Representação, Intuição E Contato Na Composição Com Algoritmos

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Representação, Intuição E Contato Na Composição Com Algoritmos José Henrique Padovani Velloso Representação, intuição e contato na composição com algoritmos CAMPINAS 2009 José Henrique Padovani Velloso Representação, intuição e contato na composição com algoritmos Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado em Música do Instituto de Artes da UNICAMP como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Música. Área de concentração: Processos Criativos Orientador: Prof. Dr. Silvio Ferraz Mello Filho CAMPINAS 2009 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO INSTITUTO DE ARTES DA UNICAMP Velloso, José Henrique Padovani. V546r Representação, intuição e contato na composição com algoritmos. / José Henrique Padovani Velloso. – Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2009. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Silvio Ferraz Mello Filho. Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes. 1. Composição. 2. Composição assistida por computador. 3. Composição Algorítmica. 4. Processos criativos. I. Ferraz, Silvio. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Artes. III. Título. (em/ia) Título em inglês: "Representation, intuition and contact in the composition with algorithms.” Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): Composition ; Computer-assisted composition ; Algorithmic composition ; Creative processes. Titulação: Mestre em Música. Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Silvio Ferraz Mello Filho. Prof. Dr. Sérgio Freire Garcia. Profª. Drª. Denise Hortência Lopes Garcia. Prof. Dr. Rogério Luiz Moraes Costa. Prof. Dr. José Augusto Mannis. Data da Defesa: 12/02/2009 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Música. v para Luciana e nosso filho vii Agradecimentos Ao Silvio, pelos ensinamentos, pela orientação, pelas composições, pelo entusiasmo e, sobretudo, pela sincera amizade. A Denise Garcia e Rogério Costa, pelas valiosas sugestões. À Fundação de Educação Artística – especialmente a Rubner de Abreu e Berenice Menegale –, por ter sido a casa onde cresci como músico e professor. A Sérgio Freire, pela generosidade e dedicação como professor e por ter me ensinado a procurar a música em circuitos, patches e outros lugares inesperados. A Rogério Vasconcelos, pelos ensinamentos, pela sua inspiradora inventividade, pelas sugestões e pelo companheirismo. A Oiliam Lanna, Rafael Nassif e aos instrumentistas da orquestra de cordas do SESI Minas, pela dedicação e competência que tornaram possível a realização e a gravação de canto diviso. Ao Oiliam, agradeço também pelas valiosas aulas de contraponto, orquestração, composição e análise, que certamente transformaram a maneira como penso e percebo a música. A Sérgio Rodrigo Lacerda e Patrícia Bizzotto, queridos amigos/colegas que acompanharam e estimularam grande parte dos meus estudos. Aos músicos da Camerata Experimental que tornaram possível a estreia de Heliotrópia para um sincero público de crianças do ensino fundamental. À UFMG e à Unicamp, universidades públicas e de qualidade que possibilitaram meus estudos de graduação e pós-graduação em música. À FAPESP, pelo suporte indispensável à realização dessa pesquisa. A Alexandre Ficagna, pela amizade, generosidade e hospitalidade. A Guilherme Antônio Ferreira, pela valiosa amizade e por ser uma referência fundamental como compositor e professor. Aos outros colegas do IA que também se tornaram bons amigos: Rodrigo Lima, ix Tadeu Taffarello, Guilherme Copini, Vanessa Rodrigues, Alexandre Sanches, Júlia Tygel, Ivan Simurra, Adriano Monteiro e Francisco Oliveira. Ao meu irmão, João Pedro e à Emília, pela generosidade e acolhimento. Ao meu pai, Marco Aurélio, pelo carinho, interesse e compreensão. A Lara, Júlia, Patrícia, Ado, Júlio, Ana, Beatriz e Aloysio, por serem uma família maravilhosa. Ao Aloysio, agradeço também pelo excelente trabalho como marceneiro que resultou na "versão 0.2" da mesa. À minha mãe, Nicoletta, por ter sempre me amparado e estimulado a trilhar meu caminho, pela sua sensibilidade e inteligência, por sua cultura literária e filosófica mas, sobretudo, por seu olhar humano sobre as coisas. Especialmente, à Luciana, por estar a meu lado, pelas sugestões e correções, por me amar, compreender e me dar a grande alegria de esperar um filho. x O pintor está frente à sua tela, as cores estão na paleta, o modelo posa; vemos tudo isso e conhecemos também a maneira do pintor: acaso prevemos o que aparecerá sobre a tela? Possuímos os elementos do problema; sabemos, por um conhecimento abstrato, como será resolvido, pois o retrato certamente se assemelhará ao modelo e certamente também ao artista; mas a solução concreta traz consigo esse imprevisível nada que é tudo na obra de arte. E é esse nada que toma tempo. Sendo Nada de matéria, cria-se a si mesmo como forma. A germinação e a