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Postscript by Sabine Kuhle The publication of this book was prolonged by grateful to Andrew Bond, who took it upon the sudden death of my late husband, on 25 April himself to provide us with a meticulous proof- 2015. The manuscript had been left complete in reading of the original manuscript. Through him, my hands; however, at the time of submission to readability and linguistic precision have much the publisher, the English translation did not yet improved. All remaining errors are our own. meet current standards. I am thus extremely © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 295 M. Kuhle, The Glaciation of High Asia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77566-1 Index A Chagdo Kangri (massfi), 110–112 Agham (valley, settlement), 28–35, 48, 55, 57 Chalamba La (pass), 91, 94, 95 Agham Glacier, 31 Chamonix (valley, European Alps), 152 Aksai Chin (area, lake), 77, 78, 82, 165, 211 Chang La Baba (pass, valley), 59 Alaska, 179 Chemrey (settlement), 59 Ali (Shiquanha) (settlement), 128 Chogolungma (Glacier), 291 America (continent), 165, 196 Chongce (Chongtse) Shan I (massif), 109 Animachin (Kunlun Mountains), 11 Chongce Shan (massif), 77–79, 82, 103, Annapurna, 147, 151, 269 105, 108, 109 Antarctic, 270, 281, 292 Chong Kundum (Kumdan) Glacier, 30 Antarctica, 285 Cho Oyu (peak, massif), 183 Arctic circle, 201 Chukirmo hamlet, 60 Arganglas Kangri (peak massif), 35 Chung Muztagh (massif), 108, 109 Axel Heiberg (island, Arctic Ocean, Canada), 205, 229 Cuoe Lake, 177 B D Baffin Island (Canada), 203, 220 Damodar (Himalaya, Himal, massif), 148–153, 158, 159, Baingoin (county, Tibet), 226, 241, 246–248, 257 173 Baltoro (Glacier), 291 Dankowa (peak, massif), 273 Bam Co (lake), 248 Darbuk (settlement, valley), 22, 59 Banff (town, Canada), 60, 161 Dareyog (massif), 116, 117, 125 Bangong Co (lake), 177 Dhaulagiri (peak, massif), 87, 122, 146, 151 Barun (Glacier), 291 DhaulagiriAnnapurna Himalayas, 147, 151, 269 Batura (Glacier), 291 Diamir (Glacier), 291 Bayan Har Shan (mountain range), 180, 185 Digar (settlement), 31 Biafo (Glacier), 291 Dogai Coring (lake), 201, 203, 219, 220, 257 Bobogawu (peak, massif), 186 Donggi Cona (lake), 176 Bow River (Rocky Mountains), 161 Dorenza (peak, massif), 127, 157 Bow Valley (Rocky Mountains), 161 Dorsoing Co (lake), 211 British Columbia (Canada), 60 Dovre Fjell (Scandinavia), 81 Burog Co (lake), 184 Drolung Co (lake), 178 Buruocuo lake, 105 Duomaxiang (lake), 241 C E Calgary (Canada), 60, 161 Earth (the planet), 188, 192–201, 205, 259, 279, 281, 285, Canada, 161, 203, 241 289 Central Tibet, 5, 11, 77, 79, 82, 89, 91, 102, 103, 109, Eurasia, v 160, 170, 172, 191, 201, 203, 204, 206, 219, 224, European Alps, 59, 109, 152 242, 258, 259, 273, 291 Everest (Mt./Mount Everest, peak, massif), Chabo Cuo (lake), 118 183, 190, 292 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 297 M. Kuhle, The Glaciation of High Asia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77566-1 298 Index F Kangchenjunga (Glacier), 291 Flamingo (Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica), 292 Kangju Kangri (peak, massif), 55, 56 Kangshung (Glacier), 291 Karakoram (also—Karakorum), 34, 56, 82, 273, 291 G Karcha (glacier), 76 Gandise Shan (massif), 109, 110, 122, 126, 156, 172 Kardung La (pass), 60 Ganges River, 147 Kargil (settlement), 77 Gangmo