The Miami Hurricane
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Covert Action to Prevent Realignment by Cullen Gifford Nutt
Sooner Is Better: Covert Action to Prevent Realignment by Cullen Gifford Nutt September 2019 ABSTRACT Why do states intervene covertly in some places and not others? This is a pressing question for theorists and policymakers because covert action is widespread, costly, and consequential. I argue that states wield it—whether by supporting political parties, arming dissidents, sponsoring coups, or assassinating leaders—when they fear that a target is at risk of shifting its alignment toward the state that the intervener considers most threatening. Covert action is a rational response to the threat of realignment. Interveners correctly recognize a window of opportunity: Owing to its circumscribed nature, covert action is more likely to be effective before realignment than after. This means that acting sooner is better. I test this argument in case studies of covert action decision-making by the United States in Indonesia, Iraq, and Portugal. I then conduct a test of the theory’s power in a medium-N analysis of 97 cases of serious consideration of such action by the United States during the Cold War. Interveners, I suggest, do not employ covert action as a result of bias on the part of intelligence agencies. Nor do they use it to add to their power. Rather, states act covertly when they fear international realignment. 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1. The Puzzle and Its Importance In April 1974, military officers in Portugal overthrew a right-wing dictatorship. A caretaker government under a conservative officer, Antonio Spínola, set elections for March of 1975. But Spínola resigned at the end of September, frustrated with menacing opposition from the left. -
Safe for Democracy the Secret Wars of the Cia John Prados
06-223 (01) FM.qxd 5/9/06 8:59 PM Page iii SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY THE SECRET WARS OF THE CIA JOHN PRADOS Ivan R. Dee Chicago 2006 06-223 (01) FM.qxd 5/9/06 8:59 PM Page vii Contents Foreword ix Major Figures in the Book xiii Acronyms Used in the Book xxvii 1 The Gamut of Secret Operations 3 2 Cold War Crucible 28 3 The Secret Warriors 42 4 “The Kind of Experience We Need” 58 5 Covert Legions 78 6 Bitter Fruits 97 7 Adventures in Asia 124 8 “Acceptable Norms of Human Conduct Do Not Apply” 145 9 Archipelago 162 10 The War for the Roof of the World 184 11 “Another Black Hole of Calcutta” 204 12 The Bay of Pigs: Failure at Playa Girón 236 13 Cold War and Counterrevolution 273 14 The Secret War Against Castro 298 15 War in Southeast Asia 337 16 Global Reach 366 17 The Southern Cone 396 18 From “Rogue Elephant” to Resurrection 431 19 The Mountains of Allah 467 20 The Reagan Revolution 493 06-223 (01) FM.qxd 5/9/06 8:59 PM Page viii viii Contents 21 Bill Casey’s War 507 22 Project Democracy 539 23 Full Circle 572 24 The Struggle for Control 606 25 Safe for Democracy 640 Notes 649 A Note on Sources 675 Index 679 06-223 (01) FM.qxd 5/9/06 8:59 PM Page ix Foreword PUBLIC OPINION POLLS in many countries today portray the United States as the greatest threat to world peace on the globe, worse than terrorism or any other na- tion. -
THE OLD BOYS the American Elite and the Origins of the CIA
THE OLD B OYS The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA BURTON HERSH Expanded, unexpurgated, and with an updated preface INTRODUCTION THE OLD BOYS The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA In 1961 I was a kid attempting to break into magazine free-lancing. The Bay of Pigs debacle had barely overtaken the Kennedy administration, and through a well-intentioned friend I finagled an audience with the highly regarded progressive Carey McWilliams, long since the rock and senior brain around The Nation of that era. McWilliams’s editorial office was small, I remember, with an ink-blotched, chipped-up desk that looked as if it had been dragged into an alley behind some principal’s office somewhere and rescued by liberals from the Department of Sani- tation. The plaster was grey, and crazed into cracks in a great many places, and