention. Journal of Community and Supportive Oncology (in press). viii Hodges, N.L., Denny, S.A., & Smith, G.A. (2015). Rare-earth magnet ingestion-related injuries in the pediatric population: A review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/1559827615594336 Denny, S.A., Hodges, N.L., & Smith, G.A. (2014). Choking in the pediatric population. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 9(6), 438-441. doi: 10.1177/1559827614554901 Hodges, N.L. & Smith, G.A. (2014). Car safety. Pediatrics in Review, 35(4), 155-160. Hodges, N.L. & Smith, G.A. (2013). A model of community pediatrics: Improving access to safe play environments. Pediatrics, 131(2), 338-339. Algaze I., Snyder, A.J., Hodges, N.L., & Smith, G.A. (2012). Children Treated in United States Emergency Departments for Door-Related Injuries, 1999-2008. Clinical Pediatrics, 51(3), 226-232. Randazzo, C., Stolz, U., Hodges, N.L., & McKenzie, L.B. (2009). Pediatric tree house- related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States: 1990-2006. Academic Emergency Medicine, 16(3), 235-42. Fields of Study Major Field: Public Health Specialization: Health Behavior and Health Promotion ix Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................vi Vita .............................................................................................................................viii List of Tables ..............................................................................................................xii List of Figures .............................................................................................................xiv Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Background ..............................................................................................4 Chapter 3: Lactation Consultant Views on Infant Safe Sleep ....................................43 Chapter 4: Survey Methodology ................................................................................74