Shan (massif), 130 Khalsi (settlement), 58, 62, 68 Gangotri (Glacier), 291 Khaltse settlement, 71, 76 Gar (settlement), 58 Khaplu (settlement, town), 35 Garkung Caka (lake), 106 Khardung (settlement), 36 Gar Zangbo (valley—Indus Valley), 58 Khardung La (pass, valley), 35 Geladaindog, 228 Khumbu (Glacier), 190, 291 Geladaindong (massif, mountain group), 165 Khumjung (peak, massif), 148, 150, 153 Gertse (also—Lumaringbo, settlement), 110, 124, 131, King Ata Tagh (mountain range), 273 165 Koktutau (peak, massif), 273 Ghent Kangri (massif, mountain group), 43 Kolakoshih Ho (valley, outlet glacier), 56, 82 Gladongding Massif, 282 Kola Peninsula (Russia), 203 Gobi (desert), 284 Kongar Shan (massif, mountain group), 181 Gozha Co (lake), 77, 78 Kongmaru (valley), 60, 75 Greenland, 166, 193, 204 Kongmaru La (pass), 60 Gurla Mandhata (massif), 142, 189 Kore La (pass), 147 Koucha (lake), 176 Kuen Lun pass, 165 H Kuhai (lake), 177 High Asia, 1, 2, 31, 111, 124, 179, 183, 188, 189, 191, Kuku Nor (also—Qinghai Lake, lake), 242 192, 198, 200, 201, 222, 259, 261, 270, 273, 275, Kukushili (massif), 103, 105, 107, 108 279, 281, 285, 289, 291 Kunjerab pass, 182 Himalaya (also—Himalaya), 64, 76, 82, 147, 148, 152, 156, 190, 259, 270, 273, 292 Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, v, 195, 196 L Himlung (Glacier), 291 Ladak Range, 59 Hispar (Glacier), 291 Lahoul (area), 58, 76 Hundar Glacier, 48 Laken La (pass), 97 Hundar Valley, 46, 51 Lamayuru Lake, 71, 75 Langmage (settlement), 58 Langtang Ri (Glacier), 291 I Laxiongcuo (lake), 112 Indus Glacier, 57, 67, 71, 74–76 La Yongma Ri (massif, mountain group), 43, 54 Indus main valley, 61, 64, 71, 75, 77 Leh (town, settlement), 60, 68 Indus Valley, 15, 33, 35, 57–60, 61, 64–70, 72–74, 76, 82 Lho La (pass), 190 Inylcheck Glacier, 291 Likir Chu (valley), 74, 75 Linggo Co (lake), 212, 213, 216 Lingzi Thang (area), 82 J Liushi Shan (massif), 80, 82 Jacksons (New Zealand), 60 Loinbo Kangri (peak, massif), 122, 146, 292 Janghgaida Rinag (massif), 125 Luanhaizi (lake), 177 Jangmanjiar glacier, 182 Lugula Himal (peak, massif), 148, 149 Jialabali (Ghyala Peri), 292 Lumaringbo (also—Gertse, settlement), 110, 124 Jialabali (peak, massif), 292 Lunpo Gangri (also—Lunpo Kangri, massif), 146, 147 Jialongqiete Valley, 182 Lunpo Kangri (also—Lunpo Gangri, massif), 146 Jokkmokk (Sweden), 201 M K Ma’er Gaichaka (lake), 105 K12 (massif, mountain group), 43 Manas (lake), 177 Kailas (peak, massif), 139, 141, 144 Manasarowa Lake, 58 Kali Gandaki (river), 147 Marol settlement, 76 Kananaskis (country, Canada), 60 Martselang (settlement), 59 Index 299 Martselang Valley, 60, 75 Pangong Valley, 18, 22, 24, 27, 57, 59 Mayer Kangri (massif), 110, 118, 125 Peak 6045, 118 Minya Gonka (also: Minya Konka, peak, massif), 274, Phyang Chu (valley), 64, 75, 76 276 Phyang Chu Glacier, 62 Minya Konka (also—Minya Konka, peak, massif), Phyang monastery, 62 259, 276 Phyang Valley, 62, 64 Mont Belgica (Belica Mountains, Antarctica), 292 Pik Pobedy (peak, massif), 291 Mt. Alexander (New Zealand), 60 Pir Panjal (mountain range), 58, 76 Mt. Vinson (Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica), 292 Pozarmalung (massif), 116, 117, 124, 125 Mt. Wilson (New Zealand), 60 Puchu Chu (valley), 60–62, 75, 76 Mubucun Lake, 114 Pum Co (lake), 257 Muggargoibo (massif), 82 Pung Co (lake), 250, 257 Muglib (settlement), 23, 25 Purog Glacier, 