smeared with a formless crescent behind where McWilliams tilted back his creaky oak chair and impatiently rubbed his scalp against the wall while hashing up story ideas. Amidst all this atmosphere, McWilliams came right to the point. What with the end of the Eisenhower administration and the Cuban misadventure, the CIA was accessible for the first time. The moment was ripe to dig out a full-length exposé of the Agency, until recently seemingly untouchable. The Allen Dulles era was mani- festly at an end. How about starting in for the magazine with that assignment? There could be no guarantee, but the magazine would probably pay expenses up to thirty dollars. At that time of my life I had no experience of any kind with investigative jour- nalism, a single friend with a couch in the entire D.C. -
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project JAMES McCARGAR Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: April 18, 1995 Copyright 1998 ADS TABLE OF CONTENTS Family background in California 920- 94 Public schooling in San Francisco Educated at Stanford Entry into Foreign Service 94 - 942 Cram school Oral e(am Interest in Russia Soviet Union- travel to post 942 Itinerary, -ra.il, Africa0 1iddle East Peregrinations through Soviet Union Soviet Union- 2uibyshev 942 Ambassador Standley Soviet Union- 1osco3 942 Duties of Tommy Thompson 4ife in 3artime 1osco3 2remlinology Soviet Union- 5ladivostok 942- 943 Trans-Siberian rail3ay 4iving conditions Angus 7ard Soviet Union- 1osco3 943 A night in 4ubyanka prison Report on conditions in 5ladivostok 942- 943 Romantic interlude 1 Santo Domingo 943- 944 Trujillo Refugee settlement- DORSA 1ilitary Career 944- 948 ONI Aleutian Islands Soviet ships Soviet attack on the 2urile Islands Returning of Red Army prisoners Sinking a Soviet ship Hungary- -udapest 948- 947 The Pond Conditions in Hungary Communist pressure tactics Reaction to the Truman Doctrine Escape net3ork Cardinal 1inds.enty Romanian royals US military corruption in -udapest Italy- Genoa 947- 948 American role in the 948 Italian elections The Pond- from State to CIA Office of Policy Coordination 948- 950 Chief of the Southeastern European Division National Committee for Free Europe Albania 2im Philby Guy -urgess Sumner 7elles Carmel Office France- Paris 950- 954 Promotion difficulties From Embassy to COCO1 Resignation from the Foreign Service Nation Committee for Free Europe 955- 977 Assembly of Captive European Nations European Director for Political and Social Programs 4yman 2irkpatrick Interrogation in the Department 2 INTERVIEW Q: oday is the 18th of April of 1995. -
Spouse Names
33 1 Preface This is a collection of autobiographical sketches written by volunteers and staff of the Nigeria I (1961-1963) group of the United States Peace Corps. It is compiled in anticipation of the 50th anniversary of the Peace Corps to be celebrated in Washington, DC in September 2011. A similar collection was compiled for the 40th Anniversary. Some of the current recollections thus focus more on our lives since then than the full 50 years since the beginning of our Peace Corps service. Nigeria I was the 3rd group of Peace Corps volunteers in Africa, being preceded by Tanzania and Ghana. We trained at Harvard University and University College, Ibadan in the summer and fall of 1961 and were deployed to our field assignments in January 1962. We would like to thank all of our colleagues who contributed to this informative, imaginative, creative, and oftentimes humorous collection. We hope it will serve as a meaningful souvenir of our time in Nigeria and our lives since that formative experience. — The Editors John Fanselow Norm Gary Dave Hibbard Paul Newman ————— NB: For reasons of privacy and internet security, we have put contact information that contributors made available into a separate document. People on the Nigeria I email list will receive a copy of these contacts. Note on cover: The background for the cover is a photo of a piece of Yoruba cloth of unknown origin and date. It comes from a personal piece that was inherited by Norman Gary from his deceased wife, Judith Olmsted Gary (Nigeria VI). Note on usage, permission and attribution: In the spirit of openness and sharing exemplified by the Peace Corps, the authors of the biographical sketches in this volume hereby give permission to interested parties to reproduce, translate, or otherwise make use of this work, in whole or in part, on condition that proper attribution is provided. -