floração dessa forma alongam-se em uma duração que não pode ser encurtada, que se consubstancia com elas. Henri Bergson, A evolução criadora, p. 368. xi RESUMO Neste trabalho é abordada a questão da utilização de algoritmos e métodos computacionais na composição musical. Com o suporte filosófico de conceitos e ideias de Henri Bergson discute-se a relevância de aproximações intelectuais e intuitivas na criação musical. No primeiro capítulo é introduzida a questão da técnica musical, define-se o conceito de algoritmo e discute-se a íntima correspondência entre as representações musicais e os procedimentos composicionais. No segundo capítulo, é apresentada a ideia bergsoniana de intuição, levando-se em conta sua relevância à compreensão dos processos criativos, particularmente, daqueles que se valem de recursos computacionais para erigir materiais e procedimentos composicionais. No terceiro capítulo é delineada uma breve história dos recursos computacionais e de seu uso como ferramentas composicionais e são apresentados os paradigmas específicos dos principais softwares relacionados à composição com algoritmos. No quarto capítulo são definidas as características básicas da composição com algoritmos, são discutidas questões relevantes a respeito do uso de recursos computacionais na atividade composicional e é introduzido o conceito de contato composicional. No último capítulo são apresentados estudos técnicos e criações musicais realizados durante as pesquisas em processos criativos. Complementando a última seção, o CD de dados que acompanha a dissertação inclui documentos como partituras, gravações, vídeos, aplicativos e códigos computacionais (em Common Lisp, Processing, Arduino, PWGL e Lilypond) que estão relacionados à parte técnica e à parte criativa da pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Composição, composição assistida por computador, composição algorítmica, processos criativos. xiii ABSTRACT In this work the issue of the use of algorithms and computational methods in the musical composition is discussed. With the philosophical support of Henri Bergson's concepts and ideas, the relevance of intellectual and intuitive approaches in musical creation is discussed. In the first chapter the question of musical technique is introduced, the concept of algorithm is defined and it is discussed the close correspondence between musical representations and compositional procedures. In the second chapter, Bergson's concept of intuition is presented regarding its relevance to the understanding of creative processes, particularly, those that use computational resources to build compositional materials and procedures. In the third chapter a brief history of computational resources and their use as compositional tools is outlined and the specific paradigms of the main software related to the composition with algorithms are presented. In the fourth chapter the basic characteristics of the composition with algorithms are defined, relevant questions concerning the use of computational resources in compositional activities are discussed and it is introduced the concept of compositional contact. In the last chapter musical creations and technical studies that were developed during the research on creative processes are presented. Complementing this last section, the data CD that comes with the dissertation includes documents such as scores, recording, videos, applications and source codes (in Common Lisp, Processing, Arduino, PWGL and Lilypond) that are related to the creative and technical parts of the research. Key Words: Composition, computer-assisted composition, algorithmic composition, creative processes. xv SUMÁRIO Introdução ...................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1. Música, técnica e algoritmos ................................................ 7 1.1 Música e técnica................................................................................8 1.2 Algoritmo: definição .......................................................................17 1.3 Algoritmos e procedimentos na composição musical ................20 CAPÍTULO 2. Música, inteligência e intuição............................................ 35 2.1 A música tratada como número.....................................................36 2.2 Alguns conceitos e ideias de Henri Bergson ...............................39 2.2.1 Extensivo e inextensivo:...........................................................40 2.2.2 A duração e a memória: ...........................................................42 2.2.3 Impulso vital, instinto e inteligência ..........................................52 2.2.4 Intuição.....................................................................................56 2.2.5 Homo faber, Homo sapiens......................................................60 2.3 Pode a música ser representada por números e tratada por operações
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