291 Mustagh Karakorum (also—Karakoram, Karakorum), 56 Purog II (peak, massif), 108, 113 Mustang Thak Khola (valley), 147, 150, 154, 158 Purog II Kangri (peak massif), 105, 106, 111 Muztagh Ata (peak, massif), 181 Purog Kangri (peak, massif), 164, 165, 206, 208, 210–214, 218, 221, 223, 224, 258, 291 N Naisa Valley, 183 Q Nako Tso (lake), 7, 80 Qinghai (lake), 177 Naleng (lake), 176 Qomo Ri (massif), 110, 121, 124, 125 Namcha Barwa (peak, massif), 283, 292 Quilian Shan (mountain range), 273 Nam Co (lake), 96, 98–100, 102, 103, 172, 255, 257 Qungmogangze (Qiongmo Kangri) (peak, massif), 292 Nam Co basin (lake basin), 96, 100, 102 Nangpa (Glacier), 291 Nenang (peak, massif), 292 R New Zealand, 60 Ratna Chuli (peak), 148, 150 Nganclong Kangri (massif), 172 Rhone Glacier, 59, 291 Ngozumpa (Glacier), 291 Rimo Kangri (massif, mountain group), 43 Nimaguo (settlement), 94 Rondane (Scandinavia), 81 Norin Kang (Langkazi) (peak, massif), 292 Rongbuk Valley, 190 North America, 165 Rongdu (settlement), 35 Northern Territories (Canada), 203 Ruberung Massif, 58 North Pole, 204 Novaya Zemlya (archipelago, Arctic Ocean, Russia), 202, 220 S Novaya Zemlya, 202, 220 Sahara (desert), 244 Nubra Glacier, 43, 46 Sajan (mountain range), 259 Nubra Valley, 30, 35, 36, 42, 46, 51, 55, 57 Sakti (settlement, valley), 59, 75 Nun Kun (massif), 76 Sakti Chu (valley), 75 Nyainqentanglha (massif, mountain range), 83, 85, 89, Saltoro Kangri (massif, mountain group), 43 91, 96, 98, 102, 103, 172, 292 Samdain Kangsam (massif), 98, 100, 102 Nyalam (county, Tibet), 183 Sangda Himal (massif), 154, 158, 159, 173 Sarek (Sweden), 204 Saser-Kangri (massif, mountain group), 43 P Scandes (N-Europe, Scandinavia), 109, 275 Palung Co (lake), 184 Scandinavia, 125, 166, 227 Pamir (mountain range, plateau), 6, 182, 273, 275 Schatz Ridge (Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica), 292 Panbari Himal (peak, massif), 150 Shakangsham (Shakham) Kangri (peak, massif), 292 Pangong (Bangong) Co (lake), 177 Shakham (massif), 122, 124–126 Pangong Co (also—Pangong Tso, lake), 7, 12, 14, 19, 27, Shang Chu (also—Shang Valley), 75 54, 56, 78, 80 Shang Valley (also—Shang Chu), 60 Pangong Co basin (also—P. C. Lake Basin), 56, 57 Sherpi-Kangri (massif, mountain group), 43 Pangong Co Lake Basin (also—P. C. basin), 9 Shisha Pangma (peak, massif), 182, 183, 283 Pangong Co Valley, 7 Shyok (main valley, outlet glacier), 23, 27, 30, 33–35, 53, Pangong Tso (also—Pangong Co, lake), 55 54, 56, 57 Pangong Tso Valley, 55 Shyok Glacier, 32, 34, 35, 57, 76, 77 300 Index Shyok River, 28–30, 33, 34 Tsangpo River, 94, 95, 155 Shyok Valley, 15, 21–25, 27–36, 39, 42, 43, 45–49, Tsati (settlement), 35 51–57, 59, 82, 177 Tunah (settlement), 58 Siachen Glacier, 46, 291 Tung Hu (lake), 122, 124 Siling Co (lake), 177, 178, 188, 242, 245, 257 Singi Kangri (massif, mountain group), 43 Skamri (Glacier), 291 U Solang Nala (valley), 58 Uletokba settlement, 66 South Saskatchewan River (Rocky Mountains),