HUNGARY COUNTRY READER TABLE of CONTENTS Kingsley W
HUNGARY COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Kingsley W. Hamilton 1937-1938 Rotation Officer, Buda est James Cowles Hart Bonbright 1941-1942 Consular Officer, Buda est James McCargar 1946-1947 Vice Consul, Buda est Jordan Thomas Rogers 19,4-19,8 Economic.Political Officer, Buda est 0. 1ouglas Martin 19,6 Hungarian 1es2 Officer, Washington, 1C Horace 3. Torbert 1961-1962 Charg4 d5Affaires, Buda est John Richardson, Jr. 1961-1968 President, National Committee for a 8ree Euro e, New 9or2 Alfred Puhan 1969-1973 Ambassador, Hungary Alan Hardy 1970-1978 Political Officer, Buda est Robert B. Morley 1971-1973 Polish, Czechoslova2ia, and Hungary 1es2 Officer, Washington, 1C 1onald B. Kursch 1971-197, Consular.Economic Officer, Buda est Keith C. 0mith 1973-1976 Political Officer, Buda est 0te hen H. 1achi 1973-1977 Public Affairs Office, U0I0, Buda est Phili M. Kaiser 1977-1980 Ambassador, Hungary 3. Jonathan 3reenwald 1982-1984 Political Counselor, Buda est Keith C. 0mith 1983-1986 1e uty Chief of Mission, Buda est Nicholas M. 0algo 1983-1986 Ambassador, Hungary 1onald B. Kursch 1986-1990 1e uty Chief of Mission, Buda est Robie M.H. ?Mar2” Palmer 1986-1990 Ambassador, Hungary Nadia Tongour 1987-1988 Hungarian 1es2 Officer, Washington, 1C Robert E. McCarthy 1988-1992 Public Affairs Officer, U0I0, Buda est Aawrence Cohen 1991-1994 Environment, 0cience and Technology Attach4, Buda est Aynne Aambert 1997-1998 1e uty Chief of Mission, Buda est Charlotte Row 1997-1999 Environment and 0cience Attach4, Buda est KINGSLEY W. HAMILTON Rotation Officer B dapest (1937-1938) Kingsley W. Hamilton was born in 1911 to Presbyterian missionaries in the Philippines. -
INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA Konfl Ik Perang Dingin, 1953-1963
INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA Konfl ik Perang Dingin, 1953-1963 i INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA ii Baskara T Wardaya, SJ INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA Konfl ik Perang Dingin, 1953-1963 iii INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA Konfl ik Perang Dingin, 1953-1963 Penulis: Baskara T Wardaya, SJ Penerjemah Awal: Dono Sunardi Penyunting: Dono Sunardi & AA Kunto A Perancang Sampul: Teguh Prastowo Perancang Isi: Amir Hendarsah & Prast Ilustrasi sampul & isi: Corbis & istimewa Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-undang Cetakan I, 2008 PENERBIT GALANGPRESS (Anggota Ikapi) Jln. Anggrek 3/34 Baciro Baru Yogyakarta 55225 Telp. (0274) 554985, 554986 Faks. (0274) 554985 email: [email protected] www.galangpress.com Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Wardaya, Baskara T.; INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA, Konfl ik Perang Dingin, 1953-1963; Yogyakarta: Galangpress; Cet. I, 2008; 150 x 230 mm; xx+448 halaman ISBN: 978-602-8174-03-9 I. Sejarah III. Wardaya, Baskara T. II. Judul Dicetak oleh: PERCETAKAN GALANGPRESS Jln. Anggrek 3/34 Baciro Baru Yogyakarta 55225 Telp. (0274) 554985, 554986 Faks. (0274) 554985 email: [email protected] Distributor tunggal: PT BUKU KITA Jln. Kelapa Hijau No.22 RT 006/03 Kel. Jagakarsa, Kec. Jagakarsa, Jakarta 12620 Telp/Fax. (021) 7888 1850 Fax: (021) 7888 1860 iv Untuk kedua orangtua, dan untuk Anda, pecinta sejarah Indonesia v INDONESIA MELAWAN AMERIKA Belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya, adanya semacam kebingungan besar di benak banyak orang berkenaan dengan soal politik luar negeri Amerika Serikat. Hanya para sejarawan diplomatik— yang bisa meluangkan waktu khusus dan mendalaminya secara leluasa, sambil mengambil jarak dari peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi—akan sanggup untuk mengurai benang kusut itu dan memperlihatkan aspek-aspek yang sebenarnya dari berbagai faktor dan persoalan yang ada.