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    DAILY FROM: AHMEDABAD, CHANDIGARH, DELHI, JAIPUR, KOLKATA, LUCKNOW, MUMBAI, NAGPUR, PUNE, VADODARA JOURNALISM OF COURAGE TUESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2020, KOLKATA, LATE CITY, 12 PAGES SINCE 1932 `5.00/EX-KOLKATA `6.00(`12INNORTH EAST STATES&ANDAMAN)WWW.INDIANEXPRESS.COM Army got politicalsignal NEW PARLIAMENT First details of to identify, occupy ‘6-7 CentralVista:SC immunisation locations’ on LAC in May emerge: shots in batches of vred Chinese troops in August- cautions,makes KRISHNKAUSHIK end to occupythe heights, includ- NEWDELHI,DECEMBER7 ing Mukhpari, Rezang La, Rechin 100 people; 30 La andGurung Hillamongothers, THEARMY'S move to occupy and the south bank of Pangong Govthitpause minutes each dominantheights in theChushul Tsointhe sub-sector. sub-sectorand bolsterits position The political leadership “had in the border face-offwith China giveninstructions to the forces No work until pleas decided, cango KAUNAINSHERIFFM in eastern Ladakhwastaken after in Mayitself, to identifysix to Farmersatthe Singhu border in NewDelhi on Monday. Praveen Khanna NEWDELHI,DECEMBER7 apolitical go-ahead in Maytooc- sevenlocations wherewecan ahead withDec 10 foundation laying cupy“six to sevenlocations” go”, the official said. Underlining ■100individuals will be admin- along the Line of Actual Control the significance of these posi- isteredthe vaccine duringeach (LAC), asenior government offi- tions, the official said severalof Ahead of Bharat bandh today, war EXPRESSNEWSSERVICE ED session at avaccination centre. cial told The Indian Express. them arebeyondthe LAC. “It has NEWDELHI,DECEMBER7 Onhold ■ The vaccinator will take at Following these directions, givenIndia something to bargain PLAIN E least30minutes to complete the ● fornow the topofficial said, theArmyfor- with,” the official said. of words betweenBJP, Congress EXPRESSINGITS concern at the EX process of vaccinating eachre- mulated plans and outmanoeu- CONTINUEDONPAGE2 Government proceeding “ag- cipient,toensuretracking of a gressively” with the Central Vista THE SUPREMECourtor- possible adverseevent.
  • 2000 Ladakh and Zanskar-The Land of Passes

    2000 Ladakh and Zanskar-The Land of Passes

    1 LADAKH AND ZANSKAR -THE LAND OF PASSES The great mountains are quick to kill or maim when mistakes are made. Surely, a safe descent is as much a part of the climb as “getting to the top”. Dead men are successful only when they have given their lives for others. Kenneth Mason, Abode of Snow (p. 289) The remote and isolated region of Ladakh lies in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, marking the western limit of the spread of Tibetan culture. Before it became a part of India in the 1834, when the rulers of Jammu brought it under their control, Ladakh was an independent kingdom closely linked with Tibet, its strong Buddhist culture and its various gompas (monasteries) such as Lamayuru, Alchi and Thiksey a living testimony to this fact. One of the most prominent monuments is the towering palace in Leh, built by the Ladakhi ruler, Singe Namgyal (c. 1570 to 1642). Ladakh’s inhospitable terrain has seen enough traders, missionaries and invading armies to justify the Ladakhi saying: “The land is so barren and the passes are so high that only the best of friends or worst of enemies would want to visit us.” The elevation of Ladakh gives it an extreme climate; burning heat by day and freezing cold at night. Due to the rarefied atmosphere, the sun’s rays heat the ground quickly, the dry air allowing for quick cooling, leading to sub-zero temperatures at night. Lying in the rain- shadow of the Great Himalaya, this arid, bare region receives scanty rainfall, and its primary source of water is the winter snowfall.